Pregnancy and Lactation
Pregnancy and Lactation
Pregnancy and Lactation
Protein.
Proteins are essential for tissue
building
Protein rich foods are excellent
sources of may other essential
nutrients especially iron,
copper , zinc and B vitamins
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
Vitamin D
vitamin D does not increase during
pregnancy.
Regular exposure to sunlight and
consumption of vitamin D- fortified mil are
usually sufficient to provide the
recommended amount of vitamin D during
pregnancy.
10 mcg/day
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
Folate.
For the synthesis of DNA and new cells.
Sources are: fortified foods that includes
fruits, juices, green veg and whole grains.
To prevent Neural Tube Defect during
critical time.
600 mg
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
Vitamin C increased.
For collagen formation and to increase
absorption of iron.
Increase consumption of Milk, cheese,
yogurt and other calcium rich foods if
pregnant, is under 25 and if calcium
intake of less than 600mg/day
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
Vitamin deficiency
interferes w/ calcium
metabolism, produce abnormal
fetal bones and teeth and will
result in rickets (fetus),
osteomalacia (mother)
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
Calcium
For development of the infants bone
and teeth, help in blood clotting and
muscle action
If the mother is not consuming
adequate calcium in her diet, the baby
will get its calcium from her bones
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
Prenatal supplements
help reduce risks of preterm births, low
infant birth weights and birth defects,
especially to women who belong to high
risk groups, - w/ multiple foetuses, cigarette
smokers, alcohol and drug abusers.
because they have inadequate intake of
nutritious foods.
Dietary Needs of Pregnancy & Lactation
1. NAUSEA
caused by the increased level
of the pregnancy hormones
HCG and estrogen circulating
in the body.
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY.
Strategies to alleviate
1. on waking, arise slowly
2. eat dry, toast/crackers or consume CHO
before getting out of bed in AM.
3. chew gum/ suck hard candies
4. eat small, frequent meals
5. avoid foods w/ offensive odors
6. when nauseated, dont drink citrus juice,
water, milk, coffee or tea.
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY.
2. CONSTIPATION AND HEMORRHOIDS
- due to increased estrogen and
progesterone.
Constipation tends to cause straining and
straining puts pressure on the rectal veins,
producing hemorrhoids during pregnancy
and pressure on the pelvic veins would
cause hemorrhoids during pregnancy.
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY.
3. HEARTBURN.
Due to the hormones of pregnancy that
may relax the digestive muscles and the
growing fetus puts pressure on the
mothers stomach.
With these, it allows stomach acid to back
up into the Lower Esophageal Sphincter
and create a burning sensation.
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY.
5. PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION
(PIH)
- Formerly called toxemias of pregnancy
or preeclampsia. It is characterized by
high blood pressure, proteinuria and
edema. It occurs during the 3rd trimester.
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY.
7. ANEMIA
Insufficient RBC, hemoglobin and
blood volume
Iron Deficiency- most common
form of anemia
During pregnancy the increased blood
volume of blood creates the need for
additional iron
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY.
7. Anemia cntd.
Megaloblastic anemia
Due to folate deficiency
Characterized by too few RBC and
by large immature red blood cells.
Folate supplement of 400-600 ug
a day
PRACTICES INCOMPATIBLE WITH PREGNANCY
1. Alcohol drinking
may cause irreversible mental
(intelligence deficit)and physical
retardation of fetus and its called
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (have low
birth weightcharacteristics are, small
head, short eye slits, a flat mid-face
and thin upper lip
PRACTICES INCOMPATIBLE WITH PREGNANCY
2. Caffeine
moderate to heavy use may
inc. spontaneous abortion. Limit
it to at least 2 12oz.caffeine
containing beverages / day or
less than 300mg/day.
PRACTICES INCOMPATIBLE WITH PREGNANCY
3. Drugs
may impair fetal growth
and development. Causes
preterm births, peri-natal
deaths and SIDS.
PRACTICES INCOMPATIBLE WITH PREGNANCY
Lactation
The period during which the
mother is nursing the baby
is the production and secretion
of breast milk for the purpose
of nourishing an infant.
NUTRITION DURING LACTATION
Lactation
It is an automatic physiological process
that virtually all mothers are capable of
doing it. Breastfeeding, on the other
hand, is a learned behaviour that not all
mothers decide to do.
Recommended duration is 6 months to
1 year.
Pregnancy & Lactation
Lactation CNTD
It takes 2-3 weeks to have a fully
established feeding routine.
And breastfeed infant 10 -15 minutes
each breast. The American Academy
of Pediatrics recommends breast milk
for the first 6-12 months of life.
CALORIE REQUIREMENT DURING LACTATION
Proteins cntd.
Another protein present is the
alpha-lactalbumin, the major
protein in breast milk which is
efficiently digested and absorbed
Components of breast milk and the nutrients they provide for the baby.
Lactose. Enhances
calcium absorption.
Vitamins. Vitamin D in breast
milk is low. Exposure to
sunlight daily is needed.
Components of breast milk and the nutrients they provide for the baby.
Lipids.
Contains a generous proportion of the
essential fatty acids linoleic acid and
linolenic acid as well as the arachidonic
acid and docosahaexanoic acid (DHA),
which they are important to the mental
and visual development.
Components of breast milk and the nutrients they provide for the baby.
Minerals.
The calcium content of breast milk is ideal for
infant bone growth and the calcium is well
absorbed
It has a relative small amount of Iron, but Iron
and Zinc has a high bioavailability, thanks to the
zinc-binding protein.
Breast milk is low in Sodium another benefit for
immature kidney.
Specific proteins that are found in breast milk and their benefits:
Secretory IgA
also works to protect the infant from viruses and bacteria,
specifically those that the baby, mom, and family are
exposed to.
It also helps to protect against E. Coli and possibly allergies.
Other immunoglobulins, including IgG and IgM, in breast milk
also help protect against bacterial and viral infections.
Eating fish can help increase the amount of these proteins in
your breast milk.
Specific proteins that are found in breast milk and their benefits:
Bifidus
factorsupports the growth of
lactobacillus.
Lactobacillus is a beneficial bacteria
that protects the baby against harmful
bacteria by creating an acidic
environment where it cannot survive
Practices Incompatible with Lactation