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    Micronutrients: Vitamins: Nutrition and Diet Therapy Lecture Notes On Vitamins

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    mildred alidon
    Vitamins are organic compounds that regulate body processes and maintain tissues. They do not provide energy but are essential for various functions. There are two types - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K which are stored in the body, and water soluble B vitamins and C which dissolve in water and must be replenished daily. The document defines each vitamin, their functions, food sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Key vitamins discussed include A for vision, D for calcium absorption, C as an antioxidant, and B vitamins roles in energy production and metabolism.

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    Micronutrients: Vitamins: Nutrition and Diet Therapy Lecture Notes On Vitamins

    Uploaded by

    mildred alidon
    117 views9 pages
    Vitamins are organic compounds that regulate body processes and maintain tissues. They do not provide energy but are essential for various functions. There are two types - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K which are stored in the body, and water soluble B vitamins and C which dissolve in water and must be replenished daily. The document defines each vitamin, their functions, food sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Key vitamins discussed include A for vision, D for calcium absorption, C as an antioxidant, and B vitamins roles in energy production and metabolism.

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    VITAMINS

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    Vitamins are organic compounds that regulate body processes and maintain tissues. They do not provide energy but are essential for various functions. There are two types - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K which are stored in the body, and water soluble B vitamins and C which dissolve in water and must be replenished daily. The document defines each vitamin, their functions, food sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Key vitamins discussed include A for vision, D for calcium absorption, C as an antioxidant, and B vitamins roles in energy production and metabolism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    117 views9 pages

    Micronutrients: Vitamins: Nutrition and Diet Therapy Lecture Notes On Vitamins

    Uploaded by

    mildred alidon
    Vitamins are organic compounds that regulate body processes and maintain tissues. They do not provide energy but are essential for various functions. There are two types - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K which are stored in the body, and water soluble B vitamins and C which dissolve in water and must be replenished daily. The document defines each vitamin, their functions, food sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Key vitamins discussed include A for vision, D for calcium absorption, C as an antioxidant, and B vitamins roles in energy production and metabolism.

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    of 9

    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY

    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

    MICRONUTRIENTS: VITAMINS
     are complex organic compound that regulate body process and
    maintain body tissues.
     Vitamins come from a Greek word “vita” which means LIFE.
    “amine” means nitrogen compound
     Vitamins do not give the body energy, therefore we cannot increase
    our physical capacity by taking extra vitamins.
     Vitamins do not have calorie value

    VITAMINS TERMINOLOGIES
     Precursor or Provitamins
     these are compounds that can be changed to the active
    vitamins
     Ex. Carotene are precursors to Vit. A
     Preformed Vitamins
     naturally occurring vitamins that are inactive form and ready
    for its biological use.
     Ex. Animal sources
     Avitaminosis
     severe lack of vitamins
     Ex. Avitaminosis A leads to night blindness
     Hypervitaminosis
     “vitamin toxicity” excessive accumulation of vitamins in the
    body
     Vitamin Malnutrition – “too much or too little”
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

    NOMENCLATURE OF VITAMINS
    VITAMIN NOMENCLATURE
    Vitamin A Retinol
    D Calciferol
    E Tocopherol
    K Phylloquinone
    Vitamin B1 Thiamine
    B2 Riboflavin
    B3 Niacin
    B5 Panthotenic Acid
    B6 Pyridoxine
    B8 Biotin
    B9 Folate
    B12 Cyanocobalamin
    Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid

    FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS (Vit. A D E K )


     can be absorbed in the presence of fat & stored in the body
     generally have precursors or pro vitamins
     They can be stored in the body, deficiencies are slow to develop.
    Not absolutely needed daily from food sources
     Stable especially in daily cooking

    VITAMIN A (Retinol)
    Functions
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

     Vision Cycle – necessary component of visual purple (rhodopsia), a


    pigment to make adjustments to light and dark.
     Necessary material for maintenance of epithelial tissues.
     Growth & Bone Development
     Reproduction – necessary for normal reproduction and lactation
     Antioxidant
    Food Sources
     Animal Sources – liver, yolk, milk, butter, cheese, fish, clams,
    tahong
     Plant sources – deep green and yellow vegetables and fruits
    DAILY DOSAGE:
     Male – 1000 microgram
     Female – 800 microgram
    Deficiency
     Night blindness
     Eye lesions
     Retarded growth
     Lower resistance to infections
     Faulty skeletal & dental development Skin Lesions
    Toxicity
     Liver damage
     Mild dermatitis
     Thickening of the skin and peeling off
     Course sparse hair
     Hyper carotenimia (harmless orange appearance)

    VITAMIN D (Calciferol)
    Functions
     Absorption of Calcium & Phosphorus
     Essential for normal growth development
    Food Sources/Sources
     Synthesis with sunlight (10 mins/day)
     cod liver fish, halibut [type of flatfish], salmon, sardine, egg yolk
     Fortified Vit. A products
    Deficiency
     Tetany ( abnormal muscle twitching and cramps
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

     Rickets (defective bones, retarded growth)


     Osteomalasia ( softening of the bones)

    Toxicity
     Stone formation on kidney
     Demineralisation of the bone
     Polyuria
     Weight Loss
     Hypercalcemia

    VITAMIN E (Tocopherol)
    Functions
     Maintenance of cellular membrane
     Anti oxidant
    Food Sources
     Whole grain nuts, seeds, green and leafy vegetables
     Polyunsaturated fats
    No toxicity , this nutrient cannot be stored to a large extend in the
    body

    VITAMIN K ( Phylloquinone)
    Functions
     Aids in blood clotting and bone mineralization
    Food Sources
     Green leafy vegetables, soy beans
    Deficiency
     Hemmorhagic diseases
    Toxicity
     Vomiting
     Albuminuria (too much albumin in the urine)
     Hemolysis

    TERMS
    • Anti oxidant - Any substance that reduces oxidative damage (damage
    due to oxygen) such as that caused by free radicals.
    • Free Radicals - are highly reactive chemicals that attack molecules by
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

    capturing electrons and thus modifying chemical structures


    • PHYTOCHEMICAL - natural bioactive compound found in plant foods
    that works with nutrients and dietary fiber to protect against disease

    WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS


     Water soluble vitamins are B-complex group and Vit. C
     Dissolve in water and are not stored, they are eliminated in urine,
    so we need continuous supply of this vitamins in the diet everyday.
     Water-soluble vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during
    food storage or preparation.
     To reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and
    grains away from strong light, and use the cooking water from
    vegetables to prepare soups.
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

    Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)


    Functions:
     Maintenance of bones, teeth, connective tissue,cartilages
     Absorption of Calcium, Iron and Folacin
     Production of brain hormones, immune factors
     Antioxidant
    Food Sources:
     Citrus fruits, Brocolli, strawberries, potatoes, red and green bell
    pepper,
     Dark green vegetables
     mangoes, papaya
    Deficiency:
     Bleeding gums, scurvy, anemia
     joint pain, increase resistance to infections,
     rough skin, hair loss, loose teeth
    Toxicity
     Diarrhea, bloating, cramps,
     Formation of kidney stones

    Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
    Functions
     Helps release energy from foods,
     Promotes normal appetite
     Important in function of nervous system
    Food Sources
     pork, liver, whole grains, lean meats
    Deficiency
     Mental confusion; muscle weakness
     wasting; edema; impaired growth; beriberi.
    Toxicity: (none)

    Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

    Functions
     Helps release energy from foods;
     Promotes good vision, healthy skin
    Food Sources
     Liver, milk, dark green vegetables, whole and
     enriched grain products, eggs
    Deficiency
     Cracks at corners of mouth;
     Dermatitis around nose and lips;
     Eyes sensitive to light
    Toxicity: (none)

    Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
    Functions
     Energy production from foods;
     Aids digestion, promotes normal appetite;
     Promotes healthy skin, nerves
    Food Sources
     Liver, fish, poultry, meat, peanuts, whole and enriched grain
    products
    Deficiency
     Skin disorders; diarrhea; weakness
     mental confusion; irritability.
     Pellagra (symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and
    sores in the mouth)
    Toxicity
     Abnormal liver function; Nausea; irritability

    Vitamin B5 (Panthotenic Acid)


    Functions
     Involved in energy production
     aids in formation of hormones
    Food Sources
     Liver, kidney, meats, egg yolk, whole grains, legumes
    Deficiency
     Uncommon due to availability in most foods
    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

     fatigue; nausea, abdominal cramps; difficulty sleeping.


    Toxicity: (none)

    Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
    Functions
     Aids in protein metabolism, absorption;
     Aids in red blood cell formation;
     Helps body use fats
    Food Sources
     pork., poultry, fish.
     Bread, eggs
     wholegrain cereals, such as oatmeal, wheatgerm and brown rice.
     Vegetables, soya beans
    Deficiency
     Skin disorders, dermatitis Cracks at corners of mouth;
     Irritability; anemia; kidney stones; Nausea; smooth tongue.
    Toxicity
     Neuropathy (damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves that
    typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle weakness and pain in
    the affected area)

    Vitamin B8 (Biotin)
    Functions
     Helps release energy from carbohydrates; Aids in fat synthesis
    Food Sources
     Liver, kidney, egg yolk, milk, Fresh vegetables
    Deficiency
     Fatigue; loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting;
     Depression; muscle pains; anemia.
    Toxicity: none

    Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine)


    NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
    LECTURE NOTES ON VITAMINS

    Function:
     Synthesis of red blood cells
    Food Sources
    all animal products
    Deficiency
     Anemia, fatigue, sore tongue

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