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    Gram Negative Cocci-Sem 1.

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    Charmaine Corpuz Granil
    This document summarizes key characteristics of the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea and can infect the urogenital tract, anorectum, oropharynx, and conjunctiva. N. meningitidis causes meningococcal infections such as meningitis and meningococcemia. M. catarrhalis is normally found in the upper respiratory tract but can opportunistically cause otitis media and sinusitis. Laboratory identification involves Gram stain morphology and tests like culture characteristics, oxidase, and carbohydrate utilization profiles that

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    Gram Negative Cocci-Sem 1.

    Uploaded by

    Charmaine Corpuz Granil
    141 views21 pages
    This document summarizes key characteristics of the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea and can infect the urogenital tract, anorectum, oropharynx, and conjunctiva. N. meningitidis causes meningococcal infections such as meningitis and meningococcemia. M. catarrhalis is normally found in the upper respiratory tract but can opportunistically cause otitis media and sinusitis. Laboratory identification involves Gram stain morphology and tests like culture characteristics, oxidase, and carbohydrate utilization profiles that

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    Gram Negative Cocci.

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    Gram Negative Cocci-sem 1.

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    This document summarizes key characteristics of the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea and can infect the urogenital tract, anorectum, oropharynx, and conjunctiva. N. meningitidis causes meningococcal infections such as meningitis and meningococcemia. M. catarrhalis is normally found in the upper respiratory tract but can opportunistically cause otitis media and sinusitis. Laboratory identification involves Gram stain morphology and tests like culture characteristics, oxidase, and carbohydrate utilization profiles that

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    141 views21 pages

    Gram Negative Cocci-Sem 1.

    Uploaded by

    Charmaine Corpuz Granil
    This document summarizes key characteristics of the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea and can infect the urogenital tract, anorectum, oropharynx, and conjunctiva. N. meningitidis causes meningococcal infections such as meningitis and meningococcemia. M. catarrhalis is normally found in the upper respiratory tract but can opportunistically cause otitis media and sinusitis. Laboratory identification involves Gram stain morphology and tests like culture characteristics, oxidase, and carbohydrate utilization profiles that

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    NEISSERIA

    Obligate aerobic
    Non-motile
    Non-hemolytic
    Gram negative diplococci with coffee of kidney bean shape
    On culture: small, gray-white opaque, convex and glistening
    colonies
    Capnophilic (2-8% CO2)
    Carbohydrate fermenters
    Oxidase (+)
    catalase (+) except for N. elongata
    Natural habitats: mucous membrane and urogenital tracts

    NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE
    Never considered as normal flora
    Can be found in urogenital tract, anorectal area, oropharynx
    or conjunctiva
    Can be transmitted via sexual contact; infected mother to
    newborn during birth (if baby passed through the birth canal)
    Leading cause of STI
    Gram negative intracellular diplococci
    On culture: small, tan, translucent and raised after 24-48hrs of
    incubation
    Requires iron for growth
    Glucose fermenter
    Principal virulence factor: common pili
    NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE
    CLINICAL INFECTIONS:
    1. Gonorrhea
    - meaning flow of seed and brothel
    - an acute pyogenic infection of non-ciliated columnar and
    transitional epithelium with short incubation period of 2 to 7 days
    - patients may be asymptomatic especially for females
    - symptoms: purulent discharge, lower abdominal pain, dysuria and
    vaginal bleeding

    2. Purulent urethritis (males) and cervicitis (females)
    - if untreated may lead to sterility and perihepatitis (fitz-hugh-curtis
    syndrome)
    NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE
    CLINICAL INFECTIONS:
    3. Pharyngitis
    -chief complaint of symptomatic oropharyngeal infections

    4. Anorectal infections (rectal gonorrhea)
    5. Conjunctivitis (opthalmia neonatorum)
    - gonococcal eye infection passed to newborns during vaginal
    delivery through an infected birth canal

    6. Purulent arthritis

    NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
    1. Gram stain
    - appearance of intracellular gram negative diplococci is diagnostic
    - > 5 PMNs/field but no bacteria = non gonococcal urethritis
    - extracellular gram negative diplococci = avirulent forms
    2. Culture (confirmatory)
    a. Thayer Martin Agar (TMA)
    -CAP with enrichment supplement and antibiotics
    (vancomycin, colistin and nystatin)
    b. Modified Thayer Martin Agar (MTM)
    - TMA with additional trimethoprim lactate
    c. Martin Lewis Medium (MLM)
    - antibiotics: vancomycin, colistin, anisomycin, trimethoprim
    lactate
    d. New York City Agar (NYC)
    - antibiotics: vancomycin, colistin, trimotheprim lactate and
    ampothericin B
    NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
    3. Oxidase test
    4. Superoxol test
    - reagent: 30% H2O2
    - Differentiates N. gonorrheae from other Neisseria spp
    - (+) result: effervescence
    5. Immunologic tests
    a. Fluorescent Antibody Test
    - uses monoclonal antibodies that recognize epitopes on the
    principal outer membrane protein (Por) of N. gonorrheae
    b. Caoagglutination
    - confirms biochemical identification
    c. Molecular assays
    - detects gonococcal antigen or nucleic acid directly
    6. CHO utilization test
    - N. gonorrheae ferments glucose only


    NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
    Aka meningococci
    Causative agent og epidemic meningococcal
    meningitis/meningococcemia/cerebrospinal fever/spotted
    fever
    Intracellular/extracellular gram negative diplococci
    encapsulated strains
    On culture: mucoid, bluish gray colonies (BAP); small, tan
    mucoid colonies (CAP)
    May be found commensal inhabitant of the URT
    NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
    CLINICAL INFECTIONS:
    1. Meningococcemia
    - meningitis associated with Meningococci in blood
    - accompanied by appearance of petechiae (rash)
    - may lead to DIC
    2. Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
    - hemorrhage in adrenal glands
    3. Conjuctivitis
    4. Pneumonia
    5. Sinusitis
    NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
    1. Gram stain
    2. Culture
    3. Oxidase test
    4. Immunologic tests
    a. latex agglutination
    b. conterimmunoelectrophoresis
    5. CHO utilization test
    - ferments glucose and maltose
    6. Gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase test

    NON PATHOLOGIC NEISSERIA
    N. flavescens
    - a yellow pigmented neisseria species
    - has ability to grow on BAP and CAP at 22C

    N. lactamica
    - commonly found in the nasopharynx of infants and children
    - -galactosidase (+)

    N. sicca
    - on culture, it has a dry, wrinkled, adherent and breadcrumbs like
    colonies

    N. elongata
    - rod-shaped gram negative cocci
    - weakly positive or negative catalase test

    CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION TEST
    GLUCOSE MALTOSE SUCROSE LACTOSE
    N. gonorrheae
    + - - -
    N. meningitidis
    + + - -
    N. subflava
    + + +/- -
    N. lactamica
    + + - +
    MORAXELLA CATARHALIS
    Formerly branhemella catarrhalis
    Resembles as Neisseria
    Normal flora of the URT
    Opportunistic pathogen
    3
    rd
    most common cause of otitis media and sinusitis in
    children
    Fastidious, encapsulated and non-motile
    Most isolates produce -lactamase
    Small gram negative cocci that tend to grow in pair with
    adjacent sides flattened
    On culture: smooth, opaque, gray to white colonies with
    hockey puck appearance
    MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
    1. Gram stain
    2. Culture
    - growth on BAP at 22C and NA at 35 C
    3. Oxidase test
    4. Catalase test
    5. DNAse test
    6. Butyrate Esterase test
    - (+) blue color M. catarrhalis
    - specimen: eye or ear culture

    DIFFERENTIAL TESTS FOR PATHOGENIC NEISSERIA AND M.
    CATARRHALIS
    N. GONORRHEAE N. MENINGITIDIS M. CATARRHALIS
    Superoxol
    + - -
    Growth on MTM,
    MLA, NYC
    + + -
    growth on NA at
    35C
    - - +
    DNAse
    - - +
    Reduction of
    nitrate
    - - +
    Tributyrin
    hydrolysis
    - - +

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