Sistemul Cardiovascular
Sistemul Cardiovascular
Sistemul Cardiovascular
Anatomia cordului
Figure 18.1
Serous Membranes
Pericardul
Pericardul
Figure 18.2
Figure 18.4b
anterior
posterior
Fata posterioara
Figure 18.4d
Varful cordului
configuratie interna
Figure 18.4e
VENTRICUL DREPT
VENTRICUL STANG
Heart Valves
Aparat valvular
ATRIU
DREPT
Figure 18.7
Miocard
Endocard
Sistem excitoconductor
SISTEM CARDIONECTOR.
Inervatia
Heart rate is altered by external controls Nerves to the heart include: Visceral sensory fibers Parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve Sympathetic fibers from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia
Figure 18.5
Arterele coronare
Figure 18.7a
Aortic Arch
Right Coronary A.
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Figure 18.7b
Figure 18.11
laries
Microscopic--one
cell layer thick Network Bathed in extracellular matrix of areolar tissue Entire goal of C-V system is to get blood into capillaries where diffusion takes place
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Systemic
Pulmonary
Arteries
The wall of an artery consists of
three major layers (Figure 21.1). Tunica interna (intima) simple squamous epithelium known as endothelium basement membrane internal elastic lamina Tunica media circular smooth muscle & elastic fibers Tunica externa elastic & collagen fibers
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Elastic Arteries
Large arteries with more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle are
called elastic arteries and are able to receive blood under pressure and propel it onward (Figure 21.2).
They are also called conducting arteries because they conduct blood
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Muscular Arteries
Medium-sized arteries with more muscle than elastic fibers in tunica media
Capable of greater vasoconstriction and
blood flow
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Arterioles
Arterioles are very small, almost microscopic, arteries that deliver blood to capillaries (Figure 21.3). Through vasoconstriction (decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel) and vasodilation (increase in the size of the lumen
of a blood vessel), arterioles assume a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure.
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
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Arterioles
Small arteries delivering blood
into capillary bed to bypass capillary bed, precapillary sphincters close & blood flows out of bed in thoroughfare channel vasomotion is intermittent contraction & relaxation of sphincters that allow filling of capillary bed 5-10 times/minute
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
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tissue fluid Capillary walls are composed of only a single layer of cells (endothelium) and a basement membrane (Figure 21.1).
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Types of Capillaries
Continuous capillaries intercellular clefts are gaps between neighboring cells skeletal & smooth, connective tissue and lungs Fenestrated capillaries plasma membranes have many holes kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses, ciliary process & endocrine glands Sinusoids very large fenestrations incomplete basement membrane liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, & parathyroid gland
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
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Veins
Veins consist of the same three tunics as arteries but
have a thinner tunica interna and media and a thicker tunica externa less elastic tissue and smooth muscle thinner-walled than arteries contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood (Figure 21.5). Vascular (venous) sinuses are veins with very thin walls with no smooth muscle to alter their diameters. Examples are the brains superior sagittal sinus and the coronary sinus of the heart (Figure 21.3c).
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
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Veins
Proportionally thinner
elastic lamina
Still adaptable to variations in volume & pressure Valves are thin folds of
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Varicose Veins
Twisted, dilated superficial veins
caused by leaky venous valves
congenital or mechanically stressed from prolonged standing or pregnancy allow backflow and pooling of blood extra pressure forces fluids into surrounding tissues nearby tissue is inflamed and tender
The most common sites for varicose veins are in the esophagus,
superficial veins of the lower limbs, and veins in the anal canal (hemorrhoids). Deeper veins not susceptible because of support of surrounding muscles
The treatments for varicose veins in the lower limbs include:
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Anastomoses
Union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region
blockage of only one pathway has no effect
end artery interrupts the blood supply to a whole segment of an organ, producing necrosis (death) of that segment.
Alternate routes to a region can also be supplied by nonanastomosing
vessels
Table 21.1 summarizes the distinguishing features of the various types of
blood vessels.
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venules
function as blood reservoir
veins of skin & abdominal organs (liver and spleen) blood is diverted from it in times of need increased muscular activity produces venoconstriction hemorrhage causes venoconstriction to help maintain blood pressure
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Hg) to right atrium (0 mm Hg) tricuspid valve leaky and buildup of blood on venous side of circulation
presence of valves
Respiratory pump
decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal
pressure during inhalation, moves blood into thoracic Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e veins and the right atrium
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Arcul aorticortic
External carotid
Internal Carotid
R. Axillary a.
R.Subclavian a.
L.Subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic Trunk
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L..Subclavian
Brachiocephali c Trunk Left Commo n Carotid
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Circle of Willis
External carotid
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Poligonul Willis
Middle cerebral
Posterior communicating
Posterior cerebral R. Vertebral Basilar L. Vertebral
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Anterior cerebral
Internal Carotid
Middle cerebral
Posterior cerebral
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Abdominal Aorta
Renal A.
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric
External Iliac
Internal Iliac
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Splenic a.
Splee n
Renal a.
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Celiac Trunk
Left Gastric
Superior Mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric
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Artera axilara
R. Axillary a.
Brachial a.
Radial a.
Ulnar a.
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coapsa
Anterior
Posterior
Deep Femoral
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Femor al
Popliteal
Fibular
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Petrosal sinus
Brachiocephali c
Right Left
Subclavian vein
Axillary vein
Cephalic vein Brachial vein Basilic vein
Azygo s
Hemiazygo s
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Axillary vein
Cephalic vein Brachial vein Cephalic vein Radial vein Ulnar vein
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Deep Femoral Femor al Great Saphenous Small Saphenou s Anterior Tibial Posterio r Tibial
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Popliteal
Great Sapheno us
Small Saphenou s Anterior Tibial
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Splenic vein
Inferior Mesenteri c
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Angina pectorala
Infarct miocardic Cardiopatie ischemica
THE END.