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    Chapter 10 Lecture For Web

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    Plants have complex life cycles that include 2 stages, the sporophyte stage and the gametopyte stage. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles. Plants have 2 organ systems: shoot system and root system.

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    Chapter 10 Lecture For Web

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    Plants have complex life cycles that include 2 stages, the sporophyte stage and the gametopyte stage. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles. Plants have 2 organ systems: shoot system and root system.

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    Plants have complex life cycles that include 2 stages, the sporophyte stage and the gametopyte stage. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles. Plants have 2 organ systems: shoot system and root system.

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    149 views68 pages

    Chapter 10 Lecture For Web

    Uploaded by

    api-208617789
    Plants have complex life cycles that include 2 stages, the sporophyte stage and the gametopyte stage. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles. Plants have 2 organ systems: shoot system and root system.

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    of 68

    Structure and Function of Plants

    Chapter 10

    Seedless Plants (10.2)

    Plant Reproduction (10.5)

    The Plant Kingdom (10.1) Plant Organs (10.4)

    Seed Plants(10.3)

    Plant Kingdom Notes


    Chapter 10.1

    What is a Plant: Autotroph


    Plants are autotrophs (they make their own food by photosynthesis) Sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis

    What is a Plant: Plant Cells


    Plants are multicellular eukaryotes Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles

    Large Central Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Wall

    What is a Plant: Plant Body Organization


    Plant bodies are organized into cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems Roots, stems, and leaves are plant organs Plants have 2 organ systems: shoot system and root system

    Adaptations for Living on Land: Obtaining Water and Other Nutrients


    Plants need adaptations for obtaining water and nutrients from the soil.

    Adaptations for Living on Land: Retaining Water


    Plants must have ways of holding onto the water they obtain or they will dry out due to evaporation. One adaptation to reduce water loss is the cuticle which covers the leaves of plants

    Adaptations for Living on Land: Transporting Materials


    Plants need to move water, minerals, and food around their bodies Vascular tissue consists of tube-like structures that help move materials in large bodied plants

    Adaptations for Living on Land: Support Rigid cell walls and vascular tissue strengthen and support large bodied plants

    Adaptations for Living on Land: Reproduction

    Plants can reproduce sexually and asexually


    Sexual reproduction

    Asexual Reproduction

    Classification of Plants: Nonvascular Plants


    Non vascular plants do not have a welldeveloped system of tubes for transporting materials Nonvascular plants are low growing and do not have roots.

    Moss

    Liverwort

    Classification of Plants: Vascular Plants


    Plants with true vascular tissue are called vascular plants. Vascular plants are better suited to life in drier areas than nonvascular plants They are able to grow quite tall

    Classification of Plants: Origin of Plants

    Plants appear in the fossil record 400 million years ago. They are thought to have evolved from algae

    Complex Life Cycle


    Plants have complex life cycles that include 2 stages, the sporophyte stage and the gametopyte stage.

    Complex Life Cycle


    Sporophyte is the stage when the plant produces spores which are tiny cells that can grow into new organisms.
    In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises the whole multicellular body except the pollen and embryo sac

    Complex Life Cycle


    Gametophyte is the stage when the plant produces sex cells for sexual reproduction.

    Female Gametophyte (embryo sac) produces eggs

    Male Gametophyte (pollen) produces sperm

    Plants without Seeds


    Section 10.2 Page 370-374

    Nonvascular Seedless Plants

    3 Major Groups
    all are low growing must live in moist areas

    Mosses
    This is the most diverse group of nonvascular plants Rhizoids are thin root-like structures that anchor the moss and absorb water and nutrients

    Liverworts
    Usually grow on moist rocks or soil along a stream

    Hornworts
    Usually live in moist soil with grass plants

    Seedless Vascular Plants

    3 Major Groups
    all have true vascular tissue produce spores instead of seeds

    Ferns
    Have true stems, roots, and leaves Stems grow horizontally underground, leaves grow up and roots grow down Fern leaves are called fronds Spores develop on the underside of mature fronds

    Horsetails
    Very few species alive today Jointed stems with long, coarse, needlelike branches that grow in a circle

    Club Mosses
    Have true stems, roots and leaves Usually grow in moist woodlands near streams

    The Characteristics of Seed Plants


    Section 10.3 Pages 375-379

    Words to Know

    Seed Embryo Cotyledon Germination

    Phloem Xylem Pollen

    Characteristics
    Seed

    plants share two important characteristics.


    They have vascular tissue They use pollen and seeds to reproduce.

    They

    also have organs that include roots, stems, and leaves.

    Vascular Tissue

    Phloem moves food (sugars from photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of the plant

    Xylem moves water and nutrients from roots to stems and leaves

    Use Seeds to Reproduce

    Seed plants produce pollen, tiny structures that contain the cells that will later become sperm cells After sperm cells fertilize the eggs, seeds develop. Seeds protect the young plant inside from drying out.

    Seeds

    Inside a seed is a partially developed plant. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow.

    Embryo
    The young plant that develops from the zygote It has the beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves

    Cotyledon

    Seed

    leaves Stored food for embryo

    Seed Coat

    Protective outer layer

    Seed Dispersal

    Animals (through or on the animal) Water (oceans and rivers) Wind (lightweight seeds with specialized structures) Ejection (ejection force scatters seeds in many directions)

    Germination - occurs when the embryo


    begins to grow again and pushes out of the seed

    1. 2.

    3. 4.

    Seed absorbs water from the environment Embryo uses stored food from cotyledons to grow. Roots grow downward Stem and leaves grow upward

    Germination

    Seeds can be inactive for a while before germination. The conditions need to be just right in order for germination to occur. Seeds tend to do better if they are dispersed further away from their parent because they dont have to compete for light, water, and nutrients.

    Plant Organ Notes


    Chapter 10.4 Pages 380-385

    Roots anchor a plant in the ground, absorb


    water and minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food.

    Roots

    Types of Roots
    Fibrous roots form a dense, tangled mass. Tap roots form one long, thick main root.

    Fibrous Root

    Tap Root

    Structure of a Root
    The root cap protects the root from injury
    as the root grows through the soil Root hairs help the plant absorb large amounts of water. Xylem transports water from the root to the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food to the root for storage or to use as energy for growth.

    Stems
    The stem produces
    branches, leaves, and flowers. It carries substances between the plants roots and leaves. The stem also provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.

    Structure of a Stem
    Stems consist of vascular tissue and other
    supporting cells. Xylem and Phloem run all the way from roots to leaves and can be scattered randomly or neatly arranged. Stems have nodes that contain bud tissue that can grow into branches, leaves, or flowers.

    Herbaceous Stems
    These stems do not contain wood and are
    usually soft.

    Woody Stems
    These stems contain several layers of tissue. The outermost layer is bark with a protective layer and a
    phloem layer. The next layer is cambium where new vascular tissue is made. Sap wood is active xylem and heartwood is older inactive xylem that provides support. Annual rings represent a trees yearly growth of xylem. The width of a trees annual ring can provide clues about the trees age and the past weather conditions in the area.

    Leaves: adapted for capturing the suns energy for photosynthesis.

    Structure of a Leaf
    The top and bottom
    surfaces protect the inner cells and contain stomata for gasses to pass through. There are veins with vascular tissue between the cells.

    Leaf and Photosynthesis


    The cells with the most chloroplast are
    located near the leafs upper surface. Gasses needed for photosynthesis enter through the stomata.

    Controlling Water Loss


    Transpiration is when water evaporates
    from leaves. When plants close their stomata is slows down transpiration.

    Reproduction in Seed Plants


    Section 10.5 Pages 368-397

    Gymnosperm Notes
    Chapter 10.5

    Words to Know
    Gymnosperm Cone Ovule Pollination

    Characteristics
    All gymnosperms produce naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scale-like leaves, and deep-growing root systems. Cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes are examples of gymnosperms.

    Life Cycle -

    Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called cones with male and female cones on the same tree.

    1. Pollination usually by wind 2. Fertilization occurs in the ovule 3. Seed Development female cone remains on tree until seeds are mature 4. Seed Dispersal usually by wind
    Female

    Male

    Angiosperm Notes Chapter 10.5

    Words to Know

    Angiosperm Flower Sepal Petal

    Stamen Pistil Ovary Fruit Monocot Dicot

    Characteristics

    All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits

    Sepals:
    green protect the developing flower

    Petals: (colorful) attract pollinators

    Stamen

    Stamens are the male reproductive parts that produce pollen in the anther

    Pistil

    Pistils are the female reproductive parts where the sticky stigma catches pollen and the ovary protects the developing seeds after fertilization

    Life Cycle

    First the pollen falls on the flowers stigma. In time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flowers ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed.

    Pollination usually by animals (birds, bats, and insects)

    Fertilization occurs in the ovule, zygote forms

    Fruit Development - ovary changes into a fruit

    Seed Dispersal animals (wind, water, ejection)

    Germination seed sprouts

    Types of Angiosperms
    Monocots (one cotyledon) Grasses, corn, wheat, rice, lilies, tulips Flower parts in 3s Long, slender leaves with Parallel veins Vascular tissue is scattered Dicots (two cotyledons) Roses, violets, dandelions, oak, maple trees, beans, apples Flower parts in 4s or 5s Wide leaves with branching veins Vascular tissue is bundled and arranged in a ring

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