Cities and Communities of Los Angeles County (AKA

districts and neighborhoods)

The History of the most polluted City in the U.S., L.A.

- written notes begin in the 16th century with a tiny Spanish

settlement sometimes called Bahía de los fumos ("Bay of
the Smokes").

Was first settled by Gabrieliños indians,

Fernandeños
And the Chumash, a Hebrew word for the Pentateuch.

Native religious and hunter-gatherer practices till the 18th C

Spanish Missionaires 18th C.

• the mission system imposed, some Tongva cooperated with

the missionaries, while others took up unsuccessful, armed
resistance to European conquest.
• Natives were redirected into Roman Catholicism

Spanish and Mexican era 1769–1850

44 pobladores from the San Gabriel Mission, were escorted

by a military detachment and two padres from the Mission,
1
set out for the site that Father Crespi had chosen. The small
town received the name El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora Reina
de los Ángeles sobre El Rio Porciuncula,
The Town of Our Lady Queen of the Angels on the
Porciuncula River.

QuickTimeª and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

MAP of Greater L.A.

• The first inhabitants of this area were indigenous and

Hispanic people.
• The Los Pobladores were the founders of the city of Los
Angeles. They arrived in the summer of 1781.
• 44 Pobladores were recorded from the official Spanish
census and included the names, race, sex and age of all
persons. Their ages ranged from one to 67, and were
Mulattos (a racial mix of black and indigenous or white),
Mestizo (mix of Indian and Spanish), Spanish, Indians and
Blacks. These families included Camero, Lara, Mesa,
Moreno, Navarro, Quintero, Rodriguez, Rosas, Vanegas and
Vellavicencio.
• Felipe de Neve was the first governor of California.
• The cultural heritage and racial diversity of Los
Angeles links its history from the past to the present.
2
* April 4, 1850 saw the incorporation of Los Angeles as a city

- The Old Plaza Church 1869.

It stayed as 28 square-mile (73 km²) land grant until the 1890s.1

ANNEXATIONS:
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles
%2C_California

Transportation & pop. boom

RAILWAY was completed, connection with the Central Pacific
Santa Fe and San Francisco in 1876

Boom town, 1851-1913.

* rancheros lost in the end their special status as

"Californios" to the anglo land speculators.

Aqueduct was completed on November 5, 1913

The Metropolitan District of CA;

Is the source of water for Greater L.A..

Source: http://www.mwdh2o.com/
In the News – See Metropolitan Issues Water Alert
Metropolitan’s water reserves have dropped significantly since
2006
A watering index can be found: http://www.dvlake.com/
Also fishing spots.

1
http://www.valleyvote.net/images/map.gif
3
Size of L.A.

Historic Population growth:

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,694,820 people.

* 1,275,412 households, and 798,407 families residing in the

city. The population density was 7,876.8 people per square mile
(3,041.3/km²). There were 1,337,706 housing units at an average
density of 2,851.8 per square mile (1,101.1/km²).
The racial makeup of the city was 46.9% White, 12.0% African
American, 10.0% Asian, 1.0% Native American, 25.9% from
other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. 46.5% of the
population were Hispanic or Latino of any race and 29.7% were
White, not of Latino/Hispanic origins.2

By the year 2007:

Population in July 2004: 3,845,541 (+4.1% change) 1.

Gender Break Down

Males: 1,841,805 (49.8%),

Females: 1,853,015 (50.2%)

Elevation: 330 feet

2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles
4
 County: Los Angeles

Land area: 469.1 square miles3

• There are 303 administrative units in Greater L.A. There

are 89 cities and 216 communities in Los Angeles. 4

Cities and communities require and are comprised of libraries, polic

fire departments, hospitals and schools.

M ayor and City Council and Statistics (for Population)

Special Notes:

• Look up the names of the two newest cities in the Thomas

Guide.

Why South Pasadena was named California’s second Bone-

Dry City/

Alphabetical Listing of Incorporated Areasin Los Angeles

County

Find your city, click on the city to go to the city's home page or
click on the district to go to your Supervisorial District's home
page.

Name Sup Incorpor Clas Chronolo E-MAIL ADDRESS

3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California
4
Link: http://lacounty.info/incorp.htm 3-20-07

5
of City er- ation s gical
viso Effective Order of
rial Incorpor
Dist ation
rict

Agour 3 Dec. 8, Gen 1. Los info@ci.agoura-hills.ca.u

a Hills 1982 eral Angeles
Law

Alham 5 July 11, Cha 2. webmaster@cityofalham

bra 1903 rter Pasadena ra.org

Arcadi 5 Aug. 5, Cha 3. Santa svergel@ci.arcadia.ca.us

a 1903 rter Monica

Artesia 4 May 29, Gen 4. n/a

1959 eral Monrovia
Law

Avalon 4 June 26, Gen 5. Pomona n/a

1913 eral
Law

Azusa 1 Dec. 29, Gen 6. Long mguadagnino@ci.azusa.c

1898 eral Beach a.us
Law

Baldwi 1 Jan. 25, Gen 7. South n/a

n Park 1956 eral Pasadena
Law

Bell 1 Nov. 7, Gen 8. n/a

1927 eral Compton

6
 Law

Bell 1 Aug. 1, Gen 9. n/a

Garden 1961 eral Redondo
s Law Beach

Bellflo 4 Sept. 3, Gen 10. webmaster@bellflower.o

wer 1957 eral Whittier g
Law

Beverl 3 Jan. 28, Gen 11. Azusa webmaster@ci.beverly-

y Hills 1914 eral hills.ca.us
Law

Bradbu 5 July 26, Gen 12. bradburych@cityofbradb

ry 1957 eral Covina ry.org
Law

Burban 5 July 15, Cha 13. n/a

k 1911 rter Alhambra

Calaba 3 April 5, Gen 14. info@cityofcalabasas.com

sas 1991 eral Arcadia
Law

Carson 2 Feb. 20, Gen 15. webmaster@carson.ca.us

1968 eral Vernon
Law

Cerrito 4 April 24, Cha 16. webmanager@ci.cerritos

s (d) 1956 rter Glendale ca.us

Clarem 5 Oct. 3, Gen 17. n/a

ont 1907 eral Huntingto

7
 Law n Park

Comm 1 Jan. 28, Gen 18. La cmrcpio@aol.com

erce 1960 eral Verne
Law

Compt 2 May 11, Cha 19. n/a

on 1888 rter Hermosa
Beach

Covina 5 Aug. 14, Gen 20. Sierra bkemp@ci.covina.ca.us

1901 eral Madre
Law

Cudah 1 Nov. 10, Gen 21. info@cudahy.ca.us

y 1960 eral Claremont
Law

Culver 2 Sept. 20, Cha 22. e.mail@culvercity.org

City 1917 rter Inglewood

Diamo 4 April 18, Gen 23. info@ci.diamond-

nd Bar 1989 eral Burbank bar.ca.us
Law

Downe 4 Dec. 17, Cha 24. San lprince@citywd.com

y 1956 rter Fernando

Duarte 5 Aug. 22, Gen 25. city@accessduarte.com

1957 eral Glendora
Law

El 1 Nov. 18, Gen 26. El friendlyelmonte.org

Monte 1912 eral Monte

8
 Law

El 4 Jan. 18, Gen 27. n/a

Segun 1917 eral Manhattan
do Law Beach

Garden 2 Sept. 11, Gen 28. San n/a

a 1930 eral Gabriel
Law

Glenda 5 Feb. 15, Cha 29. San n/a

le 1906 rter Marino

Glendo 5 Nov. 13, Gen 30. webmaster@ci.glendora.

ra 1911 eral Avalon a.us
Law

Hawaii 4 April 14, Gen 31. ablopez@hawaiiangarden

an 1964 eral Beverly scity.org
Garden Law Hills
s

Hawth 2 July 12, Gen 32. hpdholt@earthlink.net

orne 1922 eral Monterey
Law Park

Hermo 4 Jan. 10, Gen 33. El nvaldes@hermosabch.or

sa 1907 eral Segundo
Beach Law

Hidden 3 Oct. 19, Gen 34. Culver staff@hiddenhillscity.org

Hills 1961 eral City
Law

Huntin 1 Sept. 1, Gen 35. hpcityclerk@earthlink.ne

9
gton 1906 eral Montebell
Park Law o

Industr 1 June 18, Cha 36. n/a

y 1957 rter Torrance

Inglew 2 Feb. 14, Cha 37. rmccormick@cityofingle

ood 1908 rter Lynwood wood.org

Irwind 1 Aug. 6, Cha 38. webmaster@relaypoint.n

ale 1957 rter Hawthorn t
e

La 5 Dec. 8, Gen 39. South cityadmin@lacanadaflint

Canad 1976 eral Gate idge.com
a- Law
Flintri
dge

La 4 Dec. 4, Gen 40. West lahabrahghts@earthlink.n

Habra 1978 eral Covina et
Height Law
s

Lakew 4 April 16, Gen 41. Signal n/a

ood 1954 eral Hill
Law

La 4 Mar. 23, Gen 42. lamirada@earthlink.net

Mirada 1960 eral Maywood
(a) Law

Lancas 5 Nov. 22, Gen 43. Bell colcc@gnet.com

ter 1977 eral

10
 Law

La 1 Aug. 1, Gen 44. info@lapuente.org

Puente 1956 eral Gardena
Law

La 5 Sept. 11, Gen 45. Palos laverneweb@ci.la-

Verne 1906 eral Verdes verne.ca.us
(b) Law Estates

Lawnd 2 Dec. 28, Gen 46. toms@lawndalecity.org

ale 1959 eral Lakewood
Law

Lomita 4 June 30, Gen 47. n/a

1964 eral Baldwin
Law Park

Long 4 Dec. 13, Cha 48. webmaster@ci.long-

Beach 1897 rter Cerritos beach.ca.us
(c)

Los 1-5 April 4, Cha 49. La n/a

Angele 1850 rter Puente
s

Lynwo 2 July 16, Gen 50. n/a

od 1921 eral Downey
Law

Malibu 3 March Gen 51. n/a

28, 1991 eral Rolling
Law Hills

Manha 4 Dec. 7, Gen 52. n/a

11
ttan 1912 eral Paramoun
Beach Law t

Mayw 1 Sept. 2, Gen 53. Santa webmaster@cityofmayw

ood 1924 eral Fe od.com
Law Springs

Monro 5 Dec. 15, Gen 54. kgem@earthlink.net

via 1887 eral Industry
Law

Monte 1 Oct. 15, Gen 55. n/a

bello 1920 eral Bradbury
Law

Monter 1 May 29, Gen 56. n/a

ey 1916 eral Irwindale
Park Law

Norwa 4 Aug. 26, Gen 57. Duarte webmaster@ci.norwalk.c

lk 1957 eral a.us
Law
North
Holly
wood

Palmd 5 Aug. 24, Gen 58. feedback@cityofpalmdal

ale 1962 eral Norwalk .org
Law

Palos 4 Dec. 20, Gen 59. cityclerk@pvestates.org

Verdes 1939 eral Bellflower
Estates Law

Param 4 Jan. 30, Gen 60. callard@paramountcity.c

12
ount 1957 eral Rolling m
Law Hills
Estates

Pasade 5 June 19, Cha 61. Pico n/a

na 1886 rter Rivera

Pico 1 Jan. 29, Gen 62. South n/a

Rivera 1958 eral El Monte
Law

Pomon 1 Jan. 6, Cha 63. n/a

a 1888 rter Walnut

Ranch 4 Sept. 7, Gen 64. webcomments@palosver

o Palos 1973 eral Artesia es.com
Verdes Law

Redon 4 April 29, Cha 65. n/a

do 1892 rter Rosemead
Beach

Rollin 4 Jan. 24, Gen 66. feedback-

g Hills 1957 eral Lawndale rh@palosverdes.com
Law

Rollin 4 Sept. 18, Gen 67. rhecomments@palosverd

g Hills 1957 eral Commerc es.com
Estates Law e

Rosem 1 Aug. 4, Gen 68. La n/a

ead 1959 eral Mirada
Law

San 5 Aug. 4, Gen 69. n/a

13
Dimas 1960 eral Temple
Law City

San 3 Aug. 31, Gen 70. San info@ci.san-

Fernan 1911 eral Dimas fernando.ca.us
do Law

San 5 April 24, Gen 71. n/a

Gabrie 1913 eral Cudahy
l Law

San 5 April 25, Gen 72. Bell drydene@cityofsanmarin

Marino 1913 eral Gardens o.org
Law

Santa 5 Dec. 15, Gen 73. webmaster@santa-

Clarita 1987 eral Hidden clarita.com
Law Hills

Santa 1 May 15, Gen 74. n/a

Fe 1957 eral Palmdale
Spring Law
s

Santa 3 Dec. 9, Cha 75. n/a

Monic 1886 rter Hawaiian
a Gardens

Sierra 5 Feb. 7, Gen 76. n/a

Madre 1907 eral Lomita
Law

Signal 4 April 22, Gen 77. n/a

Hill 1924 eral Carson

14
 Law

South 1 July 30, Gen 78. cityhall@ci.south-el-

El 1958 eral Rancho monte.ca.us
Monte Law Palos
Verdes

South 1 Jan. 15, Gen 79. La sgatecomdev@earthlink.

Gate 1923 eral Canada- et
Law Flintridge

South 5 Feb. 29, Gen 80. sjoyce@ci.south-

Pasade 1888 eral Lancaster pasadena.ca.us
na Law

Templ 5 May 25, Cha 81. La city@ci.temple-city.ca.us

e City 1960 rter Habra
Heights

Torran 4 May 12, Cha 82. webmaster@mail.ci.torra

ce 1921 rter Westlake nce.ca.us
Village

Verno 1 Sept. 22, Gen 83. n/a

n 1905 eral Agoura
Law Hills

Walnut 1 Jan. 19, Gen 84. West n/a

1959 eral Hollywoo
Law d

West 5 Feb. 17, Gen 85. Santa chris.freeland@westcov.

Covina 1923 eral Clarita rg
Law

15
West 3 Nov. 29, Gen 86. n/a
Holly 1984 eral Diamond
wood Law Bar

Westla 3 Dec. 11, Gen 87. n/a

ke 1981 eral Malibu
Village Law

Whitti 4 Feb. 28, Cha 88. postmaster@whittierch.o

er 1898 rter Calabasas g
(a) Incorporated March 23, 1960 as City of Mirada Hills. Name
changed to La Mirada on December 15, 1960 (approved by
voters November 8, 1960, filed with Secretary of State on
December 15, 1960).
(b) Incorporated September 11, 1906 as City of Lordsburg.
Name changed to La Verne on August 24, 1917.
(c) First incorporated on February 10, 1888, disincorporated July
24, 1896. Second incorporation effective December 13, 1897
-Long Beach.
(d) Name changed from Dairy Valley to Cerritos, March 1,
1966.
Incorporated Cities Now Consolidated

City Date of Consolidat Date of

Incorporati edWith Consolidati
on City Of on

Barnes City Feb. 13, Los April 11,

16
 1926 Angeles 1927

Belmont Oct. 9, 1908 Long Nov. 24,

Heights Beach 1909

Eagle Rock Mar. 1, 1911 Los May 17,

Angeles 1923

Hollywood Nov. 9, 1903 Los Feb. 7, 1910

Angeles

Hyde Park May 12, Los May 17,

1921 Angeles 1923

San Pedro March 1, Los Aug. 28,

1888 Angeles 1909

Sawtelle Nov. 26, Los July 13,

1906 Angeles 1922

Tropico March 15, Glendale Jan. 9, 1918

1911

Tujunga May 1, 1925 Los March 7,

Angeles 1932

Venice (a) Feb. 17, Los Nov. 25,

1904 Angeles 1925

Watts May 23, Los May 29,

1907 Angeles 1926

Wilmington Dec. 27, Los Aug. 28,

1905 Angeles 1909
(a) Incorporated as the City of Ocean Park on February 17,
17
1904. Name changed to Venice June 2, 1911.

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN L.A.

SOURCE: http://www.labavn.org/index.cfm?
fuseaction=home.home&valdump=0

2. ALSO:
BAVN: The Business Assistance Virtual Network (BAVN) is
a free service provided by the City of Los Angeles and the
Mayor's Office of Economic Development.

View and download information about all contractual

opportunities offered by the City of Los Angeles in one
convenient location as well as find up-to-date certified sub-
contractors to complement your project bid. THE goal is to have
your business grow in the City of Los Angeles.

View Opportunities by View Opportunities by

Category Department

76 opportunities currently available online from the

following departments:
Department Of General Services
Department Of General Services - Non-commodity
Department Of Recreation And Parks
Department Of Water And Power
El Pueblo De Los Angeles Historic Monument
Harbor Department
Information Technology Agency
Los Angeles World Airports
Mayor's Office: Homeland Security And Public Safety Team
18
 Personnel Department
Public Works: Bureau Of Engineering
Public Works: Bureau Of Sanitation
Search for all opportunities on BAVN

News/ Events

14th Annual Greater Los Angeles Vendor Fair

G² = CEO: Green Growth equal Contracts, Environment and

Opportunities
The Greater Los Angeles Vendor Fair returns to the Los
Angeles Convention Center for the 14th year! In 2007, the
premiere contracting and procurement expo hosted jointly by the
City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, the Los
Angeles Unified School District, Metro and Metropolitan Water
District, will highlight green contracts with its theme: "Green
Growth equals Contracts, Environment and Opportunities."

Join the more than 2,000 attendees to build your business

network, attend valuable workshops, interact face-to-face with
agency buyers, and grow your business to its full potential.

Don't miss out on this premier networking opportunity! Register

today at www.lavendorfair.com.

Wher Los Angeles Convention Center, West

e: Hall
1201 S Figueroa St
19
 Los Angeles, 90015
When
April 11, 2007, Wednesday
:

1.
Historical DemographicsGeneral DemographicsAge & Sex
DemographicsEthnic DemographicsBirthplace & Origin
Family, Marital & Living Arrangement Characteristics of
HouseholdsLanguage DemographicsDisabilities Among
PopulationGay & Lesbian Population

Historical Demographics

Historical Resident Population in L.A. County - Spanish &

Mexican Period
Historical Resident Population of L.A. County & California
1850-2000
General Population by City, L.A. County 1850-1900
General Population by City, L.A. County 1910-1950
General Population by City, L.A. County 1960-2000
Return to Top

General Demographics
General Population of the County & Cities - 2000 & 1990
Census - L.A. County
Estimated Population of L.A. County 1991-2006
Population Change in L.A. County
If Los Angeles County Were a State...
Population Density in L.A. County
Estimated Populations in L.A. County by City, 1990-2006
Population of City of L.A. Communities
20
 Population of Unincorporated Communities in L.A. County
Most Populous Cities in L.A. County
Most Populous Unincorporated Communities in L.A. County
Least Populous Cities in L.A. County
Least Populous Unincorporated Communities in L.A. County
Fastest Growing Cities in L.A. County
Fastest Growing Unincorporated Communities in L.A. County
Projected (Future) Populations

Projected General & Ethnic Populations Through 2050 for

L.A. County
Projected General & Ethnic Populations Through 2050 for
California
Age & Sex Demographics
Population by Age in L.A. County
Population for L.A. County by Age & Sex
Population for L.A. County by Race, Age & Sex
Population by Age in L.A. County by City
Median Age Projections in L.A. County
Population by Sex in L.A. County by City
Return to Top

Ethnic Demographics
Racial/Ethnic Composition in L.A. County - 2000 Census
Population by Age, Sex & Race in L.A. County
Racial/Ethnic Composition for L.A. County - Estimates 2000-
2004
American Indian, Eskimo, & Aleut Population in L.A. County
American Indian, Eskimo & Aleut Population in L.A. County
by City
Asian Population in L.A. County
Asian Population in L.A. County by City
Pacific Islander Population in L.A. County
Pacific Islander Population in L.A. County by City
21
 Population of Hispanic Origin in L.A. County
Hispanic Origin Population in L.A. County by City
Hispanic Origin (Central American) Population in L.A. County
by City
Hispanic Origin (South American) Population in L.A. County
by City
Ethnic Population Change by Percentage 1980 to 1990 & 1990
to 2000 in L.A. County
1850 to 1960 Census of Ethnic Groups in L.A. County
Racial/Ethnic Composition of Cities in L.A. County
Population & Racial Composition of City of L.A.
Communities
Racial/Ethnic Composition of Unincorporated Communities in
L.A. County
Projected General & Ethnic Populations Through 2050 for
L.A. County
Projected General & Ethnic Populations Through 2050 for
California

Birthplace & Origin

Birthplace (Nativity) of Population in L.A. County

Birthplace of Population in L.A. County by City
Country of Ancestry in L.A. County
Foreign-Born Population in L.A. County - Origins, Citizenship
Status & Year of Entry

Family, Marital & Living Arrangement Characteristics of

Households

Number of Households & Household Characteristics in L.A.

22
 County
Number of Households & Household Characteristics in L.A.
County by City
Unmarried Partner Households by County & City in L.A.
County
Marital Status in L.A. County
Persons Living in Group Quarters in L.A. County
Language Demographics

Language Spoken at Home in L.A. County

Language Spoken at Home in L.A. County by City
Ability to Speak English by Age Group in L.A. County
Disabilities Among Population

Disability Status of Population in L.A. County

Disability Type of Population in L.A. County
Deaf & Hearing Impaired Population in L.A. County
Blind & Visually Impaired Population in Southern California
Gay & Lesbian Population

Gay & Lesbian Population in L.A. County & the City of Los
Angeles

SOURCE:
http://www.laalmanac.com/population/index.htm

C. Hispanic or Latino Population (of Any Race)Los Angeles

County, 2000 Census

Click here for 1990 Census

23
Ethnic Group Population Percen

Hispanic or Latino 4,242,213 100.00%

Mexican 3,041,974 71.71%

Puerto Rican 37,862 0.89%

Cuban 38,664 0.91%

Dominican Republic 1,735 0.04%

Central American 372,777 8.79%

Costa Rican 6,232 0.15%

Guatemalan 100,341 2.37%

Honduran 20,029 0.47%

Nicaraguan 20,775 0.49%

Panamanian 3,453 0.08%

Salvadoran 187,193 4.41%

Other Central 34,754 0.82%

American

South American 74,750 1.76%

Argentinean 11,696 0.28%

24
 Bolivian 2,423 0.06%

Chilean 5,508 0.13%

Colombian 15,250 0.36%

Ecuadorian 11,437 0.27%

Paraguayan 215 0.01%

Peruvian 18,704 0.44%

Uruguayan 717 0.02%

Venezuelan 1,806 0.04%

Other South 6,994 0.16%

American

Other Hispanic or Latino 674,451 15.90%

Spaniard 6,622 0.16%

Spanish 42,885 1.01%

Spanish American 3,442 0.08%

All other Hispanic or 621,502 14.65%

Latino

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

25
Hispanic Origin Population by City

A late 19th Century editorial in the Los Angeles Times predicted

that the "Mexican" population in Los Angeles would disappear
by the early part of the 20th Century.

SOURCE: http://www.laalmanac.com/population/index.htm

Aerial View taken by Dr.Olga Lazin

City Budget has been voted today, March

1st, 2010.

Link:
26
http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?
bill_number=abx8_5&sess=CUR&house=B&author=com
mittee_on_budget

From the governor’s webpage.

Dr. LAZIN & Students, CSUDH, & UCLA.

HIGH SCHOOLS POLICY IN CALIFORNIA:

- It is based on diversity and affirmative

action. Starting march 1st private High
27
Schools will have to turn to the voucher
system, or auto dissolve, because of the
budget crisis.

In other states, the situation is different,

e.g. in North Carolina, and NY.
Reprinted with permission:

NC school system votes to

ditch diversity, and so does
Los Angeles: School
policy 3/2/2010 7:10:00 PM
Associated Press/AP Online

By MIKE BAKER

RALEIGH, N.C. - A North

Carolina school board has voted
to scrap a policy of assigning
students by socio-economic
background in favor of a system
of neighborhood schools.
The 5-to-4 vote on Tuesday
night approved a resolution to
begin moving away from busing
to achieve diversity. It was an
illustration of the Wake County
Public School Board's makeup.
28
Board members in favor of the
change were swept into office by
a group of vocal parents who
complained that the current
student assignment plan took
their children too far from home.
Dozens of parents and students
lined up to speak to the board as
discussion began late Tuesday
afternoon.
The Wake County plan, adopted
in 2000, kept school campuses
integrated and quickly became a
blueprint for other school
systems. But school systems
across the South began to shift
away from diversity.
THIS IS A BREAKING NEWS
UPDATE. Check back soon for
further information. AP's earlier
story is below.
RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) - When
North Carolina's Wake County
decided to do away with race-
based busing to desegregate
schools, local officials came up
with a novel solution to maintain
balance.
29
The new method of assigning
students by their socio-economic
background rather than race
helped to keep campuses
integrated. Adopted in 2000, it
quickly became a blueprint for
other school systems.
That policy, however, has never
sat well with many suburban
parents - often white and middle
class - who argue that the
student assignment plan sends
their kids too far from home.
And a new school board, swept
into office by those vocal
parents, appears poised to scrap
it in a vote expected to take
place Tuesday evening.
Dozens of parents and students
lined up to speak against the
policy as discussion began late
Tuesday afternoon.
Curtis Gatewood, a black man,
urged the board not to dump the
diversity plan and decried "white
racists." His comments were
interrupted by jeers.
"If you want to go to hell, don't
30
expect to take our children with
you," he said to the board as
authorities approached to calm
him down.
The issue has revived the term
"segregation" and the brought
the weight of history into recent
school board meetings. Some
parents and students around the
state capital have implored the
newly elected leaders to back
away from their plan to
drastically alter the diversity
policy.
"Please preserve the New South.
Don't take us back to the Old
South," parent Robert Siegel told
the school board.
Reversing the diversity rules
would follow a cascade of similar
shifts around the South, and
particularly in North Carolina,
which once was a model of
desegregation. Now the state is
increasingly starting to mirror an
era many thought had past: On
one side of the state, in the
coastal town of Wilmington, an
31
elementary school of several
hundred students has just one
who is black. On the other, in
the banking hub of Charlotte, a
primary school of similar size has
just one student who is white.
In the military town of
Goldsboro, starkly divided
schools have led civil rights
leaders to accuse local school
officials of creating "an apartheid
district."
Ron Margiotta, the new board
chairman in Wake County,
vowed that the change there was
in the interest of students
because it would allow parents
more options and refocus
families on the schools in their
neighborhood. He bristled at any
suggestion that the move had
something to do with race.
"It's something that offends me,"
Margiotta said in an interview.
"Nobody's going to go back to
Jim Crow days."
The diversity policy in Wake
County became a popular model
32
in 2007, when the Supreme
Court limited the use of race in
how districts assign students. Its
current policy sends students to
schools to achieve socioeconomic
diversity, which also improved
racial diversity by frequently
sending lower income black
children from the city's center to
predominantly white schools in
the suburbs. Some schools also
created magnet programs to
attract students from other
neighborhoods with advanced
courses in foreign language,
science and other topics.
Margiotta said the busing
program has not helped minority
students and has distracted from
focusing on stronger education
policy.
"What we're doing isn't
working," Margiotta said.
But Ebere Collins, a black
mother of two students in the
district, said her son travels one
hour by bus to get from his
home in Raleigh to a middle
33
school in the suburb of Wake
Forest. While the trip is long, she
feels it helps her son mingle with
people outside of the
neighborhood and ensures that
all students have access to the
same resources.
"Mix them up, let them
experience each other," she said.
"By scattering them around, they
will enjoy the benefits other
people are enjoying."
Gary Orfield, a UCLA professor
who studies busing and civil
rights, said the entire South has
been resegregating for the past
20 years - which he deemed "a
gigantic historic tragedy." He
praised Wake County's current
policy and warned that a
renewed focus on neighborhood
school assignment will be most
damaging to children who come
from poor or uneducated families
because those students benefit
most from integration.
"What it does when you go to
'neighborhood' schools is it
34
means that you put the kids who
are most affected by school
opportunity in the schools with
the weakest opportunity," Orfield
said. "That's a tragedy."
If the diversity policy is pulled
back, Orfield said, Raleigh can
expect to see some of the same
impoverished, troubled schools
as Detroit, Philadelphia, New
York and Chicago.
In Charlotte, the site of a
groundbreaking Supreme Court
case that led to three decades of
busing to ensure racial balance,
schools have spent much of the
past several years resegregating
after getting federal court
approval to allow parents more
choice of where to send their
kids.
At Beverly Woods Elementary,
just north of the Quail Hollow
Country Club that hosts a
namesake PGA Tour event, 79
percent of the students are
white. A few miles up the road,
at Montclaire Elementary, only 4
35
percent of the students - just 19
out of 450 - are white.
There are no plans in Charlotte
to revisit busing. Pamela
Grundy, a parent in Charlotte
who has decried the divisions
within the school district, said
leaders in Raleigh should take
notice.
"The lesson of Charlotte is that
desegregation will go away so
quickly. Once you lose it, you
can't get it back," she said.
A service of YellowBrix, Inc.
Associated Press/AP Online
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-
From: President Barack Obama info@barackobama.com>
To: OLGA LAZIN: I need your voice on health care.

The chance to finally reform our nation's health

care system is here. While Congress moves rapidly
to produce a detailed plan, I have made it clear
that real reform must uphold three core principles
-- it must reduce costs, guarantee choice, and
ensure quality care for every American.

As we know, challenging the status quo will not be

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that we should once again settle for half measures
38
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When our opponents spread fear and confusion

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<http://my.barackobama.com/page/m2/55c13fce/
5005c2ed/35333542/11884e9b/4022033853/VEsH
/>Join my call: Ask Congress to pass real
health care reform in 2009.

After adding your name, please consider sharing

your personal story about the importance of health
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I will be personally reviewing many of these

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<http://my.barackobama.com/page/m2/55c13fce/
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/>http://my.barackobama.com/HealthCareOr
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American families are watching their premiums rise

39
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Please add your name to join my call. Then share

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<http://my.barackobama.com/page/m2/55c13fce/
5005c2ed/35333542/11884e9b/4022033853/VEsF
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ganizing

Last November, the American people sent

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the polls close, the true work of citizenship begins.
That's what Organizing for America is all about.
40
Now, in these crucial moments, your voice once
again has extraordinary power. I'm counting on
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Thank you,

President Barack Obama

<http://my.barackobama.com/page/m2/55c13fce/
5005c2ed/35333542/11884e9a/4022033853/VEsC
/>

Paid for by Organizing for America, a project of the

Democratic National Committee -- 430 South Capitol
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