Chapter 5. Tolerable Foundation Deformation Criteria
Chapter 5. Tolerable Foundation Deformation Criteria
Chapter 5. Tolerable Foundation Deformation Criteria
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Limiting Angular Distortion, d/LS (radians) Type of Bridge
0.004 Multiple‐span (continuous span) bridges
0.008 Simple‐span bridges
The criteria in Table 5‐1 suggest that for a 100‐foot span, a differential settlement of 4.8 in. is
acceptable for a continuous span and 9.6 in. is acceptable for a simple span. These relatively
large values of differential settlement concerns structural designers, who often arbitrarily limit
tolerable movements to one‐half to one‐quarter or one less order of magnitude (for example,
0.0004 instead of 0.004) of the values listed in Table 5‐1 or develop guidance as shown in Table
5‐2.
Table 5‐2: Tolerable Movement Criteria for Highway Bridges (WSDOT, 2012)
Differential Settlement over 100 ft within Pier
Total Settlement
or Abutments and Differential Settlement
at Pier or Action
Between Piers
Abutment
[Implied Limiting Angular Distortion, radians]
d100’ ≤ 0.75" Design and
δ ≤ 1"
[0.000625] Construct
0.75" < d100’ ≤ 3" Ensure structure can
1" < δ ≤ 4"
[0.000625‐0.0025] tolerate settlement
d100’ > 3" Need Department
δ > 4"
[> 0.0025] approval
Notes:
δ = deformation
< = less than
> = greater than
≤ = less than or equal to
‘ = feet (ft)
" = inches
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Another example of the use of more stringent criteria is from Chapter 10 of Bridge Design
Guidelines of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT, 2015), which states the
following:
“The bridge designer should limit the settlement of a foundation per 100 ft span to 0.75
in. Linear interpolation should be used for other span lengths. Higher settlements may be
used when the superstructure is adequately designed for such settlements. Any
settlement that is in excess of 4.0 in, including stage construction settlements if
applicable, must be approved by the ADOT Bridge Group. The designer shall also check
other factors, which may be adversely affected by foundation settlements, such as
rideability, vertical clearance, and aesthetics.”
The ADOT guidelines provide additional guidance in terms of the S‐0 and construction‐point
concepts that are discussed later in this report. ADOT also provides guidance on consideration
of creep as part of the evaluation of the effect of foundation deformations on bridge structures.
While from the structural integrity viewpoint, there are no technical reasons for structural
designers to set arbitrary additional limits to the criteria listed in Table 5‐1, there are often
practical reasons based on the tolerable limits of deformation of other structures associated
with a bridge (for example, approach slabs, wingwalls, pavement structures, drainage grades,
utilities on the bridge, and deformations that adversely affect quality of ride). The relatively
large differential settlements based on Table 5‐1, should be considered in conjunction with
functional or performance criteria not only for the bridge structure itself but for all associated
facilities. Samtani and Nowatzki (2006) suggest the following steps:
Step 1: Identify all possible facilities associated with the bridge structure and the movement
tolerance of those facilities. An example of a facility on a bridge is a utility (such as gas,
power, and water). The owners of the facility can identify the movement tolerance of
their facility. Alternatively, the facility owners should design their facilities for the
movement anticipated for the bridge structure.
Step 2: Because of the inherent uncertainty associated with estimated values of settlement,
determine the differential settlement by using conservative assumptions for
geomaterial properties and prediction methods. It is important that the estimation of
angular distortion be based on a realistic evaluation of the construction sequence and
the magnitude of loads at each stage of the construction sequence.
Step 3: Compare the angular distortion from Step 2 with the various tolerances identified in
Step 1 and in Table 5‐1. Based on this comparison, identify the critical component of
the facility. Review this critical component to check if it can be relocated or if it can be
redesigned to more relaxed tolerances. Repeat this process as necessary for other
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facilities. In some cases, a simple re‐sequencing of the construction of the facility
based on the construction sequence of the bridge structure may help mitigate the
issues associated with intolerable movements.
This three‐step approach can be used to develop project‐specific limiting angular distortion
criteria that may differ from the general guidelines listed in Table 5‐1. For example, if a
compressed gas line is fixed to a simple‐span bridge deck and the gas line can tolerate an
angular distortion of only 0.002, then the utility will limit the angular distortion value for the
bridge structure, not the criterion listed in Table 5‐1. However, this problem is typically avoided
by providing flexible joints along the utility such that it does not control the bridge design.
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criteria established from field observations. One reason Moulton attributed the discrepancy
between analytical studies and field observations is that the analytical studies often do not
account for the construction time of a structure and that components of the foundation
movement estimated based on analytical studies have already occurred before the completion
of the structure. Portions of structure (for example, the bridge superstructure) that are
constructed last do not have damage consistent with the level that is predicted by analytical
studies which assume that all loads are applied instantaneously. Another reason supporting
Moulton’s observations is that building materials like concrete (especially concrete while it is
curing) are able to undergo a considerable amount of stress relaxation when subjected to
deformations. Under conditions of very slowly imposed deformations, the effective value of the
Young’s modulus of concrete is considerably lower than the value for rapid loading (Barker et
al., 1991).
All of the previously described considerations were recognized by Moulton. Since the 1990s,
valuable data have been collected that help quantify the amount of deformations that occurs as
bridge structures are constructed. These data have led to the formulation of the construction‐
point concept in FHWA documents (for example, Samtani and Nowatzki, 2006) and is also
discussed in chapter 6. At a minimum, adoption of the construction‐point concept in the bridge
design process will be a significant step in the right direction towards comparing estimated
foundation movements with AASHTO criteria for tolerable deformations.
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