Final Research SHS
Final Research SHS
Final Research SHS
Submitted to:
Jade Jireh Delight P. Panolino
Cathy O. Laraño
Researchers:
Demetrio S. Panerio Jr.
Michael Melendrez
Junar John Silverio
Felix Alagaban Jr.
Richard Lutang
Ternette Royze Paraon
Poly Mondano
John Marco Piamonte
Brian Aries Subillaga
March 2018
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
essential to everyday life, without it life will be boring both at home and at the
work place. Electricity passes more easily through some materials than others.
Some substances such as metals generally offer very low resistance to the flow
of electric current and such materials are called “conductors.” Another conductor
insulator materials offer high resistance to the flow of electric current among the
examples are rubber, dry wood, plastic and clothing (Bakshi, and Bakshi, 2009).
mistakenly becomes part of the electric circuit. This can lead to an electrical
shock. Electric shocks occur when a person’s body completes the current path
having both wires of an electric circuit, one wire of an energized circuit, the
ground and a metal part that accidentally becomes energized due to a break in
its insulation or another “conductor” that is carrying a current (Floyd, Rogers, and
prevent fire hazards. Circuit protection limit or stop the passage of current
low-resistance path that connects to the earth. This prevents the accumulation of
does not completely guarantee the person from a shock or be injured or killed by
Cadick, Capelli-Schellpferffer and Neitzel (2006) said that in the late 1800s,
hotels had to place signs assuring their guests that electricity is harmless, but by
late 1900s, signs had to be hung to remind people that electricity is a hazard.
live and we ought to know that more electricity usage means more potential
electrical hazards.
Thus, the researchers are motivated to study the effect of hazards and
The goal of this study is to determine the effects of hazards and risks in
1.1 Gender;
1.3 Section?
2. What are the effect of the hazards and risks in students’ performance
2.1 Confidence;
2.2 Academic?
students’ performance?
Students Performance
Hazards and Risks in EIM Confidence
Academic
Profile
Gender
Age
And Section
Mediated Variable
Variable.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the hazards
and risks in the students’ performance. The study considers the students
The researcher limits the study to 50 EIM students only here in Kidapawan
City National High School of school year 2017-2018. Each of the students is
Students- the result of this study will be a great help to the students for them to
Teacher- the result of this study will be a great advantage to the teachers, it
enable them to help the students determine hazards and risks in doing their
performances.
Research- the result of the study will be a great opportunity to the researchers
Thus, this is considered that this study would contribute useful information
Hazards- are an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable
target
and something that’s is put together and made ready for use
Risk- is a risk to a person of death, shock or. Other injury caused directly or
indirectly by electricity
Chapter II
Safety in any operation works best if the person or people in charge take a
leading role in managing safety and health. Many business enterprises have
proven that good safety management leads to increased productivity, and the
same works for farms. By having a good safety management program, you can
avoid not only farm injuries, but also other incidents that are costly, time
consuming, stressful and inconvenient. This makes good economic sense. In the
performance of the EIM students’ they’ve learn a lot about the electrical safety in
workplace.
intent of the training is to ensure that all affected personnel are able to
understand when and how hazardous situations can arise and how to best
reduce the risk associated with those situations. Typically, training for individuals
failure modes that could affect risk. This type of training generally will be provided
well as experience in the field of adult education. Less technical training content
needed to ensure that unqualified personnel do not interact with the electrical
system. The electrical system must be analyzed in order to determine the
appropriate PPE. Once the appropriate PPE has been determined, personnel
must maintain and use it as required in order to ensure that residual risk remains
(https://www.lanl.gov/safety/electrical/docs/arc_flash_safety.pdf)
difference in the ratio of serious accidents and near misses. This study was built
on the original work of H.W. Heinrich back in 1931. The Conoco study found that
for every single fatality there are at least 300,000 at-risk behaviors, defined as
activities that are not consistent with safety programs, training and components
machinery or eliminating a safety step in the production process that slows down
the operator. With effective machine safeguarding and training, at-risk behaviors
and near misses can be diminished. This also reduces the chance of the fatality
Electricity flows more easily through some materials than others. Some
substances such as metals generally offer very little resistance to the flow of
electric current and are called “conductors.” A common but perhaps overlooked
clay, pottery, dry wood, and similar substances generally slow or stop the flow of
electricity. They are called “insulators.” Even air, normally an insulator, can
like salt, acid, solvents, or other materials can turn water itself and substances
that generally act as insulators into conductors or better conductors? Dry wood,
for example, generally slows or stops the flow of electricity. But when saturated
with water, wood turns into a conductor. The same is true of human skin. Dry
skin has a fairly high resistance to electric current. But when skin is moist or wet,
it acts as a conductor. This means that anyone working with electricity in a damp
becomes part of the 6 electric circuit. This can cause an electrical shock. Shocks
occur when a person’s body completes the current path with: • both wires of an
electric circuit; • one wire of an energized circuit and the ground; • a metal part
receives a shock, electricity flows between parts of the body or through the body
immediate cardiac arrest. The severity depends on the following: • the amount of
current flowing through the body, the current’s path through the body, the length
of time the body remains in the circuit, and the current’s frequency. (W.B.
Kouwenhoven, “Human Safety and Electric Shock,” Electrical Safety Practices,
can result in an electrical burn, arc burn, thermal contact burn, or a combination
of burns. Electrical burns are among the most serious burns and require
immediate medical attention. They occur when electric current flows through
tissues or bone, generating heat that causes tissue damage. Arc or flash burns
result from high temperatures caused by an electric arc or explosion near the
body. These burns should be treated promptly. Thermal contact burns are
caused when the skin touches hot surfaces of overheated electric conductors,
conduits, or other energized equipment. Thermal burns also can be caused when
addition to shock and burn hazards, electricity poses other dangers. For
example, arcs that result from short circuits can cause injury or start a fire.
to fly in all directions. Even low-energy arcs can cause violent explosions in
stimulation causes the muscles to contract. This “freezing” effect makes the
increases the length of exposure to electricity and because the current causes
blisters, which reduce the body’s resistance and increases the current. 9 The
longer the exposure, the greater the risk of serious injury. Longer exposures at
higher voltages. Low voltage does not imply low hazard. In addition to muscle
contractions that cause “freezing,” electrical shocks also can cause involuntary
muscle reactions. These reactions can result in a wide range of other injuries
from collisions or falls, including bruises, bone fractures, and even death.
immediately. If this is not possible, use boards, poles, or sticks made of wood or
any other no conducting materials and safely push or pull the person away from
the contact. It’s important to act quickly, but remember to protect yourself as well
A severe shock can cause considerably more damage than meets the
eye. A victim may suffer internal hemorrhages and destruction of tissues, nerves,
and muscles that aren’t readily visible. Renal damage also can occur. If you or a
Secretary, 2002).
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 250 employees were killed by contact with electric
current in 2006. Other employees have been killed or injured in fires and
explosions caused by electricity. It is well known that the human body will
conduct electricity. If direct body contact is made with an electrically energized
entering the body at one contact point, traversing the body, and then exiting at
the other contact point, usually the ground. Each year many employees suffer
pain, injuries, and death from such electric shocks. Current through the body,
even at levels as low as 3 mill amperes, can also cause injuries of an indirect or
secondary injuries in which involuntary muscular reaction from the electric shock
can cause bruises, bone fractures and even death resulting from collisions or
falls.
may be of three basic types: electrical burns, arc burns, and thermal contact
burns. Electrical burns are the result of the electric current flowing in the tissues,
and may be either skin deep or may affect deeper layers (such as muscles and
bones) or both. Tissue damage is caused by the heat generated from the current
flow; if the energy delivered by the electric shock is high, the body cannot
dissipate the heat, and the tissue is burned. Typically, such electrical burns are
slow to heal. Arc burns are the result of high temperatures produced by electric
arcs or by explosions close to the body. Finally, thermal contact burns are those
normally experienced from the skin contacting hot surfaces of overheated electric
great enough, electric arcs can start a fire. Fires can also be created by
overheating equipment or by conductors carrying too much current. Extremely
high energy arcs can damage equipment, causing fragmented metal to fly in all
(https://www.osha.gov/dte/grant_materials/fy09/sh-18794-
09/electrical_safety_manual.pdf)
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, between 1992 and 2006,
an average of 283 employees died per year from contact with electric current.
This downward trend (See page 18) is due, in major part, to 30 years of highly
NEC and NFPA 70E standards. The final standard carries forward most of the
existing requirements for electrical installations, with the new and revised
will prevent unsafe electrical conditions from occurring. While the number of
deaths and injuries associated with electrical hazards has declined, contact with
evidenced by the numbers of deaths and serious injuries still occurring due to
contact with electric current. This final rule will help further reduce the number of
compliance.
Each year many employees suffer electric shocks while using portable
electric tools and equipment. The nature of the injuries ranges from minor burns
line frequency passing through the body of an average adult from hand to foot for
1 second can cause various effects, starting from a condition of being barely
from 9 to 25 mill amperes. The passage of still higher currents, from 75 mill
finally, immediate cardiac arrest at over 4 amperes. These injuries occur when
ground fault) that provides a conductive path to the tool casing. For instance, with
a grounded electric supply system, when the employee contacts the tool casing,
the fault current takes a path through the employee to an electrically grounded
object. The amount of current that flows through an employee depends, primarily,
upon the resistance of the fault path within the tool, the resistance of the path
through the employee's body, and the resistance of the paths, both line side and
ground side, from the employee back to the electric power supply. Moisture in the
conductive path within the tool and the external ground path back to the electric
power supply. Dry skin can have a resistance range of anywhere from about 500
to 500,000 ohms and wet skin can have a resistance range of about 200 to
People can never be too young to start learning to use electricity safely.
He makes an estimation that 53,000 electrical fires occur in homes each year.
powerful and versatile energy but can be dangerous if it is not used properly.
Most of the accidents that occur are due either to carelessness or to a lack of
awareness of some basic rules that should be observed when using electricity
(Networks, n.d). The use of electricity is something taken for granted, but using it
found, we can each do our part in preventing electrical dangers no matter where
source of danger such as naked electricity wires, electricity gadgets which are
not switched off, unsafe acts, unprotected installation, over load socket outlet and
many others (Cadick, Capelli-Schellpferffer and Neitzel 2006). The electric shock
may likely occur when the body becomes part of an electric circuit and there are
three ways or path that may lead to electric shocks such as: A person may have
contact with both conductors in a circuit; A person may provide a way between
an ungrounded conductor and the ground.; A person may provide a way between
the ground and a conducting material that is in contact with an ungrounded
conductor. Taylor, Easter and Hegney (2004) observed that, the degree of shock
resistance. Skin resistance is greatly reduced when the skin is wet or moist, and
so the degree of shock will be greater. Other factors include the: The amount of
current that is conducted through the body; the path of the current through the
body; the duration of time a person is subjected to the current and status of the
individual. The effect of electric shocks ranges from stop of the heart or the
fibrillation. Electricity always follows the shortest circuit path of least resistance. If
a human body creates a path to follow, electricity will flow to the ground or
office worker just as fast as it will injure or kill an electrician. The is no record of
electrical hazards such shock, electrocution and other hazards than there female
counterpart in their household? It is also not certain who among the male and
female are more educated on electrical hazards and safety but observations
shows many female do not want to touch electrical equipment and appliances.
Although electrical accident has been causing serious looses such as economic
and social, for instance injuries, losses of lives and valuable properties among
electrical energy users. It is quite unfortunate that this electricity which is
essential to lives constitute a major hazard to man and property. Whenever you
work with power tools or on electrical circuits there is a risk, especially electric
can be dangerous and should be approached with caution; any forms of energy,
when not properly controlled or harnessed can result in serious danger to those
who use it (Kolak, 2007). In view of the relevance of electricity to man, effort
needs because electrical hazard pose a significant risk of death and injuries to
environmental set up. More than onethird of electrical fatalities, death and
According to Jarnick (2008) fires that occur in the home, market, offices and
to the danger electricity poses to the existence of biological lives, efforts are
made to assess the level of electrical hazards and safety measures awareness
METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the research methodology of the study. This will
describe the subject of the study, specifically, the research locale, research
design, respondent of the study (that includes the sample and sampling
data collection procedure) and the descriptive of how the data will be analyzed.
Research Design
know the main purpose of this research is to know the hazards and risks in (EIM)
School. So, to attain the intended objectives, descriptive design is chosen as the
located at Roxas St. Poblacion, Kidapawan City. The school offers secondary
education, junior and senior high. The study focuses on the senior high school
Grade 11-12 students under TVL tracks specially the EIM students.
The respondents of the study are the selected 50 grade 11-12 in TVL-EIM
from simple random sampling. Students evaluators are informed through a letter
facilitated and acknowledges, indicating their willingness to take part of the study.
General Procedure
The procedure in the gathering of the data pertinent to this study includes
the following:
1. Permission to conduct the study. The permission to conduct the study will
be sought form then adviser and subject teacher of the respondents. An initial
communication was sent to explain the research and aim of the study.
2. Identifying the Respondents. The respondents of the study are the selected
fifty (50) grade 11-12 EIM Students who know the hazards and risk in the
students’ performance.
3. Evaluating the Questionnaires. The answered questionnaires will be
teachers.
given to the selected 50 grade 11-12 EIM students who know the hazards and
thematically with respect to the original respondents. This will be tailed based on
the data provided by the respondents and analyzed basis of the result of the
study.
Research Instruments
identify the frequency of the use of Facebook through the scale of 1 as strongly
collected being reduced and simplified while at the same time producing results
16 2 4
17 19 38
18 22 44
19 1 2
20 4 8
21 1 2
22 1 2
Total 50 100
Table 1.1 presents the age distribution of the respondents. It shows that
out of 50 respondents, 22 or 44% are 18 years old, 19 or 38% are 17 years old, 4
or 8% are 20 years old, 2 or 4% are 16 years old, 1 or 2% are 19, 21, 22 years
old.
Also; it shows that the majority of the respondents are 18 years old.
Table 1.2 Gender Distribution of Respondents
Male 50 100
Total 50 100
`
1-2 Strongly Disagree
2.1 – 3.00 Disagree
3.1 – 4.00 Agree
4.1 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
Table 2.1 presents the details in hazards and risks in electrical installation
important to know the hazard and risk in electrical installation”, which describes
and risky thing”; statement 3, “how to present this hazardous and risky thing”;
statement 8, “use the right tools and equipment in a right job”; statement 9,
“falling debris is a hazardous thing”; statement 10, “wiring plan before doing
important to have caution or warning signs to avoid hazardous and risky thing”
agree. The means that they agree with the importance of knowing the hazards
shock, burns, fire and explosion. Other employees have been killed or injured in
fires and explosions cause by electricity. It is well known that the human body will
conduct electricity.
Table 3. Correlation Analysis between Demographic Profile and Hazards
Value between age and hazards and risks is 0.7891213154 which has strong
positive correlation. Rejecting the claim of the hypothesis implies that there is
significant relationship age and hazards and risks on Electrical Installation and
Maintenance.
The R- Value between gender and hazards and risks is 1 which has
perfect correlation rejecting the claim of the hypothesis implies that there is a
Summary of findings
the age of 17-18 years old. Moreover, all of the EIM students are male. While in
Table 2.1 the highest number of yes that’s it is important to know the hazards
Conclusion
1. Age, gender and section distributions are all male and the majority of the
respondent are 18 years old also all of the respondent are all EIM
students.
hazards and risks and also if they are a victim on it. It can affect the
in student’ performance.
Recommendations
study:
1. Researchers recommend that all of EIM students must study the hazard
in their field.
2. The researchers recommend that all of EIM students must wear proper
important details about hazard and risk for the incoming EIM students.
REFERENCES
Control Procedure.
W.B. Kouwenhoven (1968). “Human Safety and Electric Shock” Electrical Safety
Washington, DC 20036
Ralph H. Lee (1971). “The Other Hazard Electric Arc Blast Burns" Lee Electrical
Engineering
Cadick, Capelli-Schellpferffer and Neitzel (2006) the effects of electric shocks are
Floyd, L., Rogers, M., and UzoKa, U (2008). Home electricity safety retrieved on
Taylor G., Easter, K., and Hegney, R. (2004). Enhancing occupational safety and