The Challenges of Elect 2
The Challenges of Elect 2
The Challenges of Elect 2
SUBMITTED BY:
BARCOMA, RONALD
DECIERDO, JOSHUA
GENDRAULI, LYNDON
LACOSTALES, JOHN
INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
effective electrician, one must follow the rules and regulation of the Philippines Electrical
Code for safety. EIM students are facing different kinds of challenges while studying.
Some problems are really difficult to handle. Some students can solve the challenges but
others cannot. Building wire is one of the purposes of students about installing electricity
or any activities related to this (Normel S. Nabatilan). The challenges can be quite
daunting if one is not prepared for the problem solving as well the anticipatory approach
to Electrical Installation and Maintenance. As with anything in life one must study and
learn in order to lay down a foundation in which to build upon the knowledge one learns
so that he or she can expand and create a solid understanding of the intricacies of
Electrical Engineering. As with learning in the classroom, there are also practicalities of
experience. One must implement what they have learned in the classroom and put forth
that knowledge and skills as they continue to build upon the foundation. All in all,
classroom challenges as well as field experience and problem solving along with the
anticipatory approach, can and will aid prepare the students for the things to come.
Electrical Panel Upgrades, electrical problem with each large redesigning project, there
is the likelihood all the time for the expensive and unpleasant errors, particularly
assuming that you have shared electrical work with somehow who didn’t have experience
on the information to ensure the undertaking was done accurately. Electrical errors during
representing a critical fire risk to your home and taking steps to set you back a ton of time
and bother to figure out. Our authorized and proficient circuit repairment at Nathan have
been in business starting around 1978 and in that time we are the quality technical Dubai.
Electrical issues that surfaces during establishment are absolute least complex to fix
however can likewise bt the riskiest assuming they neglected. Here is the short rundown
of the absolute normal electrical establishment we are experience while returning and
fixing another person’s work. Electricity is used in many ways such as lighting, cooling,
heating and it issue to power or drive electrical equipment and it is well-known fact that
electricity is essential to everyday life, without it life will be boring both at home and the
work place.
Electricity passes more through some materials than others, some substances such as
metals generally offer very low resistance to the electric current and such materials are
subsurface of the earth. While insulator materials offer high resistance to the flow of
electric current among the examples are rubber, dry wood, plastic and clothing.
persons body which is an efficient conductor of electricity mistakenly becomes part of the
Electric shocks occur when a persons body completes the current path having both wires
of an electric circuit, one wire of an energized the ground and a metal part that
accidentally becomes energized due to a break in its insulation or another conductor that
to prevent fire hazards. Circuit limit or stop the passage of current automatically in the
event of an overload, ground fault, or short circuit in the wiring system. Grounding in an
electrical system means intentionally providing allow-resistance path that connects to the
earth. This prevents the accumulation of voltages that could cause an electrical accident
against electric shock and it does not complete not completely guarantee the person from
The ultimate goal of vocational technical education training is for the acquisition of
knowledge, attitude and practical skills for sustainable development. The training of
vocational technical education students is based on the production of goods and services
that are not only relevant to themselves but to the society stated that the acquisition of
life-long practical skills calls for effective and efficient teaching strategies, appropriate
evaluation methods and utilization of standard teaching materials; tools ,machines, and
equipment to ensure the production of desired students with practical skills. Other
experiences. However, such categories of staff are also in high demand in the labor
market, but could be suitably motivated for part time teaching in technical colleges.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This study is anchored in three different theory these are namely: Humanistic
The humanistic learning theory was developed by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and
James F.T. Bugental in the early 1900’s. Humanism was a response to the common
educational theories at the time, which were behaviorism and physcoanalysis. Abraham
Maslow is considered the father of the movement, with Carl Rogers and James F.T.
Maslow and the humanists believed that behaviorism and other psychology theories had a
psychology suggested that students only acted in a good or bad manner because of the
reward or punishment and could be trained based on that desire for a reward. Maslow and
humanistic psychology suggests that students are inherently good and will make good
decisions when all their needs are met. Humanistic psychology focuses on the idea that
learners bring out the best in themselves, and that humans are driven by their feelings
more than rewards and punishments. Maslow believed this and wrote many articles to try
This belief that humans are driven by feelings causes educators who understand
humanistic psychology to focus on the underlying human, emotional issues when they
see bad behavior, not to just punish the bad behavior. The humanistic learning theory
developed further and harnesses the idea that if students are upset, sad, or distressed,
they’re less likely to be able to focus on learning. This encourages teachers to create a
classroom environment that helps students feel comfortable and safe so they can focus on
The theory of constructivist learning is vital to understanding how students learn. The
idea that students actively construct knowledge is central to constructivism. Students add
(or build) their new experiences on top of their current foundation of understanding. As
stated by Woolfolk (1993) “learning is active mental work, not passive reception of
learning. Each student that enters your classroom has a unique perspective on life that has
been created by their unique experiences. This will impact their learning. If the basis of
the constructivist theory states that students construct new knowledge on what they have
already had, the entry point of their learning journey is of utmost importance. Learning
the theory of constructivist learning. Each student that enters your classroom has a unique
perspective on life that has been created by their unique experiences. This will impact
their learning. If the basis of the constructivist theory states that students construct new
knowledge on what they have already had, the entry point of their learning journey is of
important to understand what will affect the learning journey of your student.
The earliest learning theory, Behaviorism, resonates this thinking. This school of thought
requires that learning manifest as overt changes in behavior that can be observed and
measured. The latter is proof that learning has occurred. Its absence, then, by definition,
is proof that learning has not occurred. Prediction and control of behavior were its goal
(Watson, 1913). The behaviorist school of learning sees the mind as a black box (Ally,
The cognitivist recognizes the human who is the learner and models the learner with a set
of memory called short term memory and long term memory. Sensations are stored in
short term memory first and if processed efficiently they get transferred to long term
memory. This was based on the model of the computer (Smith, 2001). The first computer
memory was developed in 1942 and Cognitivism gained popularity in the 1950s. It is
now known that memory is not located in one specific area in the brain. Enter
constructivist theory of learning. The constructivist theory of learning does not owe its
roots to the development of the computer. It states that learning is contextual and that the
John Dewey, one of the early authors of the constructivist theory of learning, wrote “If
you have doubts about how learning happens, engage in sustained inquiry: study, ponder,
consider alternative possibilities and arrive at your belief grounded in evidence”. If the
constructivist theory of learning has roots in sustained inquiry and grounded in evidence,
would it not be a sound platform on which to base a hardware architecture for learning? If
we can arrive at theories of learning based on the architecture of the computer, would the
The connectivist theory of learning is about the information explosion and the resulting
change of that information that requires the learner to continually update his or her
learning (Siemens, 2004). It is about the internet and the networked world. I would
venture to say that the behaviorist theory of learning is an early attempt at defining the
what of learning, following digital logic. The congitivist theory defines the who of
learning, it is a recognition that learning happens in humans as differentiated from the
computer or a machine. The constructivist theory is about the how of learning, how
learning occurs and how it manifests itself in the human being. Finally the connectionist
theory is about where this learning is located and waiting to be discovered by another
learner. Among these, it is only the constructivist theory that uncategorically states that
the occurrence of learning is by the learner, for the learner and in the learner. The
constructivist theory of learning is also the only one that does not owe its roots or its
presence to the computer or hardware architecture. On the other hand, it would appear
Jean Piaget, another pioneer of the constructivist theory of learning, like some of his
information, called assimilation and accommodation (Piaget, 1989). Sure enough, there is
research work in machine learning that utilizes the concept of assimilation and
The brain processes with 100000 times less energy than the computers, “the net is doing
the work in the brain” (Boahen, 2007). In the same video, Boahen goes on to explain how
they duplicated the retina on a chip and talks about putting “Africa” in the computer.
Perhaps by Africa, he is referring to systems thinking (Chase, 1997). I wonder how the
concepts of assimilation and accomodation would work in the functioning of the retina or
how the retina impacts assimilation and accomodation. After all, the perception of color
is known to be highly subjective. This would mean that different instances of the same
Safety in any operation works best if the person or people in charge take a leading
role in managing safety and health. Many business enterprises have proven that good
safety management leads to increased productivity, and the same works for farms. By
having a good safety management program, you can avoid not only farm injuries, but also
other incidents that are costly, time consuming, stressful and inconvenient. This makes
good economic sense. In the performance of the EIM students’ they’ve learn a lot about
the electrical safety in workplace. Training, with regard to the proper interaction and for
foreseeable inappropriate interaction with the electrical system, must be completed. The
intent of the training is to ensure that all affected personnel are able to understand when
and how hazardous situations can arise and how to best reduce the risk associated with
those situations. Typically, training for individuals interacting with electrical systems will
information related to potential failure modes that could affect risk. This type of training
system design, as well as experience in the field of adult education. Less technical
hazards is needed to ensure that unqualified personnel do not interact with the electrical
system. The electrical system must be analysed in order to determine the appropriate
PPE. Once the appropriate PPE has been determined, personnel must maintain and use it
as required in order to ensure that residual risk remains at the desired level. PPE is the
large difference in the ratio of serious accidents and near misses. This study was built on
the original work of H.W. Heinrich back in 1931. The Conoco study found that for every
single fatality there are at least 300,000 at-risk behaviors, defined as activities that are not
consistent with safety programs, training and components on machinery. These behaviors
the production process that slows down the operator. With effective machine
safeguarding and training, at-risk behaviors and near misses can be diminished. This also
reduces the chance of the fatality occurring, since there is a lower frequency of at-risk
behaviors. Electricity flows more easily through some materials than others. Some
substances such as metals generally offer very little resistance to the flow of electric
current and are called “conductors.” A common but perhaps overlooked conductor is the
surface or subsurface of the earth. Glass, plastic, porcelain, clay, pottery, dry wood, and
similar substances generally slow or stop the flow of electricity. They are called
“insulators.” Even air, normally an insulator, can become a conductor, as occurs during
Pure water is a poor conductor. But small amounts of impurities in water like salt, acid,
solvents, or other materials can turn water itself and substances that generally act as
insulators into conductors or better conductors? Dry wood, for example, generally slows
or stops the flow of electricity. But when saturated with water, wood turns into a
conductor. The same is true of human skin. Dry skin has a fairly high resistance to
electric current. But when skin is moist or wet, it acts as a conductor. This means that
anyone working with electricity in a damp or wet environment needs to exercise extra
mistakenly becomes part of the 6 electric circuit. This can cause an electrical shock.
Shocks occur when a person’s body completes the current path with: • both wires of an
electric circuit; • one wire of an energized circuit and the ground; • a metal part that
accidentally becomes energized due, for example, to a break in its insulation; or • another
“conductor” that i s carrying a current. When a person receives a shock, electricity flows
between parts of the body or through the body to a ground or the earth. An electric shock
can result in anything from a slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest. The
sever ity depends on the following: • the amount of current flowing through the body, the
current’s path through the body, the length of time the body remains in the circuit, and the
November 1968).Burns are the most common shock-related injury. An electrical accident
can result in an electrical burn, arc burn, thermal contact burn, or a combination of burns.
Electrical burns are among the most serious burns and require immediate medical
attention. They occur when electric current flows through issues or bone, generating heat
that causes tissue damage. Arc or flash burns result from high temperatures caused by an
electric arc or explosion near the body. These burns should be treated promptly. Thermal
contact burns are caused when the skin touches hot surfaces of overheated electric
conductors, conduits, or other energized equipment. Thermal burns also can be caused
when clothing catches on fire, as may occur when an electric arc is produced. In addition
to shock and burn hazards, electricity poses other dangers. For example, arcs that result
from short circuits can cause injury or start a fire. Extremely high-energy arcs can
damage equipment, causing fragmented metal to fly in all directions. Even low-energy
arcs can cause violent explosions in atmospheres that contain flammable gases, vapours,
electrical stimulation causes the muscles to contract. This “freezing” effect makes the
person unable to pull free of the circuit. It is extremely dangerous because it increases the
length of exposure to electricity and because the current causes blisters, which reduce the
body’s resistance and increases the current. 9 The longer the exposure, the greater the risk
of serious injury. Longer exposures at even relatively low voltages can be just as
dangerous as short exposures at higher voltages. Low voltage does not imply low hazard.
In addition to muscle contractions that cause “freezing,” electrical shocks also can cause
involuntary muscle reactions. These reactions can result in a wide range of other injuries
from collisions or falls, including bruises, bone fractures, and even death. If a person is
“frozen” to a live electrical contact, shut off the current immediately. If this is not
possible, use boards, poles, or sticks made of wood or any other no conducting materials
and safely push or pull the person away from the contact. It’s important to act quickly, but
remember to protect yourself as well from electrocution or shock. A severe shock can
cause considerably more damage than meets the eye. A victim may suffer internal
hemorrhages and destruction of tissues, nerves, and muscles that aren’t readily visible.
Renal damage also can occur. If you or a co-worker receives a shock, seek emergency
workplace hazard, exposing employees to electric shock, burns, fires, and explosions.
According to the bureau of Labor Statistics, 250 employees were killed by contact with
electric current in 2006. Other employees have been killed or injured in fires and
explosions caused by electricity. It is well known that the human body will conduct
electricity. If direct body contact is made with an electrically energized part while a
similar contact is made simultaneously with another conductive surface that is maintained
at a different electrical potential, a current will flow, entering the body at one contact
point, traversing the body, and then exiting at the other contact point, usually the ground.
Each year many employees suffer pain, injuries, and death from such electric shocks.
Current through the body, even at levels as low as 3 mill amperes, can also cause injuries
electric shock can cause bruises, bone fractures and even death resulting from collisions
or falls. Burns suffered in electrical accidents can be very serious. These burns may be of
three basic types: electrical burns, arc burns, and thermal contact burns. Electrical burns
are the result of the electric current flowing in the tissues, and may be either skin deep or
may affect deeper layers (such as muscles and bones) or both. Tissue damage is caused
by the heat generated from the current flow; if the energy delivered by the electric shock
is high, the body cannot dissipate the heat, and the tissue is burned. Typically, such
electrical burns are slow to heal. Arc burns are the result of high temperatures produced
by electric arcs or by explosions close to the body. Finally, thermal contact burns are
those normally experienced from the skin contacting hot surfaces of overheated electric
electric arcs can start a fire. Fires can also be created by overheating equipment or by
conductors carrying too much current. Extremely high energy arcs can damage
equipment, causing fragmented metal to fly in all directions. In atmospheres that contain
explosive gases or vapors or combustible dusts, even low-energy arcs can cause violent
explosions.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, between 1992 and 2006,an average of
283 employees died per year from contact with electric current. This downward trend
(See page 18) is due, in major part, to 30 years of highly protective OSHA regulation in
the area of electrical installation, based on theNEC and NFPA 70E standards. The final
standard carries forward most of the existing requirements for electrical installations,
with the new and revised requirements intended as fine tuning, introducing new
technology along with other improvements in safety. By complying with the final
standard, employers will prevent unsafe electrical conditions from occurring. While the
number of deaths and injuries associated with electrical hazards has declined, contact
with electric current still poses a significant risk to employees in the workplace, as
evidenced by the numbers of deaths and serious injuries still occurring due to contact
with electric current. This final rule will help further reduce the number of deaths and
installation safety and by recognizing alternative means of compliance. Each year many
employees suffer electric shocks while using portable electric tools and equipment. The
nature of the injuries ranges from minor burns to electrocution. Electric shocks produced
by alternating currents (ac) at power line frequency passing through the body of an
average adult from hand to foot for1 second can cause various effects, starting from a
control for currents from 9 to 25 mill amperes. The passage of still higher currents, from
75 mill amperes to 4 amperes, can produce ventricular fibrillation of the heart; and,
finally, immediate cardiac arrest at over 4 amperes. These injuries occur when employees
contact electrically energized parts. Typically, the frame of a tool becomes accidentally
conductive path to the tool casing. For instance, with grounded electric supply system,
when the employee contacts the tool casing, the fault current takes a path through the
employee to an electrically grounded object. The amount of current that flows through an
employee depends, primarily, upon the resistance of the fault path within the tool, the
resistance of the path through the employee's body, and the resistance of the paths, both
line side and ground side, from the employee back to the electric power supply. Moisture
in the atmosphere can contribute to the electrical fault by enhancing both the conductive
path within the tool and the external ground path back to the electric power supply. Dry
skin can have a resistance range of anywhere from about 500to 500,000 ohms and wet
skin can have a resistance range of about 200 to20,000, depending on several factors,
such as the physical characteristics and mass of the employee. More current will flow if
( Sunderland Place, NWWashington, November 14, 2006). People can never be too
young to start learning to use electricity safely. He makes an estimation that 53,000
electrical fires occur in homes each year. Most of these can be avoided by taking simple
safety precautions. Electricity is a powerful and versatile energy but can be dangerous if
it is not used properly. Most of the accidents that occur are due either to carelessness or to
a lack of awareness of some basic rules that should be observed when using
electricity(Networks, n.d). The use of electricity is something taken for granted, but using
it safely is very important. By understanding how electricity works and where it is found,
we can each do our part in preventing electrical dangers no matter where we are
(MacKinnon, 2010). Hazard can be defined as any potential or actual threat to the
something that can be identified as measured of potential source of danger such as naked
electricity wires, electricity gadgets which are not switched off, unsafe acts, unprotected
installation, over load socket outlet and many others (Cadick, Capelli-Schellpferffer and
Neitzel 2006). The electric shock may likely occur when the body becomes part of an
electric circuit and there are three ways or path that may lead to electric shocks such as: A
person may have contact with both conductors in a circuit; A person may provide a way
between an ungrounded conductor and the ground.; A person may provide a way between
the ground and a conducting material that is in contact with an ungrounded conductor.
Taylor, Easter and Hegney (2004) observed that, the degree of shock an individual may
greatly reduced when the skin is wet or moist, and so the degree of shock will be greater.
Other factors include the: The amount of current that is conducted through the body; the
path of the current through the body; the duration of time a person is subjected to the
current and status of the individual. The effect of electric shocks ranges from stop of the
heart or the breathing muscles, or both, burns, bleeding, neurological damage and
ventricular fibrillation. Electricity always follows the shortest circuit path of least
resistance. If a human body creates a path to follow, electricity will flow to the ground or
complete a circuit through the body. Electricity plays important role to mankind and
Electricity is no respecter of persons; it will injure or kill a custodian, manager, rich, poor,
president, or office worker just as fast as it will injure or kill an electrician. The is no
record of electric hazards causality by gender that is to say if male do become victim of
electrical hazards such shock, electrocution and other hazards than there female
counterpart in their household? It is also not certain who among the male and female are
more educated on electrical hazards and safety but observations shows many female do
not want to touch electrical equipment and appliances. Although electrical accident has
been causing serious looses such as economic and social, for instance injuries, losses of
lives and valuable properties among electrical energy users. It is quite unfortunate that
this electricity which is essential to lives constitute a major hazard to man and property.
Whenever you work with power tools or on electrical circuits there is a risk, especially
electric shock. Anyone can be exposed to these hazards at home or at work. Electricity
can be dangerous and should be approached with caution; any forms of energy, when not
properly controlled or harnessed can result in serious danger to those who use it (Kolak,
2007). In view of the relevance of electricity to man, effort should be made to educate
everyone on the use of electricity to meet human needs because electrical hazard pose a
significant risk of death and injuries to individuals. Therefore, attention to safety is the
necessary first step in any environmental set up. More than one third of electrical
fatalities, death and injuries, losses of valuable properties are due to electricity (OSHA,
2009). According to Jar nick (2008) fires that occur in the home, market, offices and
other places as a result of electricity are initiated as a result of improper and careless use
electricity poses to the existence of biological lives, efforts are made to assess the level of
CHAPTER II
The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the hazards and risks
in the students’ performance. The study considers the student’s personal information such
as their name, gender, and age. The researcher limits the study to 50 EIM students only
here in Vans Private Technical School Inc. School year 2022-2023, each of the students is
given a questionnaire to answer. The respondents are selected from students in EIM to
Students- The result of this study will be a great help to the students for them to know
Teacher- The result of this study will be a great advantage to the teachers, it enable them
to help the students determine hazards and risks in doing their performances.
Research- The result of the study will be a great opportunity to the researchers for them
to be knowledgeable enough about hazards and risks. Thus, this is considered that this
study would contribute useful information to mitigate the problem of students in
performing installation.
The goal of this study is to determine the challenges in electrical installation and
1.1 Gender;
1.2 Age;
2. What are the knowledge, skill and attitude in students’ performance when analyzed in:
2.1 Behavior;
2.2 Construct;
2.3 Connect;
2.4 Cognitive?
DEFINITION OF TERMS
goals.
related equipment.
Risk- is a risk to a person of death, shock or. Other injury caused directly or indirectly by
electricity
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the research methodology of the study. This the subject of the
study, specifically, the research locale, respondent of the study (that includes the sample
and ) research instruments, general procedure (research procedure and data collection
The respondents of the study are the selected 50 grade 11-12 in TVL-simple random.
Students evaluators are informed through a rights to confidentiality and anonymity. Their
written consent is and acknowledges, indicating their willingness to take part of the
study.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
composed of 10 items which the respondents the frequency of the use of Facebook