09 Chapter 24

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Ping (2004)95 investigated the mechanical properties of HPC and
concluded that the HPC with water binder less than 0.3 has lower
strength than the control group at early stages before 28 days and at
later ages it exceeded the strength of the control group. The
compressive strength at the age of 1 year is 1.2 to 1.5 times greater
than the strength of the concrete at the age of 28 days. The strength of
HPC with silica fumes is higher than HPC with slag by partial
replacement of cement. The split tensile strength is about 5 to 10% of
the compressive strength.
Bhanja and Sengupta (2005)24 conducted experimentation on
water binder ratios ranging from 0.26 to 0.42 and silica fume binder
ratios from 0.0 to 0.3 for tensile strength of high performance
concrete, and determined compressive, split tensile and flexural
strengths for all the mixes. Compressive and tensile strengths
increased with silica fume incorporation and the results showed that
the optimum replacement percentage is not a constant one but
depends on the water cementitious material ratio of the mix.
Selim Pul (2008)103 produced a high strength concrete strength
ranging from 44 to 81 MPa. Compressive, Uniaxial tensile, flexural
and split tensile strength test have conducted and proposed
relationships between the respective tensile strengths and concluded
that the ratios of flexural tensile strength and uniaxial tensile strength
to compressive strength increased but whereas for split tensile
strength there is no effect.

36
2.4.2.4 Bond Strength
Fu et al., (1998)39 conducted experiments on bond strength
between concrete, steel rebar using silica fume and methylcellulose as
admixture and concluded that the combined use of silica fume (15%
by weight of cement) and methylcellulose (0.4% by weight of cement)
as admixtures was found to give concrete that exhibited high bond
strength to steel rebar. The bond strength attained was higher than
those attained by using either silica fume or methylcellulose.
2.4.2.5 Static and dynamic elastic modulus
Zhou et al., (1995)138 conducted experimentation on high
performance concrete mixes, of low water cement ratio and fixed
mortar composition, containing six different types of aggregates of
constant volume fraction, has been used to check modulus of
elasticity at 7, 28 and 91 days. The results confirmed that apart from
the aggregates of very low and very high modulus, concrete modulus
at 28 days can be predicted quite well by well known models,
concluded that the cube strength of weaker aggregate is drastically
reduced.
Mostofinejad and Nozhati (2005)86 prepare a model to predict
the modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete based on some
known characteristic of the concrete mix. Forty five mix proportions
including 5 different ratios of silica fume (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), three
water to cementitious materials ratio (0.24, 0.3 and 0.4) and three
types of coarse aggregates, (limestone, quartzite and andesitic) were
selected. 540 cylinder specimens were cast, cured and tested after 7,
37
28 and 91 days. Different ratios of silica fume different ratios of water
to cementitious materials, the relationship of modulus of elasticity of
coarse aggregate and concrete at different ages were discussed and
also proposed empirical equations.
2.4.2.6 Poisson’s ratio
Bertil Persson (1999)23 conducted experimentation and studied
on poison’s ratio of high performance concrete subjected to air or
sealed curing. Parallel studies of strength and internal relative
humidity were carried out. The results indicate that the poison’s ratio
of high performance concrete is slightly smaller than that of normal
strength concrete.
2.4.2.7 Shrinkage and creep
Surendra et al., (1997)117 investigated long term shrinkage
cracking on HPC. The main aim of this study is determining the
parameters which influence shrinkage cracking, by improving material
quality which prevent or limit shrinkage cracking. A computer model
developed which is capable to predict the age of first cracking.
Experimental results are presented with the composition of several
materials to describe the role of various percentages of silica fume and
shrinkage reducing admixture on mechanical properties. He conclude
that this model can predict the age of first cracking through the
fracture mechanics concepts in conjunction with coupling the effects
of creep relaxation and shrinkage stress.
Jason Weiss et al. (1998)60 studied the early age shrinkage
cracking on restrained concrete structures with ring-type and slab-

38
type specimens. Experimentation is performed on both high strength
and normal concretes with addition of 0, 1 and 2% of shrinkage
reducing admixtures. Results are good agreement between theoretical
modeling and experimental observations.
Jianyong and Yao Yan (2001)61 studied the creep and drying
shrinkage properties of HPC. Prepared three HPC mix with variable
cement content, Ground granular blast slag (GGBS) and silica fume,
their creep behaviour and drying shrinkage characteristics were
measured with the Chinese Standard GBJ 82-85. The effects of GGBS
and silica fume on creep and drying shrinkage of HPC were compared
and the mechanism was analysed. Addition of silica fume and GGBS
in concrete will strengthen the structure and reduce the drying
shrinkage and creep.
Al-Amoudi (2007)11 conducted experimentation to assess the
properties of plain and silica fume cement concrete. The specimens
are cast and cured in the field under hot weather conditions. The
shrinkage strains in both the plain and silica fume cement concrete
specimens cured by continuous water pounding were less than that in
similar concrete specimens cured by covering them with wet burlap.
The results point to the importance of selecting a good quality silica
fume and good curing for avoiding cracking of concrete due to plastic
and drying shrinkage, particularly under hot weather conditions.
Ha Won Song et al., (2009)45 studied on the permeability of the
high-strength silica fume concrete. The permeability of concrete is
dramatically reduced when the silica fume replacement ratio exceeds

39
8%. If replacement ratio is over 12% the permeability is marginal and
a programme is developed to obtain permeability.
Cusson and Margeson (2010)30 conducted experimentation and
evaluated the mechanical, chemical and durability characteristics of
different formulations of normal density, air entrained high
performance concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and
concluded that HPC is prone to early age cracking when shrinkage is
restrained in concrete structures.
Ahmed et al., (2012)6 conducted experimentation on shrinkage
behaviour of concrete for 1 year observation using three mineral
additions. The test were carried out on mortar specimens with
replacement of cement by 5, 15 and 25% of lime stone, 10, 30 and
50% of slag and 10, 20 and 30% of limestone powder. Optimum
improvement of compressive strength of mortar was obtained at
substitution of cement by 10% of lime stone, 20% of natural pozzolan
and 30% of slag. Presence of limestone in the mortar improved the
microstructure.
2.4.2.8 Durability
Aitcin (2003)8 reported the durability characteristics of HPC
with water binder ratio between 0.3 and 0.4 concluded that HPC is
more durable than ordinary concrete not only because of less porous
but also capillary and pore networks are somewhat discontinued due
to the development of self desiccation in HPC and he concluded that
the fire resistance of HPC is not as good as that of ordinary concrete.

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35

Ping (2004)95 investigated the mechanical properties of HPC and

later ages it exceeded the strength of the control group. The

compressive strength at the age of 1 year is 1.2 to 1.5 times greater

replacement of cement. The split tensile strength is about 5 to 10% of

the compressive strength.

Bhanja and Sengupta (2005)24 conducted experimentation on

ratios from 0.0 to 0.3 for tensile strength of high performance

concrete, and determined compressive, split tensile and flexural

strengths for all the mixes. Compressive and tensile strengths

the optimum replacement percentage is not a constant one but

depends on the water cementitious material ratio of the mix.

Selim Pul (2008)103 produced a high strength concrete strength

ranging from 44 to 81 MPa. Compressive, Uniaxial tensile, flexural

and split tensile strength test have conducted and proposed

relationships between the respective tensile strengths and concluded

to compressive strength increased but whereas for split tensile

strength there is no effect.

2.4.2.4 Bond Strength

Fu et al., (1998)39 conducted experiments on bond strength

between concrete, steel rebar using silica fume and methylcellulose as

by weight of cement) and methylcellulose (0.4% by weight of cement)

as admixtures was found to give concrete that exhibited high bond

those attained by using either silica fume or methylcellulose.

2.4.2.5 Static and dynamic elastic modulus

Zhou et al., (1995)138 conducted experimentation on high

performance concrete mixes, of low water cement ratio and fixed

mortar composition, containing six different types of aggregates of

constant volume fraction, has been used to check modulus of

elasticity at 7, 28 and 91 days. The results confirmed that apart from

at 28 days can be predicted quite well by well known models,

concluded that the cube strength of weaker aggregate is drastically

Mostofinejad and Nozhati (2005)86 prepare a model to predict

the modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete based on some

known characteristic of the concrete mix. Forty five mix proportions

types of coarse aggregates, (limestone, quartzite and andesitic) were

28 and 91 days. Different ratios of silica fume different ratios of water

to cementitious materials, the relationship of modulus of elasticity of

coarse aggregate and concrete at different ages were discussed and

also proposed empirical equations.

2.4.2.6 Poisson’s ratio

Bertil Persson (1999)23 conducted experimentation and studied

on poison’s ratio of high performance concrete subjected to air or

sealed curing. Parallel studies of strength and internal relative

of high performance concrete is slightly smaller than that of normal

2.4.2.7 Shrinkage and creep

Surendra et al., (1997)117 investigated long term shrinkage

cracking on HPC. The main aim of this study is determining the

parameters which influence shrinkage cracking, by improving material

quality which prevent or limit shrinkage cracking. A computer model

developed which is capable to predict the age of first cracking.

Experimental results are presented with the composition of several

materials to describe the role of various percentages of silica fume and

shrinkage reducing admixture on mechanical properties. He conclude

fracture mechanics concepts in conjunction with coupling the effects

of creep relaxation and shrinkage stress.

Jason Weiss et al. (1998)60 studied the early age shrinkage

cracking on restrained concrete structures with ring-type and slab-

type specimens. Experimentation is performed on both high strength