Getting Cultural Heritage To Work For Europe: Report of The Horizon 2020 Expert Group On Cultural Heritage
Getting Cultural Heritage To Work For Europe: Report of The Horizon 2020 Expert Group On Cultural Heritage
Getting Cultural Heritage To Work For Europe: Report of The Horizon 2020 Expert Group On Cultural Heritage
Research and
Innovation
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
European Commission
B-1049 Brussels
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
The opinions expressed are those of the expert(s)* only and should not be considered as representative of the
European Commission’s official position.
ISBN 978-92-79-46046-3
Doi:10.2777/745666
Cover page image: © Valentina Urli, London docks, 2006. Inside publication: p 11: © Francisco Piqueiro,
Fotografia aérea de Mouzinho/Flores, Porto, 2015; p 11: © European Association of Historic Towns and
Regions, Grainger Town, United Kingdom, 'Investing in Heritage', INTERREG III C Project, 2007; p 13: © Theo
Spek, Cultural landscape of Serra da Estrela, Portugal, 2014; p 13: © Theo Spek, Aerial photograph Drentsche
Aa National Landscape, The Netherlands, 2014; p 14: © JCVerchère, Jardin des migrations du Fort St Jean,
Marseille, 2013; p 15: © Laurence Adam, Article 27 # Bruxelles, 2014; p 15: © European Association of
Historic Towns and Regions, Escuela Taller, Úbeda, Spain, 'Investing in Heritage', INTERREG III C Project,
2007; p 17: © Fani Mallouchou–Tufano, Van Nelle Factory, #P1010213, #P1010249, 2008; p 18: © P. Simone,
ARPANet SrL, Orvieto Landscape, Italy, 2015; p 18: © Friedrich-Wilhelm-Murnau-Stiftung, 'Das Cabinet des Dr.
Caligari, 1919/20, Decla-Filmgesellschaft, Regie: Robert Wiene, Drehbuch: Carl Meyer, Hans Janowitz'.
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 5
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF EUROPE .............................................................................. 6
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ................................................................... 6
OUR OBJECTIVES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE ..................................................................... 8
1. Economy - Promoting innovative finance, investment, governance, management and
business models to increase the effectiveness of cultural heritage as an economic
production factor ................................................................................................... 8
2. Society - Promoting the innovative use of cultural heritage to encourage integration,
inclusiveness, cohesion, and participation ................................................................. 8
3. Environment - Promoting innovative and sustainable use of cultural heritage to
enable it to realise its full potential contributing to sustainable development of
European cultural landscapes and environments........................................................ 9
OUR RECOMMENDED ACTIONS....................................................................................... 10
1. Heritage Led Urban Regeneration .......................................................................... 10
2. Sustaining Cultural Landscapes ............................................................................. 12
3. Inclusive Governance ........................................................................................... 14
4. Innovative Business Models for cultural heritage ..................................................... 16
ANNEX I: SUMMARY REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP: 'TOWARDS A NEW EU AGENDA FOR
CULTURAL HERITAGE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION'; 27 NOVEMBER, 2014 .......... I
ANNEX II: THE HORIZON 2020 EXPERT GROUP ON CULTURAL HERITAGE ........................... III
3
4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Cultural heritage is a significant force for 21st century Europe. Not only is it at the heart of what it
means to be European, it is being discovered by both governments and citizens as a means of
improving economic performance, people’s lives and living environments.
The economic benefits of cultural heritage have most commonly been seen in terms of tourism,
but it is now also seen as an innovative stimulant for growth and employment in a wide range of
traditional and new industries. It is also to be recognised as major contributor to social cohesion
and engagement as a way of bringing together communities and stimulating young people to
engage with their environment. Many countries have successfully exploited these benefits,
generating prosperity, bringing new jobs and creating improved environments. This report gives
some concrete examples of how cultural heritage has been a production factor in local and national
economies.
Yet this positive experience of cultural heritage is not yet universal. In many places, both urban
and rural, rich cultural assets have not been recognised for the potential they hold to regenerate
and renew. Getting Cultural Heritage to Work for Europe argues that the European Union should
vigorously promote the innovative use of cultural heritage for economic growth and jobs, social
cohesion and environmental sustainability.
The report suggests that lessons should be learnt from places where cultural heritage has been a
positive economic, social and environmental driver. Innovative financing, new forms of
governance, unified landscape management, public private partnerships, crowd-sourced funding,
philanthropy and many other innovative and creative approaches have been taken to releasing the
locked-up potential of Europe’s heritage. Those lessons should be applied to unlock the possibilities
for growth and development that cultural heritage holds across Europe.
The authors believe that the evidence demonstrates that relatively modest investment in cultural
heritage can pay substantial dividends. These can be taken economically but also in terms of
improving environmental sustainability and social cohesion.
5
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF EUROPE
Interest in, and support for, cultural heritage is changing. Two centuries of discussion and debate
about collecting and conservation has led to a broad consensus in favour of preserving remains of
our past. A passion, no less, exists for collecting historic artefacts, nurturing traditions and
protecting historic places. This enthusiasm has moved far beyond the traditional boundaries of the
monument and the museum case to embrace intangible heritage and cultural and natural
landscapes and ecosystems. Though each European nation has its own traditions, approaches and
laws this has left the continent, as a whole, with some of the richest cultural heritage in the world.
Many now regard cultural heritage, not as a luxury, but as a vital resource for citizens and a key
part of Europe's competitive advantage with the rest of the world. Europe offers something that, in
terms of living and working environments and tourism, is envied world-wide.
This report considers the contribution that innovative use of cultural heritage can make to a
smarter, more inclusive and more sustainable Europe now and in the future.
In terms of economic policy, cultural heritage has generally been considered as a cost to society; a
financial burden tolerated, principally, as a moral duty. Museums, ancient monuments, historic
buildings, parks, gardens and cultural landscapes have been maintained at public cost - as places
that have not, with a few exceptions, directly generated measurable economic advantage.
This assessment of heritage echoes the now outdated view of environmental protection as only an
economic cost factor. It is now generally accepted that environmental neglect can have severe
economic and social impacts which outweigh the cost of protection. As a result, environmental
considerations are often mainstreamed into policy and are an integral part of the overall economic
model.
Similarly, in this report we argue that a cost-centred view of cultural heritage is short-sighted.
Cultural heritage must be seen as a special, but integral, component in the production of European
GDP and innovation, its growth process, competitiveness and in the welfare of European society.
Like environmental protection, it should be mainstreamed into policy and regarded as a production
factor in economic and wider policy development.
Such a position is in line with the Conclusions of the Council of the EU (Education, Youth, Culture
and Sports) adopted unanimously on 20 May 2014 which has underlined that cultural heritage is a
‘strategic resource for a sustainable Europe’. 1
It is worth providing some examples that illustrate this important argument. The first, and most
obvious of these, is tourism which owes much of its attractiveness to the rich cultural heritage of
Europe, be it in historic towns and cities or in the countryside. Europe is the world's no. 1 tourist
destination and is the third largest socioeconomic activity in the EU, contributing 415 billion Euros
to the EU GDP and employing 15.2m citizens many of whose jobs are linked to heritage. 2 It is
estimated that there were 253,000 jobs in cultural and natural tourism in the UK in 2011 and that
its combined direct, indirect and induced impact (the amount generated by the sector’s purchases
from other industries and the spend by workers) provided 742,000 jobs in 2014.3
Even in sun & sea areas (not the principal reason for Non-Europeans to visit the continent), the
availability of cultural heritage contributes to a stabilization and diversification of tourism flows,
particularly off-season.
1
Council of the European Union, Conclusions on cultural heritage as a strategic resource for a sustainable
Europe, 20 May 2014,
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/educ/142705.pdf.
2
European Commission, Towards an integrated approach to cultural heritage for Europe, COM(2014) 477
final.
3
Oxford Economics (2013) The Economic Impact of UK Heritage Tourism Economy
6
But tourism alone is a limited view of the positive economic contribution of cultural heritage.
Renovation and maintenance represents more than a quarter of the value of Europe's construction
industry.4 It is estimated that repair and maintenance on historic building stock in England
supported 180,000 jobs in 2010. This becomes 500,000 jobs if the indirect effects are included. 5
The property values of residences in historic districts out-perform comparable properties in modern
developments.6 Businesses tend to locate in these areas, as it is easier to attract specialists and
expats to live and work in such places. The example of knowledge intensive companies who
congregate in culturally rich areas of historic cities is a telling one. 7 These businesses, and others,
often seek out historic buildings that can be converted into office space for their headquarters.
Cultural heritage thus also enables innovation and enhances the long term competitiveness of the
European economy.
Similar considerations are valid for Europe’s intangible cultural heritage – films, theatre, music and
dance as well as craftsmanship and cuisine - which are also important reasons either for tourism
inflows or for exports of services, manufactured goods and produce.
The availability of cultural heritage and services is not only important for its measurable economic
benefits. It also enriches the quality of life for European citizens and contributes to their wellbeing,
sense of history, identity and belonging. Such social benefits are beyond what can be measured in
terms of pure income statistics and have been long recognised. As early as the 14 th century, the
Statutes of independent Italian municipalities attributed to cultural heritage foreign visitors’
happiness and residents’ honour and prosperity, based on beauty, embellishment (decorum),
dignity, public pride and public good (publica utilitas).
The challenges that European society is facing in terms of demographic change, migration and
political disengagement of citizens, especially youngsters and unemployed people, have raised the
question of how citizens can be empowered and better involved in institutional processes. We
believe cultural heritage innovation can transform these challenges into positive outcomes for
cohesion and wellbeing as is underlined in the Council conclusions on participatory governance of
cultural heritage8.
Improved cultural education can foster greater unity and cohesion of European citizens, including
immigrants, and facilitates democratic engagement. Better understanding of Europe’s cultures and
their interaction with non-European cultures and societies improves inter-cultural dialogue and
mutual understanding.
Lastly, cultural heritage has a decisive role to play in sustainable development. In many places
across Europe, the contribution of cultural heritage to sustainable development has been crucial:
particularly in the regeneration of cities and landscapes. Cities recycling buildings, using historic
street-patterns and exploiting historic synergies have improved quality of life and reduced carbon
emissions. In the countryside, more holistic management of the environment, bringing cultural and
natural heritage together in single systems, has resulted in greater efficiencies and improved
quality of life.
4
Key Figures 2014 - activity 2013, Construction in Europe, http://www.fiec.eu/en/library-619/key-
figures.aspx
5
Ecorys (2012) The Economic Impact of Maintaining and Repairing Historic Buildings in England.
6
D. Rypkema, Heritage Conservation and Property Values, in: G. Licciardi, R. Amirtahmasebi, The Economics
of Uniqueness, Investing in Historical City Cores and Cultural Heritage Assets for Sustainable Development,
The World Bank, 2012, pp. 107-142; London School of Economics and Political Science An assessment of
the effects of conservation areas on value, English Heritage (2012); Investment Property Databank Ltd The
Investment Performance of Listed Offices, English Heritage and RICS(2006); Colliers International
Encouraging investment in Heritage at Risk: The investment performance of heritage, English Heritage
(2011).
7
G. Licciardi, R. Amirtahmasebi, The Economics of Uniqueness, Investing in Historical City Cores and Cultural
Heritage Assets for Sustainable Development, The World Bank, 2012, p.xxiv.
8
OJ (2014/C 463/01)
7
OUR OBJECTIVES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE
This report argues that the European Union should vigorously promote the innovative use of
cultural heritage for economic growth and jobs, social cohesion and environmental sustainability. It
takes three interlinked areas of activity economy, society and environment, where we believe that
a targeted programme of investment will yield considerable benefits. This leads to our three
objectives, which are as follows:
In such a model, the public sector would be called upon to refocus its own approach to cultural
heritage. Rather than considering components like museums as a natural monopoly, it should
incentivise the private sector to get involved, as well, through instruments such as tax breaks,
differentiated VAT rates, well designed grant or loan programmes, public private partnerships
(PPP) schemes, rights releases etc. It should generally create more of an environment encouraging
the private sector to invest in cultural heritage.
There have been many examples of projects in areas of rich cultural heritage that have stimulated
jobs, apprenticeships, growth and innovation. Some of these have been extremely effective. This
is an area that is little understood on a European level. We propose support for a number of
demonstration projects that could show communities, cities and regions how their cultural heritage
can be used to create employment in construction-related industries, cultural and creative
industries and digital and clean technologies.
Likewise, all over Europe, there have been experiments in developing new models of financing for
cultural heritage. We are interested, for instance, in those that draw in private investment which
restores and adapts heritage assets, delivering cultural and environmental services in historic
areas. In these models developers are rewarded through risk sharing and taking a proportion of
revenues generated. We are also interested in returns on investment that can be generated by
exploiting intangible heritage.
8
At a time when deregulation and decentralisation are policy goals in nearly all European countries,
there are strong arguments for new collective arrangements for heritage and landscape
management. These are reinforced by reductions in central budgets for protection and
management of heritage, and the limited capacity of the commercial market to take up the slack.
We also believe that an innovative use of cultural heritage has the potential to actively engage
people - thereby helping to secure integration, inclusiveness, social cohesion and sound
investment, all necessary ingredients of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
Some important steps have already been taken in this direction. The digitization of cultural
heritage, whilst initially framed by institutions, is now increasingly a collective process involving
community access and collective sharing of knowledge. Citizens' engagement in cultural heritage
management and preservation could be further investigated in order to build on the emerging
practice through new investment and the use of digital technologies.
Volunteering is also an important aspect. For an aging population with more leisure time, cultural
heritage offers a major opportunity to engage older citizens, and there is much evidence to
suggest that engaged and motivated citizens stay healthier.
Cultural institutions can also contribute to involving youngsters and unemployed people in cultural
heritage related activities (e.g. renovation projects, museums, community management) in order
to develop their self-confidence and professional skills and enable them to return to the job market
even in sectors not related to cultural heritage.
The research, planning and management of these cultural landscapes have been traditionally split.
Science is often monodisciplinary, policies are mostly single-sectoral and the management of
landscapes shows a strong divide between nature and heritage management. This often leads to
miscommunication, inefficient use of resources and loss of cultural and ecological assets.
It is widely recognised that we now need to develop new tools, methods and approaches for
planning and managing these complex dynamic systems. They will need to cover a broad
perspective on cultural heritage.
Historians, economists and social scientists have done a lot of research on the management of
common goods, common land and common resources since the 1990’s. These show that common
management can actually be very sustainable if it is in accordance with situation-tailored, or
situation-specific types of governance. This leads to one of the major challenges in European
heritage management for the next few years: the development of new heritage commons. How
can we use the new insights on sustainable management of common land and common goods in
order to develop successful new collective arrangements and strategies on the local and micro
regional level for different categories of heritage? And how could these new local arrangements
successfully match with professional and institutional heritage management, or could even be an
alternative for these? Possible impacts could be a stronger engagement and involvement of local
communities in landscape and heritage management, new sources of financing as well as a
considerable reduction of management costs.
9
OUR RECOMMENDED ACTIONS
We propose four actions that we believe will reinforce the role of heritage as part of Europe’s
underlying socio-economic, cultural and natural capital. Each relies on the sharing of experience
across European countries. Each, we believe, will contribute to creating growth, jobs and reinforce
cohesion and participation.
Some, however, still struggle to reach their full potential. They suffer from unemployment,
disengagement and economic stagnation. Many of these are places where traditional industries
and services have now died and there are large areas of dereliction. Research has shown that, all
too often, lack of civic ambition lies at the root of this type of urban decline.
Our proposal is to spread knowledge, experience and good practice to help municipal leaders
develop the vision, and gain the skills, to be successful at using heritage to regenerate their towns.
We propose to identify 30 cities or towns across Europe that have been demonstrably successful in
using their cultural heritage as a powerful economic, social and environmental catalyst for
regeneration.
We suggest bringing together the leaders of those towns to build a blueprint for success - a
manual of the governance structures, financial instruments, means of engagement and legal
frameworks that are necessary for successful heritage regeneration.
Many of the factors in the blueprint will be transferable and this group of leaders will also develop
a hands-on programme for the leaders of other towns and cities that want to learn how they can
transform themselves through heritage regeneration.
The group will also have responsibility for proposing ways of mobilising investment in order to
realise these ambitions, including, where relevant, European Structural and Investment Funds.
The outcome will be more European cities that use their powerful historic environment to build a
solid long-term economic base, creating jobs and growth, while improving the quality of life for
citizens and building a strong sense of identity and engagement amongst them.
10
Action Programme for Urban Rehabilitation
Mouzinho/Flores Axis_CH.2 in Oporto, Portugal
The project was established with the aim of addressing the underlying causes of decline within
Grainger Town, a 35 hectare Georgian development built in the mediaeval city in the 1830s.
The Project succeeded in promoting change, reversing decline and helping to produce more
positive perceptions of the area. In particular it demonstrated that investment in cultural
heritage can bring significant social and economic benefits by setting wider targets than just
restoration including, employment, training, business development as well as housing. The
regeneration of the area exceeded almost all targets creating 2,300 jobs in 330 new
businesses. There was 81,000 m² of new commercial floor space and 570 new dwellings. The
public investment, in the end, totalled €67m which levered an additional €288m of private
investment.
9
http://www.portovivosru.pt/mouzinho/flores/
11
2. Sustaining Cultural Landscapes
Just as some of Europe’s great historic cities have suffered from decline so have many rural areas.
Changes in agricultural practice, depopulation and marginalisation, and short-term management
decisions have all contributed to unemployment, poverty and a loss of biodiversity and cultural
diversity in Europe.
This need not remain the case. Europe’s cultural landscapes, a uniquely subtle blend of natural
forces and the hand of man, are amongst the continent’s greatest treasures. In many places they
have been nurtured and managed effectively so as to attract and retain young people, develop
new businesses and increase biodiversity. Skillful management has enhanced historic features and
character and has attracted tourism and successful new economic activity.
We propose a project to be run in parallel to the one on heritage led urban regeneration by
identifying 30 cultural landscapes that have demonstrated how culture and biodiversity can be
integrated and enhanced to create successful living rural landscapes.
We would gather together those who are responsible for such places; this might be quite a diverse
group including landowners, businessmen as well as local leaders and NGOs. Based on their
experience they would be encouraged to produce a blueprint for successful rural heritage-led
regeneration as well as new innovative or experimental pathways for future sustainable
regeneration.
Just as with its urban counterpart there would be an emphasis on transferable success measures
and these would be converted into a programme of training and advice to people in other parts of
Europe who are struggling to bring economic vitality back to their regions. The proposals will be
brought forward as candidates for consideration by EU structural funds, in addition to ERDF and
ESF also by Rural Development Programmes.
12
Sustainable tourism
Serra da Estrela, Portugal
13
3. Inclusive Governance
Cultural heritage is unquestionably one of the most powerful forces that we have for building social
cohesion. It is, after all, the shared spaces and memories of European society. All over Europe
people have discovered that it has been effective in combatting disengagement and
disempowerment. It has also been successful in building a sense of identity and greater social
cohesion through participation and a sense of ownership.
The effect of migration, globalisation and disengagement from democratic structures amongst
young people remains a serious concern for the EU and for its member states. We believe that by
engaging young people in their cultural heritage a stronger sense of belonging, cohesion and
participation can be fostered. This cannot be top-down. It needs to be generated by young people:
the schools and associations to which they belong and from amongst the NGOs, foundations and
collectives that already exist.
We believe that young people can be stimulated to develop new ways in which their heritage can
be made to work for them; ways of using new technology to bring it alive and be more relevant;
ways of using heritage to achieve things differently; ways of creating new businesses based on
heritage products and services; ways of stimulating new jobs in traditional craft skills.
Our proposal is for a trans-national inducement prize for cultural heritage projects that build
social cohesion and understanding. Priority would be given to projects that would be capable of
being transferred and scaled up and being funded as a demonstration project at an EU level.
The outcome would be many thousands of people thinking about how they can work together to
use their shared inheritance for public benefit. The demonstration projects would inspire more
groups to develop and implement ideas engaging them more closely with their localities and
reinforcing a sense of European identity.
Acta Vista among all landscape designers who have made the development of the Jardin des
Migrations of Fort Saint Jean in Marseille, was the winner of the Golden Awards 'Urban
Communities Gardens', the competition organized in 2014 by Wins Landscape 10.
10
http://www.actavista.fr
14
Raising awareness and facilitating cultural participation
Article 27, Belgium
11
http://www.article27.be
15
4. Innovative Business Models for cultural heritage
Both urban and rural landscapes contain individual buildings, structures and cultural institutions
that define and reinforce their history. Today, due to economic problems and social change, there
are a wide range of problems associated with such places.
Many historic assets are facing functional redundancy: churches no longer used for worship, farm
buildings no longer used for agriculture, factories no longer used for manufacture. The costs of
converting such places for alternative uses are often so great that a traditional private sector
model that relies on a return on investment will not succeed.
There have been various attempts at finding new models for financing such projects. Some have
used public money to lever private investment, other models rely more heavily on philanthropy,
NGOs, social enterprises and investment funds. Many require new governance models and legal
frameworks.
We believe that much more can be done if people understand the opportunities that exist.
Therefore we propose a number of demonstration projects to show demand-driven reuse of
heritage using innovative financing and governance models. These projects would be selected on
the basis of their innovative use of financial instruments to provide funding for heritage reuse
projects where existing financial markets do not supply them.
We also believe that there is scope for an inducement prize to encourage the innovative use of the
media to support adaptive re-use projects. We believe that adaptive re-use projects are very
attractive to media and that the potential exists to disseminate achievements widely reaching
large audiences. The benefits of this will be to showcase successful projects encouraging others to
regenerate potentially difficult buildings and foster an interest in the media in cultural heritage.
16
Adaptive re-use of the industrial building complex
Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam, The Netherlands
(EU Prize for Cultural Heritage Grand Prix of 2008;
UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2014)
The outstanding and unique heritage value of the Van Nelle Industrial Complex has been
largely preserved, due to the minute restoration of the exterior curtain wall, glazings and
plasters, as well as the staircases with remaining original washrooms, the tea room and other
‘public’ areas of the interior, while, at the same time, almost all changes and additions to the
buildings are highly reversible and could be taken out whenever appropriate.
17
A crowdfunding platform for cultural heritage
For Italy
The first crowdfunding campaign launched by For Italy reached unexpectedly positive goals:
the funds raised through this campaign have been fundamental to realizing an innovative
aseismic pedestal that will allow to safely exhibit Francesco I d’Este’s bust by Gian Lorenzo
Bernini, preserving it in case of future earthquakes12.
12
http://www.foritaly.org/
13
http://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/post-restoration-the-cabinet-of-dr.-
caligari-shines-in-digital-cinema-quality.jsp
18
ANNEX I: SUMMARY REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP: 'TOWARDS A NEW EU AGENDA
FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION'; 27
NOVEMBER, 2014
Introduction
The main objective of the workshop was to bring together experts and stakeholders from academia
and public and private sectors and discuss future research and innovation policy agenda and
priorities in cultural heritage based on the draft working paper of the Horizon 2020 Expert Group in
Cultural Heritage, in view of the Group's final report.
Session 1 – Plenary
The plenary opening session set the frame for the workshop, by underlining the importance of
cultural heritage as a source of smart and inclusive growth. A roadmap with actionable
recommendations for a renewed Research and Innovation agenda, up to 2020 can contribute to
making cultural heritage a source for economic development, social cohesion and environmental
sustainability throughout Europe. The plenary session also introduced the work of the Expert
Group, through dedicated presentations on the main outcomes and achievements thus far, followed
by discussants, who commented on the draft recommendations.
The following main points were raised during this interaction between Expert Group members and
discussants:
The need for a change of mentality, whereby cultural heritage is no longer considered as a
'stock' to be maintained, but as a flux in a process of 'heritigisation'. This would further mean a
transition from the 'conservation' to the 'transmission' of cultural heritage.
In turn, this new paradigm should take into account different theories, also from outside
Europe. As the heritage context is being produced by the communities themselves, the concept
of cultural landscapes is becoming increasingly important.
Two possible scenarios emerge for Europe: to become a theme park (undesirable) or to be
transformed into a heritage laboratory (whereby global expertise is needed).
The Economy Panel stressed the need for innovative finance, investment, governance and
business models, which would successfully render cultural heritage a production factor. Five
objectives were delineated: (a) the diffusion of know-how related to the use of cultural assets after
their restoration/conservation; (b) the diffusion of successful (and not-so-successful) practices
related to funding, particularly on Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models; (c) drawing upon the
experience on the valuation of ecosystem services and how these could be applied to cultural
heritage; (d) the relation of cultural heritage to innovation, and (e) the export/dissemination of
European know-how to other parts of the world.
The Society Panel referred to the innovative use of cultural heritage to encourage integration,
inclusiveness, social cohesion and participation. Main objectives identified concerned (a) awareness
raising and improved understanding of European culture (Faro Convention), (b) the involvement of
all societal groups in innovative new cultural heritage products and services; and (c) ways to build
cultural and social capacity, through awareness, education and demonstration.
The Environment Panel focused on the innovative and sustainable use of cultural heritage, which
would enable it to realise its full potential and contribute to the sustainable development of
I
European landscapes and environments. Several objectives were discussed: (a) how to develop the
practical means for sustainable and inclusive human development in European cities, using cultural
heritage as an asset, with cultural heritage considered as part of environmental impact
assessments, and considering links between archaeology and green infrastructure; (b) contribution
of cultural heritage to urban well-being; (c) new models for municipal governments to decide on
local heritage issues; (d) effective ways of integrating the management of natural and cultural
heritage and (e) shifting from an object-orientated approach towards a spatial approach in heritage
planning.
The need for inter connections between the three themes, considering particularly the
increasing role of local communities and the necessity to co-design cultural heritage services
and actions.
The need for integration between EU policies. Cultural Heritage should be mainstreamed in
EU policies and initiatives (e.g. Smart Cities). Similarly to the Natura 2000 initiative, an EU atlas
for cultural and natural heritage would have significant contribution to awareness raising.
The need to develop further research and analyses, for example on cultural capital
(economic side), on new ways to link economic aspects and citizen involvement, as well as on
emerging governance models (social side); and on considering cultural landscapes early as part
of land use and spatial planning processes (environmental side). Finally, the importance of
identifying best practices, also with reference to experimentation and risk taking, was
highlighted.
II
ANNEX II: THE HORIZON 2020 EXPERT GROUP ON CULTURAL HERITAGE
The European Commission is developing an EU reference policy framework for Research &
Innovation for cultural heritage, which positions cultural heritage as a source of smart, inclusive
growth, building on the potential of new business models and social innovation to stimulate
financing in this sector.
The Expert Group that collaborated for this report was formed in 2014 according to the provisions
of the Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015, for Societal Challenge 5 'Climate action,
environment, resource efficiency and raw materials'. The main objective of the Group's work was to
provide advice and recommendations to the European Commission, and to help define an
innovative EU R&I policy framework and agenda for cultural heritage, that can build on the
potential of new business models and social innovation, to stimulate financing in this sector 14.
The main task of the Group was to engage in forward looking reflection to develop a vision to
maximise the added value that cultural heritage can bring within the context of future
environmental and socio-economic change and outline a clear orientation for how EU R&I policy
and programmes can help in delivering this. The Group thus focussed on providing strategic advice
on EU research and innovation priorities for stimulating a green economy approach to cultural
heritage and cultural landscapes, and on making recommendations on innovative and sustainable
investment and financing for cultural heritage that would reflect a strong societal and
entrepreneurial centred approach, as well as cultural ecosystem services. In doing so, the Group
relied on:
Reviews and analyses of existing policy relevant initiatives, activities, and science and
innovation.
Trends and developments in enhancing and valorising cultural heritage in Europe and beyond, in
urban development and regeneration, addressing also the balance between preservation/
conservation and adaptive re-use and upgrade.
As part of their work, the Group met four times in Brussels to discuss, consolidate and complete
their recommendations: on 25 June 2014, 17 September 2014, 27 November 2014 and 17
December 2014. In addition, a workshop 'Towards a new EU agenda for cultural heritage research
and innovation' was organised on 27 November 2014, to open up the discussion to the larger
community, and to test and further discuss the identified priorities and recommendations with a
broader array of stakeholders.
14
Further information on the activities and Terms of Reference of the Expert Group can be retrieved from:
http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/index.cfm?do=groupDetail.groupDetail&groupID=3091.
III
The Members of the Horizon 2020 Expert Group on Cultural Heritage
Astrid Brandt-Grau
Dr. Astrid Brandt-Grau is Head of the Department for Research, Higher
Education and Technology within the Secretariat General of the French
Ministry for Culture and Communication. Member of working groups
dedicated to the setting up of the National Research Strategy and of the
Steering Committee of the French National Agency for Research in the
field of Humanities and Social Sciences. She is a member of the
Governing Board of the JPI 'Cultural Heritage and Global Change: a new
challenge for Europe'. She has studied art and archaeology and science
applied to preservation of cultural heritage and has been mainly involved
in research in the field of preservation of cultural heritage. From
December 2008 to October 2012, she worked as a Seconded National
Expert in DG RTD Directorate I, on cultural heritage issues.
Guy Clausse
Guy Clausse is a Director at the European Investment Bank (EIB) and
the Dean of the EIB Institute. He joined EIB in 1985, where he worked as
a country economist for Southern Europe, on the appraisal of priority
investment projects notably in Europe’s less developed regions, on
environmental coordination issues, in the coordination of the bank’s
lending operations and, often in cooperation with other EU Institutions,
on the preparation and implementation of the Bank’s strategy in such
fields as regional policy, SME finance, innovation finance and urban
infrastructure funding. At the EIB Institute he launched the cooperation
with Europa Nostra in the field of heritage conservation, notably the '7
Most Endangered' programme. He cooperates also with several social
and charitable associations. Before joining EIB, he was lecturing at
Cologne University and directed the Instituto de Estudos para o
Desenvolvimento in Portugal. He has studied economics and business
administration and holds a doctorate from the University of Cologne.
IV
Christer Gustafsson
Christer Gustafsson is Full Professor in Cultural Heritage Management
and Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, Professor (hon.) at
Nanjing University in China, faculty member at IPMI International
Business School, Jakarta, Indonesia and a Member of the scientific board
of Cultural Industries and Complexity Observatory at IULM University,
Milano, Italy. He is also Secretary-General for ICOMOS International
Scientific Committee on Economics of Conservation, and a member of
the European Union’s panel of experts for European Heritage Label.
Jana Kolar
Dr Jana Kolar is Head of RD at Morana RTD, a research intensive micro-
company, which specialises in the development of applications for micro-
destructive or non-destructive identification and characterisation of
materials. Her area of expertise lies in the assessment and conservation
of cultural heritage, networking, knowledge transfer and optimisation of
results in cultural heritage, research for SMEs, science and society and
coherent development of research and innovation policies.
Elisabetta Lazzaro
Dr. Elisabetta Lazzaro is Chair and Professor of Cultural Management at
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Prof. Lazzaro’s publications and
research focus on cultural economics and cultural policy analysis,
including: analysis of value formation, innovation and financing of
cultural goods and services; stakeholders, structures and regulation of
art markets and creative industries; cultural participation and audience
development; culture, regional development and cohesion; socio-
economic impact and capacity building of culture; culture in international
relations; digitization of cultural heritage and archives and other applied
ICT. In her field experience Prof. Lazzaro has similarly assisted several
international and national cultural institutions, national governments,
regional administrations and nonprofit and for-profit cultural
organizations.
Fani Mallouchou-Tufano
Fani Mallouchou-Tufano is Professor at the School of Architectural
Engineering of the Technical University of Crete. Prof. Mallouchou-Tufano
has specialized in archaeology, conservation and restoration of
monuments and sites. She is member of the Committee for the
Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments of the Hellenic Ministry of
Culture and Sports as well as of many NGO and scientific societies
working for the safeguarding and the enhancement of cultural heritage.
She has received many awards and since 2008 she has been member of
the Jury of the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa
Nostra Awards and nominated Chairwoman for the years 2014-2015.
Her research interests include Preservation History, Protection,
Enhancement and Management of Archaeological Heritage, European
Cultural History, especially as far as it concerns the issue of the
assimilation of Greek and Roman Heritage in modern Europe, Historic
evolution of cities, Historic Photography.
V
Brian Smith
Brian Smith was appointed Secretary General of the European
Association of Historic Towns and Regions by the Council of Europe in
October 1999. The organisation changed its name in 2010 to Heritage
Europe. Brian has 18 years of experience as a Director in local
government managing departments with responsibilities covering urban
planning, architecture, heritage, transportation, economic development,
and environment. Heritage Europe promotes the interests of historic
towns and cities through international cooperation, sharing good practice
and promoting sustainable management. Its membership covers 32
European countries with over 1,200 historic cities represented.
Theo Spek
Prof.dr.ir. Theo Spek is a full professor of Landscape History at the
University of Groningen since 2010. Between 1990 and 2003 he worked
as a researcher and project leader in landscape studies at Wageningen
University and Research Centre. Between 2004 and 2010 he worked as a
programme leader in cultural heritage studies at the National Heritage
Agency of the Netherlands. In 2010 he founded the Centre for Landscape
Studies at the University of Groningen, which combines the following four
tasks: 1. Master and Research Master education on landscape studies; 2.
Fundamental landscape research; 3. Applied landscape research
(contract research); 4. Valorisation of scientific knowledge by websites,
publications, courses and excursions for practitioners, volunteers and the
broader public.
VI
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications:
• one copy:
via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu);
• more than one copy or posters/maps:
from the European Union’s representations (http://ec.europa.eu/represent_en.htm);
from the delegations in non-EU countries (http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/index_en.htm);
by contacting the Europe Direct service (http://europa.eu/europedirect/index_en.htm) or
calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) (*).
(*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you).
Priced publications:
• via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu).
KI-01-15-128-EN-N
“Cultural heritage is a significant force for 21st century Europe. Not only is it
at the heart of what it means to be European, it is being discovered by both
governments and citizens as a means of improving economic performance,
people’s lives and living environments.”
The above statements are part of the findings of the Expert Group on Cultural
Heritage established under the Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014 for the
Societal Challenge ‘Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw
materials’. The group, chaired by Dr. Philippe Busquin, former Commissioner
for Research, Science and Technology and former Member of the European
Parliament, aimed at contributing to further investigating and providing input
for fully developing the potential that cultural heritage holds for Europe. Further
to the chair, the group comprised nine renowned experts from the private and
public sector, including Professor Simon Thurley, CEO of English Heritage, who
acted as rapporteur.
This report, presenting the conclusions of the Expert Group, provides the
rationale for setting a renewed European Research & Innovation policy agenda
on cultural heritage. It outlines the general framework about cultural heritage
in Europe and the contribution it can make towards smarter, more inclusive
and more sustainable development. The report further delineates three priority
objectives along the economic, social and environmental side and describes
recommendable actions, drawing upon successful cases where cultural heritage
has been a positive driver for sustainable development.
ISBN 978-92-79-46046-3
doi:10.2777/745666