20years Cultural Heritage Vol2 en

Preserving our heritage,
Improving our environment
Volume II
Cultural heritage research: FP5, FP6 and related projects

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Preserving our heritage,

improving our environment
Volume II
Cultural heritage research:
FP5, FP6 and related projects
edited by
Michel Chapuis, Adèle Lydon and Astrid Brandt-Grau

2009 Environment EUR 22050 EN
1
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2
Foreword
Europe is rightly proud of its rich history with its diverse cultural experiences
and traditions, and especially its many wonderful cultural heritage assets.
However, now more than ever, the combination of environmental threats such
as climate change and socio-economic pressures put our European cultural
heritage in danger.
Since 1986, the European Commission's (EC) Environment research

programme, implemented by the Directorate General Research and its
Environment Directorate, has been supporting the conservation and
rehabilitation of "tangible cultural heritage" - our “physical, movable and
immovable cultural heritage”. The programme aims to reinforce the scientific
and technical basis for protecting and rehabilitating European cultural heritage
by means of cooperation leading to new joint methodologies and tools.
While the significant economic value of cultural heritage itself is much more
widely recognised nowadays, research in this area also has the potential to
enhance the activity of scientists and stakeholders in this field, contributing
to the competitiveness of SMEs and industry.
In particular, cultural heritage is a specific area of focus within the European

Construction Technology Platform (ECTP) which puts emphasis on the
protection and restoration of ancient buildings and monuments. To a lesser
extent, this Focus Area on cultural heritage (ECTP-FACH) also concerns the
preservation of the movable heritage and artwork and adresses cross-sectoral
aspects such as education and training, standardisation, and socio-economic
issues.
As in other specialised areas of science in Europe, there is still significant

fragmentation in this field of research for the preservation of the tangible
cultural heritage. This is the reason why in line with the general approach
of the European Research Area, and especially through the on-going ERA-
NET initiative in this field, further efforts are being made to improve the
communication and coordination of research as they are likely to improve
results and reduce costs. The efforts need to take into account both the
policy and practical requirements of conservation experts to reach the widest
possible circle of end-users and applications.
This book is Volume II of the two-volume publication “Preserving our

heritage, Improving our environment”. Volume I provides an overview of the
EU's commitment to research cooperation in this field over the last 20 years
and explains how it has evolved over time.
In this second Volume you will find outlines of nearly 100 projects
implemented between 2000 and 2008. In its 8 chapters, the book presents
cutting-edge research projects aiming at the preservation and restoration
of Europe’s vast patrimony, notably historic buildings, monuments and
artwork, and the analysis of their materials and constituents by means of non-
destructive methods and advanced technologies. The last chapters illustrate
the close links between the European Commission’s research and specific
preservation programmes such as the international cooperation with the
Mediterranean countries, the Culture 2000 programme from DG Education
and Culture, and COST Actions in this area.
We hope this publication will be useful and interesting for the owners and
managers of cultural heritage assets, as well as for restorers, conservators,
architects, SMEs and industry, and not least for the ultimate beneficiaries of
this research – the general public.
It should also provide an invaluable overview to researchers and scientists,

especially in the context of the implementation of the Seventh Framework
Programme, which helps to maintain European world leadership in the
preservation of cultural heritage through the support of the Environment
Theme and its Sub-activity "Environmental Technologies".
Dr Manuela SOARES, Director for the Environment Programme

European Commission, Directorate General “Research
3
Table of contents
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Editorial note....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1. Atmospheric pollution and climate change impacts for cultural assets.................................................................................. 9
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
CARAMEL................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
CHEF........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
CULT-STRAT............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
MULTI-ASSESS . ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
NOAH’S ARK............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 2. Damage and restoration of monuments and historical buildings & industrial heritage.................................................... 23
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
ASSET......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
COMPASS . ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
CONSIST..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
DESALINATION........................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
DIAS............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
FIRE-TECH ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
GRAFFITAGE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
HISTO-CLEAN.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
ITER ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
LICONS....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
ONSITEFORMASONRY........................................................................................................................................................................... 46
ROCEM....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
SALTCONTROL ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 3. Novel microbiological tools for conservation............................................................................................................................ 53
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
BACPOLES................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
BIOBRUSH.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59
BIODAM..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
BIOREINFORCE........................................................................................................................................................................................ 64
CATS – CYANOBACTERIA ATTACK ROCKS..................................................................................................................................... 65
COALITION ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
Chapter 4. Environment, cultural heritage and tools inside and for museums, archives and libraries, historic buildings, churches.... 69
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
COLLAPSE................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
CONSTGLASS............................................................................................................................................................................................ 74
FRIENDLY HEATING ............................................................................................................................................................................. 77
IDAP............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
IMPACT...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
INKCOR...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
LASERACT .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 84
LIDO............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 87
MASTER..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89
MIMIC......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
MIP.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93
MODHT....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96
MULTIENCODE........................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
PAPERTREAT.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 100
PAPYLUM................................................................................................................................................................................................ 102
PARELA.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104
PROPAINT . ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 106
SENSORGAN........................................................................................................................................................................................... 108
SURVENIR............................................................................................................................................................................................... 110
VIDRIO..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Chapter 5. Foster integration of cultural heritage in the urban/rural setting, monitoring and archaeology.................................... 115
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................117
APPEAR.....................................................................................................................................................................................................118
ARCHAIA................................................................................................................................................................................................. 120
ARCHAEOMAP....................................................................................................................................................................................... 122
CURE........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 124
DEMOTEC................................................................................................................................................................................................ 126
ISHTAR..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128
PICTURE.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 131
RUFUS...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
4
SPRECOMAH........................................................................................................................................................................................... 135
SUIT.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
Chapter 6. Marking and traceability of cultural heritage: infrastructure, advanced training courses and other supporting initiatives.....137
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
ARCCHIP.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 140
AUTHENTICO......................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
CHEPRISS................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144
CHRAF...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145
COINS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147
EU-ARTECH............................................................................................................................................................................................ 149
FING-ART-PRINT................................................................................................................................................................................... 152
ITECOM.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154
LABS TECH............................................................................................................................................................................................. 156
MUSOMED............................................................................................................................................................................................... 159
OSNET.......................................................................................................................................................................................................161
PANEURO................................................................................................................................................................................................ 163
SAUVEUR................................................................................................................................................................................................ 164
SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE................................................................................................................................................................... 166
SUSTAINING HERITAGE...................................................................................................................................................................... 167
Chapter 7. Cultural heritage and Mediterranean third countries (international cooperation) ......................................................... 169
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................171
ARCHI-MED GLAÇURES...................................................................................................................................................................... 172
CAHRISMA...............................................................................................................................................................................................174
CERAMED............................................................................................................................................................................................... 176
CHERK..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 178
CHIME...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180
DESERT PATINA..................................................................................................................................................................................... 181
EC-FORTMED ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 184
EFESTUS.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 186
ERATO...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 188
FOGGARA................................................................................................................................................................................................ 190
HERCOMANES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 192
INFRARTSONIC...................................................................................................................................................................................... 194
JEWELMED ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 197
MED-COLOUR-TECH.............................................................................................................................................................................200
MENMED ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 202
NOESIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204
OPERHA................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
PRODOMEA . .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 208
PROHITECH .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 210
PROMET ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 212
QUARRYSCAPES . ................................................................................................................................................................................ 215
RUBIA . ....................................................................................................................................................................................................217
SHADUF . ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 219
TEXMED.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 221
WIND-CHIME......................................................................................................................................................................................... 223
Chapter 8. COST cooperation, Culture 2000 programme, external relations (Euromed etc.)........................................................... 225
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 227
COST A27................................................................................................................................................................................................. 228
COST Action C17...................................................................................................................................................................................... 230
COST Action G7....................................................................................................................................................................................... 232
COST Action G8....................................................................................................................................................................................... 235
MOSS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 238
PCL ........................................................................................................................................................................................................240
Wooden handiwork/wooden carpentry: European restoration sites......................................................................................................... 242
Index by acronyms........................................................................................................................................................................................... 245
The list of cultural heritage research projects of FP5 ('City of tomorrow & cultural heritage' key action) and FP6 projects (Programme 'Specific Support to Policy')
– all being managed within Directorate Environment of DG Research – is provided with acronyms, titles and direct website addresses at the following address: http://
ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index_en.htm This list is also regularly updated with new FP7 Environment projects in the field of cultural heritage research. The
FP5–FP6 cultural heritage projects managed by the Environment Directorate of DG Research are all described in Volume II of this publication. However the projects related
to the international cooperation (although a high number are presented for the Mediterranean region), or to other cultural heritage projects included in this publication
– developed in other European Commission Directorates or linked organisations like COST – are not all listed but provide an illustration of the large extent and diversity
of connected cultural heritage projects.
5
6
Editorial note
This publication consists of two volumes which illustrate the overall extent
and extreme diversity of research in the tangible cultural heritage field as well
as the inextricable links between the cultural heritage's preservation and the
environment's protection.
The first volume gives the reader a panoramic overview of the EC supported
research in the tangible cultural heritage field. It covers the way in which it
came into existence in 1986 and how it progressively developed itself over
20 years to finally reach today's European research and scientific cooperation
sectors, defining its own limitations by doing so.
The second volume, on the other hand, provides the user with short
descriptions of around 100 EC funded projects which were implemented
between the year 2000 and 2008, mainly in the context of the 5th and 6th
Framework Programmes (FP5 & FP6). These projects are grouped into 8
chapters according to their subject or type of action. For each project, its
summary starts by dedicating the first two paragraphs to describing the
scientific objectives and overall approach of the project, including its
innovative aspects. Paragraphs 3 to 5 then describe the project's scientific
outcome, its policy impact and how its results have been disseminated and
exploited, referring where relevant to publications, conferences, databases,
eventual patents, spin-offs...
For specific sub-fields of cultural heritage, chapters 1 to 5 of this second
volume include completed cultural heritage projects implemented within the
FP5 ‘Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development’(EESD) programme
and within the FP6 ‘Specific Support to Policies’(SSP) programme. It
should be noted that for projects not yet finished in 2008, the corresponding
summaries provide a "picture" of the activities implemented so far.
Then chapter 6 of this volume includes a few FP6 SSP projects related to
authentication and traceability but also to conferences and training courses,
as well as a certain number of projects which have been implemented under
other FP5 & FP6 specific programmes (such as "infrastructure", "industrial
technologies" and "social science").
Chapter 7 of volume 2 then subsequently compiles projects which were funded
under the FP5 & FP6 International Cooperation Research Programmes and
which targeted Mediterranean partner countries.
Finally, chapter 8 illustrates the "operational "and "research linked" initiatives
supported by other Commission programmes.
In each chapter, projects are indexed alphabetically. At the time of writing,
the projects' websites mentioned herein were operational and should remain
active for at least two years after the projects' finishing dates. But as many of
the projects already ended several years ago, please bear in mind that some of
the links might no longer be operational.
We would like to use this opportunity to inform the reader that, although this
publication was already made public as a draft version during the European
Conference on Cultural Heritage Research (which took place in Ljubljana on
the 10th and the 12th of November 2008) as well as in a more recent event of
FP7, this final version should be considered as the official release.
To end this editorial note, we wish to thank all Project Coordinators who have
provided information and illustrations related to their activities and who are
consequently responsible for the related contents.
Last but not least, we are grateful to our European Commission colleagues
from other relevant Directorates of DG Research as well as from DG
Education and Culture, and COST, for their valuable cooperation and input
to this publication.
The Editors
7
8
Chapter 1
1. Atmospheric pollution and climate change impacts
for cultural assets
9
Introduction Climate change and atmospheric pollution pose serious threats to
historic buildings and monuments. Advanced sampling, monitor-
ing and modelling techniques are thus required to aid preservation
efforts and guide Europe’s climate change policy, as this chapter’s
projects demonstrate.
In particular, the successful FP6 project NOAH’S ARK generated

climate maps of European scenarios for the next 100 years under
different future climates, based on the potential impact of more
intense rainfall, increased temperature, changes in precipitation,
more frequent storms, winds and floods, and their effects on historic
buildings, utilising a data output of suitable models. These maps will
alert and advise policy-makers on related risks.
At the more local level, the CARAMEL project focused on the

effects of soiling on cultural sites at some of Europe’s most polluted
urban areas. Carbon-laden particles and dirt create the familiar
‘black patinas’ on churches and statues. This requires more frequent
cleaning which, itself, can damage facades. New analytical proce-
dures were developed and optimised by the project team to avoid and
minimise soiling effects.
The linked MULTI-ASSESS and CULT-STRAT projects validated

new corrosion test kits for built cultural environments as well as
methods to monitor localised pollution conditions and their effects
on cultural sites. The two research teams summarised their results in
a clear reference document in support to existing legislation to help
policy-makers define the right regulatory response to these risks.
They provided thresholds and indicators for heritage material related
to corrosion and soiling.
Finally CHEF investigates cultural heritage protection against flood-

ing following the recent catastrophes which occurred in the whole EU
regarding climate change and impact on building in flood-prone regions.
It aims to create cost-efficient and effective tools for the prevention and
mitigation of damage to be included in flood risk management plans.
All the results of these projects will also be very useful in the context
of future FP7 projects focusing on climate change impacts and risk
mitigation.
11
CARAMEL
Carbon content and origin of damage layers
in European monuments
1. Problems to be solved and their chemical composition for two size-fractions (coarse and
fine particles) with a special focus on the carbonaceous component
The CARAMEL project aimed to contribute to the understanding of the (elemental and organic carbon particles: EC and OC). Particle char-
growth of black crusts and patinas in the multi-pollutant atmosphere of acterisation and the capture of their temporal (diurnal, weekly, sea-
European cities. Focus was put on the key role of carbon particles as sonal) variability could allow identification of the main prevailing
a vector of atmospheric pollution during transport, deposition onto the sources. In parallel, a series of combustion-derived organic marker
surfaces of buildings, and during physical and chemical transformations compounds were identified using source fingerprints.
when embedded in patinas. For this purpose, both experimental and
modelling studies were tentatively conducted in order to investigate Black patinas were analysed for the carbon content (EC, OC, car-
relationships between identified urban aerosol sources, airborne particle bonate, organic marker array) of embedded particles using a new
concentrations and monument soiling created by particulate deposition. methodology designed for the project. Their composition was then
An interesting aspect of the project was also the aesthetic side of the scrutinised and compared with that of atmospheric particles for his-
problem and the perception of soiling by different groups of people. torical and present-day soiling: a new methodology was formulated
Finally, the major challenge and ultimate objective was to provide atmos- for bulk carbon components, whereas the organic tracer analytical
pheric, soot-based (EC) thresholds for atmospheric particles compatible protocol was adapted for the search of traffic markers in crusts.
with the durable protection of cultural heritage at a European level.
The aesthetic of soiling was investigated following an original
Results obtained in the CARAMEL project are likely to provide approach. The perception of soiling was investigated through suit-
decision-makers with discussions for future urban management and able interviews both of professionals involved in building conserva-
atmospheric environment abatement policy. Connections and inter- tion and maintenance and of the public. A second aspect consisted
actions with other EC projects are obvious and ongoing. of the exploration of computer-based studies in virtual environments.
Results were gathered in view of possible relationships between aes-
2. Scientific objectives and approach thetic damage and patina soot contents.
The objectives for the CARAMEL project were to: The mathematics of soiling were examined against short- and
long-term experimental surface particulate concentration and optical
aa characterise the aerosol atmospheric content focusing on the car- results. Fractal forms of particles were also tested. In an approach to
bonaceous fraction (EC and OC) of target urban sites in order to aesthetics and transfer of colour from atmospheric suspended matter to
capture representative situations in European cities (for various stone, preliminary atmospheric EC thresholds could be proposed.
multi-pollutant situations under different meteorological conditions)
aa set a new analytical technique for non-carbonate in damage lay-
ers and obtain a comprehensive dataset for the exhaustive carbon The main results are given below:
content (carbonate: CC, elemental carbon: EC, organic carbon: 1. Carbonaceous particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and
OC) and other physical-chemical characteristics of black crusts form the main fraction of the aerosol phase.
from different European monuments This assessment is evidenced by the unique aerosol database for
aa deploy an array of different analytical techniques for multi- urban aerosols provided during the project. It is valid for Western
source organic tracer determination and apportionment European urban sites where a drastic policy for sulphur abate-
aa construct a methodology to rate the damage, from data gathered ment, applied for at least three decades, has successfully resulted
in the experimental part of the project, using kinetic and thermo- in low atmospheric sulphur concentrations.
dynamic arguments and test it with selected trial runs 2. Carbonaceous particles are also one of the main components
aa explore the aesthetic side of the problem by rating the dirtiness of of monument black crusts.
cultural heritage (public and specialist interviews) and construct- Historical and modern crusts and patinas form a complex matrix
ing an aesthetic index of variable physical and chemical properties. Chemical analyses
aa provide EC-based thresholds for EC concentrations in the atmos- and microscope investigations have shown that soot particles with
phere compatible with the durable protection of cultural heritage sulphur form a significant portion of the crusts but may present
aa provide a user-friendly model website decision tree simply different habits, structures and distribution in relation to
aerosol sources, natural stone and decay. The new analytical pro-
tocol allowed the construction of a meta database for the different
3. Achieved scientific results carbon components (EC, OC and carbonates) of crusts. O rganic
markers were extensively studied in the oil, diesel aerosols and
Atmospheric measurements were performed at four urban sites black crusts using a new protocol for biomarker identification.
(Paris, Seville, Milan and Florence) for particle size distribution Among others, an important result has been the ubiquitous pres-
12
CARAMEL
ence in both aerosols and crusts of various mono- and poly-acids with black carbon accumulated on building surfaces and the loss of
(probably oxidation end-products) of a biogenic (fatty acids) or aesthetic amenity. Carbon aerosol data were classified using cluster
anthropogenic (biomass burning, oil combustion-derived) origin. analysis and estimated blackening of stones (Munsell values) were
This significant fraction of polar organic species is likely to plotted against atmospheric EC concentrations. The threshold val-
migrate and bind with the underlying stone surface and could be ues obtained from questionnaires indicate that the threshold value
the major cause of ’stone yellowing’ after cleaning. for EC mass in the aerosol is of the order of 3.2 µgC/m3. This value
3. Source apportionment for soiling is complex but the role corresponds to EC in the crusts around 0.5% although this last
of combustion aerosol sources (mostly traffic) is clear. The value has to be taken with care, as many of the CARAMEL crusts
apportionment is site-dependent and will change in the future do not coincide with the current environment.
as it drastically changed in the past. Finally, a user-friendly web-based model has been constructed as
Atmospheric particles in modern European urban atmospheres a sequence of arguments that allow those responsible for cultural
are predominantly of anthropogenic origin and held by the sub- heritage to assess the factors that influence decisions on the accu-
micron (fine) aerosol phase fraction. mulation of black crusts.
Presently, at all sites, EC aerosol data point to a simple situation
where traffic is the predominant source. Aerosol composition
reflects differences primarily due to dissimilarities in the average 4. Policy impact
vehicle fleet. In Seville, the cathedral is mainly polluted along the
main street, Avenida de la Constitución, which channels the traf- As discussed above, our results show the overwhelming role that
fic of diesel buses downtown. On the other hand, the Florence site traffic plays in ambient atmospheric particulate pollution. Both die-
appears to undergo severe pollution from 2-stroke engines and sel and gasoline engines should be submitted to more severe control.
biomass burning in winter. Finally at all sites, the photochemical To a lesser extent, the regional use of wood burning contributes to
formation of secondary organics and sulphates on sunny days the pollution background and should be regulated. The low EC aero-
may affect air quality contributing from one-quarter to one-third sol annual threshold obtained for monument soiling (3.2 µgEC/m3)
of the fine aerosol mass. might indicate that monuments are very sensitive to EC particles.
So at present, combustion sources (vehicular exhaust and biomass
burning) are both sulphur-depleted, and resulting modern patinas
have a different structure and chemical composition than crusts 5. Dissemination and exploitation
formed in the past, which are enriched in gypsum. As a result, the
of the results
nature of the soiling (blackening) process has changed over recent
decades and the process of ‘stone yellowing’, due to absorption The work has been intensively disseminated internationally and the
and migration of organics at the calcareous surface of monu- dissemination process is still underway at different levels for dif-
ments, is likely to become increasingly important. ferent audiences, as papers, invitation-only seminars or conference
In this context, research conducted on laser efficiency in cleaning talks. Many articles have appeared in international journals.
procedures is of particular importance: indeed it has been shown
that a tandem laser treatment with 2-wavelengths (1 064 nm and CARAMEL book: Air Pollution and Cultural Heritage, (invited
355 nm) could remove the colour due to the deposition of both EC ed.: C. Saiz-Jimenez), 15 papers from the CARAMEL Consortium,
and OC particles. Balkema 2004
4. Mathematics and aesthetics of soiling.
The rate of darkening of material surfaces was shown to follow Contract number: Contract EVK4-CT-2000-00029
a properly bounded exponential function. In addition to offering Start date – End date: 01/01/01 – 31/12/03
physical understanding, this function offers useful parameters Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
such as the final reflectance (or darkening of the material) and Duration (in months): 36
the first order soiling rate. These parameters are site-dependent
(and a concentration of the depositing EC particles) and thus Coordinator details:
likely to change under future atmospheric conditions. For the Dr Hélène Cachier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement,
aesthetics of soiling, public response was explored at different
LSCE/CEA-CNRS, CEA – Orme des Merisiers, bat 701,
sites through a range of suitable questionnaires. Acceptability of
FR-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
soiling patterns as distinct from simple amounts of soiling was E-mail: cachier@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr Tel : +33 1 69 08 94 79
also explored using methodologies typical of the psychology of
art. Results reveal strong preferences or negative reactions, gen-
erally in relation to the obscuring of architectural forms. Finally, Cristina Sabbioni
they also suggest that building management has to recognise the Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche
delicate balance between cleanliness and historicity. Italy
5. Environmental transfer and atmospheric soot-based thresholds.
User-friendly model Cesareo Saiz Jimenez
Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas
From public responses to questionnaires related to colour appreci- Spain
ation of the building (using Munsell value or grey-scale lightness),
a Munsell threshold value of 6.6 and a GSc threshold value of 4.6 Peter Brimblecombe
were obtained for a ‘building to be dirty or to need cleaning’. University of East Anglia
Environmental data was explored in view of a general relationship United Kingdom
13
CHEF
Cultural heritage protection against flooding
http://www.chef.bam.de
1. Problems to be solved The research will be carried out through interacting work packages,
which will provide clear progress beyond the current state of the art:
The European Community has suffered from disastrous floods in aa WP1: identification of typical environmental hazards related to
recent years, which caused enormous damage and left hundreds of flood and being decisive to cultural heritage. Here, flood mecha-
peoples dead in several European countries. The flooding occurred nisms and hydrology will be one important aspect. Moveable
across regional borders and involved neighbouring states along the and immovable cultural heritage will be classified according to
rivers Elbe (2002), Odra (1997), Rhine (1993 and 1995) and many its sensitivity.
more. The economic losses were extremely high and affected not aa WP2: damage analysis of different materials and moveable cul-
only local regions but also the whole European Community. Europe tural heritage, their properties and their interaction with moisture,
will have to face further flood catastrophes due to climate change salt, pollution and other phenomena related to flooding catas-
and further building activities in flood-prone regions. As one pre- trophes. Survey of possible flood-related damage, validation of
requisite to minimise costs for rehabilitation, there is an urgent need NDT- and MDT-methods for damage detection, classification
for protecting the common European moveable and immoveable and definition of damage threshold will be given.
cultural heritage against flood and other environmental hazards and aa WP3: classification of damage on historical structures and sites
the threatening conditions resulting from this. These services should including buildings, infrastructure (e.g. bridges) and cities for
include monitoring and supervising drying and repairs as well as a understanding the mechanisms of static and dynamic loading,
comprehensive damage assessment. According to Article 7 of the moisture and salt transport, contamination and erosion problems
new Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the as well as the vulnerability of whole structures and sites.
Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of aa WP4: analysis of preventive and emergency measures (admin-
flood risks, guidelines and recommendations for strategies for pre- istrative and technical) and of restoration and repair techniques
vention and mitigation of damage of cultural heritage against flood for materials, movable heritage, structures and sites. Conclusions
will be developed to be included in flood risk management plans. from previous floods and measures will be drawn related to the
development of new and innovative technologies.
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa WP5: running and new case studies on different objects will
be investigated with regard to a multitude of aspects. Full-scale
CHEF proposes the integration of multi-disciplinary research as sci- models in the shape of small buildings will also be used as inter-
entific support to European policies. In this frame, cost-efficient and mediate case between laboratory and real buildings.
effective tools for the development of new and innovative strategies will aa WP6: development of guidelines and recommendations for the
be provided. For avoiding or mitigating flood-related damage of cultural strategies for an assessment of the vulnerability of cultural heritage
heritage, a multitude of aspects has to be considered, like historical against flood, the prevention and mitigation of damage, the emer-
significance and context of the object, building structure and its location gency and the medium- and long-term post-flooding action plans.
in risk areas. But also technical problems like lack of documentation,
unspecified structural condition and assembly, unknown material char- 3. Achieved scientific results
acteristics and parameters of exposure require intensive investigations.
Among other outcomes of the first project period, two results are
highlighted here:
Report on experiences from previous and historic floods, sum-

mary about the characteristic parameters that may influence the
threat to cultural heritage. Flood characteristics are brought into
context with cultural heritage protection (both movable and immov-
able) and those characteristics are sought that may help in developing
better mitigation strategies in highly vulnerable sites.
Interfaces to running flood & cultural heritage projects facili-

tate synergetic exploitation of results and coordination with other
European activities related to mitigation damage from floods.
4. Policy impact
Historic power station in Prague, flooded during 2002 Vltava Protection against flood catastrophes is targeted in the first place at
flood. (Photo: V. Herle) people, but also it is also directed at nature, economic goods and the
Historic power station in Prague, flooded during
2002 Vltava flood. (Photo: V. Herle)
14
CHEF
built environment within cities and villages. Residential buildings, 5. Dissemination and exploitation
factories, offices could be relocated; damaged buildings might be
of the results
rebuilt in different places in non-risk areas. Cultural heritage is often
bound to certain locations, environments or landscapes and bears its A dissemination plan has been set up including conferences, publica-
value in its historical context. Measures for flood protection have to tions, and the identification of exploitable products (guidelines and
be settled rather on prevention, repair and maintenance. recommendations).
The strategies developed in the project can help to make protection and During the second project meeting in Dresden in September 2007, a
repair of cultural heritage against flood and related hazards far more public workshop was organised. Members from the user group were
effective and allow these measures to be undertaken on a large scale. invited and presentations from the partners and the user group were
With reasonable management of cultural heritage sites, whole neigh- given on the following topics:
bourhoods can be prevented from deterioration. Another aspect is the aa flooding – a global phenomenon
understanding of damage processes not only induced by flood but also aa cultural heritage – threats, dangers, help
by other aggressive environmental conditions, such as air pollution, aa assessment, diagnosis, treatments
microclimate, earthquakes, traffic vibrations, etc. This knowledge will aa presentations from CHEF project
help to take precautions against such events and will thus reduce the
impact of environmental damage on historical structures.
Contract number: SSPI 044251

Start date – End date: 01/02/07–31/01/10
Contract type: FP6-STREP
Duration (in months): 36
Coordinator details:
Dr Christian Köpp
Dr Christiane Maierhofer
Division VIII.2
Non-Destructive Damage Assessment and Environmental
Measurement Methods
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM)
Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin
Germany CHEF partners during 2nd project meeting at Pillnitz
Email: christian.koepp@bam.de CHEF partners during 2nd project meeting at
Castle / Dresden. The high water during 2002 Elbe flood almost
Tel. number: +49 30 8104 4220 Pillnitz
reached the Castle
balcony./ Dresden. The high water
during 2002 Elbe flood almost reached the
balcony.
Milos Drdacky Ramiro Sofronie Miha Tomaževič
Institute of Theoretical and Applied ECOLAND Slovenian National Building and Civil
Mechanics (ITAM) Training Centre on Sustainable Engineering Institute
Czech Academy of Sciences Development Dept. of Structures
Czech Republic Romania Slovenia
Luca Giovanni Lanza Peter Askew Ivo Herle

CRUIE Centro di Ricerca in Urbanistica Industrial Microbiological Services Ltd Institut für Geotechnik
e Ingegneria Ecologica United Kingdom Rudolf Plagge
Italy Institut für Bauklimatik
Christiane Hennen Technische Universität Dresden
Dimitrios Kolymbas Institut für Diagnostik und Konservierung Germany
University of Innsbruck an Denkmalen in Sachsen und Sachsen-
Institute of Geotechnical and Tunnel Anhalt e.V. Luigia Binda
Engineering Germany Politecnico di Milano
Austria Dept. of Structural Engineering
Italy
15
CULT-STRAT
Assessment of air pollution effects on cultural
heritage – management strategies
http://www.corr-institute.se/cultstrat/
1. Problems to be solved aa development of the concept of indicators for damage on cultural

heritage materials and threshold levels of materials deterioration
Damage to objects of cultural heritage is one of the most serious and pollutant levels;
detrimental effects of anthropogenic air pollutants as it endangers a aa development of strategies for air quality policy for the protection
vital part of the European identity. There is therefore an urgent need of European cultural heritage addressing both policy-makers at
to include the impact of pollutants on cultural heritage alongside national and EU levels and decision-makers and heritage manag-
human health and parts of the ecosystem that are already concerned ers at local level.
in the EU Directives on urban air quality. This is especially relevant
for the Commission’s CAFE (Clean Air for Europe) programme and 3. Achieved scientific results
the Community interventions through the “Culture 2000” framework
programme and the structural funds. Material indicators and threshold levels of pollutants were identified, to
be used for developing strategies for the sustainable maintenance and
preventive conservation of European cultural heritage and air quality
policy to reduce damage. Models and methodology were developed for
ranking the effects of pollutants on corrosion and soiling of materi-
als. In addition, damage thresholds and indicators for materials were
provided. The spatial distribution of pollutants including mapping pro-
cedures were assessed on different geographical scales. The stock of
cultural heritage materials at risk was estimated in model studies, from
regional level (UNESCO World Heritage List), national level (Italy,
Norway, France, Czech Republic), city level (Madrid, Milan,) and parts
of city areas or individual buildings (Paris, Venice, Rome, S. M. della
Vittoria and Aldobrandini Villa in Rome). The distribution of sensitive
materials in heritage objects and estimated damage of materials and
associated costs enables the mapping of the impact on the stock at risk
in terms of material life cycles and strategies for sustainable conserva-
tion. The use of the methodology developed was illustrated by several
case studies, for the assessment and mapping of areas where cultural
Stock at risk inventory showing the geographical distribution of heritage objects are endangered.
limestone on façades (m2 per 100x100m area) in central Paris,
encompassing a part of the area of UNESCO World Heritage List
(Ile de la Cité, Ile Saint Louis and the right bank of the Seine)
2. Scientific objectives and approach

CULT-STRAT was an interagency, multi-disciplinary programme
that integrates and assesses research and monitoring information. It
aimed to provide answers to policy and management questions, which
relate the effects of air pollution on heritage and the management
options available to mitigate them. The project was moving from
information overload to providing managers and decision-makers
with the relevant and necessary scientific information on which to
base sound conservation decisions. Scientific results and information Mapping of the spatial distribution of SO2 pollution and cultural
were integrated into CULT-STRAT, which evaluated their impact on heritage objects in Milan
policy and management issues of critical importance to resource man-
agers and heritage decision-makers. The most important advance-
ment of the state of the art can be summarised as follows: 4. Policy impact
aa use of a model for ranking the risks of different air pollutants in
the multi-pollutant situation, on different materials; The primary impact on policy consisted of providing damage thresh-
aa development of methodologies for the assessment and mapping olds and indicators for heritage materials analogous to health and
of the spatial distribution of pollutants and cultural heritage ecosystem indicators for air pollutants. The thresholds and indica-
materials or objects; tors relate the impact of the effects of pollutants on corrosion and
16
CULT-STRAT
soiling of sensitive materials, including consideration of appropriate In addition the manual, results have been published in numerous
adjustments that take into consideration the added value of materials scientific papers and at conferences, primarily those on research into
deployed on objects of artistic or cultural significance. For facilitat- cultural heritage.
ing practical application, a simple toolkit is recommended, which has
begun to be used as an indicator of damage on objects of cultural Two workshops have been organised within the project, both as
heritage on the World Heritage List. joint events of CULT-STRAT and ICP Materials Task Force of the
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The first
one – “Economic Impacts of Air Pollution on Cultural Heritage”
– was held at the University of Catania, Sicily on 6–7 April 2006.
The second one – “The Protection of Cultural Heritage from Air
Pollution: The need for effective local policy, maintenance and
conservation strategies” – took place in the Louvre Palace, Paris on
15–16 March 2007. The reports from the workshops are available on
the project website.
The active participation of the European Association of Historic

Towns and Regions (EATHR) in the users’ reference group provides
a large network, encompassing users of all types – politicians, herit-
age owners and managers, conservators, planners and traffic man-
agers. The website of the project and of EATHR created an online
facility to access the major results.

Start date – End date: 01/08/04 – 31/10/07
Dr Vladimir Kucera,
Swedish Corrosion Institute, Drottning Kristinas väg 48, SE-114
28 Stockholm, Sweden
E-mail: vladimir.kucera@corr-institute.se
Tel: +46 8 674 1725
E-mail: johan.tidblad@kimab.com
Tel: +46 8 440 4800
Johan Tidblad Roger-Alexandre Lefèvre

Corrosion and Metals Laboratoire Interuniversitaire
Research Institute des Systèmes Atmosphériques,
Sweden Université Paris XII
France
Terje Grøntoft
Norwegian Institute for Air Milos Drdácký
Research Institute of Theoretical and
Norway Applied Mechanics
Czech Republic
Stefan Doytchinov
Italian National Agency for Tim Yates
UNESCO World Heritage sites in Europe – Location and com- New Technologies, Energy Building Research
parison of SO2 levels in 1980 and 2000 and Environment Establishment
Italy United Kingdom
Ron Hamilton Manuel Morcillo

5. Dissemination and exploitation Middlesex University Consejo Superior de
of the results United Kingdom Investigaciones Cientificas
Spain
The major outcome of the project was an authoritative and comprehen- Stephan Fitz
sive reference volume collating all of the data and information available Umweltbundesamt
Germany
on the effects of air pollution on heritage materials in a form that is
readily usable by policy-makers and heritage owners and managers.
The manual was published by a commercial publisher, in spring 2008.
17
MULTI-ASSESS
Model for multi-pollutant impact and assessment of
threshold levels for cultural heritage
http://www.corr-institute.se/MULTI-ASSESS/
1. Problems to be solved corrosion attack and the development of dose-response functions

for corrosion and soiling. Dose-response functions for carbon steel,
Air pollutants cause severe damage to materials in buildings and zinc, copper, bronze, limestone and glass, representative of medieval
monuments. The decreasing sulphur dioxide levels in most parts of stained glass windows, have been developed for the multi-pollutant
Europe and the increasing car traffic, causing elevated levels of nitrogen situation involving the effect of climate as well as S, N and par-
compounds, ozone and particulates, has created a new multi-pollutant ticulate pollutants. These functions are suitable for mapping areas of
situation. This changed pollution situation must be taken into account increased risk of corrosion, as has been demonstrated in the project,
in the development of an improved model for the effects of pollutants and for calculating damage costs. Based on maintenance intervals and
on the deterioration of important material groups. tolerable corrosion attack before maintenance for cultural heritage
objects, tolerable corrosion rates have been determined. These corro-
2. Scientific objectives and approach sion rates are 2.5 times higher than background corrosion values. The
dose-response functions, together with the tolerable corrosion rates,
The model for deterioration of materials includes gaseous pollutants enable the specification of a tolerable climate/pollution situation. For
(sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and nitric acid), particulates SO2 a level of 10µg/m3 is proposed, protecting 80% of the European
and precipitation, and separates the effect of dry and wet deposi- territory at present HNO3 levels. PM is not a crucial parameter for
tion on the deterioration process. Two field exposure programmes the corrosion of materials but its main effect is instead connected to
were performed within MULTI-ASSESS – the broad field exposure soiling. Soiling equations have been developed involving the effect
and the targeted field exposure – which served as the basis for the of particulate matter for painted steel, white plastic and limestone.
development of the dose-response functions for corrosion and soil- Based on an acceptable soiling level and a time between cleaning, an
ing. The broad field exposure was performed on the network of acceptable PM10 level of 15 µg m-3 has been calculated.
test sites of the UN/ECE International Co-operative Programme on
Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP
Materials). At each site, materials were exposed and simultaneously
environmental parameters were measured
.
Test site for targeted field exposure at the National Museum in

Prague
4. Policy impact
Interaction of atmospheric pollutants, meteorological condi-
tions and deposition mechanisms in the process of atmos- So far the effect on materials in general, and on objects of cultural
pheric corrosion. heritage in particular, has not been included in the Council Directive
1999/30/EC relating to limit values of air pollutants. The inclusion of
tolerable levels for corrosion and soiling rates of selected materials,
3. Achieved scientific results and corresponding limit values for pollutants in an analogous way
as for human health and ecosystems, would be a major step in the
Exposure programmes and laboratory investigations including char- protection of the European cultural heritage. The target levels should
acterisation of the pollutants HNO3 and particulate matter, together serve primarily for protection of ‘sensitive’ zones with objects of high
with the more traditional climatic and pollution (SO2) parameters, cultural value like medieval historical towns or objects included in
have resulted in several databases suitable for the evaluation of the UNESCO World Heritage List.
18
MULTI-ASSESS
5. Dissemination and exploitation Johan Tidblad

Corrosion and Metals Research Institute
of the results Sweden
The dose-response functions developed in MULTI-ASSESS have
Manfred Schreiner
been used for the evaluation of pollution target levels and for map- Institute of Sciences and Technologies in Art, Academy of Fine
ping areas of increased risk of corrosion and soiling. People in Arts
heritage management are often interested in the level of corrosion Austria
attack on specific locations at their object of interest. To respond to
Rolf Snethlage
this demand, the MULTI-ASSESS project has developed a Rapid
Bavarian State Department for Historical Monuments
Toolkit including material specimens and passive samplers for pol- Germany
lutants for a one-year exposure. A MULTI-ASSESS workshop was
held at Church House, London, 10–11 June 2004, with the objective Markus Faller
of bringing together recent findings from the project and integrating Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research,
Metallic Materials
these outcomes with other national and international programmes.
Switzerland
The proceedings of the workshop have been published; the final
report is available on the homepage Martin Ferm
Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd
Sweden
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00044
Start date – End date: 01/01/02 – 30/04/05 Franco De Santis
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research National Research Council Institute for Atmospheric Pollution
Duration (in months): 40 Italy
Coordinator details: Costas Varotsos
Dr Vladimir Kucera University of Athens, Department of Applied Physics
Swedish Corrosion Institute, Drottning Kristinas väg 48, SE-114 Greece
28 Stockholm, Sweden
E-mail: Vladimir.kucera@corr-institute.se John Watt
Tel: +46 8 674 1725 Middlesex University
United Kingdom
Katerina Kreislova
SVUOM Ltd
Czech Republic
Tim Yates
Building Research Establishment Ltd
United Kingdom
Terje Grøntoft
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Norway
Joanna Kobus
Institute of Precision Mechanics
Poland
Gundars Mezinskis
Riga Technical University, Institute of Silicate Materials
Latvia
19
NOAH’S ARK
Global climate change impact on built heritage and
cultural landscapes
http://noahsark.isac.cnr.it
1. Problems to be solved aa research, predict and describe the effects of climate change on
Europe’s built cultural heritage over the next 100 years
Climate change over the next 100 years is likely to have a range of aa develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for historical build-
direct and indirect effects on the natural and material environment, ings, sites, monuments and materials that are likely to be worst
including the historical environment. Important changes will include affected by climate change effects and associated disasters
alterations in temperature, precipitation, extreme climatic events, soil aa provide electronic information sources and tools, including web-
conditions, groundwater and sea level. Some processes of building based climate risk maps and a vulnerability atlas for heritage
decay will be accelerated or worsened by climate change, while oth- managers to assess the threats of climate change in order to visua-
ers will be delayed. While the impacts on individual processes can lise the built heritage and cultural landscape under future climate
be described, it is difficult to assess the overall risk posed by climate scenarios and model the effects of different adaptation strategies
change based on currently available data. Linking global changes aa advise policy-makers and legislators through the project’s policy
to the response of material surfaces of archaeological and historical advisory panel.
structures remains a challenge.
3. Achieved scientific results
As an initial work step, the most relevant climate parameters
affecting cultural heritage were identified. Outputs from Hadley
Models (HADCM3 and HADRM3) were used to provide a pic-
ture of the European climate from 1961 to 2099. These data
were employed to produce hierarchical maps aimed at presenting
broad regional future threats. Firstly, climate change was mapped
in terms of traditional climate parameters relevant to cultural
heritage. Secondly, climate parameters were combined to produce
specific heritage climatologies.
A further step considered the use of climate parameters to deter-

mine the amount of damage occurring on building materials in
future scenarios. Finally, such estimates of damage could then
been translated into generalised risk maps with the purpose of
informing decision-makers of the type of risk most prevalent in
a particular region.
4. Policy impact
The output of NOAH’S ARK aims to underpin the following gaps
existing in current EU policy:
aa inclusion of cultural heritage protection as a prerequisite for imple-
menting sustainable development
aa inclusion of immovable cultural heritage among the indicators for
integrated assessment
aa favouring dialogue between air quality and climate change
programmes
aa providing input to the Environment Action Programme within areas
Ruins of the mediaeval church in Trzesacz, at the Baltic Sea, of climate change and quality of life.
Poland, destroyed by the shift of the coastline
5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
The objectives of the NOAH’S ARK project were to: Publications:
aa determine the meteorological parameters and changes most criti- aa Bonazza, A., Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, CM. and Sabbioni, C.,
cal to the built cultural heritage ‘Carbon in black layers at the Tower of London’, Environmental
20
NOAH’S ARK
Science & Technology, 41, 2007, pp. 4199–24.
aa Brimblecombe, P., The NOAH’s ARK Project. ‘The impact of
May Cassar
future climate change on cultural heritage’, The eggs, Newsletter Centre for Sustainable Heritage -
& Information service of the E.G.U, 12, pp. 31-33, 2005. The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies
aa Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C.M. and Harris, I., ‘The effect of University College London
long term trends in dampness on historic buildings’, Weather, United Kingdom
61, pp. 278–81, 2006.
Peter Brimblecombe
aa Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P., Esbert, R.M. and Alonso, F.J., School of Environmental Sciences
‘Color changes on building limestone surfaces’, Color Research University of East Anglia
and Application, 32, pp. 320–31, 2007. United Kingdom
aa Kozlowski, R., Bratasz, L. and Jakiela, S., ‘Damage of wooden
Johan Tidblad
cultural objects due to changes in ambient relative humidity’,
Korrosions- och Metallforskningsinstitutet
Wood Science and Technology, (submitted) 2005. Sweden
aa Mašín, D. and Herle, I., ‘State boundary surface of a hypoplastic
constitutive model for clays’, Computers and Geotechnics, 32, Roman Kozlowski
pp. 400–10. Instytut Katalizy i Fizykochemii Powierzchni, Polska Akademia
Poland
The partners have also disseminated information at many confer-
Miloš Drdácký
ences. At the end of the project, the following operational database Ústav teoretické a aplikované mechaniky Akademie ved Ceské
and guidelines were produced: Republiky
aa web-based climate risk maps of European scenarios Czech Republic
aa a vulnerability atlas for cultural heritage for Europe based on the
Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
potential impact of more intense rainfall, increased temperature, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto de
change in precipitation, increased storms, high winds and flood- Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia,
ing and the effects these will have on historical buildings and Spain
their contents
Terje Grøntoft
aa guidelines on cultural heritage adaptation strategies to climate
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning
change, which covered the following themes: rainwater and Norway
drainage infrastructure; effects on structures; effects on materials;
indoor–outdoor interactions. Ian Wainwright
Ecclesiastical Insurance Group
United Kingdom
Start date – End date: 1/06/04 – 31/05/07 Antonio Gómez Bolea
Contract type: FP6-STREP Biologia y Medio Ambiente,
Duration (in months): 36 Spain
Prof. Cristina Sabbioni
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) - National
Research Council (CNR),
Via Gobetti 101, IT-40129 Bologna, Italy
E-mail: c.sabbioni@isac.cnr.it
Tel: +39 051 63995725
21
22
Chapter 2
2. Damage and restoration of monuments and
historical buildings & industrial heritage
23
24
Introduction The preservation of monuments and historical buildings – whether
ancient or more recent – present a host of problems. This chapter
focuses on the damage, protection and restoration challenges of built
cultural environment, including Europe’s industrial heritage.
Many of the projects are linked to the development of non-invasive

analysis of materials to assess damage or rates of natural and
man-made deterioration or the best materials for restoration. The
ONSITEFORMASONRY project developed a catalogue of most fre-
quent damages, as well as of non- or nearly non-destructive structural
analysis techniques. ITER investigated why ancient Roman mortar is
more durable than today’s modern equivalents; its new database aimed
to support the development of construction techniques to produce new
‘old’ mortar for restorative purposes. COMPASS examined why many
modern restoration plasters perform poorly, and its new test methods
have provided an expert system and guidelines to end-users for choos-
ing the best treatment and material; similarly, the market-oriented
DIAS project developed new portable prototypes and tools, in particu-
lar to match new stone with old.
ROCEM reproduced amounts of Roman cement which were similar

to those produced and used during the beginning of the 20th century,
while GRAFFITAGE developed a new anti-graffiti system to prevent
damage to built cultural heritage assets.
However cultural restoration goes far beyond stone and plaster. The
CONSIST project developed new conservation materials and strate-
gies for ‘Industrial age’ iron and steel structures, while LICONS
examined new cost-effective techniques to repair and restore structural
timber. The thematic network FIRE-TECH sought to evaluate fire risk
in historical structures while meeting suitable fire code standards in
aesthetically acceptable ways.
25
ASSET
Assessment of suitable products for the conservation
treatments of sea-salt decay
1. Problems to be solved tions by sea salt and to immobilise the already present sea salt
creating a ‘memory effect’
The products suitable for preventing sea-salt decay should isolate aa to contribute to safeguarding buildings and monuments of cities
sea salts trapped in the pores and prevent further penetration. where the behaviour of stone and brick masonry is conditioned by
The care of monuments threatened by sea-salt damaging mecha- the marine environment.
nisms is a concern for the whole of Europe: how to hinder or limit
sea-salt damage to monument buildings in the most efficient and The project examined the sources and processes of penetration by the
durable way. The development of methodologies of minimising salts in the stone’s pores. Then, existing and new products (water repel-
sea-salt damage to historical buildings contributes to the reduction lents) were analysed on different types of stone, brick and masonry,
of the use of natural resources needed for retrofitting and protect- considering the depth of penetration in the materials containing salts,
ing historical buildings in the most effective way, consequently quality of the penetration (comparison between the penetration of the
helping to reduce costs involved in the protection maintenance. solvent and that of the active component), the diameter of the pores
The care of historical buildings is not only an aesthetic duty but is reached by the products employed and their effectiveness in circum-
also necessary for the economy of a country with tourism and cul- stances of accelerated/artificial aging (accelerated cycles of marine
tural activities in or around monuments. Ineffective or inappropriate, spray/drying). Finally, the application on representative materials
and even destructive, conservation interventions are often applied to exposed in situ and the control of the effectiveness in time of the con-
the various building materials under different microclimatic condi- servation treatments on selected surfaces (buildings and monuments in
tions without any knowledge of the specific sea-salt decay phenom- participating countries) were considered. The control of effectiveness
ena and mechanism triggered accordingly. in time of treatments was carried out with crystallisation tests, magnet-
ic resonance, dynamic simulator for sea salts and with non-destructive
The phases of the research in the ASSET project concerned the meth- tests in situ (automatically processed maps) of treated surfaces.
odology to quantify the damage of sea salt in coastal zones, selection
of traditional and new generation treatment products, consideration 3. Achieved scientific results
of possibilities and risks of treatments on salt-loaded substrates, and
the criteria methodology for the treatment. The damage on stone aaSea-salt sources
and brick masonry is caused by the intensification of weathering The recognised and investigated sea-salt sources are as follows:
processes provoked by sea salt. This damage affects many cities in • Sea flooding – in coastal areas, the problem of flooding is
Europe on the North Sea, Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. especially acute, while subsidence due to the drainage and
withdrawal of underground waters is often found. Natural
The project sought to contribute to the conservation and recovery of compaction may also occur when naturally compacted sedi-
historical properties of European cultural heritage through the adoption ments are buried by younger material; an increase in flood-
of a new line of investigation. Suitable products are necessary to isolate ing is the main result of this type of subsidence.
sea salt trapped in pores and to prevent further penetration; however, • Rising damp – the phenomenon of capillarity is the principal
the suitability of their employment must be able to annul the humidity factor responsible for the rise of dispersed waters and those of
according to the environment in which stone materials and bricks are the superficial levels of the subsoil. In general, the water table
exposed. Therefore knowledge of the mechanisms of sea-salt decay gives rise to surface phenomena extending along the building
must be developed as well as tools and methodologies which improve walls of a persistent character (stains, mould, corrosion, etc.);
forecasting, monitoring and assessment of sea-salt damage. To have an on the contrary, the dispersed water, although quantitatively
exhaustive overview of the damage due to sea salt, many buildings were significant, has an irregular distribution which corresponds to
selected with differences in function, type of damage, location of the irregular behaviour of the stone.
most serious damage, damage materials, and main sources of salts and • Marine aerosol – the phenomenon of the condensation of
of moisture. The buildings selected as cases studies are located in Italy marine aerosol is generally extremely important for the
(Venice, brick and hard stone), in the Netherlands (brick), in France decay of a structure. This is because its particular mechanism
(La Rochelle, hard and soft stone) and in Greece (Rhodes, soft stone). produces very damaging effects both in qualitative and quan-
The exposure conditions allowed us to investigate the effects of flood- titative terms
ing from the sea, rising damp and marine aerosol as sea-salt sources. aaBuilding materials
Bricks different in chemical composition and textural proper-
2. Scientific objectives and approach ties – and hard and soft stone were the most common building
materials examined.
There were two principal objectives of the project: aaStone/brick decay patterns
aa to prepare, apply and control suitable products for conservation The decay patterns identified were related to the coastal environment
interventions on surfaces that are able to prevent further penetra- with different characteristics which can be summarised as follows:
26
ASSET
a) sub-tidal zone b) inter-tidal zone c) supra-tidal zone. The last phase of the project focused on the elaboration of a stand-
aa Implementation of masonry damage diagnostic system (MDDS) ard methodology and a protocol for the application of conservation
A form for the collection of data on the buildings investigated was treatments for sea–salt decay to European cultural heritage.
developed. The form was designed to be as flexible as possible,
a sort of checklist that helps the investigator to report the most 4. Policy impact
important information on the building. Particular attention was
given to the source of the sea salts and of the moisture. The project aimed to improve the EU’s social objectives by:
aa Selection of traditional and new generation treatment products aa Improving employment opportunities – the innovative technol-
Several liquid (traditional, both solvent- and water-based) and cream ogy proposed to improve forecasting and assessment of sea-salt
water repellents were tested in the first phase of the research. The per- damage established the best practice on solving problems and
formance of both water repellent and consolidant treatments on non- represents significant industrial and commercial potential. The
contaminated substrates was evaluated by means of laboratory tests in benefits also entailed an increase in production and jobs. End-
order to select the products. The treatments were chosen from among users of the project results could be scientists, restorers and
the most diffused products used in the past and the recently devel- architects, bodies in charge of the conservation of monuments,
oped cream treatments. The investigation was supported by nuclear firms producing treatment products and renderings, applicators
magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic simulator and computerised of the treatment/rendering and university students.
analysis on treated and untreated samples. The nuclear magnetic aa Preserving or enhancing the quality of the environment – the
resonance measures were utilised to understand the moisture-salt acquisition of relevant scientific and technological research
transport in building materials and to follow the penetration of the results in Europe stimulates social awareness and increases the
applied products in the substrate assessing the final penetration depth. participation of citizens and countries in decision-making regard-
The experiments by dynamic simulator were fundamental from two ing historical buildings in a marine environment. The conserva-
perspectives: to detect the importance of the porosity in the processes tion interventions are planned for mitigation or abatement of
of stone decay and to assess the effectiveness of the treatment on natural pollution (sea-salt) effects on historical buildings. The
tested materials. The graphs ‘mass variation–time’ gave information technologies were applied with selected products and permitted
related to the porosity of the material, to the mass variations due to the restorers to work according to norms in a safe and accurate
first moisture absorption, and to the quantity of lost material due way. The products selected or developed should not be dangerous
to mechanical action of the salt re-crystallisation. Non-destructive for either human health or for the environment.
controls were developed to investigate aspects related to the influence
of conservation treatments on samples of building material. ICAW 5. Dissemination and exploitation
technique (integrated computerised analysis of weathering) was also
of the results
employed to detect in-situ intrinsic anisotropic features (textural, elas-
tic and mechanical) of the materials and the moisture/salt transport. Transferring new techniques – tools and databases were developed
aaEvaluation of the performance of water repellent treatments to elaborate the conservation strategies regarding the marine envi-
on salt-contaminated substrates ronment and damage to monuments, maximising the introduction of
The possibilities and risks of water repellent treatments when new and advanced materials and technologies. Many presentations
applied on salt-contaminated substrates were tested in the second were made at the 6th International Symposium on the conservation
phase of the research. The performance of treatments on salt- of monuments in the Mediterranean basin, Lisbon, 7–10 April 2004.
contaminated substrates was evaluated, taking into account the Zezza, F,, “Innovative technologies and materials for the protection
situations that occur most frequently in reality, and was simulated of cultural heritage, industry, research, education: European aspects
in the laboratory. and perspectives”, the EC asset project assessment of suitable prod-
aaPossibilities and risks of treatments on salt-loaded substrates ucts for conservation treatments of sea-salt decay, European confer-
The first consideration that emerges from comparison analysis of ence, Athens, 16–17 December 2003.
the laboratory tests indicates that:
• it was possible to assess the suitable products against
sea-salt decay Contract number: EVK4 - 2000 - 00023
• the identification of a suitable product from the selected Start date – End date: 1/02/01-30/04/04
products for the treatment depends on granulometry and Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
porosity of the different substrates.
aaStandard methodology for the application of Coordinator details:
protective products Prof. Fulvio Zezza
The development of guidelines for the application of suitable Università IUAV di Venezia, Facoltà di Architettura
products for sea-salt decay to European cultural heritage was an Tolentini - S.Croce 191, IT-30125 Venezia, Italy
E-mail: zezzaf@iuav.it
objective for the third phase of the research. The project verified
Tel: +39 041 257 1841
the incidence of the different environmental conditions of the
coastal zone and of the masonry morphologies to develop a stand-
ard methodology for the application of the protective products. It Rob van Hees, the Netherlands Organisation for Applied
must be stressed that the moisture/salt transport cannot be stopped Scientific Research, the Netherlands
through the application on the surface of the conservation products. Eugenio Vassallo, University of Venice, Italy
Remarkably, the masonry morphology and the foundation typology Fernand Auger, Université de la Rochelle, France
of the buildings influence the origin and the spreading of sea salt.
27
COMPASS
Compatibility of plasters and renders with salt-loaded
substrates in historical buildings
http://www.compass-salt.org
1. Problems to be solved A faster test method

A more effective laboratory test was developed:
The starting points of the research were the poor performance of restora- aa Less time needed for testing – in the developed test, damage is
tion plasters, the lack of scientific justification of principles and mecha- obtained in an average period of four months, whereas in an exist-
nisms on which the performance of a plaster should be based, and the ing RILEM test ca. 2–3 years’ time was necessary, thanks to the
insufficient knowledge on the limits in the performance of a plaster.
chosen substrate, salt load and drying conditions.
aa Durability is considered – the COMPASS test further differs
2. Scientific objectives and approach from an existing WTA test with respect to the fact that perform-
ance and durability are taken into account. Also the procedure is
Research was carried out aiming at the development of: different: not only is the plaster tested, but so a combination of
aa a model describing moisture and salt transport and degradation plaster and substrate.
aa requirements for plasters to be used on salt-loaded substrates
aa guidelines for the choice of the most adequate solution in a given Classification of plasters
situation The difference in salt compatibility between different plasters was
The use of better compatible restoration materials for plasters also assessed, and the working principles were described (see figure).
forms a clear step forward towards a sustainable approach of mainte-
nance of cultural heritage. From diagnosis of damage to choice of plasters
The main aim of the project was to provide end-users with guidelines
3. Achieved scientific results for the choice of plasters. These guidelines are now available in the form
of a decision support system. MDDS (the Masonry Damage, Diagnostic
Transport and degradation mechanism System) was transformed into a new system centred on damage to
The knowledge on transport and crystallisation mechanisms has been plasters due to salt. The acronym MDDS is still used, but means now
improved and a model has been outlined. ‘Monument Damage Diagnostic System’.
The research carried out within this project helped to clarify the The system can also offer support to individuals and organisations
relationship between pore-size distribution of plasters and salt crys- involved in the maintenance of built cultural heritage and diagnosis of
tallisation damage. damage in general.
The new explanation of part of the salt crystallisation damage The system assists the end-user in carrying out a thorough investigation,
mechanisms centres on the dilation due to NaCl and some other which includes:
salts after each crystallisation cycle, which is an irreversible proc- aa assessment of damage to render or plaster, causes, moisture/salt
ess, leading to bulging of the surface of the plaster and loss of load and sources
cohesion (sanding) (see figure). aa diagnosis, assessment of risk factors and advice on measures and
on most appropriate
Classification of most relevant plasters for salt-loaded substrates

The report generated by the expert system
1. Quick 2. Slow 3. Salt 4. Salt blocking 5. Moisture

transporting transporting accumulating plaster sealing plaster
plaster plaster plaster
28
COMPASS
The system has a broad background information section concerning
plasters and containing the main results of the research. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
4. Policy impact
Knowledge transfer was undertaken by (among others): newsletters,
Project results contributed to more sustainable cultural heritage, website and workshops; the website was to be open for a further five
through better and more effective interventions and maintenance. Well- years. Symposia in Madrid (ES), Paris (FR) and in Lisbon (PT) and an
maintained monument buildings will attract residents and tourists with end-users’ workshop in Zeist (NL) were successfully organised.
economic benefits for the community and a positive impact on the
quality of life in the cities. European industry were to benefit from the An important result, the decision support system M|DDS for knowledge
results by helping it obtain a leading position in this field. transfer towards end-users, was obtained. MDDS was available for pur-
poses including education (Delft University has started to use it in its
MSc courses). Other courses for practitioners are foreseen in 2006.
A large number of publications, interviews in local newspapers have
also contributed to the knowledge transfer.

Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
Prof. Rob P.J. van Hees
TNO Built Environment & Geosciences
PO Box 49, 2600 AA Delft
The Netherlands
Email: rob.vanhees@tno.nl
Tel: +31 15 2763000
Damage to plaster due to salt, RH cycles leading to irreversible dilation
Véronique Verges-Belmin Michiel van Hunen Francois Botton

Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments RACM, section: Instandhoudingstechnologie ACMH; Section scientifique et technique
Historiques (LRMH) The Netherlands c/o Daniel Lefevre
France France
Bert Van Bommel
Caspar J.W.P.Groot RGD, bureau Rijksbouwmeester Philippe Loutrel
Delft University of Technology/ Faculty (Chief Government Architect Office) Lefevre, Tollis Sarl
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences The Netherlands France
The Netherlands
Eddie Seinen Gerardo García Ojeda
María Pilar Luxán Gómez del Campillo Remmers Bouwchemie Ygaresa
CSIC IET, Instituto Eduardo Torroja The Netherlands Spain
de Ciencias de la Construcción
Spain Jac Akerboom Ignacio González Tascón
Stichting Federatie Fundación Juanelo Turriano
José Delgado Rodrigues Monumentenwacht Nederland Spain
LNEC, Department of Geotechnique The Netherlands
Portugal
Jan Hofstra
Leo Pel Provincie Zuid-Holland, bureau Cultuur
Technical University of Eindhoven The Netherlands
Department of Applied Physics
The Netherlands
29
CONSIST
Comparison of conservation materials and strategies
for sustainable exploitation of immovable industrial
cultural heritage made of iron and steel
http://www.consist.fraunhofer.de
1. Problems to be solved aa Better integrate immovable industrial monuments, buildings or

equipment in the local context by improving accessibility while
Industrial development has drastically changed the economic ensuring adequate protection;
scope of European society. Closed down but outstanding exam- aa Create a management concept for the sustainable exploitation of
ples of iron and steel monuments have to be considered important industrial cultural heritage sites after conservation, taking into
witnesses of our culture. New preservation strategies are needed account the requirements of the object’s owners, curators, archi-
for large outdoor monuments that are heavily corroded and struc- tects and administrators;
turally endangered. The project will concentrate on the compara- aa Increase the competitiveness of European SMEs by providing
tive testing of established traditional, modern and newly devel- new conservation treatments, respecting the directive to reduce
oped (within the project) conservation materials and preservation VOC (directive 1999/13/EU, issued by the Council of the
strategies for iron and steel industrial heritage. The laboratory European Union).
tests will require the application of suitable transparent com-
pounds like traditional linseed oils and native waxes, comparing Conservation research,
them with micro-crystalline waxes, modern resins like acrylics development of water-based
transparent coatings
or epoxy-functionalised lacquers, and newly developed coatings

such as the combination of isocyanato-based polyacylate disper- Comparison with traditional
coatings and modern,
sions (as silanes) and hybrid polymeric sols, leading to advanced

solvent-based resins
hybrid systems by nano-scaled sol-gel preparation techniques. Definition of suitable

conservation materials
Room temperature curing will be obligatory for the application Architect,
Building curator,
state administration
on industrial heritage surfaces. The influence of different degrees museum management
for cultural heritage
Case studies, restorations
of surface cleaning on the protective effect of the coatings will
be specified. The newly developed systems will be water-based Selection of industrial
pilot objects
Establishment of preservation
ethics of industrial monuments
Evaluation of conservation measures
for iron/steel
and thus provide an alternative to the solvent-based lacquers and and sites
natural resins currently available. Pilot applications of the most Pilot objects 1, 2, 3
Policy and scientific request:
promising coatings on three selected objects in Ireland, Poland, - VOC-limitation
- reversibility
Preservation management plan with respect
and Germany will be performed to compare the advantages of to the exploitation of pilot objects after restoration treatment - improvement of protection
- improvement of accessibility
the new materials with the commercially available systems.
Pilot application of restoration and conservation materials
Management concepts for industrial heritage sites will be estab- and measures, recommendations for sustainable exploitation
of industrial heritage
lished to demonstrate the potential for economic growth through
the application of new methodologies. The proposed project will
provide a comparison between traditional and new materials, The project CONSIST will, on the one hand, identify promising tradi-
which will increase the preservation skills and exploitation of tional conservation materials and measures and, on the other hand,
industrial heritage sites while ensuring adequate protection. compare these established techniques with modern materials and appli-
cation skills. Moreover, the project aims to develop new conservation
2. Scientific objectives and approach materials for which the reversibility and re-treatability will be investi-
gated in laboratory experiments. This will lead to the most advanced
The objectives can be summarised as follows: conservation strategies for the specific field of industrial heritage. The
aa Compare traditional conservation materials and technologies with most promising solution to improve the properties of these ORMOCER®
modern conservation treatments, applied on iron/steel industrial- resins will be a combination of the existing ORMOCER® with other
monuments; systems coming from technical applications like polyurethanes or acr-
aa Evaluate the reversibility of conservation materials and measures, ylates. These water-based resins proved to be highly resistant to weath-
thus validating the re-treatability of industrial monuments; ering in industrial applications on iron/steel with good adhesion and
aa Adapt established application techniques and materials to large- consolidation properties (for example in the railway and automotive
scale outdoor industrial monuments with extensive surface areas; sectors). The functional reactive groups of these systems can be com-
aa Develop improved conservation materials, providing long-term bined with available ORMOCER® systems by a nano-scaled sol-gel
protection for indoor and outdoor iron and steel monuments, with synthesis of isocyanato-based or succinic acid-based polymerised acr-
special relevance to water-based transparent coatings, produced ylate silanes with hybrid sols (the latter normally used as ORMOCER®
by nano-scaled preparation techniques; precursors). The new systems will exhibit many important advantages:
30
CONSIST
they will be easy to apply by spraying, will consist of only one compo- A Framework for Action Com (1998) 605 final of 28.10.1998). The
nent as lacquer resin (without any primer application etc.), will show conservation material development will respect standards set by con-
high mechanical and weathering resistance, and will exhibit good adhe- servation ethics, focusing on the reversibility and re-treatability of
sion and consolidation properties. They will also be reversible due to transparent coatings. The newly developed systems are water-based
the content of acrylic functional groups. Curing will be performed at and thus provide an alternative to solvent-based lacquers and natural
ambient conditions and temperatures, supported by a cross-linking resins currently available. In this respect the project will support the
reaction (addition of hardener). implementation of EC Directive 1999/13/EU, aiming at the limita-
tion of the emission of volatile organic compounds released when
3. Achieved scientific results (planned) using organic solvents.
aa Development of long-term stable transparent coatings based on 5. Dissemination and exploitation

solvent-free sol-gel ORMOCER® resins.
of the results
aa Overall preservation documentation and action plan for the fol-
lowing European pilot objects: ORMOCER®: market exploitation, publications, workshops (with
• Museum of Industry and Railway, Silesia, Jaworzyna Slaska, students), website, conference participations, trade fairs, involvement
Poland of stakeholders, release of handouts, cooperation with state authori-
• German Mining Museum, Bochum, ties, TICCIH, ICOM-CC, IIC.
• Traditional iron stairs of two Palladian houses, Ireland
aa Comparative testing of iron/steel coating resins (traditional and Contract number: SSPI 513706
modern), application and cleaning techniques. Start date – End date: 01/06/05 – 31/05/08
aa Determination of most promising conservation treatments. General Contract type: FP6-STREP
recommendations of best-practice preservation strategies and con- Duration (in months): 36 months
servation materials for large-scale iron/steel industrial monuments.
Dr Peter Mottner
4. Policy impact Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Bronnbach
Branch, DE-97877 Wertheim, Germany
The project will develop strategies required to reduce the negative E-mail: mottner@isc.fraunhofer.de
Tel: +49 9342/9221 711
impact of mass tourism on the cultural heritage by reducing the cycle
of treatment, damage and re-treatment. This will support sustainable
development and increase competitiveness of European countries
as required in the treaty establishing the European Community Rafael Czerner
Technical University of Wroclaw
(implemented in 1998, see Title XVIII Research and Technological
Institute of History of Art and Technology
Development, Article 163). As the preservation methods developed Poland
in the project are also applicable for other industrial areas, this pro-
posal supports the ‘sustainable development of economic activities’ Georg Haber
in Europe (Article 2). The project meets the Community Action Haber und Brandner GmbH
Germany
Plan in the field of Cultural Heritage (Council Decision – O.J. 94/C
235/01), especially Article 128 of the treaty, identifying cultural her- Robert Turner
itage as a priority field of action (including both movable and fixed Naylor Conservation
heritage) through: Ireland
aa conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage of Euro-
Stefan Brueggerhoff
pean significance
German Mining Museum
aa taking cultural heritage into account in the areas of regional devel- Germany
opment and job creation, tourism and environment, and research.
The project also addresses the EC policies and agendas to support
the renovation of housing stock, measures to reduce pollution and
vandalism, and the protection and improvement of buildings and
open spaces in run-down areas, as well as the preservation of the
cultural heritage. Furthermore, it promotes equality, social inclusion
and regeneration in urban areas and the preservation of the environ-
ment (Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union:
31
DESALINATION
Assessment of desalination mortars and poultices for
historic masonry
http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/desalination
1. Problems to be solved use in the participating countries has been conducted by means
of a general web-based survey and face-to-face interviews with
The DESALINATION project is dealing with some of the most dev- conservation professionals. The results have been used to select
astating effects of climate changes, that is to say increased rainfall mortars and poultices to be tested in the laboratory.
and floods, which can be expected to contribute to and significantly aa A common procedure for assessing the state of conservation
increase the salt loads in wall structures of historical buildings, both through sampling by powder drilling has been prepared and the
in coastal areas and along main rivers. The desalination treatments case studies research begun.
for built heritage are necessary because salts can cause huge dam- aa A new research methodology involving non-destructive tech-
age to valuable monuments and require high maintenance costs for niques has been developed to assess the salt damage of different
plasters, brick, stone and other building materials. In addition, salts substrates (characterisation of supports), to evaluate the perform-
cause irrevocable damage to valuable surfaces such as wall paintings, ance of desalination systems and to control the surfaces before
which cannot be replaced and protective treatments, such as water and after the desalination treatment.
repellents and consolidants, may even lead to more damage and aa A report on the characteristics of desalination mortars and
faster decay, in the presence of salts. mortar/poultices has been produced by laboratory analyses and
the selection of mortars poultices to be used in case studies has
The project will result in a better insight into the quality of desalina- been determined.
tion methods and an improvement in these methods and products, as aa The first results of salt diffusion on porous building materials have
well as their way of application. been obtained. The construction of a set-up to control the relative
humidity and airflow during the experiments in the NMR has been
2. Scientific objectives and approach undertaken and the construction for the NMR insert for measuring
the moisture and ion transport during poulticing started.
The central scientific and technical objectives of the project are to
gain a better understanding of salt transport mechanisms between 4. Policy impact
a salt-laden substrate and a material applied on top of that and to
assess the possibilities and limitations of desalination treatments. The proposed research fits into the European initiative towards
Non-destructive techniques (NDT) and nuclear magnetic resonance standardisation in the field of “Conservation of Cultural Properties”,
(NMR-scanner) test the surfaces and different substrate–mortar/ initiated by European standardisation organisations and for which a
poultice combinations with different granulometry will be applied. CEN/TC was set up (CEN 346).
Advanced techniques able to determine parameters and performance
of the desalination systems will be used. In the DESALINATION project, desalination methods will be
assessed, new scientific knowledge obtained and a new standard
The core of the project is the assessment of desalination systems on test proposed. This will contribute not only to the quality of the
wall and finishes in monument buildings and their impact on these methods themselves but also to the quality of the preservation of
monuments. The project will result in new knowledge about the way the monuments subject to these methods. In this respect the project
desalination works and the basic requirements for new desalination will greatly improve preservation and preservation strategies for
methods. Moreover, the project foresees: monument buildings and will contribute to decrease or even stop
aa the development of a test method for determining the effective- further deterioration of monument buildings. It will contribute to
ness of desalination systems; a sustainable cultural heritage in which less maintenance is needed
aa the definition of clear guidelines for an adequate choice of a and material will be replaced less frequently. To stop monument
desalination system for building materials (and constructions) to deterioration and come to preservative action is a key issue in the
be put at the disposal of those responsible for the care and mainte- EU policy for preserving European cultural heritage as is set down
nance of built cultural heritage (architects and advisors, and also in the “European Spatial Development Perspective (1999) and the
owners and heritage authorities); Community Action Plan in the field of Cultural Heritage” (Council
aa the practical and targeted dissemination of the knowledge through decision OJ 94/C 235/01).
MDDS (Monument Damage Diagnostic System);
aa d) the support of European SMEs in product development. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
After one year from the project start, a first DESALINATION work-
After the first year of project research, the following results have shop has been organised by IUAV in cooperation with TNO and
been achieved: Remmers (P1, P2 and P6) in Italy in order to present to architects,
aa A review of desalination treatments and application techniques in contractors, SMEs and heritage authorities, responsible for care
32
DESALINATION
and maintenance of cultural heritage, some initial results from the
project. In addition to scientific presentations and discussions during Rob P.J. Van Hees
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
the first day, practical demonstrations were given on the second. The Netherlands
The project website has been developed (www.bk.tudelft.nl/desalina-
tion) and will be updated with the research progress and newsletters. Véronique Vergès-Belmin
The first results of the project have been presented during some Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (LRMH)
international congresses: France
aa Zezza, F., “Assessment of salt damage problems: balance and per- Leo Pel
spectives of a research line to control the contaminated substrates”, Eindhoven University of
Salt Damage Congress, Ghent, Belgium, 9–11 May 2007. Technology - Department of Physics
aa Zezza, F., Galgaro, A., Di Sipio, E., Di Pietro, F., “Characterization The Netherlands
of a brick masonry by NDT analyses: the Terese convent case
Adrian Heritage
study, Venice”, 7th International Symposium on the Conservation
Fachhochschule Koeln
of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Orléans, France, 6–9 University of Applied Science
June 2007. Germany
Eddie H. Seinen
Remmers Bouwchemie B.V
Contract number: SSPI 22714 The Netherlands
Contract type: FP6-STREP Bert van Bommel
Duration (in months): 45 Rijksgebouwendienst - Government Building Agency
The Netherlands
Prof. Fulvio Zezza Thomas Vieweger
University IUAV of Venice - Faculty of Architecture Enterprise Quelin
Tolentini - S.Croce, 191 IT-30125 Venice, Italy France
Email: zezzaf@iuav.it
Eric Pallot
Tel: +39.041.2571841
Architecte en Chef des Monuments Historiques
France
Eric Doehne
The Getty Conservation Institute
USA
33
DIAS
Integrated tool for in situ characterisation of effec-
tiveness and durability of conservation techniques in
historical structures (Drilling – Indentation – Acoustics of Stones)
http://minelab.mred.tuc.gr/dias
1. Problems to be solved 3. Achieved scientific results

The quantification of the mechanical properties of stones at the The novel scientific-technological achievements of the DIAS project
exposed surface and at some depth below the free surface is indispen- were the following:
sable for the study of the decay process, and for better predicting and aa creation of a light micro-drilling prototype instrument and software
thus preventing any type of environmental damage on historical sites. aa development of a light indentation prototype instrument and
The practical approach is based mostly on personal experience and associated software
on qualitative visual inspection of the exposed stone surface since in aa generation of a light acoustic prototype instrument and software
most cases in-situ sampling is not allowed. Only in a few cases can aa successful integration of the three components into a single elec-
more elaborate analyses involving sampling and testing be done, if tronic communication-databank-computational platform through
permitted. fruitful cooperation with the two SMEs involved
In the former ‘observational’ method, there is a risk of unnecessarily aa basic research in mathematical and computational physics and
replacing stones (which are not damaged to the extent that they appear) mechanics for expressing using equations the governing proc-
by freshly carved and sculptured stones with the consequence of: esses performed on cohesive granular materials (i.e. stones, rocks,
aa seriously affecting the integrity of a monument or a part of it, and concrete, etc.) by the three components of DIAS
aa drastically and often irreversibly altering the historical character aa successful in-situ tests by the DIAS team from November 2004–
of the structure. September 2005 at the Florence Duomo monument and quarry in
In the latter method, most of the candidate test procedures are of a Italy, at the Basilica of Tongeren (Belgium) and the underground
destructive nature; even the in-situ classical acoustic wave techniques quarry in Maastricht (the Netherlands), at Parthenon of Akropolis
(i.e. transmission of ultrasonic waves and recording of the wave in Athens (Greece), at the cathedral in Trondheim (Norway) and at
velocities) do not often provide meaningful data for the evaluation of the ancient wall of Aptera, Chania on Crete (Greece).
the elastic modulus of the stone that is a basic design variable used
for the design. Summarising, there is no method (equipment and
techniques) available at present which can measure with reasonable
sensitivity, reliability and in a non-destructive manner, the elasticity
and strength properties of stones both at the superficial surface (few
millimetres) and at larger depths (few centimetres) and which can be
used in laboratory as well as in field applications, such as monuments
and quarries.

This project aimed to create a new approach for the characterisation
of mechanical properties and damage of plain stones or consolidated
stones in situ and in a non-destructive manner. This was achieved
by developing an integrated portable system (rock mechanics lab) Application of the portable DIAS for the non-destructive
comprising drilling, indentation and acoustic tools (Fig. 1). This measurement of elasticity and strength of an ancient capitellum of
approach provides an easy-to-use micro-destructive method to Parthenon (from left to right: micro-drilling apparatus, indenter
evaluate the in-situ mechanical characteristics of stones (stiffness and acoustical tools operating in the same electronic platform).
and strength) and eventually quantify and characterise its damage
compared with virgin material. Furthermore, it is well-known that
a stone’s physicomechanical properties vary considerably within 4. Policy impact
a quarry, even in the same extracted block. Thus, the developed
system may be also used to evaluate the mechanical characteristics European cultural heritage includes some of the greatest artistic
of virgin stone as a function of its position and orientation in the treasures of our civilisation. According to the Community Action
quarry (lithological unit and anisotropy direction) for the most Plan Council Decision – O.J. 94/C 235/01 – its conservation and
effective strategy for stone replacement in damaged parts of histori- safeguarding is a priority field of action. The DIAS integrated port-
cal monuments and buildings. able device is anticipated to find a wide range of direct applications
34
DIAS
in the preservation and restoration of historical monuments, quar-
rying and stone processing industries, geotechnical and petroleum Contract number: DIAS-EVK4-CT-2002-00080
engineering, construction sector and civil engineering sectors. A few Start date – End date: 01/11/02 – 31/10/05
examples are: Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
aa inspection of the quality of consolidation measures in stone Duration (in months): 36
structural members
aa in-situ monitoring of the rate of degradation of stones in struc- Coordinator details:
tures in aggressive environments versus the exposure time Dr George Exadaktylos, Associate Professor
aa evaluation in a quick, cost-effective and reliable fashion of the Technical University of Crete
Dept. of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of
mechanical characteristics of virgin stone material as a function
Crete, University Campus, Akrotiri, GR-73100 Chania,Greece
of its position and orientation in the quarry (lithological unit and E-mail: exadakty@mred.tuc.gr
anisotropy direction) Tel: +30 28210 37690
aa characterisation of mechanical properties of rocks surrounding
various geotechnical constructions, such as tunnels, slopes, etc.
aa in-situ quasi-non-destructive durability and damage assessment
of buildings and civil engineering structures (e.g. bridges, tun- Euripides Papamichos
nels,) made from stone, concrete, etc. SINTEF Petroleum Research
aa in-situ monitoring of the increase in the strength of concrete in Norway
time after its placement in civil engineering structures.
Koen Van Den Abeele
This project could also significantly assist in the development of
KULAK, IRC
appropriate standardisation and quality control procedures, leading Belgium
to efficient presentation and restoration strategies of stones in his-
torical monuments and buildings. Also, more comprehensive train- Piero Tiano
ing and educational programmes could be established so that future CNR – ICVBC
Italy
architects, geologists, engineers and technologists fully understand
the physicomechanical properties and damage mechanisms of stones Emilio Valentini
in order to derive accurate predictions of performance of rocks and SINT Technology S.r.l.
concretes during the lifespan of buildings. Italy
Bart Bollen
5. Dissemination and exploitation IMCE.N.V.
of the results Belgium
DIAS portable tool capabilities are disseminated through the DIAS

website (http://minelab.mred.tuc.gr/dias) and linked with CORDIS
with special access to the partners; with the project brochure illus-
trating objectives and methodologies; through publications in news-
papers, refereed journals and conferences; at annual fairs. More than
58 publications and papers in conferences have been produced during
the three years of the project. The database of all the lab and in-situ
measurements contains rock petrophysical data, standard lab test
data, DIAS lab test data and in-situ test data acquired from DIAS.
This has been uploaded to the DIAS website; it is relational, dynamic
and remained live after the duration of the project.
35
FIRE-TECH
Fire-risk evaluation to European cultural heritage
cedure was made available on the website: www.firetech.be.

1. Problems to be solved
Introducing fire-risk-reducing measures in cultural heritage is often
expensive and in many cases leads to conflicts between respect for the
Contract number: EVK4–CT– 2001–2006
original aspect of the cultural heritage buildings and the application
of modern protection techniques. Cultural heritage buildings often do
Contract type: FP5 Thematic Network
not meet the prescriptive regulation. However, in many cases alterna-
tive protection measures can be proposed, which can provide an equal
level of safety. Furthermore, alternative engineered solutions often Coordinator details:
offer a more cost-efficient protection. Prof Dr Ir Paul Vandevelde
Ghent University, Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion
2. Scientific objectives and approach Mechanics, Laboratory for heat transfer and fuel technology,
Ottergemsesteenweg-Zuid 711, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium
The preparatory phase of the project addressed the collection of infor- E-mail: paul.vandevelde@UGent.be
mation on the following subjects: Tel: +32 9 243 77 55
The objective of FIRE-TECH was the development of a decision-sup-
porting procedure on the protection against fire for cultural heritage.
The main goal of the FIRE-TECH decision-supporting procedure was
to identify the most efficient technology or the most cost-effective
methods to reduce the fire risk, taking into account the limitation of
the financial means available for this purpose.
The FIRE-TECH decision-supporting procedure was developed for

cultural heritage buildings. To some extent, the method uses existing
evaluation techniques and models, which are analysed and adapted
for application on cultural heritage objects.

A lot of information on the items listed above has been collected. A
decision-supporting procedure was developed. This method consists
of five consecutive steps:
1. agree the objectives
2. analyse the present situation
3. list and review the fire-safety measures
4. analyse the results critically
5. formulate conclusions
The method has been successfully applied in a series of 10 case studies.
4. Policy impact
A mathematical decision-supporting procedure is available to all stake-
holders in the field of cultural heritage and its protection against fire.
Additionally, a lot of information has been made available on fire
risks, existing national regulations in Europe, available fire protection
techniques and behaviour of ancient materials.

of the results
All the information collected, including the decision-supporting pro-
36
FIRE-TECH
Tamas Banky M. Nart

Non-profit Company for Quality Control Instituto Universita Iuav di Venezia
and Innovation in Building Italy
Hungary
I.C. Neves
F.Barion Instituto Superio Técnico
Instituto Universita IUAV di Venezia Portugal
Italy
M. Öhlin
A. Breunese Netherlands Organisation
Netherlands organisation for Applied Scientific Research for Applied Scientific Research
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Steve Cooper K. Papaioannou

Warrington Fire Group Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
United Kingdom Greece
Michel Curtat T. Rantatalo

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment Fire Safety Nordic
France Sweden
André De Naeyer E. Streuve

Ghent University and Hogeschool Antwerpen Ghent University
Belgium Belgium
Geoff Deakin Leen Twilt

Warrington Fire Group Netherlands Organisation
United Kingdom for Applied Scientific Research
The Netherlands
R. Dobbernack
Braunschweig University of Technology, IBMB J. Valente
Germany Instituto Superior Técnico
Portugal
H. Hartl
University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel, J. Ventura
Timber and Mixed Building Technology Instituto Superior Técnico
Austria Portugal
A. Hornok
Non-profit Company for Quality Control
and Innovation in Building
Hungary
37
GRAFFITAGE
Development of a new anti-graffiti system, based on
traditional concepts, preventing damage to architec-
tural heritage materials
http://www.graffitage.com
1. Problems to be solved with polymeric amines modified by fluorocarbon residues. These will
be a new generation of anti-graffiti systems, which, after further devel-
Graffiti is a major and increasing danger to architectural heritage mate- opment, could be commercialised and applied by SMEs involved in this
rials, generating a negative social connotation at the same time. Apart market, thus increasing the competitiveness of these companies.
from aesthetic aspects, interactions of graffiti with substrate, as well as The main characteristics of these products are:
cleaning procedures, threaten historical substance. Monuments made aa low surface energy
of stone, bricks and mortar are menaced by this problem because, very aa permanent under outdoor conditions
often, porous natural materials have been employed. Two major kinds aa reversible using specially designed mild cleaning systems
of coatings are currently being used for protecting surfaces against graf- aa permeable to water vapour
fiti: permanent and sacrificial. The first kind is suited to materials with aa impermeable to liquid water
low porosity, such as metals and concrete, but does not fit the require- aa transparent
ments for porous ancient materials. The second is sometimes used in The objective will be achieved by means of research activities such as:
monuments but is not an appropriate solution, since removal procedures aa definition of requirements and test procedures
can damage substrates. Hence, an effective solution for anti-graffiti aa design of the new anti-graffiti system
systems is an urgent social and technical necessity. aa characterisation of substrates
aa comparative assessment of currently used and new protection and
conservation strategies
aa evaluation of the technical and socio-economic impact of the new
anti-graffiti on cultural heritage materials.

A new formulation has already been synthesised and tested at laboratory
scale, with promising results. Cleaning and durability tests are being
performed at the moment. At least one more improved formulation will
be tested by basic laboratory tests. Field tests have also been planned
during the last project year.
4. Policy impact
The project will have an important industrial impact, having a strong influ-
ence on the market share of a variety of industrial sectors like anti-graffiti
manufacturers and suppliers, restorers and graffiti cleaners, architects and
decision-makers of monument restoration, owners of monuments, etc.
Graffiti in the ‘Escuela de Artes Aplicadas y Oficios Artísticos’ The design of a new anti-graffiti product able to eliminate graffiti in an
of Barcelona. easy and inexpensive way would considerably reduce cleaning and main-
tenance costs of treated surfaces. In consequence, considering the suitabil-
ity of the product for cultural heritage and the reduction of maintenance
2. Scientific objectives and approach costs, the application of anti-graffiti in monuments is expected to increase
dramatically. The impact of the development of this project not only
The main objective of this project is to develop novel conservation coat- addresses direct economic aspects, but also has an important influence on
ings suited to protecting materials of historical monuments based on a the conservation of our monuments, strongly influencing the economy of
similar structure of ancient protein coatings and avoiding the disadvan- a region or city. Thus, the societal impact of the project is also noteworthy,
tages of currently used anti-graffiti coatings. This development is based contributing to the benefit of European society by promoting the adequate
on a totally new formulation made by complexation of polyampholites conservation of monuments and other cultural heritage.
38
GRAFFITAGE

of the results Start date – End date: 01/07/05–31/06/08
The project was presented at: Duration (in months): 36
aa 7th EC conference on cultural heritage celebrated in Prague,
May 2006 Coordinator details:
aa 2nd ECTP conference celebrated in Versailles, November 2006 Dr Isabel Rodríguez-Maribona
aa “Wipe out graffiti” conference organised by the Anti-graffiti Fundación Labein
Association in Nottingham, April 2007 Construction and Territorial Development Unit
aa Spanish construction fair CONSTRUMAT, Barcelona, May 2007 Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Calle Geldo, edificio 700
ES-48160 Derio, Spain
E-mail: isabel@labein.es
In addition, three workshops have already been organised in Italy, Spain
Tel: +34 94 607 3300
and Germany under the framework of the GRAFFITAGE project where
the project was presented to the related stakeholders and other institu-
tions interested in the graffiti cleaning problem.
Andre Laschewsky
Fraunhofer-Institut Angewandte
Polymersforschung
Water-based Polymers
Germany
Andrzej Dworak
Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute of Coal Chemistry
Poland
Dirk Hoffmann
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – prüfung
Department VII Safety of Structures
Germany
Yves Vanhellemont
Belgian Building Research Institute
Materials, Technology and Environment
Belgium
Carlo Giavarini
Centro Interdipartimentale de Scienza e Tecnica
per la conservazione del Patrimonio Storico-Architettonico,
Università De Roma La Sapienza
Italy
Jerneja Strupi Suput

Zavod Za Gradbenistvo Slovenije – Zag
Ljubljana
Department for Materials
Slovenia
Boron Hartmuth and Lorenz Kurt

Nortech GmbH Anti-Graffiti-Systeme
Germany
M Paz Revilla
Restauraciones Siglo XXI, S.L.
Spain
Blanca Brea
Ayuntamiento de Bilbao
Gabinete de Arquitectura
Spain
39
HISTO-CLEAN
Intelligent measurement technology for laser
cleaning of historical buildings and monuments
1. Problems to be solved x 16 mm with a solution from about 10 μm area/pixel. A specialised

application with a graphical user interface called Stoneface has been
The building and monument preservation of cultural heritage in developed for processing and analysing the images acquired by the
Europe is a current problem due to the decay of surface work. HISTOsurf device. Besides other variables, the most important fea-
Different cleaning methods such as sandblasting, chemical flushing tures describing the state of the studied surface (like the 3D surface
and laser are available, but the quality of the cleaning processes is dif- topography reconstruction, surface reflectance and area roughness)
ficult to evaluate today. What is especially missing is a suitable real- are calculated and displayed.
time measurement technology that would allow quality assurance
during the ongoing cleaning process. This is of special importance 4. Policy impact
for the laser cleaning of monuments and building surfaces, where
the cleaning parameters, such as pulse intensity and frequency, can In this project, a new standardised measurement and evaluation tech-
be (and have to be!) adjusted properly in order to achieve the desired nology for the quality of laser surface cleaning of historical buildings
cleaning result. It is particularly important to avoid unintended and and monuments has been developed. This technology will greatly
irrecoverable damages and to limit the removal of material from the improve the transparency of prices and services in the European sur-
surface of the monument to the absolute minimum. Quality assess- face-cleaning market. The increased transparency will also improve
ment significantly contributes to the preservation of these unique the social and economic cohesion in Europe, by helping European
cultural resources. SMEs which want to offer their cleaning services throughout Europe.
The result of the project will make an important contribution towards
2. Scientific objectives and approach the SME participation in the Community policy for the protection of
European cultural heritage. The starting point for the project was the
So far, the micro and macro visual impression and the micro need for the consortium to find a standard and tool to document and
topography of a building’s surface work can only be measured with evaluate optical surface appearances in an objective and reproducible
highly sophisticated scientific instruments used in laboratories, way. This evaluation had to include the micro and macro structure of
such as auto-focus testing devices for topography. To achieve this, surface buildings, and had to assess the behaviour of a surface from
samples had to be removed from the building and measured in a a long-term view. Therefore, the development and implementation of
laboratory. Furthermore, to date there are no mobile, affordable and the new technology as a European standard is an important achieve-
easy-to-apply methods or devices available for use by SMEs that ment of the project.
clean the surfaces of buildings and monuments. For their use on
site, methods and devices are needed that generate easy-to-interpret 5. Dissemination and exploitation
values and numbers in order to quantify results in an objective and
of the results
reproducible way.
The SMEs plan to test HISTOsurf and its software in their own
The objective of HISTO-CLEAN is to develop a new measurement countries – Spain, Austria, Ireland and Germany – on different his-
technology for mobile and non-destructive evaluation of the effec- torical buildings and stone types, for example the Dom (Seeberger
tiveness of laser surface cleaning of historical stone surfaces. The sandstone) in Erfurt, Germany; St Stephan’s Cathedral (Loretto
technology has to be capable of determining the surface topography sandstone and Mannersdorfer limestone) in Vienna, Austria; the
and, at the same time, the micro and macro visual impression of Sligo Courthouse in Sligo (soft and hard sandstone), in Ireland. Some
the surface. The project’s development is of the highest relevance presentations were made during 2004 and 2005:
for a laser-cleaning process, because it is possibly the only low-cost aa presentation by Mr Weinhold (Innowep) and Dr Brennan (TBK)
method to give quick feedback within the cleaning process. The at the Embassy of Bavaria to Pat Cox;
aim of the proposed transnational approach is to receive a common aa presentation by Mr Goretzki (BUW) at the Thuringian “Landesamt
standardised measurement technology that will provide reliable and für Denkmalpflege” (TLD)
comparable results for application throughout Europe. aa presentation by Ms Pascua (CLAR) at the restoration companies’
organisation (ARESPA)
3. Achieved scientific results aa presentation at the LACONA VI conference in Vienna on laser
cleaning by Mr Diegelmann (Innowep).
A portable “HISTOsurf” device was developed, which is about 20
x 15 x 10 [cm]. A digital macro camera and six illumination-colli- There have been several publications and a patent is in existence.
mated sources with certain spectral properties have been integrated. A further goal of this project is the generation of a sound basis for
The power supply is also integrated and a power indication is includ- a European standard that helps to assure a consistent quality of
ed. The images taken with the HISTO-CLEAN device are about 12 surface-cleaning work performed throughout Europe.
40
HISTO-CLEAN
Contract number: CRAFT-2002-30011

Contract type: FP5 CRAFT
Dr Rudiger Burkhardt
Ingenieursbüro für Bauwerkserhaltung
DE-99427 Weimar, Germany
Tel: +49 3643 43 96 0
Fax: +49 3643 43 96 55
E-mail: burkhardt@ibw-weimar.de
Website: http://www.ibw-weimar.de
Thomas Brennan
TKB & Associates Ltd, Conservation House
Gallagh, Clontibret, Monaghan
Ireland
Nuria García Pascua

CLAR Rehabilitación, S. L.
Spain
Erich Pummer
Pummers Atelier
Austria
Wolfgang Weinhold and A. Wortmann

INNOWEP GmbH Measuring and Testing
Germany
Milos Drdacky and J. Valach

The Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Czech Republic
Lothar Goretzki and A. Harder

Bauhaus-University Weimar
Germany
41
ITER
Isotopic technologies applied to the analysis of
ancient Roman mortars
http://www.iter-eu.com
1. Problems to be solved 4. Policy impact

The goal of the ITER consortium was to investigate why Roman The ITER project could contribute to the testing of building material
mortar is more durable than today’s modern mortars. A combina- for conservation with new isotope methods. The results could help
tion of innovative isotope technology and traditional methods helped to improve and control the quality of conservation measures. The
to identify unique properties of Roman mortar, which account for state of buildings, especially environmental impacts due to traffic
its durability. Isotopic and mineralogical data collected from three and air pollution, could be better distinguished from deterioration
archaeological sites was used to construct a database of mortar char- related to the reconstruction and materials used. In the future, the
acteristics, which is being used to reproduce mortars for the authentic methodologies could help to monitor the state of cultural heritage on
conservation of ancient buildings and artefacts. The knowledge gained a pan-European level.
from this CRAFT project is being used to develop new construction
techniques and to produce improved and more compatible mortars. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
aa To demonstrate the scientific validity of isotopic analytical European SMEs are joint owners of a new methodology on isotopic
investigations and methodologies on ancient Roman mortars, for analysis, as well as a profitable database for examining and checking
a better understanding of the reason why they are so resistant to the chemical and physical characteristics of various mortars. There
physicochemical alteration. are several target sectors for the exploitation of the ITER results:
aa To create an innovative database of mortar characteristics based aa analysis of building materials, as well as monitoring and condi-
on the collection of all analytical data concerning isotopic tech- tion assessment
nologies to complement the traditional ones, with the aim of aa conservation of historical buildings
enabling us to reproduce the mortars more accurately for more aa production of raw materials for construction
authentic restoration of ancient buildings and artefacts. aa new construction techniques.
aa To produce a mortar prototype at laboratory level. A spin-off was planned on not only historical building conservation,
but also urban environment monitoring, maintenance and new build-
3. Achieved scientific results ing technologies.
Within the ITER project, three major archaeological sites in Germany

(Xanten), Italy (Villa Traiana) and Israel (Ceasarea Marittima) have been Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-3004
sampled for mineralogical and isotope analysis. For the isotope analysis, Start date – End date: 01/04/02 – 31/07/04
a sampling procedure has been developed that does not alter the isotopic Contract type: FP5 CRAFT
properties of the material. The isotopic investigation has provided new Duration (in months): 28
insights into the building techniques and material composition of the
roman mortars. The consortium has established a model of the mortar Coordinator details:
composition and preparation technique. Based on this model, a reverse- Dr Christoph Külls
Hydroisotop GmbH
design prototype of a Roman mortar has been prepared that has been
Light Isotopes Laboratory, Woelkestrasse 9, DE- 85301
tested for the application. New methods for assessing the weathering
Schweitenkirchen, Germany
state, environmental impact and material authenticity and provenance E-mail: ck@hydroisotop.de
have been developed and tested. The consortium has established a data- Tel: +49 8444 92890
base containing historical, mineralogical and isotope data.
42
ITER
Caterina Rehm-Berbenni Goran Aberg and Bjorg Andresen

FUTUREtec - Gesellschaft für angewandte Informatik mbH IFE - Institute for Energy Technology
Information Communication Technologies Heavy + Light Isotopes
Germany Norway
Michael Krusemark Yaacov Schaffer

KRUSEMARK GmbH & Co. KG. Israel Antiquities Authority
Mortar Production Conservation Department
Germany Israel
Giuseppe Patrizi Peter Kienzle

SERVIN Scrl Landschaftsverband Rheinland, Archeologischer Park Xanten,
Societá di Ingegneria e Geologia Ambientale Conservation Department
Italy Germany
Marco Realini Maria Grazia Fiore-Cavalliere

Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Lazio
Culturali (ICVBC) – CNR ‘Gino Bozza’ Conservation Department
Mineralogical Analysis Italy
Italy
43
LICONS
Low intrusion conservation systems for timber structures
http://www.licons.org
Techniques for the safe, cost-effective repair and restoration of
structural timber are essential to maintain and improve the built
environment of European cities. The purpose of the project was
to develop, validate and provide the design tools for restoration
systems which combine structural adhesives and fibre-reinforced
plastics (FRP).

Satisfactory, cost-effective restoration solutions must satisfy the fol-
lowing criteria:
aa convenience and reliability of application on site in restricted spaces
aa reliability and durability
aa good appearance/acceptability for conservation specialists.
Design and analysis techniques were formulated, taking full account
of normal and abnormal service conditions, backed up by medium-
term, large-scale testing. Fabrication techniques and assembly
sequences were also developed and recorded, and virtual reality
models created. Eurocode-type design principles and application
rules were drafted.
Process specifications, quality assurance guidelines and qual-

ity control methods were developed and tested in parallel with
the physical testing. Methods for non-destructive evaluation of
adhesives, FRP materials, bonded interfaces and overall struc-
tural integrity were investigated. All of the aspects related to site
operations were covered in considerable detail using the experi-
ence of each SME repair contractor. Different material combina-
tions were used to make various joint configurations, with and Location of metallic shear dowels in timber beam end
without deliberate faults. These were then tested to destruction.
Documentation for assembly and operator training was devel-
oped, both paper-based and electronic and real-life case study
trials were undertaken with full monitoring of the techniques 5. Dissemination and exploitation
and components.
of the results
3. Achieved scientific results The principal target audiences for the SMEs are the engineering and
architectural specifiers and national heritage organisations. In addi-
aa Extended the use of FRP materials in conjunction with timber tion, there have been opportunities for the SMEs to present the tech-
aa Further development of engineered restoration systems nology at particular exhibitions and trade fairs. One supplier and one
aa Extension of the range of uses for this technology manufacturer exhibited at the JEC Pultrusion Exhibition in Paris in
March 2004. A series of practical training exercises have been held
4. Policy impact by the SME group in each of the European countries, disseminating
information and promoting the use of sub-licensees. End-users and
Two of the LICONS team (as a direct result of the LICONS project) designers were able to use the services of recommended installers
are now members of European Standards’ working party groups (CEN who was able to carry out the work in a proficient manner. The work
TC 193/SC1/WG8, CEN TC 193/SC1/WG11 and COST E34). This has conformed to those methods that have been the result of:
provided the opportunity for third-party visitors to attend LICONS aa investigative information from the research providers
tests and opened a channel for the LICONS results to play a crucial aa translation of this information into a practical methodology
part in the formulation of European standards for this type of work. aa recommended installer training programmes
44
LICONS
Each SME repair contractor provided existing documentation for the
specification and execution of site-based repairs. This information Michael Herbert
was collated, the critical aspects identified and new documentation ECC Timber Engineering
United Kingdom
assembled. Information was incorporated from the most recent expe-
riences of repair contractors. Documentation was developed which
Pascal Boucher
brought together critical analysis and quality assurance recommenda- AMTC
tions. Monitoring and practical embedded sensor technologies were France
also evaluated. This research resulted in method manuals, quality
manuals and training packages produced by the consortium which Vitor Coias e Silva
enabled extensive positive quality assurance changes to the work- STAP
place for specialist sub-contractors. A dissemination event was held Portugal
at LNEC, Lisbon on 6–7 December 2004 which 20 practising pro-
Robert Etherington
fessionals attended. This was then repeated over three days in early
La Bottega del Restauro
2005. 75 individuals attended over the three-day period, including a
Italy
number of local authority staff involved with the European-funded
restoration of buildings in Lisbon. Further information is available on Christopher Mettem
the project website: www.licons.org TRADA Technology Ltd
United Kingdom
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2002-30008 Allan Hutchinson

Start date – End date: 01/11/02 – 31/04/05 JTRC
Contract type: FP5 CRAFT School of Technology, Oxford Brookes University
Duration (in months): 30 United Kingdom
Coordinator details: Pierre Morlier

Dr David Smedley LRBB
Rotafix Ltd, Rotafix House, Abercraf, GB-SA9 1UR Swansea, France
United Kingdom
E-mail: jilltatman@aol.com Helena Cruz,
Tel: +44 1639 730481 Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil
Portugal
Paolo Lavisci
Legnodoc srl
Italy
45
ONSITEFORMASONRY
On-site investigation techniques for the structural
evaluation of historical masonry buildings
http://www.onsiteformasonry.bam.de
1. Problems to be solved 10 pilot sites were selected all over Europe and measurement cam-
paigns with various testing problems and applications of combined
For the effective restoration and conservation of historical buildings, NDT and MDT systems were performed.
a detailed assessment of the structural safety and detection and evalu-
ation of any damage of the masonry structure is required. The main The measurement campaigns were carried out at the following sites:
concern of the ONSITEFORMASONRY project was to make the Villa Litta (Milan), Avio Castle (Avio), San Alessandro (Lucca) and
assessment of historical structures more accurate and reliable, faster Pallazzo Bottagisio (Verona) in Italy, Church of Toro (Zamora) and
and cheaper. Therefore methodologies for the evaluation of the struc- Church of Turegano (Segovia) in Spain, Veltrusy Castle (Prague)
ture of historical masonry cultural heritage were developed. These in Czech Republic, Pisece Castle in Slovenia and Altes Museum
strategies were based on an effective and useful combination and (Berlin) and Wartburg (Eisenach) in Germany.
application of different non-destructive (NDT) and minor-destructive
(MDT) methods and considered the results of several case studies and 4. Policy impact
the experiences of the consortium members. Recommendations and
guidelines for the application of the integrated methodologies have The project has a significant impact on European policy and con-
been developed in close cooperation with end-users. tributes to the main social objectives of the European Community in
many ways. In brief the main contributions are in the areas of safety
2. Scientific objectives and approach and quality of life, environment policy, conservation of cultural
heritages, improvement of employment and the use/development of
For the investigation of cultural heritage monuments the use of non- skills, small firms’ policy, etc.
destructive (NDT) and minor-destructive testing (MDT) methods is
recommended. These techniques do not, or only to a limited extent, 5. Dissemination and exploitation
harm the valuable building fabric of the investigated object and are
of the results
thus particularly suited to application at historical buildings. A compi-
lation of the available testing techniques, their requirements and their Project leaflets (in four languages), a public website, numerous
performance specifications based on the evaluated needs was pro- publications and several workshops aimed at the information of an
duced. Some investigation methods or devices were further developed interested audience and involved other institutions or organisations
within the framework of the project and were set up as “prototypes” working in the same area. The project gained a lot of visibility in the
for an ongoing commercial exploitation. The strategies for an effec- scientific community, not least due to the large number of partners
tive and useful combination of different NDT and MDT methods (e.g. and their good reputation in the area of cultural heritage protection.
radar, ultrasonic, impact-echo, thermography, flat-jack) were lined out Cooperation with end-users led to the elaboration of guidelines and
considering the results of several measurement campaigns. recommendations, which are easily understandable, user-friendly
and serve as an information tool for anyone dealing with cultural
The required technical components and modifications were specified heritage. All documents produced during the project are published
and parameters from NDT, which can be used for structural and non- on a CD-ROM with an attached booklet.
structural assessment, were defined.
Besides the scientific research a number of exploitable technical
3. Achieved scientific results achievements of the ONSITEFORMASONRY project have been
identified:
Adapted methodologies for the application of investigation proce- aa new high-frequency antenna with separate transmitter and receiver
dures for the assessment of structural condition of historical build- enabling effective tomographic measurements
ings were developed. Optimisation of the different techniques as aa optimised impact-echo system
well as an improvement of the point density for data acquisition aa new ultrasonic transducer array for 3D structural tomographic
was achieved. A positioning system required for precise and effec- investigations
tive data acquisition with all applied techniques was developed aa prototype for sonic tomography
and tested. The modifications on radar (echo and transmission), aa positioning sensor for impulse-echo and tomographic investiga-
impact-echo and ultrasound devices were implemented afterwards. tion tools
The integration of all these single components was accomplished aa strategies for use of singular and combined NDT methods on
and the software packages necessary for fast and automated data historical masonry
analysis and reconstruction were developed. The complete systems aa software for 3D processing of echo-radar data and sonic/
were tested on specimen in the laboratory as well as on pilot sites at radar tomography
historical buildings. The application of structural models using the aa software for integrated analysis of results from complementary
analysed experimental data was outlined. methods
46
ONSITEFORMASONRY
aa catalogue of typical problems and parameters to be measured of Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00060
historical masonry Start date – End date: 01/11/01 – 31/10/04
aa masonry laboratory specimen as reference objects for NDT of
masonry
aa theoretical models for the structural evaluation of irregular his- Coordinator details:
torical masonry Dr Christian Köpp
aa reports on the evaluation of pilot sites Dr Christiane Maierhofer
Division VIII.2
Tomographic image: cross Non-Destructive Damage Assessment and Environmental
section of masonry specimen Measurement Methods
showing internal voids Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Email: christian.koepp@bam.de
Tel. number: +49 30 8104 4220
Luigia Binda
Politecnico di Milano
Dept. of Structural Engineering
Italy
New lightweight radar Jesús Rodríguez Santiago

Geotecnia Y Cimientos S. A.
antenna (1.6 GHz) test-
Research and Development Department
ed at historic masonry Spain
specimen „Obelix“
Bernth Johansson
Mala Geoscience AB
Sweden
Claudio Modena
Universita di Padova
Dipartimento di Construzioni et Trasporti
Italy
Mario Marchisio
Universita di Pisa
Dipartimento di Ingeneria Cilvile
Italy
New lig htweight radar antenn a (1.6
GHz) t e sted a t h istoric mas o nry Entrance hall of the Francesco Gravina
specim e n „Obelix“ “Altes Museum“ in Regione Toscana
Dipartimento delle politiche formative e dei beni culturali
Berlin as pilot site for
Italy
on-site measurements.
Here: Investigation of Jaime Carlos Galvez Ruiz
structures. Civil Engineering School
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Spain
Entrance hall of the “Altes

Museum“ in Berlin as
pilot site for on-site
measurements. Here:
Investigation of structures
47
ONSITEFORMASONRY
Miha Tomazevic
Slovenia National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Andrej Zajc
Dept. of Structures IRMA Institute for Research in Materials and Applications
Slovenia Ljubljana
Slovenia
Christiane Hennen
Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten Riccardo Castegini
Germany Amministrazione Provinciale di Verona
Laboratorio Provinciale Prove su Materiali da Costruzione
Enrique Lorente Toledo Italy
Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha
Secretario General Técnico Milos Drdacky
Spain Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITAM)
Czech Academy of Sciences
Czech Republic
Landgafenzimmer at Wartburg: investigations of valuable Examples of historic mixed masonry.

frescoes with thermography.
48
ROCEM
Roman cement to restore the built heritage effectively
http://www.heritage.xtd.pl
1. Problems to be solved prior to grinding as well as colour, oxide and mineralogical compo-
sition, particle size distribution and specific surface area of cement
Highly hydraulic binders, known as natural or Roman cements, were powders was characterised.
key materials for economic and easy manufacture of the stuccoes for
building exteriors during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Roman The hydration of natural cements was found to comprise two dis-
cements were produced by firing marls – limestone containing tinct stages: the immediate setting and early strength was due to
clay – below their sintering temperature and grinding burnt stones the formation of calcium aluminate hydrates; further slow hydration
to the required fineness. They distinguished themselves from other and strength development was brought about by the formation of
hydraulic binders principally by a very short setting time, agreeable hydrated calcium silicate gel.
texture and colour, little shrinkage on setting and excellent weather
resistance. Unfortunately, the material is no longer available on the A wide range of physical and mechanical parameters for historical
market and there is currently an absence of any broader information mortars was established as a base to evaluate the properties of new
on its characteristics and technologies for restoration. repair mortars. The most striking observation was a combination of
significant compressive strength with high porosity.
Nuclear magnetic resonance was successfully used to determine
The essential objective of the project was to bring back to the market moisture distribution across the combinations of historical and
an historical material and technology. Hence, restorers and conserva- repair mortars during drying – the unperturbed transport of mois-
tors will be able to meet the fundamental principle of modern conser- ture through the interface between historical substrate and repair
vation – that the historical buildings should be repaired using materials mortar was identified as the key compatibility criterion as barriers
compatible with the original historical substance. An important aspect in moisture movement, which led to zones of damage due to ice and
is to raise awareness among the industry and professionals involved in salt crystallisation.
the care of the historical built environment of Europe as to the need
for re-introducing these adequate restoration materials. Larger amounts of Roman cements were produced in a pilot-scale
kiln and used in workshop trials and on-site conservation treat-
3. Achieved scientific results ments to evaluate the developed cements and mortars in the field. A
full-scale restoration of a facade of a historical building in Krakow
A number of representative historical buildings rendered and pioneered the use of Roman cements, re-established within the
decorated with Roman cement mortars were investigated within project in a practical, large-scale work, setting a new standard for the
the project. They were representative of different European areas in conservation of the 19th century built heritage.
terms of materials, historical periods and geography. The investiga-
tions included documenting their history, render technology, decora- 4. Policy impact
tive forms, existing condition and symptoms of decay, as well as
laboratory examinations of samples collected. The buildings ranged Contacts were established with urban practitioners and policy-
from Wycombe Abbey (1804), an early example of the use of Roman makers at different institutional levels to involve them as end-users
cement in England not long after it was patented there in 1796, to of the results, to consult on the project development and to carry out
the Municipal Commercial Academy in Krakow, Poland (1904) built joint case studies.
shortly before the outbreak of World War I, after which the domi-
nance of the newer Portland cement and modern functional archi- 5. Dissemination and exploitation
tecture brought a quick decline in the production and use of Roman
of the results
cement. The work allowed the project team to obtain information on
composition and properties of the historical cements and mortars to A series of brochures, presenting the turn-of-the-century architecture
provide compatibility criteria for new mortars. in Europe, as well as examining historical, technical and scientific
details of Roman cement technology were published. On conclu-
A survey and investigation of historical sources of raw materials in sion of the project advisory guidelines were published and several
Austria and Poland led to a selection of marls of chemical and min- regional workshops organised for restoration workers and policy-
eralogical composition which would produce the required hydraulic makers, and a technology profile was made available for enterprises
nature and appearance of the final burnt Roman cements. interested in technology transfer and exploitation.
Optimal temperature and time of calcinations were determined using

advanced optimisation techniques. The microstructure of clinkers
49
ROCEM
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2002-00084 Johannes Weber

Start date – End date: 01/03/03 – 31/05/06 Universität für angewandte Kunst, Institut für Kunst
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research und Technologie
Austria
Dr Roman Kozlowski David Hughes
Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy School of Engineering, Design and Technology,
of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8 University of Bradford
PL-30-239 Kraków, Poland United Kingdom
E-mail: nckozlow@cyf-kr.edu.pl
Tel: +48 12 6395119w Detlef Ullrich
Gesellschaft für Wissenstransfer in der Gebäude Diagnostik mbH
Germany
Andrzej Klocek
AT Superbet Przedsiebiorstwo Betonow Specjalnych
Poland
Christian Gurtner
Atelier Gurtner
Austria
Karol Bayer
Faculty of Restoration
University of Pardubice
Czech Republic
Martina Stillhammerova
Pamiatkovy Urad Slovenskej Republiky
Slovakia
Klaus-Dieter Müller
Klaus Rogge Spezialbaugesellschaft mbH
Germany
Edward Kosakowski AC Konserwacja Zabytkow Piotrowski

Kosakowski Spolka Jawna
Poland
Old and new – a progress in renovation of the Municipal

Commercial Academy, Krakow, Poland (1904) using Roman
cements re-established within the ROCEM project
50
SALTCONTROL
Prevention of salt damage to the built cultural herit-
age by the use of crystallisation inhibitors
1. Problems to be solved aa Workshops in the cities where testing was carried out, followed
by an international conference (Salt Damage Congress, Ghent
Salt weathering causes decay and damage to a wide range of materi- (Belgium), May 9–11 2007).
als, not least in buildings that are important to Europe’s cultural her-
itage. Salt works itself into stone pores and, in the worst cases, it can Contract number: SSP 501571
cause complete structural disintegration. A number of conservation Start date – End date: 01/01/04–30/06/07
treatments are available but they do not stop salt damage completely, Contract type: FP6-STREP
and in fact research shows some can actually exacerbate problems Duration (in months): 42
New conservation treatments are therefore needed that can both pre-
vent salt damage and improve desalination in stonework. Coordinator details:
Prof Patric Jacobs
Ghent University, Department of Geology and Soil Science,
2. Scientific objectives and approach Krijgslaan 281/S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Email: Patric.Jacobs@UGent.be
SALTCONTROL aimed to develop a new method to prevent salt Tel: +32 (0)9 2644651
damage by using compounds that inhibit the growth of salt crystals.
Applying inhibitors prevents salt crystallisation in stone pores – salts
form instead on the surface causing much less damage. The project
evaluated these inhibitors in different ways – from atomic scale stud- Rob van Hees Andrew Putnis
ies to larger-scale tests and site trials. The work also included a thor- Netherlands Organisation Westfälische Wilhems-
ough investigation of how salt formations develop and behave. The for Applied Scientific Universität Münster
end result should lead to the creation of a tested, reliable procedure Research TNO Building and Institüt für Mineralogie
for the use of crystallisation inhibitors for conservation. Construction Research Germany
The Netherlands
3. Achieved scientific results Leo Pel
Michiel van Hunen Technical University
Netherlands Department for Eindhoven
aa A database was created with information on crystallisation
Conservation Department of Applied Physics
inhibitors. The Netherlands The Netherlands
aa Salt-damage problems were assessed at test sites.
aa Understanding of various factors and processes that control salt Eddie Seinen Robert Cerny
crystallisation in porous media was improved. Remmers Bouwchemie bv Czech Technical University in
aa There is greater knowledge of the effect of various additives on The Netherlands Prague:
the crystallisation of salt minerals in free solutions and in rock Department of Structural
substrates, for various salt systems Jan Van Heesewijk Mechanics
Monument Watch Czech Republic
aa On-site evaluation of the practical use of inhibitors was conducted.
The Netherlands
aa A feasibility study was undertaken on the use of crystallisation
Ivana Kopecka
inhibitors. Carlos Rodriguez National Institute for the
Universidad de Granada Preservation of Cultural
4. Policy impact Navarro Departamento de Heritage in Prague
Mineralogia y Petrologia Department of Technology,
The results contribute to existing policies that promote the sus- Spain Central Institute
tainable management of the built cultural heritage. By creating an Czech Republic
entirely new conservation technique, the project affects policy deci- Petros Koutsoukos
Foundation for Research and Clifford Price
sions relating to salt-damage prevention. The results could create
Technology Hellas University College London
possibilities for further research in areas industry outside those of
Laboratory for Inorganic and Institute of Archaeology
built cultural heritage. Analytical Chemistry United Kingdom
Greece
of the results
aa In most part, refereed journals, books and conference proceedings
aa Project website
aa General leaflet on the use of inhibitors
51
SALTCONTROL
(Left picture) Treatment with salt crystallisa-

tion inhibitors in the Spanish Granada test
site (Hieronymus Monastery, June 2006).
Salt crystallisation caused by rising damp is
clearly visible as white efflorescence patches
covering the walls made of porous Granada
limestone
(Right picture) Effects of additives on MgSO4

crystallisation on a test sample of porous
Granada limestone after 51 days of treat-
ment, causing physical damage
52
Chapter 3
3. Novel microbiological tools for conservation
53
Introduction What if we could use natural organisms to preserve and clean Europe’s
stock of cultural heritage rather than rely on invasive or industrial
processes? The study and application of novel microbiological con-
servation tools is precisely the aim of several projects featured in this
chapter. Given the vast potential of such technologies, COALITION
– an FP5-supported concerted action – strengthened information
exchanges across Europe about molecular microbiology for conserva-
tion, via numerous workshops, conferences, training events and new
databases.
The positive applications of cultural heritage “germ warfare” are excit-

ing. CATS, for example, investigated how certain microorganisms
damage catacombs, underground chapels, prehistoric caves and other
subterranean sites. It came up with a strategy and recommendations for
using counter-microorganisms to neutralise or slow down the destruc-
tive effects. Similarly, the BIOBRUSH team analysed possibilities for
exploiting natural, non-modified bacteria that are native to a region to
clean and protect simultaneously the surface of calcareous material
such as limestone.
Microorganism technology also applies to cultural heritage fashioned

from wood. Despite popular perceptions that submerged timber is pro-
tected from deterioration, BACPOLES’s researchers widely confirmed
suspicions held since the 1990s that certain bacteria strains attack it.
As a result, wood foundations in ‘floating cities’ such as Amsterdam
and especially Venice are at risk. The project isolated some strains and
developed strategies to combat them.
Finally BIODAM aimed to eliminate or reduce biofilm growth on mate-

rial surfaces in general, including monuments, while BIOREINFORCE
was targeted to develop a new methodology based on bacterial genetic
engineering for stone reinforcement through calcite precipitation.
55
BACPOLES
Preserving cultural heritage by preventing bacterial decay
of wood in foundation piles and archaeological sites
http://www.shr.nl
1. Problems to be solved importance so, in addition, two long-term field measurements were
carried out over a period of 12 months.
For a long time it was believed that storage in water or its use below
the ground water table prevented wood from biological degradation. Wood samples were taken to isolate and identify wood-degrading bac-
However, in the 1990s, serious problems with Dutch wooden founda- teria. Because no standard techniques were available, the main effort
tion piles were found to be caused by bacteria. This shows that bacte- of the microbiologists was the development of new methods. Right at
rial wood degradation should be regarded as a serious problem when the beginning of the project, microcosms were installed to simulate
dealing with wooden constructions under water; even wooden objects bacterial wood degradation in the laboratory to learn more about the
other than foundations could be affected. In contrast to fungal deg- process of degradation by manipulating the sediment conditions.
radation where the economical impact was realised a long time ago,
research on bacterial degradation has, until now, been of low priority 3. Achieved scientific results
and therefore little knowledge is available on the process.
The results from the 27 sampled sites indicate no justification in ignor-
One of the main objectives of BACPOLES was to provide basic knowl- ing the impact of bacterial wood degradation for piling constructions
edge on the impact of bacterial degradation on wood stored under and archaeological remains. The rest of Europe should also be aware
different environmental conditions, like foundations and archaeologi- of the concern for wood foundations; the role of bacterial wood degra-
cal wooden remains. Another issue was to protect wood under water dation, particularly in Venice, is considerably underestimated.
against bacterial decay and to develop practical preservation methods
for wooden foundations. In the last decades, scientists from all over With new techniques it was possible to isolate consortia of bacteria
the world have been unable to succeed in identifying wood-degrading which cause wood degradation. It became obvious that there is a
bacteria. Yet, to understand the process of degradation, identification wide variety of novel species and that these species belong to the
is crucial. Hence, the isolation and identification of wood-attacking CFB (Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides) complex. The bacte-
bacteria was one of the main challenges of the project. ria spread by gliding and their shape varies: they can be short and
thick as well as long and thin rods, but they can also be round. Each
2. Scientific objectives and approach of the wood-degrading bacteria species seems to have their own
environmental amplitude, suggesting that bacterial wood degrada-
Experts on wood and soil sciences, as well as microbiologists, tion occurs under a wide range of soil conditions, which was actu-
archaeologists and geophysicists from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, ally confirmed by the presence of bacterial wood degradation in
the Netherlands and Sweden collaborated in this project. The univer- all sampled sites. Additional research showed that wood-degrading
sities and research institutes concentrated on fundamental research, bacteria are present in all watery environments. Consequently, the
whereas the companies were responsible for the in situ investigation infection (always from the outside inwards) with wood-degrading bac-
of wooden foundations and the incorporation of new technologies for teria is not the important factor, but the intensity of the degradation.
wood preservation into existing techniques. The characteristic factor for wood-degrading bacteria is that they can
live, or even must live, in environments with low nitrogen and oxygen
In all five collaborating European countries, enquiries were made contents. The natural nitrogen content in wood is typically low and
on the impact of bacterial degradation on wood stored in sediment. in combination with the absence of oxygen, wood-degrading bacteria
Based on scientific and local reports, as well as on interviews with are one of few microorganisms able to adapt to these circumstances.
archaeologists and wood constructors, it had to be concluded that Although no relation was found between the degree of degradation
bacterial wood degradation was not recognised as an important and the sediment, shortage of nutrients seems to promote the degree of
threat to wood stored in sediments, in three of these five countries. bacterial wood degradation. Furthermore it is evident that the intensity
However, the importance of this type of wood degradation was cer- of degradation differs with timber species. Wood structures with a low
tainly realised in the Netherlands. resistance against water transport like alder, poplar and the sapwood of
pine and oak are much more susceptible to bacterial decay than wood
A standard procedure was developed to study the impact of bacte- structures with a high resistance, like spruce and the heartwood of
rial degradation in different environments. Research was carried pine and oak. The reason behind this is not fully understood, although
out at 27 sites in six European countries. There were 13 piling sites, it seems that the process of degradation is not only stimulated by a
of which two were older than 250 years, five marine sites and nine unidirectional water stream through the wood but also by an oscil-
archaeological sites. It was ensured that bacterial wood degradation lating water flux inside the wood. Beside permeability, it was already
could be expected. At all sites, wood, soil and water samples were known that lignin content also determines whether a wood species is
taken and analysed, and an environmental characterisation was made susceptible to bacterial decay. Pine and spruce have higher contents
based on visual observations and field measurements. During the than alder and poplar. Furthermore it was proven that oak heartwood
project it became evident that seasonal dynamics could also be of is very resistant against wood-degrading bacteria.
56
BACPOLES
issue on all the achievements of the project. In December 2007 this
4. Policy impact issue was published with 12 papers and an editorial.
aa Björdal, C. and Nilsson,T., “Culturing wood-degrading erosion bac-
The methods and knowledge increased, as well as promising pres- teria”, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
ervation techniques already tested under laboratory conditions in aa Björdal, C. and Nilsson,T., “The use of kapok fibres for enrich-
BACPOLES, enabling preservation tests to be begun in the field in the ment cultures of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria”, International
near future. While there are three promising approaches, for all the Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
approaches it is necessary to make a full description of the area to be aa Gelbrich, J.,Mai, C. & H. Militz, “Chemical changes in wood
treated. The site hydrology, as well as the identification of the bacteria degraded by bacteria”, International Biodeterioration and
consortium that causes the bacterial degradation, is most important. Biodegradation, 2007.
Conventional as well as methods developed within this project can be aa Huisman, D.J., Manders, M.R., Kretschmar, E.I., Klaassen,
used. Based on our enquiries, a first approach based on specific mix- R.K.W.M. & N. Lamersdorf, “Burial conditions and wood deg-
tures of phages can be made and tested in the field on its generality and radation at archaeological sites in the Netherlands”. International
efficiency, using monitoring techniques as developed in this project. Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
A second approach is related to the hydrology. It became clear that aa Huisman, D.J., Kretschmar, E.I. & N. Lamersdorf, “Characterising
bacterial wood degradation was mainly active when there was a water physico chemical sediment conditions at selected bacterial decayed
flux through the wood. In order to investigate a static situation, either wooden pile foundation sites in the Netherlands, Germany and
the hydrology can be manipulated or the wood can be impregnated in Italy”, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
the field to close its structure; alternatively, both strategies could be aa Klaassen R.K.W.M., “Bacterial decay in wooden foundation
combined with the additional result that the strength of the wood was piles: patterns and causes: a study on historical pile founda-
improved. As the efficiency of all conventional wood preservatives tions in the Netherlands”, International Biodeterioration and
against bacteria has not been reliably proved, a third approach should be Biodegradation, 2007.
tried using an active product, which is not toxic but affects the already aa Klaassen R.K.W.M., “Water flow through wooden foundation
weak position of wood-degrading bacteria by promoting others. piles – a preliminary study”, International Biodeterioration and
Biodegradation, 2007.
A general conclusion for policy is that the impact of bacterial wood aa Klaassen R.K.W.M., Eaton, R. & N. Lamersdorf, “Editorial
degradation for European cultural heritage is underestimated and special issue on bacterial wood degradation”, International
that methods on lab-scale have been developed to start a field test Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
programme with promising methods to stop decay in situ. aa Kretschmar, E.I., Gelbrich, J., Militz, H.& N. Lamersdorf,
“Studying bacterial wood decay under low oxygen conditions –
5. Dissemination and exploitation results of microcosm experiments”, International Biodeterioration
and Biodegradation, 2007.
of the result
aa Kretschmar, E.I., Keijer, H., Nelemans, P. & N. Lamersdorf,
A digital version of the final report can be ordered for free at info@ “Investigating physico-chemical sediment conditions at decayed
shr.nl. wooden pile foundation sites in Amsterdam”, International
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
The results of BACPOLES offer not only more knowledge about the aa Landy, E., Mitchell, J. Hotchkiss, S. & R. Eaton, “Bacterial
process of wood degradation under water but also essential proce- diversity associated with archaeological waterlogged wood:
dures as well as essential methods to stop this type of degradation. Ribosomal RNA clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel
The demand of the Netherlands, as well as that of Sweden, is quite electrophoresis (DGGE)”, International Biodeterioration and
high to bring a commercial product on the market. Therefore a new Biodegradation, 2007.
proposal has been written to translate the BACPOLES results into a aa Nilsson, T. Björdal, C. & E. Fällman, “Culturing erosion bac-
commercial preservation strategy or commercial product. teria: procedures for obtaining purer cultures and pure strains”,
As bacterial wood decay is a European-wide problem, a search for International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
financial funding was conducted at the EU level (EUREKA, FP 6). aa Sass-Klaassen U., Vernimmen T. & C. Baittinger,
The idea is to install foundation pile fields where the velocity of the “Dendrochronological dating and provenancing of timber used
bacterial activity can be monitored over a longer time and the effect as foundation piles under historical buildings in the Netherlands”,
of preservation techniques, as developed by BACPOLES, can be International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2007.
precisely tested in the field. In the Netherlands, a producer of foun-
dation piles joined the consortium, seeing it as a chance to increase
the company’s production. The advantages of wooden foundation Start date – End date: 01/02/02 – 31/01/05
piles above concrete are obvious for the environment (low energy, Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
renewable resources). Duration (in months): 36
BACPOLES has opened up the possibility to have a commercial Coordinator details:

preservation method against wood degradation under water in the Dr René Klaassen
near future, to save our wooden cultural heritage. Foundation for Timber Research / Post box 497 NL-6700 Al
Wageningen
E-mail: r.klaassen@shr.nl
A scientific journal (International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation)
Tel: +31 317 467 366
offered the BACPOLES group the possibility to produce a special
57
BACPOLES
Thomas Nilsson Peter Nelemans

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Fugro
Department of Wood Science The Netherlands
Sweden
Hans Huisman
Rod Eaton National Service for Archaeological Heritage
University of Portsmouth, School of Biological Sciences The Netherlands
King Henry Building
United Kingdom Sven Mårdh
PhaGen
Holger Militz Sweden
Norbert Lamersdorf
Georg-August-University Göttingen, Institutes of Wood
Biology and Technology / Soil Science and Forest Nutrition
Germany
58
BIOBRUSH
Novel approaches to conserve our European heritage:
bioremediation for building restoration of the urban
stone heritage in European states
http://www.biobrush.org
1. Problems to be solved aa evaluate delivery systems to carry biological agents to the stone
during treatment;
Mineral materials and stone structures in heritage buildings and aa characterise mineral changes in stones during bioremediation in
monuments are susceptible to structural and material changes under laboratory studies;
the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The occurrence aa assess the effect of the bioremediation process on stone properties
of detrimental crusts and incrustations on stonework, caused by in a series of small-scale laboratory studies;
nitrate and sulphate pollution processes, induce accelerated weak- aa perform in-situ field trials on buildings or monuments.
ening and deterioration of the matrix. Thus the problem of crum-
bling stone is a very real problem in European cities and urbanised The approach of the BIOBRUSH research programme was to:
developments. In the last few decades, alterations such as black aa develop bioremediation procedures for conservation practice at
crusts, nitratation and sulphatation, linked to increasing levels of historical sites endangered by the formation of detrimental crusts
dust, residual hydrocarbons and other organic pollutants, have been arising from the enrichment of salts and biopatina;
associated with corrosion. Trials to reverse these effects due to crust aa evaluate the environmental constraints;
formation have not been completely satisfactory. The techniques aa investigate the conditions on materials for bacteria to act effec-
that attempt to remove salt crusts from heritage stone artefacts by tively in situ;
washing with water are not practicable. Mechanical processes for aa conduct a risk analysis to establish the impact of these bacteria on
removal of nitrate and sulphate present in crusts can cause the loss of the materials and objects to be treated.
original surfaces or induce acceleration of degradation phenomena.
Any new procedures that avoid these problems were of immediate This research was intended to assess the extent to which the changes
benefit to the end-users, the conservators or industrial consultants. were beneficial and identify any detrimental aesthetic effects caused
The BIOBRUSH consortium investigated how bioremediation might by biocorrosion and biofouling or health implications during applica-
be used to remove stone salt crusts on stone in order to supplement tion and usage.
existing conservation technologies.
BIOBRUSH has generated two databases of information concern-
There is considerable evidence that microorganisms affect the miner- ing: the nature and extent of crusts on buildings in northern and
al composition of stone in monuments and cultural property. Bacteria southern Europe; and microorganisms with bioremediation poten-
are known to chemically transform sulphate and nitrate to gases tial for conservation work. A database of stone sample informa-
while others can produce calcite on mineral surfaces. Clearly there tion sheets compiled site and stone characteristics from 13 monu-
was potential to exploit these biochemical activities and use bacteria ments, mainly in Latvia, Greece and Italy, covering 22 natural
for crust removal from heritage stone but no systematic studies had stones with evidence of salt deposits and incrustations that were
been done to direct bioremediation to cultural heritage to produce subjected to mineralogical, chemical and biological analyses.
technology for application in conservation work. Stone materials for testing of the bioremediation techniques were
found at nearly all sites but five were selected for further study:
The novel basic aim of BIOBRUSH was to link mineralisation Epidaurus (GR2) white pentelic crystalline marble; Melos (GR4)
processes of desulfurication, denitrification and organic removal white andecitic tuff; Riga Brethrens cemetery (RTU300) fresh-
(to destroy salt crusts) to the phenomenon of biocalcification (to water limestone; Lübeck townhall (IWT/EOI-III) Gotland sand-
consolidate stone). The central goal was to provide an effective, stone; Matera Cathedral (SYR502) calcareous tuff. The nature of
environmentally friendly biotechnological tool for restoration and the crusts in European buildings was investigated and found to
conservation of cultural stonework, which would be investigated with be very varied. Physical properties of crusts showed remarkable
different heritage materials under different climatic situations so that shifts towards greater porosity within the weathered uppermost
the findings could be integrated into conservation practice. layers of the rocks and plaster, which are ideal for bioremedial
techniques. Sulphates were often present in a narrow 40 mm sur-
The research objectives of the BIOBRUSH programme were to: face zone of stone blocks. High levels of sulphate were detected
aa collect, catalogue and analyse stone samples from historical in stone from Matera Cathedral, Riga Brethrens cemetery, Lübeck
buildings and monuments across Europe showing evidence of salt townhall and Melos. Sulphate concentrations at Matera were
deposits and incrustations; found to be much more variable than nitrate. Nitrates, which
aa isolate, screen and select appropriate bacteria to establish a bacte- could only be detected at Matera Cathedral and Riga Brethrens
rial culture collection for use in European conservation; cemetery, formed a much more limited gradient in the surface
59
BIOBRUSH
zones. Generally, salt concentrations showed great variability,
which may cause major difficulties in bioremediation treatments. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
Organic pollutants were found at very low levels, unsuitable for
of the results
bioremediation using organic-degrading bacteria.
BIOBRUSH has generated two databases of information concern-
The project assembled a culture collection of bacteria with organic- ing: the nature and extent of crusts on buildings in Northern and
degrading, sulphate-reducing, nitrate-reducing and biocalcifying Southern Europe; and microorganisms with bioremediation potential
activities. The potential of bacteria to remove crusts was assessed for conservation work. The project has assembled a culture collec-
in laboratory experiments and candidate organisms identified. Risk tion of bacteria with organic-degrading, sulphate-reducing, nitrate-
assessments were conducted to reduce possible detrimental human reducing and biocalcifying activities. Questionnaires were devised to
health effects and adverse reactions on cultural objects. Field tri- gather information on selected stones and microbes for incorporation
als at a wide range of locations across Europe were completed in into BIOBRUSH databases. Risk assessment strategies have been
Greece, Latvia and Italy. Considerable variations were observed in developed to evaluate possible detrimental human health effects and
the performance of SRB and NRB during laboratory and field trials. adverse reactions with the cultural objects through field trials in
In many cases the effect of the carrier system masked any effects of Greece, Latvia and Italy. The BIOBRUSH consortium disseminated
the bacteria. The data indicate that the success with SRB was greater the research findings through:
with low porosity stones while NRB were more likely to work with aa website (www.biobrush.org);
stones of higher porosity, although the latter also worked with mar- aa circulation of a publicity brochure;
ble. On the basis of the results obtained with this project it is possible aa production of a poster;
to consider biotreatment using viable cells as a very good tool for aa email address (biobrush@port.ac.uk) for external and internal
sulphate and nitrate removal in certain cases. The negative impact contact.
of this application was small. The use of enzymes instead of viable
cells was not possible due to lack of availability on the market. The Nine workshops were held to plan the project, assess research results and
traditional methods based on mechanical, physical or chemical tools disseminate outcomes. A consortium agreement, covering conduct and
are often not satisfactory enough; in fact, some of them create risk ownership of the research, was signed by all partners. The BIOBRUSH
for the stone, while others do not solve the problems because nitrates project was represented at conferences: Krakow (May 2002), New
are highly soluble. For this reason biological methods investigated in York (June 2002), Seville (March 2003), Rhodes (September 2003),
the BIOBRUSH programme may be preferable and, with appropriate Seville (December 2003), Brussels (April 2004), Stockholm (June
application procedures, can be reliable. The time for biological appli- 2004), Cancun (August 2004),London (2004) and Portsmouth (2005).
cation is comparable with that for traditional methods. BIOBRUSH The coordinator organised an International Heritage meeting (HMS
has explored the limitations of bioremediation for the conservation 2005: Heritage Microbiology and Science) in Portsmouth at the end of
of stone and recommended practical outcomes to allow use by restor- BIOBRUSH (June 2005) and results were presented to scientists and
ers alongside other traditional methods. conservators from 17 countries. A research monograph summarising
the main findings was put on the BIOBRUSH website at the end of
4. Policy impact the project. The BIOBRUSH consortium has continued to publish and
acknowledge BIOBRUSH in scientific journals beyond the end of the
Deterioration of cultural heritage is a severe problem in European project. Invited talks, press conferences, seminars, academic courses
cities and urban developments. The relevance of this problem and contact with SMEs continued to be a part of the dissemination.
reaches all across Europe. The aim of the BIOBRUSH consortium Spin-out via further related projects and application for further fund-
was to investigate the use of biotechnology for bioremediation of ing is ongoing. A patent has been applied for in Italy for a related
stone. In practice this meant an international exchange of know- type of technology for the bio-cleaning of the surfaces of objects and
how and ideas to understand underlying deterioration processes buildings of various chemical natures (MI2006A000776, 19.04.2006,
and to develop treatment technologies for environmentally bur- “Procedimento di biopulitura di superfici di manufatti di diversa natura
dened stonework. The consortium addressed concerns about health chimica ed edifici”, number PCT/IT2007/000275).
and corrosion potential by carrying out risk assessments in coop-
eration with conservators and industry. In addition, the consortium Recent key publications on cultural heritage based on or acknowl-
actively sought opinions in the conservation community to ensure edging BIOBRUSH since the end of project:
that the research outcomes were known. Furthermore, the possible aa May, E., Novel approaches to preserve our European heritage,
replacement of potentially toxic chemical and harsh physical meth- BIOBRUSH Research Monograph, Project No. EVK4-CT-2001-
ods based on chemicals for conservation with biological techniques 00055, European Commission, http://www.biobrush.org, 2006;
is in line with EU energy and environmental policy. One of the aa Webster, A. M. and May, E., “Bioremediation of weath-
objectives of the research was to select microbial agents, available ered-building stone surfaces”, Trends in Biotechnology, 24, 6,
through a culture collection as a European resource, to be used for pp.255–60, 2006;
bioremediation of weathered artistic stoneworks. Further use of aa Cappitelli F., Zanardini E., Ranalli G., Mello E., Daffonchio D. and
this technological approach aimed to provide jobs for young gradu- Sorlini C., “Improved methodology for bioremoval of black crusts
ates in biotechnology, an emergent degree in Europe, as well as for on historical stone artworks by use of sulfate-reducing bacteria”,
qualified restorers, able to use this approach alongside traditional Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, pp.3733–37, 2006;
techniques in conservation. aa May, E and Jones, M. (Eds.), Conservation Science: Heritage
60
BIOBRUSH
Mon ume nt to the 1905 R evolution (La tvia )
Matera Ca thedral (Italy)
Two of the field sites for the BIOBRUSH project

Materials, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing, 300 pp. 2006;
aa May, E., “ BIOBRUSH – Scientific research on bioremediation Jan Kuever
and its potential for conservation practice on stone monuments”, Institute for Material Science IWT/MPA
In: Safeguarded Cultural Heritage: Understanding & Viability Bremen Microbiology Division
for the Enlarged Europe, Proceedings of the 7th European Germany
Conference “Sauveur”, Vol. 2, pp 818-821, 2007;
aa Cappitelli F., Toniolo L., Sansonetti A., Gulotta D., Ranalli Claudia Sorlini
G., Zanardini E., and Sorlini C., Applied and Environmental University of Milan
Microbiology, 73, 17, 5671–75, 2007; DISTAM, Department of Food Science and Microbiology
aa May, E., Jones, M. and Mitchell, J.I., Heritage Microbiology and Italy
Science: Molecules, Microbes and Monuments, Royal Society of
Chemistry Publishing, 300 pp., to be published in early 2008. Linda Krage
Technical University of Riga
Centre for Stone Conservation
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00055 Latvia
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research Andreas Vgenopoulos
Duration (in months): 42 National Technical University of Athens
Section of Geological Sciences
Greece
Dr Eric May
School of Biological Sciences
University of Portsmouth Marco Malagodi
King Henry I Street Syremont S.p.A.
Portsmouth Sistemi per la conservazione e il restauro
Hampshire PO1 2 DY Italy
United Kingdom
Email: eric.may@port.ac.uk
Tel: +44 23 9284 2025
61
BIODAM
Inhibitors of biofilm damage on mineral materials
http://biodam.biogema.de
1. Problems to be solved aa To carry out field trials in respective partner countries to evaluate
newly developed treatments on a range of appropriate climatic
Heritage organisations responsible for the conservation of cultural conditions and materials.
heritage are challenged by high levels of biological colonisation on aa To report the results in congresses and journals, and to transfer
historical surfaces. In some circumstances, it is necessary to remove them to the restoration/conservation community in the EU.
these organisms to conserve the underlying surfaces or to prevent
disfigurement of the objects. Current treatments to combat growth 3. Achieved scientific results
are short-lived and some treatments will be gradually withdrawn to
protect the environment. Therefore, the heritage sector is looking During the three-year work period, the BIODAM team managed to
for new treatments to control biological colonisation of monuments, successfully screen for mycosporine, pigment and exopolysaccharide
where necessary. These should be effective and economical, yet pose inhibitors. Several cell permeabilisers and photodynamic agents were
no harm to the environment. The aim of this project was to develop tested in the laboratory. The characteristics of several test-stone materials
new conservation products, methodologies and technologies to pre- were analysed and described (three sandstones, one limestone and one
vent biofilm re-colonisation of treated stone materials, to evaluate mortar type). The toxicity data and toxicity testing for chemical inhibi-
their effectiveness, toxicity and environmental behaviour, and to tors and biocides were collected and analysed. The biodegradability of
establish the applicability of these methods in substitution or in addi- some of the biocides was screened in laboratory tests. Synergy effects
tion to traditionally used industrial biocides. The new approaches to of the chemical inhibitors were tested using stone-inhabiting bacteria,
biocontrol were the use of inhibitors of coloured cell pigments and cyanobacteria, algae, and fungi as test organisms. A characterisation of
exopolysaccharides, of cell permeabilisers, and of apoptosis (self- mineral changes on treated surfaces was effected and physical and chem-
induced cell death) inducers. Some compounds are derived from ical damage factors were identified for several of the artificial biofilms
antioxidant research in medical approaches, others from naturally applied. A photodynamic treatment prototype was developed and tested,
occurring systems. Photodynamic treatment presently used in cancer and compared with the effectiveness of conventional biocide treatment
therapy has been developed as a novel method for biocontrol on stone techniques. A brochure for future application recommendations and
substrates. The individual objectives are outlined below. techniques was planned and edited. It was published under the auspices
of the EU Environment and Cultural Heritage Programme, and also
2. Scientific objectives and approach Historic Scotland as one of the end-users in the programme. A number
of scientific papers and contributions were presented at congresses on
aa To develop pigment inhibitors and antioxidants, and test their conservation and published in journals and books.
effectiveness in protecting stone surfaces from chromatic altera-
tions by bacteria and fungi (melanins, carotenes) and algae (chlo- 4. Policy impact
rophyll, carotenes).
aa To evaluate the biodegradability, toxicity and chemical compat- As stated in the description of work, BIODAM targets the commu-
ibility of the compounds with stone. nity of conservation and restoration offices, agencies and compa-
aa To develop exopolysaccharide inhibitors and test their effective- nies. Environmentally acceptable solutions were developed in order
ness in preventing biofilm formation by algae, fungi and bacteria. to eliminate or reduce and inhibit biofilm growth and biofouling on
To evaluate the biodegradability, toxicity and chemical compat- material surfaces in general, and on monuments made of stone in
ibility of the compounds with stone. particular. The participation of two major technical research institu-
aa To develop and test products to enhance the permeability of tions dealing with material and environment research and develop-
microorganisms in order to increase the effectiveness of apopto- ment (VTT and INASMET), as well as of one governmental agency
sis inducers, biocides, pigment inhibitors and exopolysaccharide of protection of architectural heritage (Historic Scotland) and a
inhibitors. To evaluate the biodegradability, toxicity and chemi- consulting company in the material research and restoration work
cal compatibility of the compounds with stone. (BIOGEMA) greatly helped. They will also help in the future to
aa To develop and test products to eliminate microorganisms transmit the results into European policy of environment protection
growing on stone materials using a photodynamic treatment to and preservation of cultural heritage.
facilitate access of chemicals to microbial biofilms To evaluate
the biodegradability, toxicity and chemical compatibility of the 5. Dissemination and exploitation
compounds with stone. To develop a prototype of a portable
of the results
device for light excitation of photodynamic treatments.
aa To explore a range of different formulations of biocides, per- BIODAM results were disseminated and exploited via participation
meabilisers, pigment and exopolysaccharide inhibitors to protect in several important congresses: the Stockholm conference on stone
stone from biofilm and network colonisation. decay and conservation; the Krakow, London, and Prague confer-
aa To assess novel treatments for the compatibility with conserva- ences of the EU Cultural Heritage and Environment Programme;
tion methods and heritage surfaces. several SWAPNET conferences; and the conferences of the World
62
BIODAM
Cultural Heritage Cities Conferences in Rhodes and Mexico.
An end-user brochure has been finalised and were distributed to Contract number: EVK4-CT-2002-00098
architects, conservators and restorers on a European scale by Historic
Scotland. Some important publications of the project are quoted
below. A database and website are also available under the same
location as indicated above. Altogether 10 quotable publications Coordinator details:
were printed in congress proceedings and international journals. Prof. Dr Dr h.c. W. E. Krumbein
A detailed bibliography of BIODAM was published on the website. Dr. Anna A. Gorbushina
Historic Scotland, RGU, ICBM and BIOGEMA are conducting and ICBM,
planning teaching unity for restorers/conservators and briefings for Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg,
architects and planners. Selected publications 2005–06: DE-26111 Oldenburg
E-mail: a.gorbushina@uni-oldenburg.de
aa Alakomi, H.L., Gorbushina, A.A., Krumbein, W.E., McCullagh,
Tel: +49 441 7983382; +49179 5231555
C., Saarela, M., Robertson, P. and Rodenacker, K., “Control of
biofilm growth through photodynamic treatments combined
with chemical inhibitors: in vitro evaluation methods”, in
proceedings of Heritage Weathering Conservation, Madrid, Jesus Valero
Balkema, in press, HWC 2006. INASMET
aa Gorbushina, A.A. and Krumbein, W.E., “BIODAM – Innovative Spain
Oberflächen, intelligente Baumaterialien und polyphasische
Behandlung von BiofilmschŠden an Bauwerksoberflächen, in Peter Robertson
proceedings of 6, Dahlbergkolloquium, Biofilme auf Fassaden Centre for Research in Energy and the Environment,
The Robert Gordon University
III, Wismar, in press, 2006.
United Kingdom
aa Young, M.E., Alakomi, H.L., Fortune, I., Gorbushina, A.A.,
Krumbein, W.E., Maxwell, I., McCullagh, C., Robertson, P., Màrius Vendrell
Saarela, M., Valero, J. and Vendrell, M., “Development of a bio- Dept. Crystallography and Mineralogy
cidal treatment regime to inhibit biological growths on cultural University of Barcelona
heritage”, BIODAM. Building and Environment, in press. Spain
aa Gorbushina, A.A. and Krumbein, W.E., “Biological Testing
of Inorganic Materials”, in Springer Handbook of Materials Hanna-Leena Alakomi and
Measurement Methods, Berlin: Springer, 2006. W. E. Krumbein Maria Saarela
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
et al., Investigations into the Control of Biofilm Damage with
Finland
Relevance to Built Heritage (BIODAM), Historic Scotland,
Edinburgh, 104p, 2006. Christiane Schönborn
BIOGEMA
Germany
Ingval Maxwell
Historic Scotland
United Kingdom / Scotland
Biofilm growth used for aesthetic purposes: water flows over

a painted brick wall and results in abundant cyanobacterial
biofilm. Biofilm on the surface is removed by regular, tedious
cleaning, with the middle part left overgrown to yield biofilm
growth in the shape of an apple. (Japan, Aomori Prefecture).
63
BIOREINFORCE
Biomediated calcite precipitation for monumental
stones reinforcement
http://www.ub.es/rpat/bioreinforce.htm
1. Problems to be solved material or the environment, conciliating end-users and stakeholders

with the application of innovative treatments.
Monument stone decay is a consequence of the interaction between
the material and the environmental parameters, such as water, heat, 5. Dissemination and exploitation
atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts
of the results
at the stone surface and continues inwards, leading to a progressive
increase of stone porosity and weakening of the cohesion of the min- The outcome of the project was disseminated with scientific pub-
eral structures. In most cases, conservators of monuments foresee the lications and participation at specific conferences and seminars.
application of consolidating products in order to strengthen the weath- Furthermore, demonstrative applications of the BIM treatment were
ered stones and so avoid dwindling of material. Numerous kinds of organised throughout 2004 in order to support the diffusion into
products, inorganic or organic, have been tentatively applied for monu- the market of the BIOREINFORCE methodology. PolyA and BCF
ment repair and maintenance use but most of them cannot fully satisfy are used as BIMSs to perform some safe and innovative demonstra-
the request of conservators and restorers. In fact, they express extreme tive applications in the frame of specific conservation interventions
caution about using synthetic products to consolidate or protect stone scheduled by Quelin and Trivella.
surfaces. Colour changes, crust formation, glossy appearance and sub-
strate exfoliation, together with environmental pollution are the most Contract number: EVK4-CT-2000-00037
frequent drawbacks encountered. Furthermore, the lack of standard Start date – End date: 01/02/01 – 30/01/04
methods for measuring the treatment effectiveness can lead to an over- Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
or underestimation of the amount of product to be applied. Duration (in months): 36
2. Scientific objectives and approach Coordinator details:

Dr Piero Tiano
CNR – ICVBC Via Madonna del Piano 10, Edificio C, IT-50019
The objective of the project was to develop a new methodology for
Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
monument conservation based on the innovative technologies of
E-mail: tiano@csoa.gi.cnr.it
molecular biology and bacterial genetic engineering. These tools Tel: +39 055 5225415
were applied to develop the Bio-Mediated calcite Treatment (BMT), Fax: +39 055 5225403
which were validated in both laboratory and outdoor conditions,
evaluating its efficiency in stone reinforcement due to new calcite
precipitation inside porosity. The growth of these new crystals were
obtained with a mineralisation process mediated by bioinducing
macromolecules solutions (BIMSs), made with very low amounts of Lia Addadi Mario Vendrell Saz
specific bio-derived renewable macromolecules. Dept. of Structural Biology UBM- Universitat
The Weizmann Institute of de Barcelona-Medicina
3. Achieved scientific results Science Department of
Israel Crystallography and
The main project deliverable has been the validation of a surface Mineralogy
treatment, applied to lightly decaying calcareous monument stones Ian Sutherland Spain
as a soft preventive maintenance of very valuable and delicate works Department of Chemistry
of art, similar to a rejuvenation of the stone surface. Loughborough University Eddy De Witte
United Kingdom KIK/IRPA
Belgium
Giorgio Mastromei
Dip. Biologia Animale Marie Therese Duprè
e Genetica Quélin sa
Italy France
Livio Trivella Genevieve Orial

Trivella spa Laboratoire de recherche
4. Policy impact Italy des monuments historiques
(LRMH)
The new methodology satisfied the request for more stable and safer
treatments in aqueous solvents without a risk for either the stone
64
CATS – CYANOBACTERIA ATTACK ROCKS
Control and preventive strategies to avoid damage
caused by cyanobacteria and associated
microorganisms in Roman hypogean monuments
http://www2.bio.uniroma2.it/biologia/laboratori/lab-botanica/Algae/CATS.htm

The overall objectives of CATS were to better understand During the three-year project, CATS developed tools and methodolo-
biotransformation and biodecay processes of lithic substrata gies to provide conservation and restoration managers with a better
caused by the growth of biofilm-forming cyanobacteria in hypo- understanding of the development of cyanobacteria-dominated bio-
gean monuments, and to evaluate the applicability of a two-phase films and, therefore, an ability to predict the development of biofilm-
(physical plus biotechnological) strategy to decrease and inhibit induced damage. New strategies became available for the monitoring
the growth of phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms and control of rock biodecay. Through CATS, we obtained, for the
that cause severe damage, mostly to calcareous rock surfaces in first time, data that provide evidence of (a) the type of damage pro-
Roman hypogea. duced on rock surfaces through biological activity in hypogea, and
(b) the identity of the major factors that control the development and
2. Scientific objectives and approach growth of biofilms, their biodiversity and function.
Protection and management of the artistic legacy found in hypo- The combination of all these data was used to construct models of the
gean monuments was addressed by a complete and complex multi- complexity of the hypogean environment showing the deterioration
disciplinary scientific study. CATS approached the problem by processes, the biofilm architecture and the biological activity occurring
including geological, geochemical, hydro-chemical, microclimatic, on lithic faces. In addition, the research determined that changing the
environmental, microbiological, ecophysiological, biochemical wavelengths used for illumination caused a decrease in the growth of
and genetic studies in two Christian catacombs: Domitilla and St unwanted cyanobacteria and that active biomolecules could potentially
Callistus in Rome (Italy), and in the pre-historical Cave of Bats in be useful to prevent and control the development of cyanobacteria-domi-
Zuheros (Spain). nated biofilms In this context, new microscopy methods were developed
for the study of biofilm structure, function and diversity that can be
The specific objectives of the project were to: applied to other microbial communities. Furthermore, the development
aa characterise the geological, geochemical, hydro-chemical and of non-destructive and safe methods for monitoring cyanobacterial bio-
physical environment of rocks unaffected or colonised by cyano- films was accomplished through the construction of a ‘portable sensor
bacterial communities inside Roman hypogea, and to evaluate monitor’, which holds together different microsensors for the measure-
possible preferences of cyanobacteria and associated microorgan- ment of threshold values of chemical species on endangered stones, and
isms for specific lithologies; the establishment of a promising new methodology based on the use of
aa describe the architecture and functioning of biofilms built by a portable spectroradiometer to detect phototrophic biofilm development
cyanobacteria and associated microorganisms on different types and to monitor growth. Microorganisms causing decay of lithic surfaces
of lithic surfaces; in Roman hypogea were poorly known. Most of them were identified
aa ascertain the most critical physical, chemical and biological fac- using new PCR-based molecular tools, isolated and characterised in
tors that control colonisation of rock surfaces; assess and quantify culture. Moreover, the feedback from the public (the final end-users)
the damage caused by cyanobacterial biofilms to different types towards the application of new lighting techniques in hypogean archaeo-
of surface; logical areas was evaluated for the first time, and the positive feeling
aa develop new physical methods to control and prevent biofilm expressed by the catacomb visitors hopefully initiated a new means of
growth using wavelengths in the visible part of the light spectrum interaction with citizens.
that are, at best, poorly used by photosynthesis;
aa identify siderophores and cell-to-cell signalling biomolecules, CATS also focused on other aspects of biodeterioration in Roman
and to experiment with their potential to interfere with biofilm hypogea. The influence of visitors was continuously monitored at
development; one site in St Callistus catacomb and it was shown to be relevant in
aa develop an innovative monitoring method using a multiparamet- changing microclimatic conditions that influence water condensation
ric microsensor device for the measurement of biogeochemical and, in turn, biological colonisation. The characterisation of lithic
parameters on endangered rock surfaces; faces resulted in the understanding of Roman procedures for plaster
aa test the response and expectation of citizens to the innovative preparation and allowed us to recommend similar old materials for
strategies proposed. restoration intervention in catacombs. Microorganisms, abundantly
detected in air samples, can attach to exposed surfaces and there
65
CATS – CYANOBACTERIA ATTACK ROCKS
establish microbial communities thanks to the favourable environ- 5. Dissemination and exploitation
mental conditions. A preliminary study of exopolymeric substances
of the results
was, therefore, extremely promising because of the role of these
biopolymers in biofilm adhesion and cohesion, and stone decay, and The results of the CATS project were disseminated through illustrative
could lead to future ‘bio-cleaning’ procedures. folders, poster presentations, CD-ROMs and a dedicated webpage. To
date, the circulation of 70 full papers within the scientific community
4. Policy impact and participation at more than 80 national and international meetings
have substantially contributed to this activity. Two interviews with
The problem of conservation, restoration and exploitation of Roman the project coordinator appeared in 2005 in Nature (433, pp.100–01)
hypogea is part of the more general need to safeguard the cultural on “The film crew”, and in Photonics (39, 4, pp.33–34) on “Photonics
heritage of Europe. This heritage has a significant influence on the applied to frescoes preservation”. In addition, a number of other initia-
economy of nations rich in archaeological remains, which includes tives were performed to exploit the project achievements, including
most of the Mediterranean countries, and influences two main socio- dedicated university courses and seminars, presentation at national
economic factors: the significant amount of human and financial stakeholder meetings, organisation of public exhibitions, national
resources needed to preserve important archaeological sites, and newspapers, and radio and television interviews.
the improvement of both tourism and the quality of life through
sustainable management of European artistic patrimony. The results
achieved by the CATS project can, therefore, have an economic rel- Contract number: EVK4-CT-2000-00028
evance for both European and Mediterranean countries particularly Start date – End date: 01/01/01-31/12/03
concerned with safeguarding monuments. The incorporation of the Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
two-phase methodology that was pursued by the CATS project, Duration (in months): 36
within under- and postgraduate courses in restoration, environmen-
tal and biological sciences, endeavoured to improve knowledge and Coordinator details:
understanding of the problems and implications connected to the Prof. Patrizia Albertano
University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Faculty of Sciences,
managing of archaeological sites and conservation. The use of a
Department of Biology
biological anti-cyanobacterial strategy was never attempted before,
Via della Ricerca scientifica, IT-00133 Rome, Italy
and the possibility to apply new alternative biomolecules that inter- E-mail: albertano@uniroma2.it
fere with biofilm formation represented a future development. While Tel: +39 06 7259 4859/4332
sensor technology is inherently perceived as simplistic in nature,
biotechnology is still an obscure matter for most people. However,
the application of the two-phase strategy to the safeguard of cultural
heritage can provide opportunities to increase the knowledge base Ingrid Groth †John R Gallon U,
and understanding of the workforce. The more techno- and biotech- Hans Knöll Institute for Chris Smith
nologically advanced the workforce, the greater the understand- Natural Products Research University of Wales, Swansea
ing of the safety issues and willingness to overcome conservation Dept. Molecular Natural School of Biological Sciences
and environmental problems The CATS consortium is, therefore, Products Research United Kingdom
Germany
proposing methods that are not harmful to the environment and is
Flavio Graziottin
contributing to an increased knowledge of (new) organisms CATS Bernardo Hermosín IDRONAUT s.r.l.
also addressed the issue of preserving the environmental biodiversity Campos Consejo Superior de Italy
in archaeological hypogea. In fact, a further output from this project Investigationes Cientificas
was the large number of clonal isolates of phototrophic and hetero- Instituto de Recursos Clara Urzì
trophic bacteria that are a potential source for future exploitation of Naturales y Agrobiología University of Messina
the organisms and a challenge for the global market of such genetic Spain Dept. Microbiological,
resources. Most of the CATS results provide possible solutions for Genetic and Molecular
the conservation of Roman hypogea. In addition, methodologies Tiina Mattila-Sandholm Sciences
VTT Biotechnology and Italy
developed within the framework of CATS can be adapted to apply to
Microbiology
any other archaeological or historical site at which biological decay Finland Fabrizio Bisconti
of rock surfaces is occurring. This might generate new employment Pontificia Commissione di
for highly skilled technical staff members of SMEs active in the cul- Giuseppe Pallebehi Archeologia Sacra
tural heritage domain of conservation, and promote sustainable use University of Rome Vatican City
of cultural resources on which tourist activities, new infrastructures (Torvergata)
and job opportunities could develop. Expert input from end-users Faculty of Sciences
in different EU Member States can now be expected to develop the Department of Chemical
market of sustainable technologies for safeguarding cultural heritage Sciences and Technology
Italy
commercially. In the medium and long term, the results achieved
within the CATS project was relevant to EU policy on the conserva-
tion of European cultural heritage.
66
COALITION
Concerted action on molecular microbiology as an
innovative conservation strategy for indoor and out-
door cultural assets

Most restoration work on cultural heritage monuments and works A kick-off meeting (Sevilla, Spain 2000) and three steering com-
of art apply conventional biocides, which are probably not suitable mittee meetings in Barcelona, Spain (2000), Seville (2001) and
for the unknown and complex microbial communities growing on Florence, Italy (2002).
and beneath their surfaces. Even current restoration efforts can con-
ceivably have an opposite effect, particularly if these measures use Three thematic workshops:
substrates which support the growth of microorganisms and, conse- aa inventory of bacteria involved in biodeterioration of cultural
quently, accelerate the deterioration process. Often not sufficiently assets (Gent, Belgium 2001);
respected, microbial colonisation should be taken into consideration aa molecular microbiology (Seville, 2002);
when planning a restoration. aa specific workshop on conservation and restoration issues
addressed to conservators and restorers in order to show the
COALITION was proposed for introducing molecular biology tools importance and the suitability of the molecular approach for
in cultural heritage studies. The objectives focused on the enhance- biological diagnostic on monument conservation (Florence,
ment of the application, through a suitable dissemination, of molecu- November, 2002).
lar microbiology as an innovative conservation strategy in the field
of conservation/restoration. The purposes of COALITION were to Short-term visits and exchanges between the Instituto de Recursos
provide, firstly, a review of current knowledge on molecular biology Naturales, Seville, Spain; the University of Vienna, Austria; the CNR
and biotechnology techniques suitable for the diagnosis of biodete- of Florence; and the IPHE in Madrid, Spain.
rioration problems and, secondly, to provide the European scientists,
conservators, restorers and other end-users with better access to data An advanced course for training young professionals on biodeteriora-
at EU and national levels. tion in Florence, November 2002.
2. Scientific objectives and approach An International Conference on Molecular Biology and Cultural
Heritage, Seville, March 2003.
aa To introduce and enhance the use of molecular biology and
biotechnology techniques, suitable to be of interest in the field A public databank containing a list of bioactive microorganisms iden-
of conservation/restoration of cultural heritage. The benefit tified on cultural heritage assets, with pure cultures (deposited at the
obtained from the application of these techniques are Belgian Culture Collection) and DNA sequences of microorganisms
• minimisation of sampling; A list of available techniques, new methods and their applications,
• optimisation of information in diagnostic studies on micro- a set of recommendations and protocols for molecular approaches
bial contamination of cultural assets; and such as sampling, extraction, PCR-amplification and analysis of
• analysis of potential health hazards, such as toxic or otherwise PCR products, fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH), optimisation
bioreactive metabolites by the organisms present in the objects of steady protocols, and guidelines for health protection of restorers
undergoing restoration. These data formed the basis of guide- and museum workers were published in the book: Saiz-Jimenez,
lines for health protection of restorers and museum workers. C., Molecular Biology and Cultural Heritage, Balkema Publishers,
aa To obtain information on the type of microorganisms colonising Lisse, p.287, 2003.
different and representative materials, by producing an inventory
of the microorganisms associated with the damages to cultural Publication of eight issues of the electronic newsletter COALITION.
assets. This is a prerequisite to include biodecay as an integral The publication was continued under the support of the Spanish
part of the restoration process and allowed the design of the most CSIC Thematic Network on Cultural Heritage and can be accessed
effective treatments for eliminating active microbial communities at www.rtphc.csic.es.
and biodeterioration, and testing the efficiency of biocide and
cleaning treatments as well as follow-up of procedures. 4. Policy impact
aa To disseminate the advantages of using molecular techniques for
diagnostic purposes to end-users, for example architects, restor- COALITION fostered cooperation between scientists, conservators
ers, curators, those responsible for cultural heritage, etc. and restorers inside the EU, dissemination inside and outside the
67
COALITION
EU, and training of molecular microbiology techniques. This was
achieved by producing guidelines and recommendations for effec- Sabine Rölleke
tive evaluation of microbial activities and for safety manipulation Genalysis GmbH
of contaminated objects. The data were discussed in a panel with Germany
stakeholders and end-users and the transfer of technology from the
Werner Lubitz
research community to the conservation/restoration community was
Universität Wien, Faculty of Life Sciences
critically addressed. 5. Dissemination and exploitation of the results
Austria
Many articles have been published and are available via contacting
the coordinator or the website. Jean Swings
Universiteit Gent
5. Dissemination and exploitation Laboratorium voor Microbiologie
Belgium
of the results
Many articles have been published and are available via contacting Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry
the coordinator or the website.
and Microbiology
Finland
Wolfgang E. Krumbein
Universität Oldenburg
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres
Germany
Piero Tiano
Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni
Culturali
CNR
Italy
Clara Urzì
Università di Messina, Dept. di Scienze Microbiologiche
Italy
Nieves Valentín Rodrigo

Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico Español
Spain

Contract type: FP5 Concerted action
Prof. Dr Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avenida
Reina Mercedes, 10, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain
E-mail: saiz@irnase.csic.es
Tel: +34 95 462 4711 ext. 134
68
Chapter 4
4. Environment, cultural heritage and tools inside
and for museums, archives and libraries, historic
buildings, churches
69
Introduction
Damage from pollution, climate change and mass tourism is not all
about exterior facades. The inside of buildings, monuments and other
structures is at risk, too. Many EU-supported cultural heritage research
projects are ‘inward-focused’; for example, the projects – IMPACT,
LIDO, MIMIC and MASTER – developed forecasting models,
advanced sensor technology and prototypes using for instance lasers
to monitor the indoor impact on cultural objects of pollution, exposure
to light or fluctuations in humidity and temperature caused by human
presence in particular. Other projects targeted specific cultural objects
or curatorial tasks with huge economic implications. COLLAPSE
aimed to halt corrosion of lead and lead-tin alloy organ pipes, while
SENSORGAN developed new sensors for monitoring and detecting
harmful environments on pipes and wooden parts of organs.
IDAP devised new damage-assessment techniques for delicate parch-

ment documents on all structural levels from the microscopic to the
molecular while MODHT aimed to monitor damage on tapestry.
PAPYLUM and SURVENIR created non-invasive tools to analyse the
state of paper documents, while INKCOR developed ways to neutral-
ise the acidity of iron gall ink, used on paper for centuries in Europe
and stored in countless but often damaged archives. The follow-on FP6
project, PAPERTREAT, is evaluating existing techniques in the con-
text of commercialisation. There are also creative but highly relevant
projects such as FRIENDLY HEATING. The latter aimed to create
a heating control system that meets the needs of churchgoers without
damaging heat-sensitive works of art. Its solution? To restrict heat only
to those areas where people congregate, thus preserving cultural herit-
age and reducing energy consumption.
The LASERACT project has produced a prototype based on integra-
tion of advanced laser measurement technique in one operational
device for structural assessment of a wide range of issues like cracks,
voids, detachments… These techniques were further investigated in
the MULTIENCODE project for structural recognition purposes.
In addition, VIDRIO provided a series of recommendations to prevent
weathering on ancient stained glass windows and gave rise to a spin-
off company and patent while CONSTGLASS aims to assess existing
and future stained glass treatments.
Finally PROPAINT is seeking to develop conservation strategies

for microclimate control for paintings on display and in storage and
transit, and also includes the assessment of the protective effect of
varnishes on paintings.
71
COLLAPSE
Corrosion of lead and lead-tin alloys of organ pipes
in Europe
http://www.goart.gu.se/collapse
1. Problems to be solved in summer compared with winter. The use of white glue (polyvinyl
acetate glue) for building or restoring an organ can be another factor
The organ belongs to the core of European culture reflecting its that causes corrosion. There are many different types of white glue
diverse histories, traditions and stylistic periods. The European her- but all emit acetic acid.
itage of the organ is preserved in numerous historical instruments.
One major threat to this heritage is the indoor atmospheric corrosion Results from the field studies indicate that the tin content in the
of lead and lead-tin alloys of organ pipes. When the corroded pipes lead-tin alloy appears to influence the corrosion behaviour of pipe
have collapsed, there is no other way to solve the problem other than metal: in samples from the same organ – i.e. exposed to the same
replacing the historical pipes with modern ones – and a part of the atmosphere – the thickness and the coverage of corrosion products
audio cultural heritage is lost forever. decreases with increasing tin content in the alloy. However, labora-
tory experiments have shown that a few percent of tin will have a
2. Scientific objectives and approach protecting effect at lower humidity while at higher humidity the
protecting effect gradually disappears.
There have been no effective methods to prevent organ pipes from
being corroded, and to save the valuable instruments which have A method was developed to clean corroded pipes. A corroded pipe is
already been damaged. Moreover, there is no consensus on the reasons cleaned primarily to decrease the rate of corrosion by removing cor-
for the increased rate of corrosion attack. The COLLAPSE project rosive compounds (salts) from the surface. The insoluble corrosion
objectives were to define relevant methods and products as well as to products (for example, lead white) are not to be removed.
create conservation strategies in order to combat the corrosion of lead
and lead-tin alloy organ pipes. This was achieved through:
aa field studies and laboratory experiments to identify the factors 4. Policy impact
which cause indoor atmospheric corrosion of lead-tin alloy organ
pipes in order to avoid or impede corrosive environments; The knowledge of factors that create a corrosive environment com-
aa developing methods to clean, protect and preserve already cor- bined with the method developed to clean corroded pipes togeth-
roded pipes from further corrosion; er formed a conservation strategy offering cultural institutions,
aa applying recommended conservation strategies in a case study parishes, SMEs and authorities with new tools and methods to pre-
using the historical Stellwagen organ in St Jakobi church in vent pipe corrosion and thereby safeguard the cultural organ heritage.
Lübeck, which is severely affected by corrosion. This, in turn, increased the competitiveness of European organ-
building SMEs and provide numerous organ-building firms focus-
ing on organ restoration with relevant methods and tools for their
3. Achieved scientific results professional activities, as well as offering new work opportunities for
skilled handicraft people.
Field studies were performed on selected corroded and non-corroded
reference organs in Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
Methodologies were developed for documentation of the organs;
taking and analysing corroded pipe metal samples; sampling and
analysing the air in the organs and in the churches; and setting out
metal samples for long time exposure in the organs. Temperature and
relative humidity were logged in the organs for one year.
High concentrations of acetic acid were found in the organ wind in

the corroded field study organs. Laboratory research has shown that
acetic acid in very low concentrations is also corrosive to lead. The
organic acids are emitted from the wood used in the organ (in wind
trunks and wind chests). In old organ building tradition, and also
often today, oak was used in organs (Italy also used walnut). Oak
and walnut are known to emit large amounts of organic acids, in par-
ticular acetic acid. The field studies showed that the concentrations
of organic acids and aldehydes in the organ wind system depend A corroded and collapsed pipe foot tip
on temperature and humidity, with significantly higher emissions
72
COLLAPSE
5. Dissemination and exploitation Lutz Jedeck

Ev.-Luth. Kirchengemeinde St. Jakobi
of the results Lübeck
The implementation of this new knowledge has principally been Germany
carried out through education of organ builders and the owners of
Claudia Zachariassen
the instruments suffering from corrosion. The knowledge from the
Marcussen & Søn, Orgelbyggeri A/S
project has also been disseminated through conferences, seminars, Denmark
articles and via the Internet.
Jan-Erik Svensson
Chalmers University of Technology
. Contract number: EVK4-CT-2002-00088 Department of Environmental Inorganic Chemistry
Start date – End date: 01/01/03-30/06/06 Sweden
Duration (in months): 42 Carla Martini
Alma Mater studiorum - Universita di Bologna
Coordinator details: Department of Metals science, Electrochemistry
Dr Carl Johan Bergsten and Chemical Techniques
Goeteborg University, GOArt Italy
P.O.Box 210
SE-40530 Goeteborg
Sweden
E-mail: carl.johan.bergsten@hsm.gu.se
Tel: +46 737 591946
73
CONSTGLASS
Conservation materials for stained glass windows –
assessment of treatments, studies on reversibility
and performance of innovative restoration strategies
and products
http://www.constglass.fraunhofer.de

The project’s research activities deal mainly with the screening of In the meantime, all relevant pilot panels are investigated and
restoration treatments performed in the last decades on outstanding documented regarding their preservation state and their conservation
European stained glass windows of medieval origin and from the needs.
19th/20th century. Preservation state of the artworks and potential
risks caused by former restoration campaigns, like stability vs. deg- A round-robin testing of the analytical tools provided by the partners
radation behaviour of conservation materials and original substrates and available in the project has been executed, showing the potential
will be examined. As pilot objects, e. g. stained glass windows from of advanced methods like e. g. micro-Raman and the complementary
Cologne Cathedral (D), Canterbury (UK), Chartres, Bourges, Le CT methods (after adaptation and improvement) for the identification
Mans (all F) and others have been identified. Selected samples rep- and damage characterisation of stained glass and organic resins.
resenting typical damage phenomena of bulk stained glass and also The analytical screening of especially identified damaged areas on
conservation resins will be examined by means of highly sophisti- the pilot panels with restoration demands or revealing aged conserva-
cated analytical tools. tion materials is also in progress. As one major intermediate result, it
Moreover, pure inorganic so-called glass-in-glass consolidants will is now possible via CT investigations to clearly visualise and identify
be developed for cautious but effective stabilisation of porous, inter- consolidants and their penetration depth into brittle and fractured
nally fractured and brittle glasses and glass paints. bulk glass, showing e. g. craquelure damage. Also, the consolida-
tion material can be distinguished (by doping with trace elements)
from the embedding organic resin, used e. g. for the preparation of
2. Scientific objectives and approach cross sections for instrumental SEM-analysis, by its different phase
For a profound documentation of pilot panels and damage phenom- contrast properties.
ena, several documentation sheets have been conceived. They ensure
optimum panel handling, sample examination and experimental To validate the reversibility properties of resins and solvents, a
processing: for the pilot panels, a data sheet for documentation detailed report about the outcome of the Reversibility Workshop in
was established, together with a sample control sheet and tables for Antwerp was published, leading to a questionnaire scheme or bench
structuring the steps of assessment and analysis and to pre-define mark system for the assessment of solvents depending on the resins
evaluation and analytical and conservation measures. Finally, the applied. The protocol established for this, based on the “balance
sheets allow not only the documentation of the actual preservation scoreboard” approach used in management and industrial production
state of the artworks, but as an added value also the monitoring of has been evaluated by conservators and scientists during the trial
the applied conservation measures as an information tool for future workshop.
examination campaigns.
The following glass conservation resins are under detailed investiga-
Microscopic damage and deterioration effects are investigated by tion now, e. g. focusing on their susceptibility against microbial /
sophisticated analytical tools like nano-Computed Tomography micro-biological attack:
(CT), phase-contrast CT, Raman spectroscopy, SEM / EDX etc. Also, aa Araldite™ binder AY103, hardener HY951 (epoxy adhesive)
reversibility and re-treatability workshop trials on restoration materi- aa Araldite™ 2020 (epoxy adhesive)
als will be performed as well as the identification of risk potential, aa SZA (Silica-Zirconium-Alkoxide, developed at Fraunhofer ISC, D)
caused by microbial impacts (bio-corrosion) on glass and conserva- aa Fynebond (Fyne Conservation Service, Norman Tennent, UK;
tion materials. epoxy resin)
aa Paraloid B72 (acrylate resin mixture (methyl acrylate / ethyl-
Reversibility properties of applied organic resins are an important methacrylate))
issue within the project. To establish an overview of materials, meth- aa HXtal NYL-1 (epoxy resin, based on Epichlorohydrine; hardener:
ods and ageing behaviour, a workshop with well prepared mock glass Alkyletheramine imidazole)
samples (modern glass sheets, coated with various resins) has been aa Ormocer® G (Trademark of Fraunhofer Society, D; polysiloxane;
organised in Antwerp in October 2008. mixture with Paraloid B72)
74
CONSTGLASS
aa Viacryl (acrylic / PU resin); Viacryl SM 564 (with Desmodur) Furthermore, the project will develop strategies required to reduce
aa Microcrystalline waxes (e. g. mcw 1129), Carnauba and Polythene the negative impact of mass tourism on cultural heritage, by reduc-
A waxes ing the cycle of treatment, damage and re-treatment (and to promote
aa BS 31 (methyl silicone resin) tourism itself as an outstanding European economical factor). This
aa SH-1 (epoxy resin) will support development and increase competitiveness of European
aa Epidian 53 (epoxy-resin, Bisphenol A- and Epichlorohydrine- countries as required in the Treaty establishing the European
based); solution of resin Epidian 5 (molecular mass <700) in sol- Community (Title XVIII, Research and Technological Development,
vent; hardener Z-1: N,N’-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine Article 163). As the preservation methods developed in the project are
aa Putty: Henkel Rubson (neutral silicone), linseed oil chalk, Syton applicable also for other industrial areas (polymer and coating indus-
(silicic acid dispersion) etc. try), this proposal supports the “sustainable development of economic
activities” in Europe (Article 2). Furthermore, reversibility aspects in
Regarding the development of a new, inorganic-based glass-in- terms of organic synthetics impact on valuable original artworks are
glass consolidant, the most promising prototype resin is identified considered and evaluated within the project.
and under investigation now (application on crizzled glass samples
(craquelure damage), subsequent climate chamber testing). The prod-
uct will be protected by filing a patent. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
4. Policy impact Project Leaflet
Throughout the Middle Ages stained glass held a leading role in ‘Conservation Materials for Stained Glass Windows – Assessment of
Europe among the various artistic techniques. Therefore, stained Treatments, Studies on Reversibility and Performance of Innovative
glass may still be considered as a living witness of history. The Restoration Strategies and Products (Acronym: CONSTGLASS)’
intensive connections between Flanders and Spain during the 16th
century, for example, demonstrate the pan-European reality in this Conferences / Related Publications
field from past centuries to nowadays. Especially during the last dec-
ades, art historians elucidated many more examples for artistic and 1) GLASSAC, Valencia, ES (Glass Science in Art and Conservation),
cultural connections, which irrefutably testify that the tradition of March 08:
stained glass is a legacy of European civilization, far beyond national K. Wittstadt, P. Mottner (oral presentation):
borders. Therefore, the CONSTGLASS project team has been com- ‘Internal Fractures on Glass Objects - Cause Analyses and
posed to include all relevant scientific expertise, but also considering Conservation Attempts’
political aspects, reflecting the enlargement of the European Union: N. Tennent, J. Caen, P. Courtney, E. Lozano Diz (poster presentation):
‘Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Polymers Used in Past Glass
The project contributes to the implementation of the EU policy to Conservation Treatments’
support the participation of small and medium sized companies in K. Pieters, P. Jacobs, J. Caen, U. Brinkmann (poster presentation):
European projects and RTD-activities (see: Treaty establishing the ‘Exploring the Potential of non-Destructive X-Ray Computed
European Community, implemented in 1998, Title XVIII, Research Tomography in the Conservation of Stained Glass’
and Technological Development, Article 163). Four out of eleven
partners have the status of a SME and further SMEs will be engaged 2) IRUG-08 Meeting (Infrared/Raman User Group), Vienna, March 08
as subcontractors, to provide routine conservation and scaffolding N. Tennent, J. Caen et al. (poster presentation) :
services. One of the SMEs active in the project (FCS) is located ‘In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Polymers Used in Past
in the Highlands Regions of Scotland, which is an “Objective 1 Conservation Treatments’
status zone” (defined by the EC), which deserves special conditions
for funding. The participation in research projects will increase 3) CVMA Conference (Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi, American
the competitiveness of the SMEs, which is an important target of Section), Forum:
European policy. Conservation / Restoration of Stained Glass Windows, New York,
June 2009
The inclusion of a partner from Poland supports the Action P. Mottner et al. (all CONSTGLASS partners; oral presentation):
Programme of the EU, encouraging Eastern European countries as ‘The CONSTGLASS Project: Screening of Restoration-Conservation
new EU member States to participate in EU-projects. Campaigns and Materials Development for the Sustainable
Preservation of European Stained Glass Windows’
In addition, this project supports the Community Action Plan in the J. Caen, K. de Vis, N. Tennent (oral presentation):
field of Cultural Heritage (Council Decision – O.J. 94/C 235/01) and ‘Reversibility of Polymer Treatments on Stained Glass’
the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP, 10 May 1999)
by enhancing the sustainable exploitation of stained glass windows Workshop / Workshop Report
as part of our common cultural heritage and thus by supporting the
“conservation and management of natural resources and cultural Reversibility Workshop Artesis Hogeschool Antwerp, 13.-15. October
heritage”. 2008
‘Conservation Materials for Stained Glass Windows – Studies on
Reversibility’
75
CONSTGLASS
Patents Henning Metzlaff / Annemarie Radler

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der angewandten
Forschung e.V.
A patent filing for the newly developed Glass-in-Glass Consolidant Germany
is envisaged at present by Fraunhofer ISC.
Ulrike Brinkmann
Metropolitankapitel der hohen Domkirche Koeln -
Contract number: SSP 044339 Dombauverwaltung
Start date – End date: 01/06/07-31/05/10 Germany
Duration (in months): 36 Isabelle Pallot-Frossard
Cercle des partenaires du patrimoine
Coordinator details: France
Dr. Gerhard Schottner
Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research Pawel Karaszkiewicz
Head of Business Unit Surfaces and Coatings Akademia sztuk pieknych im. jana matejki w Krakowie
Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany Poland
E-mail: gerhard.schottner@isc.fraunhofer.de
phone: +49 931 4100-627 Leonie Seliger
The Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral
United Kingdom
Stefan Truempler
Fondation du centre suisse de recherche et d'information sur le
vitrail
Switzerland
Joost Caen
Hogeschool Antwerpen, Conservation Studies, Antwerpen
Belgium
Norman H. Tennent
Tennent Norman Fyne Conservation Service FCS
United Kingdom
Patric Jacobs
Ghent University
Belgium
Franco Zanini
Sincrotrone Trieste SCPA
Italy
Thomas Warscheid
LBW-Bioconsult
Germany
Swiss roundel: with leaded joints (above); after conservation-

restoration, joints are glued (bottom)
© Courtesy of Glasgow Museums, UK
76
FRIENDLY HEATING
Both comfortable for people and compatible with
conservation of art works preserved in churches
http://www.isac.cnr.it/friendly-heating/
Greater comfort and flexibility were obtained by means of a
aa Church heating provides inappropriate temperature (T) and rela- number of radiant sources with low surface temperature (e.g. 30–70
tive humidity (RH) levels or strong microclimate variations with °C) that are strategically placed in every pew to satisfy the different
tremendous impact on artwork conservation. physiological needs for heat of the various parts of the body.
aa Most of the heat supplied by church heating is dispersed within
the building, causing damage to artworks without providing com- For the priest and members of the choir, personalised solutions are
fort to churchgoers. used, e.g. heated carpets, small additional IR sources.
aa Thermal comfort is generally not compatible with conservation.
aa Church heating requires a huge amount of energy and has a large Not only were the needs of conservation taken into account but also
environmental impact, contrary to the Kyoto Protocol. the comfort of the churchgoers. Comfort was assessed from the ther-
aa Artworks are rapidly deteriorating in heated churches. mal sensation of people, measuring body temperature, as well as the
air temperature and the infrared radiant contribution at the height of
2. Scientific objectives and approach a person. Heating that was both safe and comfortable was reached,
which was confirmed by objective instrumental measurements.
aa To find a church-heating system compatible with artwork
conservation. The novel heating system is fast and the radiant heaters reached
aa To develop a heating system that is, at the same time, friendly to operation temperature in some 10 minutes. However, if the church is
artwork and comfortable for people. very cold, heaters should be switched on one or more hours before
aa To contain most of the heat in the area where people are located. occupation in order to help warm up the floor and seats.
aa To study the dynamics of the indoor air with CFD simulation and
field surveys. The system is modular, with the heated pews being independ-
aa To save energy on church heating in line with the Kyoto Protocol. ent of one another. New heated pews can be added or removed
whenever needed. Pews are in a fixed position on the floor, or are
3. Achieved scientific results fixed to a footboard and each pew has independent heating. The
actual number of pews that should be heated at each service can
Church heating is based on two heating strategies: to heat the entire be decided on at any moment, simply by looking at the number
room to provide a comfortable environment, or to leave the building of churchgoers present. This constitutes a further important sav-
cold and only keep the people warm. In principle, localised heating ing of energy, especially in the case of midweek services with a
is attractive for respecting artworks, but in general it is not very smaller attendance.
satisfactory in terms of comfort and invasiveness. The FRIENDLY
HEATING research project worked along this strategy, investigating 4. Policy impact
the way to improve comfort, to assess the impact on artworks and
risk thresholds, and to recognise the limit of applicability of this The project supports EU interest in protecting built heritage and in
methodology, especially in very cold areas. developing communication on cultural heritage. The results of the
project and the innovative monitoring methodologies applied have
A novel method was specifically studied for conservation. It constituted key support for three standards on conservation of the
was aimed at warming people, but at the same time leaving the cultural property of the European Committee for Standardisation
environment unaffected; church and artworks remained almost (CEN TC346/WG4): one concerning church heating compatible with
undisturbed in their natural microclimate. The advantages were the preservation of cultural property; another concerning specifica-
an improvement in the conservation standard and human comfort, tions for temperature and relative humidity to limit climate-induced
and a reduction in costs and energy demand. The environment and damage; and a third on procedures and instruments for measuring
artworks were monitored to establish a cause-effect relationship the temperature of the air and the surfaces of objects.
(e.g. microclimate perturbations and wooden dimensional change)
and also thresholds in the allowed microclimate fluctuations. This Improving thermal comfort in churches is beneficial to health, espe-
study demonstrated that, in addition to amplitude, the frequency of cially for older people and will make better use of uncomfortable
dangerous air parameter fluctuations is fundamental. To keep heat churches for worship, mass tourism or cultural activity (e.g. concerts,
localised, low temperature radiant heaters are preferred to convec- conferences). Artwork conservation is also a means to guaranteeing
tive air movements. This strategy was preferred after a comparison cultural tourism. A novel technology implies new skills and opens a
with other heating systems new market opportunity.
77
FRIENDLY HEATING
5. Dissemination and exploitation Henk Schellen

Department FAGO: Physical Aspects of the Built Environment
of the results University of Technology
The Netherlands
Publications: Many articles and books have been published and
presentations made at conferences. Details are available by contact- René Van Grieken
ing the coordinator. Micro and Trace
Analysis Centre
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00067 Department of Chemistry
Start date – End date: 01/04/02 – 30/06/05 University of Antwerp
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research Belgium
Roman Kozlowski
Coordinator details: Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry
Dr Dario Camuffo Polish Academy of Sciences
Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, Consiglio Poland
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Corso Stati Uniti 4, IT-35127
Padova, Italy Sirkka Rissanen
d.camuffo@isac.cnr.it Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health
Tel: +39 049 829 59 02 Finland
Arturo Busà
MILANOPROGETTI S.n.C
Italy
Marcin Kozarzewski
Firma Zajaczkowska – Kloda Sp. z o.
Poland
78
IDAP
Improved damage assessment of parchment
http://www.idap-parchment.dk
1. Problems to be solved end-users working with assessment, conservation and restoration

of parchment as well as for researchers and students in this field.
The background for the project was the large collections of parch- This includes an assessment report scheme, and descriptions of
ment documents in public and private libraries, archives and reli- and guidelines for performing the tests and reporting. It consists of
gious institutions, etc. which are recognised as being among the most various simple visual, non-destructive and micro-sample assessment
valuable objects of our European cultural heritage. These documents methods for routine damage assessment of parchment at the macro
present an enormous, unsolved conservation problem, as there are no level (visual and microscopic) developed by the project. The methods
standard methods for diagnosis and assessment of damage, as well and techniques were supported by the results of correlation analyses
as no detailed descriptions of the damage types and causes to help between the results from advanced chemical, structural and thermo-
in the planning and execution of optimal active and preventive con- chemical studies of parchment deterioration from the microscopic to
servation actions. Moreover, because of the general lack of resources the molecular level. Based on the assessment of historical parchment,
and scientific data on deterioration from analysis and assessment the damage atlas (DUPDA) describes the progressing damage of
of original historical parchment objects – due to limited access to parchment in four categories, evolving from the intact to the heavily
samples – development of research and knowledge within this area damaged at all structural levels. Moreover, the DUPDA also provides
was slow. general recommendations and precautions in connection with stor-
age, exhibition and treatment of parchment in each of the four dam-
2. Scientific objectives and approach age categories. In addition, the model early warning system (EWS),
based on parchment sensors, will warn against damage to historical
The objectives of the IDAP project were to overcome the above- parchment in storage and exhibitions.
mentioned problems and find solutions for the end-users by making
the following tools available for professionals on the Internet: 4. Policy impact
aa a parchment damage assessment programme (PDAP)
aa an early warning system (EWS) In general, the field of conservation-restoration is small with regard
aa a digitised user-friendly parchment damage atlas (DUPDA) to financial resources and expertise. Specifically, the resources
The development of the simple visual-assessment techniques and available for research in assessment and conservation of parchment
the improvement of the knowledge on damage of parchment were documents are very limited. The project deliverables, in the form of
based on analysis and description of the damage characteristics on the unique, interactive IDAP database and its facilities, create the
all structural levels, from the macroscopic to the molecular. The possibility of uniting the existing and new research with practical
products in the form of the PDAP, user guide, DUPDA and the many conservation knowledge. Moreover, it contributed to improving com-
other website facilities constitute new and unique tools in practical munication and dissemination of expertise and knowledge within
damage assessment, storage and conservation of parchment. The conservation in the EU.
assessment methods and techniques in PDAP were developed in
close cooperation with end-users at archives and libraries in Europe. The improved possibility of extending the lifetime of the large
They were involved in the development, description and evaluation number of invaluable parchment documents in our archives, librar-
of the methods as well as actively participating in the production of ies and museums is an important contribution of the project to the
assessment data and knowledge that were essential for the develop- Community. The IDAP methods and facilities improve the assess-
ment of DUPDA and EWS. ment basis necessary for establishing and planning conservation
strategies, practical conservation and restoration. The effective
3. Achieved scientific results assessment system enables the end-users to set up selective, strate-
gic conservation plans and actions, and thus avoid excessive waste
The main output of the IDAP project was the non-profit interactive of resource expenditure (financial, working hours, etc.) and avoid
parchment database, available on the Internet, containing the PDAP, efforts expended on useless, non-effective or, at worst, damaging
EWS and DUPDA which are available for work and progress in prac- preservation actions.
tical applied parchment conservation, education and research, as well
as in other relevant fields like biochemistry, protein chemistry, etc. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
The output also included new and improved knowledge, expertise
of the results
and developed analytical techniques that were channelled into the
development and research in conservation of parchment and other During the project period the project and its results were presented
related materials. and discussed at 24 international meetings and in 36 scientific publica-
tions. In addition, a book presenting the results in detail is planned.
The PDAP was designed to provide detailed information on new A number of students and research students have been linked to
methods for identifying the condition of parchment for professional and involved directly or indirectly with the project or have made
79
IDAP
use of its methods and knowledge. Finally, most techniques, defini-
tions etc. used and developed during the project are described in Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00061
detailed papers published on the part of the IDAP website available Start date – End date: 01/03/02 – 31/08/05
to network members. Development of and training in the assessment Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
method and use of the database methods took place at workshops
with participation of end-users from inside as well as outside Europe. Coordinator details:
In addition, researchers from the IDAP group have visited end-user Dr René Larsen
institutions and been visited by them in order to train individual School of Conservation, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
experts in the techniques. This way of disseminating the results and Esplanaden 34, DK-1263 Copenhagen, Denmark
methods has continued after the project period, and several large E-mail: rl@kons.dk
archives, libraries and research institutions in Europe have imple- Tel: +45 33 74 4703
mented them in their practical and research work.
The IDAP database enables the end-users to improve communication

and distribution of expertise and knowledge within conservation in Soghomon Boghosian
the European Community and worldwide. The coordination and Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas/
organisation take place within the framework the IDAP Network, a Institute of Chemical Engineering
non-profit organisation of professional end-users. & High Temperature Chemical Processes
Greece
Marianne Odlyha
University of London, Birkbeck College
Department of School of Biological
and Chemical Sciences
United Kingdom
Frédérique Juchauld
Centre de Recherches sur la Conservation
des Documents Graphiques (CRCDG)
France
Tim Wess
University of Cardiff
Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences
United Kingdom
Giuseppe Della Gatta

University of Turin, Department of Chemistry IFM
Laboratory of Chemical Thermodynamics
Italy
Marie Vest
Det Kongelige Bibliotek
Department of Preservation
Denmark
Magda Souckova
National Library of the Czech Republic
Conservation Department
Czech Republic
The development of the simple and visual assessment tech-

niques have been based on the analysis and description of the
damage characteristics of parchment on all structural levels
from the macroscopic to the molecular
80
IMPACT
Innovative modelling of pollution and conservation
thresholds
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/impact
1. Problems to be solved elled for the indoor atmosphere, demonstrating that in conditions of
high light levels this can affect the indoor concentration of pollutants
The problem of pollution damage to cultural heritage in museums, such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone. The IMPACT pollution model
galleries and archives is faced by cultural heritage institutions has been developed for both naturally ventilated and mechanically
throughout Europe. Yet, although most institutions are aware of the ventilated buildings. The software has been written as two freely
pollution problem, and are keen to deal with it, they frequently lack available Java applets that can be run by any modern browser pro-
the expert knowledge to make informed decisions about what might gram. It has been developed with the continued involvement and
be the best approach to pollution control. Only the largest and most input of end-users who have made many suggestions for new features
prestigious institutions can be expected to employ conservators or and improvements.
scientists with any knowledge in this area. This project aimed to
develop a software tool to assist museums in dealing with the prob- By highlighting the role of deposition, the project has shown how
lem of pollutant damage to indoor cultural heritage. The tool enables a natural process can remove damaging air pollutants from the
museum staff, architects and engineers to make sensible decisions air in many types of cultural heritage building, before they have
about pollution control for their organisations. the chance to react with collections. This is of great importance
for museums, galleries, archives and libraries in particular. The
2. Scientific objectives and approach IMPACT software can highlight which building types are most and
least effective in utilising the natural process of deposition. The
The project sought to assist museums in the control of damaging project has also carried out research into how this process can be
gaseous pollutants through the production of a public domain (web- enhanced using special materials of high absorbing capacity. It has
based) software tool that can: demonstrated how such materials can be practically deployed in
aa predict indoor pollutant concentrations from outdoor concentra- museum environments, but further research is needed before usable
tions and building parameters; products can be developed.
aa give information on the damage this pollution is likely to cause
and suggest suitable control thresholds using a deposition-based 4. Policy impact
methodology;
aa assess the impact of different pollution control strategies and The project has contributed to European policy development for cul-
encourage museums to adopt best practice in preventive conservation. tural heritage by increasing knowledge and understanding in relation
It also developed materials suitable for use as passive pollution to pollution damage, and the development of policies and standards
absorbers in museums. to reduce such damage. The socioeconomic relevance of the software
The project approach was multi-disciplinary, bringing together is, as an educational tool, helping users to learn about air pollution
a consortium of universities, a research organisation, a SME, a behaviour in buildings and understanding its system nature. Through
museum and an architectural practice. The project combined labora- the software and the work that has been done on deposition-based
tory studies of pollution interactions with materials, pollution and thresholds, the project has sought to move thinking about pollution
material measurements in real museum situations, and designed and and cultural heritage away from just considering the concentration in
implemented a web-based software tool that could readily be used by the air, but also to think about deposition processes and how these
a non-specialist. The project research was underpinned throughout should be studied in order to better understand the damage that can
by a strong element of end-user input, both from the project partners occur to cultural heritage.
and through consultation with museum professionals, architects and
engineers at two end-user workshops organised by the project. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
The project results were disseminated through two end-of-project
The project developed and perfected a methodology for the meas- workshops in London and Krakow. The project was presented at the
urement of deposition velocities of a wide range of materials under 5th EC Conference on Cultural Heritage (see http://www.ucl.ac.uk/
realistic ambient conditions. It has been applied to a wide range sustainableheritage/ conference-proceedings) in September 2004
of interior finishes and object materials to obtain new and bet- and at the COST G8 Workshop in Malta (November 2004). The
ter quality data than had been previously possible. The relative IMPACT software tool is being used by cultural heritage organisa-
humidity dependence of deposition velocity for sulphur dioxide, tions such as English Heritage in the United Kingdom, and as an edu-
nitrogen dioxide and ozone has been modelled, contributing much cational tool for teaching on the University College London’s MSc in
to the understanding of the role of water in the deposition process. ‘Sustainable Heritage’ and the University of Malta’s MSc/Diploma in
The homogeneous chemistry of reactive air pollutants has been mod- ‘Conservation Technology for Masonry Buildings’.
81
IMPACT

University College London
Dr Nigel Blades
UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage, The Bartlett School of
Graduate Studies
University College London, Gower Street
London WC1E 6BT
United Kingdom
E-mail: n.blades@ucl.ac.uk
Tel: +44 20 7679 5965
The IMPACT project Java applet being used in a museum setting

– UCL’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London (UK)
Jan Henriksen
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning
Norway
Peter Brimblecombe
School of Environmental Sciences
University of East Anglia
United Kingdom
Susan Smith
Emcel Filters Ltd
United Kingdom
Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie

Poland
Students undertaking a microscopy practical exercise as part

of the Advanced Study Course ‘Science and Technology of the
Environment for Sustainable Protection of Cultural Heritage’,
April 2002
82
INKCOR
Stabilisation of iron gall ink-containing paper
http://www.Infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/InkCor/index.htm
1. Problems to be solved derivatives of piperidyl. They are radical scavengers and are thus
able to inhibit oxidative decay irrespectively of the type of transi-
Iron gall ink is probably the most important ink in Western history, tion metal which catalyses it. A patent proposal was submitted.
widely used from the Middle Ages until the 20th century. Due to the
ink’s corrosive properties, however, the damage caused so far is exten- 4. Policy impact
sive, with 60% of priceless Leonardo da Vinci oeuvre showing signs of
degradation and Bach’s hand-written music virtually falling apart. Novel knowledge and a proposed solution to the problem of ink-
induced decay contribute to the safeguarding of European cultural
2. Scientific objectives and approach heritage on paper. The patented treatment contributed to the eco-
nomic growth and creation of new jobs.
The main objectives of the InkCor project were to improve signifi-
cantly the present knowledge of the phenomenon of ink corrosion 5. Dissemination and exploitation
and to establish optimal non-aqueous conservation practices for
of the results
iron gall ink-containing documents, enabling their preservation
and undisturbed access. In order to achieve the objectives, a deeper A patent application for the stabilisation of paper using antioxi-
insight into the historical ink compositions and their corrosive prop- dants was submitted in 2004. The project results were disseminated
erties, especially with respect to the transition metal content, was widely via the Internet, leaflets and publications. At the end of the
needed. This knowledge allowed for the development of improved project, a workshop and conference were organised. A handbook
identification methods of corrosive inks and the selection of the was also produced.
appropriate antioxidants, which successfully inhibit decay of paper
containing iron gall ink. Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00049
3. Achieved scientific results Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
Excellent cooperation between European partners with different
expertise resulted in a range of achievements: Coordinator details:
aa Increased knowledge about iron gall ink components – numer- Dr Jana Kolar
Narodna in Univerzitetna Knjižnica (NUK)
ous historical iron gall ink recipes were collected and evaluated.
Laboratory for cultural heritage
The results were complemented by instrumental analyses of
Turjaska 1
historical documents using the in-air PIXE method. It was dem- SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
onstrated that some iron gall inks may contain almost as much E-mail: jana.kolar@nuk.uni-lj.si
copper as iron ions. Tel: +386 1586 1361
aa Deeper insight into the iron gall ink corrosion process – it was
demonstrated that under alkaline conditions, copper ions are
much better catalysts of peroxide decomposition than iron ions.
Efficient antioxidants should therefore not focus on stabilisation Steph Scholten Miloś Budnar
of iron ions alone. In addition, a correlation has been obtained Instituut Collectie Nederland Institut ‘Jožef Stefan’
between the width of the applied ink lines, pH, grammage of The Netherlands Slovenia
paper and the extent of ink corrosion. Based on these factors,
which can be acquired non-destructively from most historical Matija Strlič Ted Steemers
documents, it is therefore possible to predict the stability of his- Univerza v Ljubljani Nationaal Archief
torical iron gall ink containing paper. Faculty of Chemistry Preservation Department
aa Improved research methodology – model rag papers as well as and Chemical Technology The Netherlands
model inks were produced. Analytical methodologies for evaluation Slovenia
of the stability of iron gall ink-containing paper were developed. Robien van Gulik
aa Improved identification of iron gall inks – a non-bleeding test for Manfred Anders Teylers Museum
copper(II) ions was developed. It enabled conservators to identify Zentrum für The Netherlands
copper-rich iron gall inks. Bucherhaltung GmbH
aa Development of prototype non-aqueous stabilisation method – to Germany Ariane de la Chapelle
develop a non-aqueous method for stabilisation of iron gall ink- Musée du Louvre
containing paper, several antioxidants were evaluated. The most France
promising belong to a group of halides and pseudo-halides or were
83
LASERACT
Laser multitask non-destructive technology in
conservation diagnostic procedures
http://www.iesl.forth.gr/projects/laseract/index.aspx
1. Problems to be solved The system is primarily automated through an interactive user-

friendly interface to ease the operational use by the non-specialist.
Laser measurement techniques were specially developed and adjust- The interactive interface allows the conservator to keep aside own
ed according to structural defect detection requirements in the field and each distinct conservation problem for investigation. A broad
of conservation and restoration on Cultural Heritage. The techniques classification of artworks versus defect potential pathology forms
are based on fundamental physical principles of coherent light inter- the standard information provided by the developed classification
ference uniquely providing precise answers in variety of complex database in which each “incoming problem” is addressed and were
diagnostic problems. They imply distinct complementary operation replied to the conservator with suggestions on system uses. Then a
characteristics allowing the desirable multi-tasking application sequential operation procedure starts depending on the answers of
which may vary from examination of museum objects to wall paint- the conservator. The multiple degrees of freedom according to the
ings and monuments. The chosen techniques were integrated into one problem that is faced or to alternate use of some or all available
flexibly functioning instrument driven by user-friendly software and types of measurement in case of thorough inspection is required
operating in a standardised procedure for on-field transportability. or research is foreseen. Therefore the routine of the dedicated soft-
It is assumed that this integrated approach in structural diagnostics ware – named MULTI TASK EXPERT – is to process the incoming
transportable tools allowed and promoted the wider use of laser requirement and suggest sequential steps as input by the operator in
diagnostic systems in art conservation problems enhancing both art an interactive mode. According to professional directions at each
conservation and laser metrology fields. consecutive step, the system elaborates an inspection based on spe-
cific characteristics provided by the multi-task solutions. Several
2. Scientific objectives and approach tools for further processing that may aid the end-user evaluation were
also originally elaborated. Final results after full processing evalua-
The scientific objective of the LASERACT project was based on tion offer risk maps used in documentation for conservation analysis
exploiting selective properties of coherent interference in regards and restoration decisions.
to variety of art conservation structural diagnostic requirements.
The concept envisaged integration of complementary non-destructive 3. Achieved scientific results
techniques in a multi-task instrumentation. In parallel development
of suitable methodology and procedure to allow remote non-contact aa Optical laser-based non-contact and ND instrumentation func-
investigation of the structural condition of works of historical and cul- tionally integrated into one multi-task system for art conservation
tural importance were systematically developed according to the prob- structural diagnostic on-field applications.
lem to be solved. On-field standardised inspection warranted thorough aa Correlation between new ND optical techniques to industrial
means of developed art classification database with default values standard ND acoustical techniques.
operated by interactive operation software, all peripherals includ- aa Displacement indicator by amplitude threshold differentiation.
ed in transportable and user-friendly multi-task inspection system. aa Equations for derivation of deformation.
The system integration properties were chosen according to perform- aa Defect detection automated procedures.
ance measured against diagnostic tasks and accessibility requirements. aa Software integration.
The structural defects are visualised independently of target shape, aa Art classification table versus defect probability.
surface texture, size and location by alternate use among provided
procedures from the software-driven multi-task system. The struc- 4. Policy impact
tural investigation performed is non-contact, non-invasive and non-
destructive. The transportability of the system minimises the need The state of the art in structural diagnosis is currently dominated
for transportation of movable heritage while allowing inspection of by fragmented methods and practices. The prototype pre-industrial
immovable monumental treasures. The range of resolution is also sig- system operation produced is based on integrated implementation of
nificantly altered since the incorporated laser wavelength assures high advanced laser measurement techniques in one operational device
information content and evaluation of structural responses in fractions comprising a novel multi-task system for structural assessment of a
of micrometer. Thus existing and in-born structural defects as voids, variety of CH problems. It is thus a major advance in state of the art
detachments, cracks, holes since they can provoke surface alterations for Europe and beyond.
can be visualised despite their minute surface effect. As they are
recorded in forms of visual interference fringes or amplitude signals By incorporating complementary advantages provided with alternate
can be directly accessed by experienced operators or be elaborated use of distinct coherent light properties operated as a united system,
further to output defect maps, three-dimensional plots of deformation the optical metrology widens applications in CH and promotes know-
and intensity profiles for further documentation. how transfer among different fields. Integration against fragmenta-
tion is a critical advance for the implementation of specialised mod-
84
LASERACT
ern laser technologies in conservation practices since by switching The Maltese monumental fortification was investigated for assess-
from one modular to another incorporated in one multi-task system ing deep deterioration and age problems (May 2005), crypts and
depends only on the structural conservation problem under concern tombs excavated in Costanza Romania were investigated for docu-
and the characteristics of the artwork itself. Therefore human mobili- mentation and wall-painting conservation (February 2004, in col-
ty is encouraged independently of local education and practices elab- laboration with project of CULTURE 2000). Recently the system
orating in synergy with the expertise of conservators and restores. was required for documentation of structural condition of 11th
Thus the integrated approach of multi-tasking systems is expected century wall paintings in a UNESCO World Heritage Monument at
to become competitive and dominate the technology advances in the St Savin, the Abbey of St Savin-sur-Cartempe. Impressive results
field of CH. However, this depends on policy decisions which would were obtained from the on-field campaigns in all the above-men-
allow further training, education and demonstration activities. tioned cases. In particular, Maltese fortification age consideration
was successfully assessed with preliminary studies indicating the
5. Dissemination and exploitation potential to classify the difference in age between Maltese stone
and to detect differentiation in deterioration processes. New results
of the results
of well-defined detachments were also obtained in Costanza crypts.
aa Demonstrations/press conferences (TV broadcast in local or In St Savin-sur-cartempe the results of holography module added
European TV channels-articles journals) dominant information and were used to drive the consolidation
aa Open public demonstration and press conference on St Dennis- process. The campaign was continued.
Paris (July 2006) aa Spin-off in negotiation procedure
aa Open public demonstration and press conference on Valetta aa Selected publications (publication list in updating process)
Malta (May 2005)
aa Demonstration and press conference on Heraklion Crete
(October 2004)
aa Open public demonstration in CER 2005 in Bruxelles,
(February 2005)
aa On-field campaigns:
aa Malta Valetta: inspection in Valetta fortification, Victoria church,
St John crypt
aa Romania Costanza: inspection in wall-paintings in tombs and
crypts excavations in Costanza
aa France St Savin-sur-cartempe: inspection in St Savin wall paintings.
Laseract Multitask Expert application on-field

(Victoria Church in Valetta, Malta)
85
LASERACT

Dr Vivi Tornari
Institute Electronic Structure and Laser/ Foundation for
Research and Technology-Hellas, Voutes 71 110, Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
E-mail: vivitor@iesl.forth.gr
Tel:+30 2810 391 394
Christoph von Kopylow Athanassia Vahaviolos

Bremen Institute of Applied Envirocoustics S.A
Beam Technology/ Greece
Optical Metrology
UNIPVM Dennis Schipper
Germany Art Innovation b.v
Netherlands
Enrico Primo Tomasini
Universita Politechnica Delle Marcel Stefanaggi
Marche Laboratoire de Recherche
Department of Mechanical des Monuments Historiques
Engineering (LRMH)
Italy France
Razvan Dabu Hermann Bonnici

National Institute for Laser Ministry of Resources and
Plasma and Radiation Physics/ Infrastructure
Solid-State Laser Laboratory Malta
Romania
Dan Ursu
Prooptica s.a
Romania
Priority risk map for conservation of painting (attributed to Rafael, National Gallery of Athens)
86
LIDO
A light dosimeter for monitoring cultural heritage:
development, testing and transfer to market
http://www.lido.fraunhofer.de
http://www.lightcheck.co.uk

Exposure to artificial or natural light may damage valuable heritage As a final result of the project, two types of light dosimeter are
objects by causing discoloration, fading or brittleness of the his- available, based on the same principle: a light sensitive coating on
torical material. Rather than limiting the time of exposure for each a substrate changes colour during exposure to light. A calibration
object, it is advisable to monitor the lighting conditions, for example has been established between the colour and the luminous exposure.
by using a data logger. However, a continuous monitoring program The luminous exposure given in the colour reference scale corresponds
would be rather expensive and applicable for only selected examples. to the potential damage of the lighting conditions on site. Both types
An obvious attempt to avoid complicated measurements is to use a of dosimeter are more sensitive than BWS, covering a complementary
sacrificial simulation material on which the effect of light can be range of application: LightCheck® Ultra (LCU) is designed to moni-
studied. For this purpose, the only system available on the market tor the exhibition of very light-sensitive objects (and short exposure
has been the Blue Wool Standard (BWS), developed for the industrial times), whereas LightCheck® Sensitive (LCS) is applicable for the
sector. Its application in museums was limited because of the low more durable objects (and longer exposure times). Finally, fine-tuning
sensitivity to museum lighting conditions. of the formulation of both dosimeter types was performed, yielding to
products ready for the market (LCS: glass-based, LCU: paper-based).
4. Policy impact
The LiDo project was conceived in response to the need for a more
sensitive and standardised dosimeter, which should be easy to han- LightCheck® was introduced as a new early warning system for pre-
dle, environmentally robust, inexpensive, cumulative and designed ventive conservation, which evaluates the quantity of light received
for wide use in the heritage sector. The first part of the work pro- by an artefact during exhibition. This allowed a better control of
gramme was concerned with the investigation of different combina- environmental conditions and provide a new tool for the survey
tions of dyes/matrices/substrates and their response to different light of guidelines and standards in conservation. As the project team
levels by laboratory experiments. The field exposure was carried out included a partner from a new (at the time) Member State (the Czech
in selected museums in London, Paris, Berlin, Florence and Prague. Republic) and two SMEs, the project contributes to the implementa-
The final part of the project was dedicated to the development of a tion of the EC policy to include private companies in research activi-
standardised preparation method and quality control for light dosim- ties and to enlarge the EU towards Eastern Europe.
eters, which was marketed under the name – LightCheck®.
of the results
Bacci, M., Cucci, C., Dupont, A.-L., Lavédrine, B., Picollo, M. and
Porcinai, S., “Disposable indicators for monitoring lighting condi-
tions in museums”, Environmental Science and technology, 37,
p.5687, 2003.
Roemich, H. and Martin, G., “LiDo: a light dosimeter for monitoring
cultural heritage”, V&A Conservation Journal, 43, pp.2–3, 2003.
Other articles have been published and oral presentations given.
Final public meeting (workshop) in Florence (Palazzo Pitti), Italy
“Lighting in museums-assessment and control”, 27–28 November
2003. European Grand Prix for Innovation Award, Monaco, for
LightCheck® (LightCheck Ultra and LightCheck Sensitive), a new
product to monitor the exposure of light sensitive objects in muse-
ums, libraries and archives during permanent or temporary exhibi-
LightCheck® Sensitive dosimeter with reference scale tions, 6 December 2003. Products LCS and LCU available on the
market (www.lightcheck.co.uk).
87
LIDO
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2000-00016 Dieter Kockott

Start date – End date: 01/02/01 – 31/01/04 Kockott UV-Technik
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research Germany
Bertrand Lavédrine
Coordinator details: Centre de Recherches sur la Conservation
Dr Hannelore Römich des Documents Graphiques (CRCDG)
Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Bronnbach France
Branch, DE-97877 Wertheim, Germany
E-mail: Mottner@isc.fraunhofer.de Ronald Buxton
Tel: +49 9342 9221 711 Particle Technology Ltd
United Kingdom
Mauro Bacci
Istituto di Fisica Applicata ‘Nello Carrara’, IFAC-CNR
Italy
Martin Graham
Victoria and Albert Museum/ Conservation Department/
Science Section V&A
United Kingdom
Martin Dvorak
National Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, SUPP
Czech Republic
88
MASTER
Preventive conservation strategies for protection of
organic objects in museums, historical buildings and
archives
http://www.nilu.no/master
1. Problems to be solved eter film from before to after its environmental exposure. The
comparison of this value with the threshold levels is used as an
All over Europe, objects in museums, historical buildings and early warning of possible unacceptable environmental risk for
archives are being affected either by display or by storage conditions. the objects, through the use of a preventive conservation strategy
Unsuitable environmental conditions are a serious cause of decay. The developed in the project, which can be integrated with existing
key to the survival of these objects is achieving an acceptable indoor preventive conservation methods.
environment and vital to this is sustainable management of the cultural
property, including better preventive conservation strategies. 4. Policy impact
2. Scientific objectives and approach One of the aims of the MASTER project was to evaluate criteria for
environmental impact on the early warning dosimeters. In this respect
The MASTER project aims to provide conservator staff of museums, it supports the implementation of EEC directives on Environmental
historical buildings and archives with a new preventive conservation Impact Assessment (EIA Directive 85/337/EEC and EIA Directive
strategy for the protection of cultural property, based on an early warn- 97/11/EC). The project also contributes to the implementation of the
ing strategy assessing the environmental impact on organic objects, EC policy concerning the preservation and enhancement of cultural
such as fibre materials. An important part of the early warning system heritage. The MASTER project supports the EU interest in built her-
is the development of early warning dosimeters for organic materials itage and the development of communication of movable cultural
(EWO-Generic dosimeter and EWO-Specific dosimeter), which assess heritage. It is also relevant in the way it meets the goals – to increase
the deterioration of indoor organic materials. Current approaches to awareness, exchange experiences between professionals at a European
preventive conservation of organic objects were reviewed through level as well as devolving European networks devoted to conservation,
consultation with end-users, literature reviews and questionnaires. The training and research (Council Decision - O.J: 94/C 235/01).
innovative aspect of the preventive conservation strategy that this project
is developing is an early warning system including the EWO dosimeters 5. Dissemination and exploitation
that provided a relatively cheap and easy way for museums, as a first
of the results
step, to evaluate the quality of the environment they provide for organic
objects. Its relevance to conservation needs has been ensured by formal The dissemination of the MASTER project through publications and
consultation with end-users from across Europe. conference presentations has opened dialogue with a wide range of
end-users and European cultural heritage institutions on the issues of
3. Achieved scientific results preventive conservation strategies.
Two novel dosimeters (EWO-Generic dosimeter and EWO- Results from the project were also presented at the COST Action G8
Specific dosimeter) have been developed to assess the effects of Training School.
the environment on organic objects. A major advantage of the
new dosimeters is that the dose effect can be read directly at the During this event delegates from Europe and overseas discussed
location after exposure, and can be interpreted by comparison the project and development of the dosimeter. The emphasis of the
with acceptable exposure levels for different kinds of institution, dissemination on communicating project results with a wide range
from archives to open structures. The threshold levels are set of stakeholders, peers and end-users has helped develop a socioeco-
based on best available effect measures for the environmental nomic dimension to the project and outlined the benefits to muse-
parameters on organic objects and dyes, and existing standards. ums, historical buildings, archives and other institutions and the
The EWO-Specific dosimeter measures the doses of the separate best way that they can optimise those benefits. The commitment of
gases NO2, O3 and SO2. The EWO-Generic dosimeter has been the project to consultation at all stages of the project meant that the
calibrated against the combined effect of the oxidising gases final workshop arranged in London in January 2006 benefited from
NO2 and O3, temperature, RH (relative humidity) and UV light. well-developed viewpoints of conservation scientists and end-users
Combined high SO2 and RH values also affected the dosimeter. that were independent of the project.
For the EWO-Specific dosimeter the value for the dose result is
displayed as the three gas concentrations. For the EWO-Generic The MASTER EWO technology was further developed with the help
dosimeter, the result is displayed as a single digit, correspond- of SMEs in the sectors of production, marketing and sale. Marketing
ing to the dose value and a threshold interval. The dosimeters was performed in close cooperation with end-users and their experi-
are based on polymer and dye technology and the result of the ence with the product and further evaluation of its usefulness was
exposure is measured as a change in UV absorption of the dosim- essential. The involvement of end-users from museums and galleries
89
MASTER
gives potential for a wide impact. Besides the social and economic
benefits on society, there is also potential for SME profit from pro- Contract number: EVK4-CT –2002-0093
duction and marketing. Start date – End date: 01/02/03 – 31/01/06
Dr Elin Dahlin
Norwegian Institute for Air Research,
Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100
NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
E-mail: emd@nilu.no
Tel: + 47 63 89 80 00
May Cassar
The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies
Centre for Sustainable Heritage
United Kingdom
Jürgen Heinze
The exposure of the EWO dosimeter during the field test cam- Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
paign at the Trøndelag Folk Museum, Trondheim, Norway Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
Germany
Mihalis Lazaridis
Technical University of Crete
Department of Environmental Engineering
Greece
Janusz Czop
National Museum Krakow
Poland
Anne Sommer-Larsen
Trøndelag Folkemuseum
Norway
Kathryn Hallett
Historic Royal Palaces
Hampton Court Palace
United Kingdom
Monitoring the environment during the MASTER field test cam-

paign inside the Trøndelag Folk Museum, Trondheim, Norway
90
MIMIC
Microclimate indoor monitoring in cultural heritage
preservation
http://iaq.dk/mimic/
1. Problems to be solved pollutants present; the type of building materials used; the degree of
heating; whether it is air-conditioned and whether the air is filtered;
Assessment of damage to indoor cultural heritage, in particular the rate of air exchange; the level and type of illumination; and the
by pollutants, is a major and growing concern for curators and ever-increasing numbers of visitors. It is also recognised that it is the
conservators/restorers. The aim of the MIMIC project is to pro- resulting synergistic action of this complex matrix of variables that
vide early warning systems to assess damage, initially in environ- produces damage on objects.
ments where relative humidity, temperature, light and pollutant
levels have been characterised. 3. Achieved scientific results
2. Scientific objectives and approach The project has developed damage dosimeters which can be used
either as continuous data loggers or as passive samplers interrogated
The main objective of the MIMIC project was to monitor the cumu- at monthly intervals. The damage measured by the coated crystal
lative damage caused by indoor environmental conditions to cultural arrays, and which reflects changes in the coatings, is expressed as a
objects in museums and historical buildings, in particular to easel ratio of frequency shift to the original coated frequency (f/F). These
and panel paintings. To achieve this objective, the protocol developed have been correlated to the physicochemical changes in the coatings
for paint dosimeters in the previous ERA project (Environmental through the combined use of spectroscopic and X-ray surface analyti-
Research for Art Conservation) was used and extended to incorpo- cal techniques. Direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry of the
rate quartz crystal microbalance/piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) paint tempera dosimeters, used at the outset of the project, together
technology. This was considered to be the technologically innovative with PCA-DA of the resulting data provided a chemical basis for the
part of this project. The basic idea was to construct an array of coat- initial ranking of some of the sites tested. Correlation exists between
ed piezoelectric crystals where the response profiles would monitor the measured damage (f/F) (crystals), the resulting measured chemi-
cumulative damage to the coating in terms of a direct readout, rather cal change, and the impact of environmental conditions. The damage
than requiring chemical analysis. Eventually, it would also be pos- measured is that of the egg tempera or resin mastic coating. The extent
sible to interrogate data via a telemetry link, as is currently proposed of the measured damage can be evaluated against the database pro-
in the new SENSORGAN project (sensor system for detection of vided by the MIMIC project: http://iaq.dk/mimic/
harmful environments in pipe organs). The coatings used were those To summarise, the following has been achieved:
of artists’ varnish and paint medium (tempera) applied also to steel 1. Two different types of damage dosimeter have been developed
substrates. Chemical changes in the similarly coated and exposed based on PQC technology: one type (passive sampler) is exposed
metal strips were monitored using spectroscopic and thermo- and subsequently evaluated in the laboratory and the second one is
mechanical techniques. Laboratory calibration was performed of the a continuous recording unit for online onsite readings.
coated crystal array response to selected doses of accelerated light 2. Chemical analysis of dosimeters.
and NO2 at known relative humidity (RH) values. 3. Correlation of chemical changes and the measured frequency shifts.
4. Recording of microclimate conditions and pollutants for periods
Sites in northern and southern European locations were selected of up to three years.
for exposure of the damage dosimeters and for detailed monitoring 5. Creation of a bilingual website (http://iaq.dk/mimic) for general
of environmental conditions (relative humidity, temperature, light, public access.
NO2, NOx, SO2, ozone and HONO and HNO3). Accordingly, an 6. Creation of software, ‘Grand Unified MIMIC Database’ (GUMD),
environmental dataset was obtained for correlation with the damage to organise climate data (hosted on http://iaq.dk/mimic).
assessment dataset obtained from the crystal array dosimeters. The 7. Reduction of the climate data has allowed the description of the
selection of sites also provided the opportunity to compare condi- sites in terms of their potential for damage.
tions at historical buildings; in some cases modified heating regimes 8. Dosimeter calibration by exposure to accelerated light and pol-
are used in order to stabilise RH levels within a range suitable for lutant levels.
mixed collections, and in others, in different climatic regions, there 9. Calculation of frequency shifts recorded by the dosimeter crystals.
is no control. An interdisciplinary research team was involved in the 10. Ranking of sites in terms of monitored damage.
project and included experts in preventive conservation of artworks,
measurement of air pollutants, analytical chemistry and instru- 4. Policy impact
mentation. The ability to identify and assess damage to cultural
heritage, in particular by indoor pollutants, as mentioned above, is Community social objectives, which intersect with this project, are
a major and growing concern for many curators and conservators/ the preservation of cultural heritage in indoor environments and the
restorers. It is recognised that the quality of indoor environments application of knowledge which assisted in risk and damage assess-
is influenced by a number of factors: the location of the museum or ment, and risk abatement. Improved preventive conservation meas-
historical building, which would determine the nature and level of ures taken to protect Europe’s cultural heritage would ensure that
91
MIMIC
future generations continued to experience enjoyment and enlighten- aa Ryhl Svendsen, M., Padfield, T., Smith, V.A. and De Santis, F.,
ment through their appreciation of cultural heritage. This accent on “ The indoor climate in historic buildings without mechanical
cultural heritage preservation ensures an improved quality of life for ventilation”, Healthy Buildings 2003, proceedings: Singapore
this and future generations. Awareness generally of pollutant levels 7–11 December, Vol. 2, ISIAQ, pp.278–83, 2003.
(i.e. indoor/outdoor pollutant levels) would assist in legislation for aa Selected presentations of the MIMIC project
better quality of life. aa Odlyha, M., presentation of the MIMIC project at the Master
project workshop, London, January 2006 “Microclimate Indoor
5. Dissemination and exploitation Monitoring in Cultural Heritage Preservation (MIMIC): early warn-
ing systems to assess damage and estimate threshold values”..
of the results
aa Odlyha, M., “Microclimate indoor monitoring for cultural herit-
Broad dissemination of the MIMIC project has been in the form age preservation (MIMIC): risk assessment of cultural heritage in
of publications in peer-reviewed journals, teaching material for art galleries, museums, historical houses, palaces, castles using
academic purposes, and information on the website for preventive piezoelectric quartz crystal technology”, oral presentation in ses-
conservators and curators to access. This project also resulted in an sion on cultural heritage and in book of abstracts, ICTAC 13th
exchange of expertise and training and assistance in conservation International Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,
of historical objects. The project has had an impact on the protocol Sardinia, Italy 12–19 September 2004.
of monitoring and assessing damage from the synergistic action of aa Odlyha, M., presentation of the MIMIC project at the EC G8 Cost
environmental conditions in cultural heritage buildings. As a result, Action Advanced School Conservation Centre Malta, Valletta,
conditions of preservation of cultural objects, in particular paintings, 29–31 October 2004.
in historical sites and the working conditions for corresponding per- aa Odlyha, M., presentation of the MIMIC project at the MIMIC
sonnel may be improved. A complete database and software, ‘Grand workshop 7–9 November CNR-Padova Italy and proceedings of
Unified MIMIC Database’ (GUMD), to organise climate data are this meeting was published on the MIMIC website (http://iaq.
hosted on http://iaq.dk/mimic. dk/mimic).
The crystal arrays in the prototype modules constructed in the Contract number: EVKV4-CT-2000-00040
MIMIC project are currently being used in two Framework 6 Start date – End date: 01/01/01 – 30/06/04
projects : SENSORGAN “Sensor system for detection of harmful Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
environments for pipe organs” (contract no. 022695) and PROPAINT Duration (in months): 42
“Improved protection of paintings during exhibition, storage and
transit” (contract no. 044254). In addition to resin mastic, lead-based Dr Marianne Odlyha
coatings are being used for monitoring microclimates in the vicinity School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College,
of organ pipes and within microclimate frames for paintings. University of London, Mallet St, Bloomsbury, GB-WCIE 7HX
London, United Kingdom
Selection of publications E-mail: m.odlyha@bbk.ac.uk
aa Odlyha, M., Wade, N., Slater, J.M., Wang, Q., Campana, R., Rhyl Tel: +44 20 7079 0792
Svendsen, M., Padfield, T., De Santis, F., Smith, V.A., Bullock,
L., Ferreira, E.S. and Boon, J.J., Microclimate indoor monitoring:
damage assessment for cultural heritage preservation, Preprints Franco De Santis
ICOM (International Committee for Conservation), the Hague, Istituto Inquinamento Atmosferico
Sept 2005. Italy
aa West, R.H., Odlyha, M., Pratt, K., Roberts, A. and Hutton, S.,
Monitoring the environmental degradation of paint dosimeters A. Ruiz-Hernando and Victoria Smith
Alcazar
used to assess risk for fine art paintings on display by X-ray
Spain
photoelectron spectroscopy, Surface Interface Analysis, 36, 8,
pp.862–65, 2004. Linda Bullock
aa Odlyha, M., “The application of thermoanalytical techniques to The National Trust
the preservation of art and archaeological objects”, Handbook United Kingdom
of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, ed. M.E. Brown and P.K.
Gallagher, Elsevier, Chapter 2, Vol. 2, pp.47–92, 2003. Tim Padfield and Ryhl-Svendsen Morten
aa De Santis, F., Bellagotti, R., Vichi, F. and Allegrini, I., The National Museum of Denmark
‘Assessment of air qualità at the Galleria dell’Accademia, Denmark
Florence”, Exploring David, diagnostic tests and state of con-
Jaap J. Boon
servation, S. Bracci, F. Falletti, M. Matteini, R. Scopigno (Eds), FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics-AMOLF
Giunti, pp.126–29, Florence, 2004. The Netherlands
aa De Santis, F., Allegrini, I., Menichelli, S. and Vazzana, C.,
“Monitoring air pollution for the protection of cultural heritage:
the use of diffusive sampling”, Atti della Conferenza “Attualità
ed interdisciplinarietà della chimica analitica”, p.R7, Roma,
20–22 February 2002.
92
MIP
Transition Metals in paper
http://www.miponline.org
1. Problems to be solved related to MIP. Two new EU co-financed projects have been started
– PaperTreat (related to mass de-acidification) and Survenir (a
The problem to be solved by the network is to respond collectively to non-destructive analytical tool for determining paper degradation).
specific threats to the European paper-based cultural heritage. These All new initiatives are coordinated by MIP members.
risks include the deterioration, conservation and storage of paper
and ligno-cellulosic objects that have been affected by metal-tannin
corrosion throughout, many of which are stored in archives, libraries
and museums

The scientific objectives of the MIP thematic network are to:
aa obtain a vertical integration of expertise, products, technol-
ogy and policy involved in the preservation/conservation of our
European paper-based cultural heritage in relation to transition
metals and their role in paper ageing and conservation;
aa exchange existing information related to paper conservation
technology and to identify the requirement for innovative paper
conservation strategies including relevant methods of assessment
and treatment technologies within Europe. The results: transition metals in paper (photo by F. Flieder)
Information was disseminated on a frequent regular basis to the end-
users (e.g. museums, archives and libraries) and the consortium acted
as the interface between the scientist, end-user and supplier.
4. Policy impact
In most of the countries improved activities were undertaken to
Four theme groups have been established to discuss and cluster solve MIP issues, raising new research and conservation funds.
their specific topics. All the groups were successful in establishing Articles to make people aware of the possibility of losing this par-
new bi- and multi-lateral relationships between MIP members and ticular part of our heritage have been published in various newslet-
non-MIP members, thus increasing the (applied) scientific knowl- ters and even discussions took place at a political level. MIP mem-
edge. Theme group 1 covers the fundamental scientific aspects of bers gave serious input to the EU conference in London where the
paper degradation focusing primarily on diagnostic and analytical London Declaration (input EU PF7) was established. There is still
techniques, studies of degradation processes (including endog- a need for funding research and development in conservation sci-
enous and exogenous factors), and methodologies for paper stabil- ence and application is still required. New programmes for national
ity evaluation. A Slovenian/Italian bilateral project “Development funding are being initiated (for example in the Netherlands, there is
of non-and micro-destructive spectroscopic analytical techniques the Metamorphose programme).
in studies of degradation of organic materials” was accepted,
and was funded in 2005/2006. There are three sub-groups within
the applied research and applications. Theme Group 2 covers the
chemical aspects of active conservation including conventional
conservation methods, the use of inhibitors and de-acidification
techniques. Theme Group 3 covers the physical aspects of active
conservation, and includes paper splitting, strengthening, leaf-
casting and cleaning. Theme Group 4 covers preventive conserva-
tion issues and includes environmental aspects of storage, boxing,
etc. MIP-members also organised several educational sessions in
France, Finland and Estonia. The fourth theme group had a pre-
proposal to COST accepted (Chemical Interactions of Historical
Artefacts and the Indoor Environment) giving the possibility to
continue networking. International cooperation has been improved
to solve the different problems in the degradation and conservation
93
MIP
Heritage produced in cooperation with Inkcor and Papylum. Input

has been given at international meetings organised by the European
Commission and others (e.g. SREN). The part on preventive
conservation was extended within the COST framework: COST
ACTION D42.
A CD-Rom is made available with all presentations from our work-

shops and an update with public domain presentations. Two newslet-
ters have been created and submitted to relevant colleagues. Based
on the final conference, a MIP book containing the most relevant
papers were published.
Policy impact: removed metals in archives (photo by A. Klaver)

of the results
Nine international workshops/symposia were given. The number
of non-MIP member participations was 60–120 persons, showing
the wide dissemination of the MIP work and vice versa. Only two
meetings were partially for MIP members only: the kick-off meet-
ing at the ferry IJmuiden (NL), Newcastle (UK); and the Bratislava
management meeting (SK). However MIP members also participated
in the International Wood, Pulp and Paper meeting. The open meet-
ings were related to field problems and solutions in the third meeting Dissemination: workshop (photo by J. Havermans)
in Cappelades (ES). Iron gall ink research and conservation studies
were discussed in La Rochelle (FR). The fifth meeting was related
to preventive conservation and storage condition (The Hague, NL).
At the mid-term, MIP co-organised with EU projects Papylum and Contract number: EVK4-CT-2000-20010
Inkcor the paper durability event in Ljubljana (SI) (see also: www. Start date – End date: 01/03/03 – 28/02/06
paperdurability.org). Spectroscopy was the focus of the Rome meet- Contract type: FP5 Thematic Network
ing, Italy while the eighth meeting was a closed organised meeting Duration (in months): 36
parallel to the ICOM-CC conference. In June 2005 MIP organised
– in cooperation with IADA and the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library Dr John Havermans
Weimar – a conference related to conservation and environmental The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research,
issues of objects after a fire. In December 2006 MIP presented their TNO
‘best-of’ for the Baltic regions followed by a MIP workshop on iron Section Indoor Environment & Health
gall ink identification. Finally in January 2006 the final MIP con- Van Mourik Broekmanweg 6
ference was held in Newcastle upon Tyne (UK), with. 134 persons NL-2628 XE Delft
attending from 20 countries worldwide. The Netherlands
E-mail: john.havermans@tno.nl
Tel: +31 15 276 3313
Besides these dissemination actions, MIP has a poster for common
use at conferences and meetings, together with the leaflet Science for
94
MIP
Jonas Palm Jaan Letharu

Riksarkivet National Archives of Estonia
Conservation Department Conservation Service
Sweden Estonia
Ted Steemers Istvan Kecskemeti

Nationaal Archief EVTEK
Preservation office Institute of Art and Design
The Netherlands Finland
Manfred Anders Andrzej Baranski

Zentrum für Bucherhaltung GmbH Jagiellonian University
Germany Chemical Kinetics
Poland
Maria-Carme Sistach
Museu Moli Paperer de Capellades Jana Kolar
Spain National and University Library
Conservation department
Michal Ceppan Slovenia
Slovak Technical University
Department of Graphic Arts Nina Hesselberg-Wang
Technology and National Library of Norway
Applied Photochemistry Conservation Unit
Slovakia Norway
A. Jean E. Brown Dennis Schipper

University of Northumbria Art Innovation b.v.
Conservation of Fine Art The Netherlands
United Kingdom
Han Neevel
Oliver Lindqvist Instituut Collectie Nederland
Göteborg University The Netherlands
Department of Inorganic Chemistry
Sweden Matija Strlic
University of Ljubljana
Jozef Hanus Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Slovak National Archives Slovenia
Department of Archival Preservation
Slovakia Atelier Quillet
France
95
MODHT
Monitoring of damage to historical tapestries
http://www.hrp.org.uk/aboutus/whatwedo/collectionscare/monitoringthedamagetohistorictapestries.aspx

Tapestries woven during the 15th–18th centuries are among the The project involved the preparation of model tapestries based on
most valuable testimonies of European cultural heritage. Extensive traditional techniques. The intensive research and documentation
collections exist in historical palaces, houses, museums and cathe- for preparation of these models has enhanced knowledge of such
drals in varying degrees of preservation and display conditions. practices, with these model tapestries now serving as rigorous scien-
Condition assessment of historical tapestries by conservators is an tific standards. The model tapestries were used as a tool to develop
integral part of the collections care process, enabling prioritisation methods and identify novel markers for the characterisation of fibres,
for interventional treatment, and monitoring of condition over time. dyes and metal threads. The scientific data collected has led to new
It is an expertly skilled process. Tapestry is a complex weave struc- correlations between chemical alteration at the molecular level and
ture, which can often appear sturdier than its true condition. Until changes in tensile strength of the fibre and fabric. The use of sophis-
a tapestry is moved or handled, which in itself may cause damage, ticated analytical instrumentation for micro-scale quantitative analy-
it is difficult to appreciate the full extent of degradation. Conservators sis now makes it possible to characterise minute historical samples.
have expressed a need for an objective, scientific, numerical tool to Links between chemical composition and actual mechanical strength
aid in this process. Many scientific analytical techniques can be have been identified.
applied to tapestry wool, silk and metal threads. The project aimed
to evaluate which techniques would provide the most useful informa- The information obtained from amino acid compositions, surface
tion for conservators and can be optimised to provide simple “mark- chemical compositions, molecular weight distributions, infrared spec-
ers” of damage. It was important to relate the markers of damage to tra and mechanical properties of fibres has been correlated with the
physical properties – and thus to context of use, whether hanging on historical tapestry conditions as recorded by conservators. Analysis of
display or rolling in storage. dye degradation products and mordants, also at the micro level, has led
to further information on the dyes and mordants originally used.
Specific achievements
Methods of measuring physical properties directly (such as tensile aa The model tapestries have proven to be an invaluable resource
strength) require large sample sizes and/or many repeated measure- for the advancement of the scientific analytical techniques, some
ments to produce reproducible results. This is not possible with his- of which have been applied to historical tapestry materials for
torical tapestries where any removed sample size must be minimal the first time during this project. The ageing of selected model
(i.e. micro-samples or non-destructive). Loss of physical properties is samples has allowed the photochemical reactions of the fibres
preceded by chemical changes. Analytical techniques for detecting and different natural dyes to be assessed as candidates for “mark-
chemical change are sensitive to small differences occurring during ers of damage”.
and after degradation. Therefore, the project looked for methods aa The collation of documentation and data resulting from the field
which would detect the signature chemical change of a tapestry on campaigns with historical tapestries has enabled much of the
degradation, and which could then be directly correlated to physical associative work to relate the trends and conclusions reported
properties. This information can be used to prioritise and design the for the scientific study to the visually assessed condition, display
appropriate conservation treatment or collections care conditions history and context of the historical tapestries.
required for the long-term preservation of these priceless artefacts. aa The characterisation of metal threads in this project has contributed
The project aimed to correlate visual assessment of damage by con- new information to the field of study of construction and manufac-
servators with: turing techniques of these precious and intricate materials.
1. measured markers of chemical damage aa Sensitive damage micro markers have been identified and provide
2. expected patterns of damage based on acquired knowledge of a basis to analyse wider tapestry collections. A range of surface
effect of dyeing on fibres and bulk, thermal and chemical analytical techniques have been
3. history of use and display of case-study tapestries, based on archi- applied and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness to assessing
val research. damage in accelerated aged model tapestry materials and histori-
cal tapestries. The structural and chemical modifications to wool
The scientific objectives required to achieve these aims were: and silk fibres have been related to the macro properties of the
aa to comprehensively analyse artificially aged model tapestry mate- tapestry strength and integrity.
rial to improve and develop appropriate analytical techniques; aa Dyeing methods appear to influence the strength properties of
aa utilise the refined techniques on historical samples; unaged fibres. Since the dyeing method is dependent on the
aa identify and develop the correlation of the results using different natural source, accurate identification of the original dye source
techniques to identify suitable markers for degradation; and/or mordant is thus an important factor in damage predictions.
aa disseminate results to end-users. The development of new methods for characterising dye sources
96
MODHT
in historical samples has provided vital support in the attainment

of this goal.
4. Policy impact
The project has produced an objective testing scheme for damage
assessment with which conservators were able to assess and track
the condition of the tapestries within their care. This is especially
important because of the invisibility of fibre damage: changes at the
molecular level have consequences for the physical strength of the
tapestry. A new understanding of degradation has been obtained and
changes in overall strength and colour can be described for the first
time in chemical terms. The state of the fibre is of vital importance Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00048
for the overall mechanical integrity of the tapestries and determined Start date – End date: 01/04/02 – 31/03/05
how they withstood being transferred to other locations for display. Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
The proven correlations between amino acid analysis, molecular Duration (in months): 36
weight (silk) and tensile strength (among other markers) of silk and
wool confirms the value of applying these analytical results to future Coordinator details:
conservation strategy. Useful correlations and inter-relationships Prof Christopher M. Carr
Department of Textiles and Paper,
have been established which benefit conservators. For example,
School of Materials,
the analytical techniques could be used to prioritise tapestries for
The University of Manchester,
interventional conservation treatment, and also to justify the level PO Box 88,
of intervention or support required in order to stabilise and display Sackville Street,
a tapestry. Manchester M60 1QD,
United Kingdom
5. Dissemination and exploitation Email: chris.carr@manchester.ac.uk
Tel: +44 (0)161 200 4131
of the results
This research has been published in a wide variety of fora to dis-
seminate information internationally, from peer-reviewed academic Kathryn Hallett
Historic Royal Palaces, Conservation and Collections Care
journals and conferences, to informal talks and tours for visitors
United Kingdom
and students. In addition to presentations at external international
conferences, a final MODHT Workshop, at Hampton Court Palace, Marianne Odlyha
in the UK, was undertaken in June 2005 to effectively disseminate Birkbeck College, University of London
the objectives, results and conclusions to potential end-users. Over 70 Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences
delegates attended with representation from heritage organisations United Kingdom
around the world. The results and discussion of the meeting and
project were published for wider dissemination. Anita Quye
National Museum of Scotland
Department of Conservation and Analytical Science
United Kingdom
Jan Wouters
Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium/ Institut Royal
du Patrimoine Artistique (KIK/IRPA)
Belgium
Alison Hulme and Hamish McNab

University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry
United Kingdom
Concha Carretero Herrero

Patrimonio Nacional, Area de Conservación y Departamento
de Restauración
Spain
97
MULTIENCODE
Multifunctional encoding system for assessment of
movable cultural heritage
http://www.iesl.forth.gr/projects/multiencode/index.html
1. Problems to be solved aa D atabase development - on progress

aa Innovative Sw/Hw and peripheral instrumentation development -
The increased demand in transit exhibitions and considerably fre- research on progress
quently artwork loaning than in the past forces implementation of aa IAP Processing software-start-up of research
routine assessment in order to prevent mishandling, mistreatment,
deterioration damage or fraud. A great deal of functional and stra- Systematic examination of samples under conservation aging proto-
tegic decision making in museum operation is dominated by the cols has allowed implementation of Impact Assessment Procedure
control and maintenance requirements of any art object in exhibition in panel and canvas paintings (WP1). A hybrid optical metrology
or transit. Such decisions concern a wide range of issues, varying system has been designed and is under elaboration for construction
from routine seasonal checks to the periodic loaning of objects, (WP2). Database for artwork and measurement description with
from promptly acting upon signs of deterioration to the definition of simultaneous processing and archiving of results has been delivered
induced damage at an early safe stage. Equally important is to con- (WP2). Processing software for automated IAP implementation is
tinuously assign levels of environmental monitoring of galleries and under consideration and development (WP3).
to respond to transportation impact considerations.
The project aims to develop an innovative methodology and instru-
mentation to respond to the critical aspects in cultural heritage 4. Policy Impact:
preservation challenges by implementing an Impact Assessment
Procedure, IAP. The procedure allows the retrieval of impact through aa New methodology and standards for the preservation of movable
the exploration of the properties of structural characteristics and the Cultural heritage
definition of comparison of objects' reactions versus time; assess- aa Novel hw/sw instrumentation for supporting the new method
ing thus the critical aspect of sustainable preservation by assessing aa Novel approach to user friendly high technology non expert use
alterations in an early safe stage.
Artwork in transit is an every day issue around the globe. Development
of Impact Assessment system would allow a better, faster and safer
2. Scientific objectives and approach handling over time and in particular throughout the life of the art-
work. According to consortium knowledge such a system does not
The objective of MultiEncode project is the development of method- exists worldwide and could introduce new concepts in loaning and
ology and instrumentation to provide time resolved comparison of transportation strategies. End users training sessions have been per-
structural deterioration. The proposed method relies on the original formed and will be continued to the end of the project (WP4). End
encoding of distinct features characterizing the artwork under con- users feedback is also a continuous process while external experts
sideration as detected through the alterations retrieved by controlled from art conservation field are also expected to participate in the
structural reactions. The coding and decoding of characteristic alter- reviewing meetings to be held in future technical sessions.
ations can be performed before and after the optical and numerical
transformation for the purposes of digital processing and archiving.
The archive data constitutes codes of signatures of the artwork that 5. Dissemination and exploitation
can be retrieved, updated and compared at any later time to provide
of the results
impact induced alteration. The project aims to extend the state of the
art in impact assessment procedures while insists in elaborating in
synergy with existing expertise, methods and conservation practices It is expected to be delivered a patented hybrid sensor, software
and to conclude with novel instrumentation, methodology and stand- and peripheral instrumentation. Temporally resolved coded signals
ards for worldwide application. retrieval is implemented through novel methodology. Standardisation
of protocols of inspection is under elaboration by developers in col-
laboration with end users. Dissemination actions involve conference
3. Achieved scientific results and workshop presentations, article publications and training of
end users. Successful finalisation of project implementation will be
aa D evelopment of IAP concluded with open public demonstration in end users premises and
aa Differentiation of spatial frequencies produced by structural press releases.
unstable and stable discontinuities in solid objects depending
upon the degree of mechanical freedom and loss of integration- Publications:
study on progress aa CLEO 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, Munich
aa Design of combined or hybrid optical geometries for compact Conference June 2007, International Symposium on Optical tech-
user-friendly structural inspection systems for in-situ applica- niques in Art, Archaeology and Architecture,:
tions aa Multifunctional Encoding System for Assessment of Movable
98
MULTIENCODE
Cultural Heritage, V Tornari, E. Bernikola, W Osten, R, M, Olafsdottir, Christina Tsaroucha, Michalis Doulgeridis, Roger
Grooves, G. Marc, G. M. Hustinx, E Kouloumpi, S Hackney M Groves, Marc Georges, Guy-Michel Hustinx, Vivi Tornari
aa Development of Impact Assessment Procedure and prelimi-
nary results with digital holographic speckle pattern inter- aa Multifunctional Encoding System for Assessment of Movable
ferometry for signatures multiencoding use,E. Bernikola, K. Cultural Heritage, V Tornari, E. Bernikola, W Osten, R, M,
Hatzigiannakis, Y. Orphanos, E. Kouloumpi, V. Tornari Grooves, G. Marc, G. M. Hustinx, E Kouloumpi, M. Doulgeridis,
aa Role of dynamic holography with photorefractive crystals in S Hackney, Strain-An international journal for experimental
a multifunctional sensor for the detection of signature features mechanics, submitted November 2007
in movable cultural heritage, Cédric Thizy, Marc Georges,
Michael Doulgeridis, Eleni Kouloumpi, Tim Green, Stephen
Hackney, Vivi Tornari Contract number: SSP 006427
aa Shearography as part of a multi-functional sensor for the Start date – End date: 01/09/05-31/08/08
detection of signature features in movable cultural heritage,
Roger M. Groves, Wolfgang Osten, Michael Doulgeridis,
Eleni Kouloumpi, Tim Green, Stephen Hackney, Vivi Tornari Coordinator details:
Dr Vivi Tornari
aa P
hotorefractive holography for the assessment of movable art- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser
works results obtained under the frame of the European project Foundation for Research & Technology–Hellas, Vassilika
MULTIENCODE, M. Georges, C. Thizy, S. Hackney, T. Green, Vouton, Voutes, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, GREECE
E. Kouloumpi, V. Tornari, Proceedings of the OPTIMESS Email: vivitor@iesl.forth.gr
2007 Workshop 28th-30th, May 2007, Leuven, Belgium Tel. number: +30 2810 391394
aa Multifunctional Encoding System for Assessment of Movable

Cultural Heritage, V Tornari, E. Bernikola, W Osten, R, M, Grooves, Wolfgang Osten
G. Marc, G. M. Hustinx, E Kouloumpi, S Hackney, ICEM 13, Universität Stuttgart, ITO Institute für Technische Optik
International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, July 2007, Germany
Alexandroupolis, Greece, Abstract Conference Proceedings, E.E
Gdoutos ed., Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-6238-4 (HB), pp 715-716 Marc Georges
Centre Spatial de Liège, Université de Liège
aa Photorefractive holographic interferometry for mov- Belgium
able artwork Assessment, Cédric Thizy, Marc P. Georges,
Guy-Michel Hustinx
Eleni Kouloumpi, Tim Green, Stephen Hackney, Optrion s.a.
Vivi Tornari, © Optical Society of America 2007 Belgium
aa Détection de défauts dans des oeuvres d'art par holographie Michalis Doulgeridis, Alexandros Soutzos
photoréfractive et utilisation pour la certification et la con- Conservation department
servation: présentation du projet européen MULTIENCODE National Gallery of Athens Museum
et résultats préliminaires, Marc Georges, Cédric Thizy, Tim Greece
Green, Stephen Hackney, Eleni Kouloumpi, Vivi Tornari
Stephen Hackney
Tate Gallery, Conservation department
aa Temporal phase measurement methods in speckle interferom- United Kingdom
etry for art conservation. R M Groves, W Osten, G Pedrini, M
Doulgeridis, E Kouloumpi, T Green, S Hackney and V Tornari,
Photon 06
aa LACONA VII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, International

Conference on Lasers in Conservation of Artworks, Madrid,
Spain, September 2007:
aa Multifunctional Encoding System for Assessment of Movable

Cultural Heritage, V Tornari, E. Bernikola, W Osten, R, M, Signature selection procedure
Grooves, G. Marc, G. M. Hustinx, E Kouloumpi, S Hackney for IAP comparative analysis
aa Laser shearography as part of a multifunctional sensor for the over time (zoom in detail with
detection of signature features in movable cultural heritage, fringes)
Roger M. Groves, Wolfgang Osten, Stephen Hckney, Eleni
Kouloumpi, Vivi Tornari
aa Laser based structural diagnosis: a museum’s point of view,
Eleni Kouloumpi, Anna Moutsatsou, Maaria Trompeta, Johanna
Western Virgin, approx. 18th century
99
PAPERTREAT
Evaluation of mass deacidification processes
http://www.infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/papertreat/index.htm
1. Problems to be solved In addition, standard model materials, evaluation criteria and quality
control criteria were developed, resulting in best practices and sig-
Paper production technologies that emerged in the 19th cen- nificantly simplifying the evaluation of emerging new preservation
tury contained a hidden menace which is now causing consider- technologies in the future.
able problems for the world’s libraries, archives and museums.
The increased use of acidic compounds in the production process 3. Achieved scientific results
has caused a pH shift in paper, making it more acidic, which has
resulted in the massive decay of library and archival holdings. In the first semester of the project, the analytical methodology was
The scale of the problem is huge: it is estimated that about 25% of developed, which enabled the rate of decay of paper-based material
the books in general library collections are already brittle and an at room temperature to be determined. A library is being surveyed
additional 60% are endangered. in order to define the extent of the acid-paper problem and offer an
input into the development of model materials, which best repre-
sented the variety of papers found in libraries and archives.
4. Policy impact
The contribution of the PaperTreat project is focused on improved
preservation. It therefore influences not only European but rather
the worldwide paper-based cultural heritage endangered by acid-
induced degradation. It could be expected that the projects’ main
result – enhanced preservation of archives and books – contributed
to a higher quality of life in our information-dependent society. In
addition, through evaluating the environmental and health aspects
of various preservations options, the project will contribute to a
healthier environment. PaperTreat also supports the international
cooperation objectives of the EU, thanks in particular to the Russian
State Library’s participation in the project.

of the results
The majority of books found in libraries and archives across
Europe are endangered The project results will be disseminated widely through the
Internet, leaflets and publications. At the end of the project (June
2008), a handbook will be produced and a conference and work-
2. Scientific objectives and approach shop will be organised.
Although the preservation strategies – mass deacidification and stor- Contract number: SSP 006584
age at lower temperatures – have been used for decades, their effect Start date – End date: 01/08/05 – 31/07/08
on the real-time ageing has not yet been evaluated. Together with the Contract type: FP6-STREP
evaluation of side-effects and cost estimates, this data is essential for Duration (in months): 36
the development of a suitable preservation strategy.
The PaperTreat project aims to establish the rate of decay of library Dr Jana Kolar
Narodna in Univerzitetna Knjiznica (NUK)
and archival paper-based material at room temperature, and to pro-
Laboratory for Cultural Heritage
vide estimates of the extension of its useful time, as achieved by mass
Turjaška 1
deacidification treatments or storage at low temperatures. The cost SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
estimates and side-effects of preservation actions were provided as E-mail: jana.kolar@nuk.uni-lj.si
well, which enabled end-users across Europe to optimise their pres- Tel:+386 1586 1361
ervation programmes.
100
PAPERTREAT
Matija Strlič Jonas Palm

Univerza v Ljubljani Riksarkivet
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Division of Preservation
Slovenia Sweden
Tomasz Lojewski Yola de Lusenet

Uniwersytet Jagiellonski European Commission on Preservation and Access
Research Centre for Books Preservation of Faculty The Netherlands
of Chemistry of the Jagiellonian Library
Poland Olga Perminova
Russian State Library
John Havermans Research Document Conservation Centre
TNO Russian Federation
TNO Building and Construction
Healthy Buildings and Systems Jozef Hanus
The Netherlands Slovensky Narodny Archiv
Department of Archives Preservation
Ted Steemers Slovakia
Nationaal Archief
Preservation Department Thi-Phuong Nguyen
The Netherlands Bibliothèque nationale de France
DSR/DC/Laboratoire de la BnF
Barry Knight France
The British Library
Conservation Research Henk Porck
United Kingdom Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Collection care
The Netherlands
101
PAPYLUM
Chemiluminescence – a novel tool in paper conserva-
tion studies
http://www.science4heritage.org/papylum/

The degradation of European paper-based cultural heritage is Due to the immense extent of the problem of acidic paper, optimi-
becoming an increasingly critical issue. This is mainly due to sation of preservation methods is urgently needed. In the course
acids, inherently present in paper due to the production processes of the Papylum project, it was shown for the first time that such
introduced around 1850 and used until 1990. Conservation proc- optimisation is possible by simply adjusting the storage conditions.
esses exist that address this problem by increasing the pH of paper Active conservation treatments applied on a routine basis could be
to slightly alkaline, i.e. deacidification. However, little is known optimised using additives, prolonging the lifetime of paper-based
about oxidation processes taking place in deacidified paper, with objects by 20–30 times, in selected cases by even several hundred
the lack of appropriate analytical instrumentation being one reason. times. This can have strong economic impacts on conservation prac-
Therefore, the aim of the Papylum consortium was to construct an tices. Papylum further contributed to standards: through the high-
instrument capable of measuring the extremely weak light emitted level research, new standard methods on the study of paper-based
by paper during oxidation. Studies performed with the new instru- objects have been proposed. For the first time, the rate of degrada-
ment have helped us to optimise the deacidification processes. tion of deacidified material was evaluated at the temperature of use.
This data enabled us to propose adequate conservation treatments
2. Scientific objectives and approach and to plan future preservation actions in libraries, archives and
museums, where more than 70% of collections are projected not to
Development of new analytical techniques in contemporary conser- survive another century. Based on our research, well-planned actions
vation science is essential. Faced with the complexity of the studied on national and European levels should lead to improved preserva-
objects, the scientist has to develop methods which can readily be used tion of European cultural heritage.
on historical artefacts. An atypical complex problem is the oxidation
of cellulose and the evaluation of the related conservation treatments. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
During oxidation, cellulosic materials emit light called chemilumi-
of the results
nescence. Measurements of this phenomenon enable us to study the
degradation of cellulose and paper in situ – i.e. without any sample The new tool is now available for testing (see www.lumipol.com)
preparation and at temperatures close to room temperature. This is and has already been offered to the market. All the information and
important, as we need to know how paper degrades at the conditions of knowledge has been summarised in a book on paper degradation,
use. The new instrument is unique and represents a development that edited by M. Strlič and J. Kolar called Ageing and stabilisation of
can easily be applied in other areas of cultural heritage research. paper, published in 2005 by the National and University Library. An
international conference and two workshops were organised to dis-
3. Achieved scientific results seminate the project results. Additionally, 13 scientific papers in ref-
ereed journals and more than 40 presentations at expert conferences
By combining the novel chemiluminometric approach with compre- ensured an efficient dissemination. The research was part of two
hensive thermo-oxidative and photo-oxidative degradation studies of PhD theses and two diploma theses. Finally, the Papylum website
historical paper samples, it was possible to: (www.science4heritage.org/papylum/) has grown into a comprehen-
aa clarify the details of the cellulose oxidation process. If possible, sive resource of literature and will continue to be updated.
the washing of an artefact or a reductive treatment prior to dea-
cidification are recommended; Contract number: EVK4-CT-2000-00038
aa show that the nature of the oxidation process is such that anti- Start date – End date: 01/07/01 – 31/12/05
oxidants – radical scavengers – cannot be expected to be very Contract type: FP5 Cost-share research
effective for the stabilisation of paper; Duration (in months): 43
aa demonstrate that relative humidity was shown to have an
extremely important role during degradation of deacidified paper Coordinator details:
– by correctly adjusting the relative humidity level, the rate of Dr Boris Pihlar
degradation decreased up to 10 times; University of Ljubljana
Faculty of chemistry and chemical technology
aa estimate the stability of differently treated papers (containing
Aśkerčeva 5
CaCO3, MgCO3, selected antioxidants) under the conditions of SI-1000 Ljubljana
use (20°C) thus providing data needed for treatment optimisation; Slovenia
aa perform a comparison of natural light-ageing with three different E-mail: boris.pihlar@fkkt.uni-lj.si
experimental techniques of artificial light-ageing, which led to Tel: +386 1241 9100
the development of guidelines for the conservation researcher on
how to conduct studies on the photo-stability of paper.
102
PAPYLUM
Jozef Rychlý Jana Kolar

Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences National and University Library
Slovakia Slovenia
Steph Scholten Jacques Lemaire

The Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage Centre National d’Evaluation de Photoprotection
The Netherlands France
103
PARELA
Paper restoration using laser technology
http://www.art-innovation.nl
1. Problems to be solved of aesthetic and scientific evaluation of results can be seen as a new
scientific achievement.
The main objective of this project was to establish a laser-cleaning
system suitable for accurate and safe restoration of paper objects, To test the (long-term) effects of the cleaned samples, the knowledge
with focus on the incorporation of a reliable control system. From an of a previous European research project was applied (EU STEP
industrial point of view, the problem was to design (and ultimately CT 90-0100) successfully. No significant change on the sensitivity
produce) laser-cleaning stations for paper that are attractive and towards air pollutants of laser-treated papers samples was found.
accessible for small and medium-sized conservation companies. Based on the final evaluation on original objects by the expert team,
From an economic and social point of view, the focus lay on target- it was concluded that laser treatment proves to be a valuable tool
ing those conservation problems which cannot be treated using con- in the removal of adhesives and ink stains. The coordinating SME
ventional techniques and for which treatment exploiting specifically partner was able to develop a suitable laser-cleaning system with the
developed laser systems is economically attractive. Automation of incorporation of a detection system based on multi-spectral imaging.
the system, in order to enable fast and economical treatment, was an The system was demonstrated and evaluated by the expert team.
important objective to be reached considering the vast workload of
typical paper conservation and restoration projects. To achieve this 4. Policy impact
goal, efficient control algorithms and software incorporating the
developed scientific knowledge on laser-paper interaction had to be To guarantee a fair evaluation of laser cleaning, the conservation
developed. As a last step, through dissemination such as workshops problems selected within the project were also treated by the paper
and conferences, paper conservators and restorers had to be con- conservators using conventional methods to their best possible skill
vinced of the benefits of laser cleaning paper. and ability. A remarkable result was obtained during the evaluation
of these samples. Due to the accelerated ageing applied to all project
2. Scientific objectives and approach samples, the paper conservators were confronted with the physical,
chemical and aesthetic side-effects for the first time, which conven-
To develop such an innovative restoration tool successfully, detailed tionally treated objects will exhibit over a number of years. In many
research was carried out to gain sufficient knowledge of fundamen- cases, the conservators were shocked by the results. This insight
tal processes occurring when laser light interacts with paper and the from this project aimed to start a new discussion on the quality of
material to be removed. Within the project the following scientific cleaning of art objects and might lead to politically accepted quality
objectives were formulated: guidelines. From a social point of view, an important policy impact
aa establish the optimal laser parameter settings by studying the was the improvement of the working conditions of conservators and
effects of laser treatment on test samples and original samples; restorers. Due to the limited number of conservation approaches
aa create a suitable detection system for (semi) online control to (either mechanical or chemical), conservators frequently have to
safeguard against deterioration of the paper substrate and to dis- choose one that is less than optimal. Being aware of the dangers this
criminate accurately between areas to be treated or not in order to presents to the artwork, compensation is sought in increased care
guarantee precision in the presence of sensitive media; and concentration on the side of the restorer, often greatly lengthen-
aa determine the long-term behaviour of laser treated samples; ing the duration of the treatment. In many cases, the resulting strain
aa identify the effects of the environmental working conditions. leads to mental and physical fatigue and eventually repetitive strain
injury. Furthermore, the application of lasers should reduce the use
3. Achieved scientific results of chemicals for paper restoration, which is beneficial to both the
environment (waste disposal) and the health of the restorer.
The scientific objectives of the PaReLa were achieved. Within
the project, new knowledge was gained on fundamental processes 5. Dissemination and exploitation
occurring when laser light interacts with paper and the material to be
of the results
removed. Test systems based on well-defined substrates were applied
and the associate partners supplied suitable originals for comparison. Dissemination has taken place (and will continue to do so) at dif-
Threshold levels of the laser treatments were defined for three different levels. Technical presentations and contributions have been
ferent laser types. Chemical, physical and aesthetical evaluations given at several conferences, for example at COLA03 and ITECOM
took place. An expert team was established which developed a uni- meeting (2003) in Greece, IIC meeting in Baltimore 2001 (USA),
form evaluation protocol. Internal standardisation took place within at the WPP conference 2003 in Bratislava (Slovakia) and the annual
the PaReLa project and as a result a new tool for the evaluation of AIC meetings in the US in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Further presenta-
manually and laser-cleaned objects was established. Based on these tions were given at meetings organised by end-users (e.g. at the
evaluations, conclusions were drawn on the safe usage of lasers on iron gall ink meeting at the National Museum in Enschede, 2002).
paper and operational guidelines were established. The combination Work has been published in both technical journals and applied
104
PARELA
journals, such as the European Materials Research Society Spring
Conference 2003 in Strasbourg, France. The final work presentation
Barbachano & Beny, S.A.
of the PaReLa project on November 28 2003 in the Museon in The
Spain
Hague was very well attended by the international field of paper
conservators and proves the relevance of the work and the need for Institut für Papierrestaurierung
innovative conservation strategies. Much interest has been shown by Austria
the scientific community in this EU Craft Research, since the estab-
lishment of the European thematic network on transition metals in Atelier Quillet
paper (EVK4-2002-20010). The results of projects such as INKCOR France
(EVK4-CT-2001-00049) and PaPyLum (EVK4-CT-2000-00038)
were discussed at PaReLa meetings and vice versa. A prototype Bernadette van Beek
Restauratie van Kunst op Papier
workstation is available to be exploited by the end-users. This gives
The Netherlands
paper conservators access to an additional tool to solve their conser-
vation/restoration problems. Furthermore, workshops are organised Susan Corr
frequently to educate and establish a basis within the paper conserva- Galway
tion community. Ireland
Restauratie-atelier De Tiendschuur
The Netherlands
Hai Yen Institute for Conservation of Works of Art

Germany
Art Conservation b.v.

The Netherlands
Selective cleaning procedure involving three steps: (1) digital
imagetaken from object, (2) isolate area to be cleaned (black), Thomas Petéus
(3) selective laser treatment. Sweden
Detail view of the before (left) and after image (right), showing
the removal of chalk inside the coat of arms, demonstrating the
high precisionof the cleaning.
Contract number: CRAFT-2000-30002

Start date – End date: 01/09/01-31/11/03
Contract type: CRAFT
Dr Dennis Schipper
Art Innovation b.v.
Zutphenstraat 25
NL-7575 EJ Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
E-mail: dennis.schipper@art-innovation.nl
Tel: +31 541 570720
105
PROPAINT
Improved protection of paintings during exhibition,
storage and transit
http://propaint.nilu.no/
1. Problems to be solved (EVKV-CT-2000-00040). The appropriateness and synergies of

their integrated use will be evaluated.
Paintings are among the most important and most visited masterpiec-
es in European museums and galleries. Preserving those paintings as 3. Achieved scientific results
close as possible to the artists’ original expression is a central focus
for national authorities, museum administrators and conservators. Measurements of air contaminants and climate are being performed
An important part of this work is to protect the paintings against the inside and outside of different microclimate frames in eight museums
degrading influences of the various indoor environments. Specially in Europe and one museum in Mexico. Results from the air pollution
designed microclimate frames are increasingly being used for this sampling are being used to assess the protective properties of differ-
purpose. There is however growing concern about the nature of the ent frame designs and the reactivity of the different dosimeters.
microclimate, which develops over time in these enclosed spaces and
its potential for damage to the paintings. The project will contribute to improved design of microclimate
frames to offer best possible conservation of paintings and with
2. Scientific objectives and approach improved comparative knowledge about microclimate effects on
varnishes applied to paintings as remediation surface treatments.
The main aim of the PROPAINT project is to develop innovative
protection treatments used as a preventive conservation measure for
paintings during exhibition, storage and transit. 4. Policy impact
To achieve this aim, the scientific objectives are the following:
aa evaluation of the protective effect of microclimate frames for Particular attention is planned for the PROPAINT project to present
paintings the results achieved to painting collections managers and policy-
aa assessment of the physical-chemical state and hence the protec- makers by arranging a final end-user workshop. The dissemination
tive effect of varnishes on paintings generally and in microcli- strategy and general orientation of PROPAINT will be to ensure
mate frames specifically integration with policy development related to improved protection
aa contribution to preventive conservation strategy standards for micro- of the heritage of European paintings.
climate control of paintings on display, in storage and in transit
aa optimisation of microclimate control and its implication for The project results will also contribute to preventive conservation
design of new microclimate enclosures. measures and standards for microclimate control of paintings. The
work with standards will be particularly directed towards contribut-
The preservation of paintings in museums, historical buildings and ing to the work of the European Standardisation Organisation (CEN)
galleries depends on their original condition, the types of material under the Technical Committee no. 346, Conservation of Cultural
used by the artist and the quality of the environment where the paint- Property (CEN/TC 346).
ings are stored or exhibited. More and more museums and institu-
tions are using some sort of protection framing with front glass in
order to protect the paintings from the impact of the environment.
The environmental conditions inside microclimate frames that pro-

tect paintings, particularly from the consequences of gaseous pollut-
ants and the synergistic action of pollutants, humidity, temperature
and light, has up to now not been investigated to a significant degree.
One of the main objectives of this project is therefore to systemati-
cally study the combined impact of pollutants and climate on paint-
ings installed in microclimate frames, on display, in storage or in
transit. In addition, the protective effect of varnishes on paintings
generally, and in microclimate frames specifically, will be analysed
and evaluated. Measurements of the state of microenvironments
in microclimate frames and the potential deteriorating effects on
paintings will be made both in the laboratory and at selected sites
in art galleries, storage depots and in transit by using for the first
The PROPAINT project is working to establish novel improved
time simultaneously several dosimeters developed in previous EC
methods for measuring the environment for paintings inside
projects such as the MASTER project (EVK4-CT-2002-00093), microclimate frames using dosimeters
the AMECP project (EV5V-CT 92 – 0144) and the MIMIC project
106
PROPAINT

Marianne Odlyha
of the results
Birkbeck College, University of London
Dissemination of results will be sought through a project webpage, Department of Chemistry
scientific journals, conference participation, magazines and media. United Kingdom
Exploitation of the results from PROPAINT is anticipated in several
respects. PROPAINT aims to make well-tested dosimeter technology Mikkel Scharff
available to the conservator users in museums, while the project’s The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
results will influence the construction of microclimate frames for The School of Conservation
paintings in the direction of better conservation conditions. Denmark
Contract number: SSP 044254 Guillermo Andrade

Start date – End date: 01/02/07–31/01/10 SIT Transportes
Contract type: FP6 STREP Spain
Peter Mottner
Coordinator details: Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung
Dr Elin Dahlin
Bronnbach Branch
Norwegian Institute for Air Research,
Germany
Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100
NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
Email: emd@nilu.no Janusz Czop
Tel: + 47 63 89 80 00 National Museum Krakow
Poland
Perla Colombini
The PROPAINT project will University of Pisa
perform exposures of varnish Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
samples in accelerated labo- Italy
ratory tests inside and out-
side of microclimate frames
in museums and subsequent
physical and chemical anal-
ysis, to learn more about the
protective effect of varnishes
in different microclimates.
107
SENSORGAN
Sensor system for detection of harmful environments
for pipe organs
http://www.goart.gu.se/sensorgan
1. Problems to be solved organ, thereby constituting an early warning for the emergence of
cracks in the wood. When a microcrack develops, a sound pulse is
The pipe organ is an important part of the cultural heritage of emitted from the wood. This sound is not in the audible range but it
Europe. It reflects European traditions, thinking and general history is detected by the sensor.
and its development have mirrored the technical, social and econom-
ic development in society. The organ heritage found in all countries The acoustic emission method has been successfully tested in situ.
of Europe includes more than 10 000 historical valuable organs. Based on the work performed, a prototype sensor including sig-
nal acquisition system and software for signal processing is being
A major threat to this heritage is indoor harmful environments. designed and built.
Organic acids, also in combination with condensation phenomena,
create pipe corrosion causing serious damage to the pipes. Harmful Several available sensor types for the detection of condensation (e.g.
humidity conditions can create cracks in the vital wooden parts of micro chip including T and RH sensors, miniaturised resistive sen-
the organ, making the instrument unplayable. sor and digital capacitive wetting sensor) have been tested. Because
of application limitations for the tested sensors and the demanding
application (limited space in the pipes and harsh environmental
2. Scientific objectives and approach conditions), the development of a new type of sensor based on fibre
optics has begun. When droplets form on the fibre, they will disperse
The SENSORGAN project objectives are to make available new light, and the loss of transmitted light in the fibre can be detected.
instrumentation for monitoring and detecting harmful environments for
organs through the development of sensors for real-time measurement. 4. Policy impact
The system will contain three different sensors to detect:
aa levels of organic acids harmful to organ pipes The results from the project will contribute to:
aa environments damaging to wooden parts of organs aa preserving European organ heritage;
aa possible dew formation inside organ pipes aa developing improved organ restoration policies;
aa EU policies that bring socioeconomic, environmental and techno-
The sensors will be designed in order to be placed in the organ or logical approaches together;
in the pipes without disturbing playing or affecting the sound. The aa scientific grounds to assist the CEN in setting normative stand-
sensor system will be applied in the historical organ from 1611 in the ards for the conservation of cultural heritage, especially the
Minor Basilica of St Andrew the Apostle in Olkusz, Poland. The data microclimate inside churches;
collected from all the sensors will be analysed, microclimatic factors aa a general understanding of microclimatic factors that create harm-
creating harmful environments will be studied, and conclusions will ful environments for organs, whose impact on European building
be drawn for publications, mitigative strategies, and to support the environments will contribute directly to the quality of life and
Committee for European Standardisation (CEN). health of the members of the Community;
aa detecting harmful environments and assessing methods to impede
3. Achieved scientific results them, e.g. organ restoration, church restoration, installation of
friendly heating systems;
When an alternating electrical field is applied on a piezoelectric aa supporting and improving organ builders’ restoration practices.
quartz crystal, the quartz crystal starts to vibrate. If a coating is
applied on the crystal surface, the crystal frequency decreases. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of the results
This property is used for the development of a sensor for detect-
ing organic acids corrosive to organ pipes. A coating of pipe metal The knowledge from the project will be disseminated through the
lead-tin alloy is applied on the crystal. When the coating reacts with project website, conferences, seminars, articles in the scientific lit-
the organic acids, the mass of the coating increases and a frequency erature and in organ building journals.
change of the crystal vibration can be detected.
A leaflet presenting the project and its objectives has been produced.
An early prototype of the sensor has been developed. The con- The partners of SENSORGAN are determined to exploit the results
tinued work will focus on optimisation and calibration of the and products of the project. An exploitation strategy will be defined
sensor properties. within the project.
A new and innovative method of recording acoustic emission activity The experience gathered with the EC projects Friendly-Heating and
has been employed to trace microfracturing of wooden parts of the SENSORGAN has been combined to produce a handbook: Church
108
SENSORGAN
heating and preservation of the cultural heritage: a practical guide to the
pros and cons of various heating systems, Electa Mondadori, Milan. Marianne Odlyha
Birkbeck College, University of London, School of Biological and
Chemical Sciences
Contract number: SSP 022695 United Kingdom
Contract type: FP6 STREP Lukasz Bratasz
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Catalysis and Surface
Chemistry
Dr Carl Johan Bergsten Poland
Göteborg University, Göteborg Organ Art Center
P.O. Box 210 Dario Camuffo
40530 Göteborg National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric
Sweden Sciences and Climate
Email: carl.johan.bergsten@hsm.gu.se Italy
Tel: +46 737 591946
Grazyna Praszelik-Kocjan
The Municipal Cultural Centre Olkusz
Poland
Andrea Cavicchioli
University of Sao Paulo
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities
Brazil
Jan-Erik Svensson
Chalmers University of Technology
Department of Environmental Inorganic Chemistry
Sweden
The historical organ from 1611 in the Minor Basilica of St.

Andrew the Apostle in Olkusz, Poland, where the developed
sensors were successfully tested.
109
SURVENIR
Near-infrared spectroscopy tool for collection surveying
http://www.science4heritage.org/survenir/
1. Problems to be solved historical objects, scanning, using harmless near-infrared light,

enabled the conservator to evaluate rapidly the preservation state
Assessing the state of archive, museum and library collections is of a number of objects in a short time.
of primary importance in collection management. By performing
surveys, the collection condition and general conservation needs are
revealed and preservation activities can thus be planned. Depending
on the collection type and size, surveying may also be one of the
most demanding tasks in terms of the necessary resources. It is usu-
ally performed using simple physical and chemical tests, which are
often destructive. This is unacceptable for most paper-based cultural
heritage and a new approach is called for.
Instead of time-consuming and even destructive analysis of

historical objects, scanning, using harmless near-infrared light,
will enable the conservator to evaluate rapidly the preservation
state of a number of objects in a short time

Many millions of paper-based objects worldwide are in need
of conservation treatments. Which ones? How to evaluate During the first semester of the project, the analytical methodology
long-term risks? How to plan large-scale preservation actions? has been developed, on the basis of which the spectroscopic tool was
SurveNIR aims at answering these questions calibrated. Hundreds of samples are now being analysed to provide the
database for the SurveNIR software to be developed. The new instru-
ment is being produced, based on input from a panel of conservators.
4. Policy impact
Of all non- and micro-destructive methods of analysis, spectro-
scopic analytical techniques are by far the most frequently used. To address the problem of cultural heritage deterioration, it is
Examination of materials using infrared light can provide us with necessary to be aware of the extent of the problem. Surveying is
qualitative and quantitative information on the sample in ques- indispensable in sustainable impact assessment, especially of protec-
tion. Near-infrared spectra are often the most information-rich, tion treatments, being the basis of long-term planning in collection
yet due to their complexity, information has to be extracted using management. However, for any realistic analysis of costs associated
advanced methods of data analysis. In the SurveNIR project, with the preservation of European libraries, archives and museums,
using this innovative approach, near-infrared spectroscopy was surveys should first be performed to allow the policy-makers to form
used to provide data on chemical and mechanical paper proper- views. SurveNIR help to set priorities on a variety of levels: of an
ties. A new portable instrument prototype was built adapted to institution, region, and country, or even of the EU. As an objective-
the needs of the conservation community: object handling was surveying tool, it should be indispensable for the formation of pres-
optimised and thus the possibility of damage minimised. Since ervation strategies or policy in general.
data collection took less than a minute, the end-user was able
to scan a large number of objects per day, enabling reagent-less, 5. Dissemination and exploitation
multi-component, low-cost analysis of paper items Additionally,
of the results
new software was provided giving the end-user the opportunity to
analyse the large amount of data obtained in a collection survey. The new tool will be tested in seven collections, thus demonstrating
Instead of time-consuming and even destructive analysis of the relevance of the developed approach. The involvement of a SME,
110
SURVENIR
university lab and two libraries, three archives, and two museums –
i.e. seven end-users – ensures an efficient and targeted dissemination Dirk Lichtblau Graham Martin
both of the gained knowledge and of the developed technology. The Zentrum für Bucherhaltung Victoria and Albert Museum
project results will be disseminated widely through the Internet, leaf- GmbH United Kingdom
lets and publications. At the end of the project (June 2008), a hand- Germany
book will be produced and a dissemination event will be organised. Jonas Palm
Jana Kolar Riksarkivet
National and University Sweden
Contract number: SSP 006594 Library
Start date – End date: 01/08/05 – 31/07/08 Slovenia Nikša Selmani
Contract type: FP6 STREP State Archives of Dubrovnik
Duration (in months): 36 Gerrit de Bruin Croatia
National Archives
Coordinator details: The Netherlands Mads Christian Christensen
Dr Matija Strlič, Associate Professor National Museum of Denmark
University of Ljubljana Barry Knight Denmark
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology The British Library
Aškerčeva 5 United Kingdom
SI-1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
E-mail: matija.strlic@fkkt.uni-lj.si
Tel: +386 1241 9174
111
VIDRIO
Determination of conditions to prevent weathering
due to condensation, particle deposition and micro-
organism growth on ancient stained glass windows
with protective glazing
http://www.isac.cnr.it/~vidrio/
1. Problems to be solved and Cologne Cathedral, but in Saint Urbain Basilica no significant
difference was observed. The presence of the PG reduced the risk
In this project, the most important part was given to the observation of condensation on the internal side of the ancient window, with
and analysis of the painted surface, for a better understanding of the the condensation occurring mainly on the internal side of PG. The
effect of the environment and an improved protective system regard- system installed in Saint Urbain was the least efficient from this
ing the conservation of glass paint. point of view. Ventilation is influenced by the construction of the
glazing; a good distance and free circulation of air can guarantee a
2. Scientific objectives and approach higher exchange between inner atmosphere and the interspace, but
the effects on glass strongly depend on the concentration of pollut-
The main objectives were to: ants in the church. Gaseous and particle pollutants were investigated.
aa monitor the microclimate, characterisation of pollutants and The total mass and chemical composition of deposited particles was
microorganisms (indoor, outdoor and in the interspace between also analysed. Concentrations of O3 and SO2 were strongly reduced
glazing and original window); indoors compared with outdoors. In contrast, NO2 revealed higher
aa develop a new dew device to control condensation; indoor concentrations in Saint Urbain and Cologne from the burn-
aa evaluate the deterioration of glass with and without protective ing candles. In Sainte Chapelle only low concentrations of nitrates
glazing; were observed, but a formation of CaSO4-particles inside and in the
aa determine best practice to control condensation and minimise interspace was detected. Soiling is less important in Cologne than in
weathering; Troyes. A decrease of haze was observed on glass samples exposed
aa provide all the relevant parameters for glass corrosion and paint in the interspace if compared with samples inside; it is much more
alteration and to realise a new device to detect condensation. pronounced in Troyes where the ventilation is lower. The haze of the
inside samples is higher than for those outdoors due to the candles.
3. Achieved scientific results In general the results proved that the PG protects the stained glass
windows against most air pollutants. From a biological point of view,
The VIDRIO project aimed to provide appropriate solutions to the the PG has a protective effect in all three churches and good ventila-
problems relating to mass tourism, environmental risk and conservation has a positive impact. The weathering of the glass, pit corrosion,
tion of stained glass windows, taking the Basilica of Saint Urbain in a white crust, etc. were also identified. For the grisailles, the loss of
Troyes and Sainte Chapelle in Paris (France) and Cologne Cathedral the paintwork due to the formation of fractures and detachment of
(Germany) as the subjects of study. Several important aspects not yet fragments was the main weathering phenomenon. Laboratory tests
understood were examined from a multi-disciplinary point of view. allowed the durability of the glass to be determined: Sainte Chapelle
The project carried out monitoring near two stained glass windows, is better than Cologne and Troyes. Samples exposed in the positions
one with protective glazing (PG), and another without. These places – external sheltered, unsheltered, interspace and inside – enabled the
were selected because of the microclimate, pollutants concentration, mechanism of weathering to be identified consisting of leaching of
deposition and the microorganisms, and evaluation of the deteriora- modifiers ions (K and Ca) and formation of a hydrated glass layer.
tion processes. A new dew point sensor to control the water conden- The extent of this phenomenon follows the scale: external unshel-
sation was developed. The most important results show that from a tered > external sheltered >>interspace ~ inside.
microclimatic point of view at the French sites, the PG protects the
ancient glass from the risk of condensation and from rapid tempera- The fundamental role of water (rain, condensation, water retained
ture changes. The greenhouse effect was observed in the interspace, on the surfaces by hygroscopic salts, etc.) and the time of dampness
but no negative effects were associated with this phenomenon. was clearly evident. Furthermore, the neoformations of syngenite and
gypsum, found especially on external sheltered samples, indicate an
The PG in Sainte Chapelle slightly reduced the relative humidity important influence of the acidic contaminants in the atmosphere.
(RH) near the internal side of the ancient window and the time of The progress of weathering leads to the formation of iridescent lay-
permanence of high RH values; in Saint Urbain the situation was the ers and of microfractures, observed in the originals, which severely
opposite, while no notable differences were observed in Cologne. change the optical and mechanical properties of the glass. A leaching
The environment in the interspace was characterised by slightly mechanism was also demonstrated for the lead silicate forming the
higher relative humidity than inside the church in Sainte Chapelle glassy phase of the grisaille; after centuries of exposure, this mecha-
112
VIDRIO
nism leads to the pulverisation of the paint. Tests in a climatic cham-
ber confirmed such a mechanism. Despite the high stress measured Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00045
between the grisaille and the underlying glass, the in-field exposure Start date – End date: 01/02/2002 – 31/03/2005
tests did not show evident mechanical weathering. Several labora- Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
tory tests, including thermal shock, confirmed that the variations of
temperature increase the instability of the fired paint and lead to the
formation of microfractures and flaking of particles, a phenomenon Dr Adriana Bernardi
observed in the original samples. The results indicated that the PG CNR-ISAC Corso Stati Uniti 4 IT-35127 Padova, Italy
exerts an efficient protection against the leaching of the external E-mail: a.bernardi@isac.cnr.it
glass surface of the original windows and reduces the thermal Tel: +39 049 8295906
stresses, microcracks and loss of the paintwork. Such improvement
is expected even in the presence of a non-optimum protective glaz-
ing. A series of recommendations were made and a list of the main
René Van Grieken
data was put in a certain number of special matrixes and given to the
Micro and Trace Analysis Center - Dpt. Chemistry - University
end-users. The main conclusions were that:
of Antwerp
aa The glazing protects from environmental attack. Belgium
aa The construction of the glazing strongly influences the quality
of the results. Hannelore Roemich and Peter Mottner
aa Their presence does not worsen the new environment. Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research
aa The new dew point sensor permits better control of the dangerous Germany
phenomenon of condensation.
aa Regarding the PG systems, internal ventilation is useful but the Roger Alexandre Lefevre
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques
secondary effects are very limited.
(LISA), Université de Paris XII
aa The identification and correlation of the most important param-
France
eters were pointed out.
Marco Verità
4. Policy impact Stazione Sperimentale Del Vetro
Italy
This research favoured collaboration among researchers, SMEs,
conservators and end-users from throughout Europe. The policy Maura Bellio
implications were large and were very useful in providing European TECNO PENTA s.a.s.
Italy
standards and regulations.
Isabelle Pallot Frossard
5. Dissemination and exploitation of the Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH)
results France
The dissemination was undertaken by means of publications, con- Sabine Roelleke

gress and meetings, websites, interviews on television and in maga- Genanalysis GmbH
zines during and after the end of the project. A special issue of the Germany
journal Rivista della stazione sperimentale del vetro was published.
Ulrike Brinkmann
Datasets on all parameters are available. A patent for the dew point
Dombauverwaltung Köln
sensor was also obtained (MI 2004 A 000249, extended PTC /EP
Germany
2005/050665). An Italian ministerial spin-off was also approved.
Sainte Chapelle:
Dew point sensor and
other microclimatic
devices installed on
stained glass window.
113
114
Chapter 5
5. Foster integration of cultural heritage in the
urban/rural setting, monitoring and archaeology
115
116
Introduction Europe’s cultural heritage encompasses not only the physical preser-
vation of buildings and structures but their integration into urban and
rural settings. Today cultural artefacts do not exist in isolation. They
have to fit into social and economic contexts. This chapter’s projects
address those objectives: for example, the wide-focus objective of
SUIT was to develop guidelines to ensure that, through participatory
approaches, the conservation of historical urban areas complies with
the EU’s impact assessment and environmental directives. Similarly,
APPEAR produced guidelines for decision-makers and managers
to integrate archaeological sites and historical sub-soil remains into
their urban environment, while looking to ‘conciliate’ conservation
and accessibility. Mass tourism can be a significant input for the
economy but, unless carefully controlled, it can damage structures
sensitive for instance to pollution, vibration, humidity. The FP6
project PICTURE, thus, assessed the threats and opportunities posed
by cultural tourism to built heritage in small and medium-sized cities
and developed a ‘strategic urban governance framework’.
In relation with the European Landscape Convention, DEMOTEC

developed a common European tool and a pilot geo-database for
monitoring cultural heritage sites combining remote sensing data and
geographic information systems. Other described projects may have
policy implications other than cultural heritage in the stricter sense:
for instance, RUFUS’s complementary approach developed methods
to test whether foundations can be re-used when a building is torn
down – a good example of sustainable development. ISHTAR’s
advanced software predicted the effects of policy decisions on
environmental standards, transport efficiency, citizen health and the
conservation of monuments while CURE promoted best practices in
the field of urban environment and rehabilitation including cultural
heritage, around Gdansk and as example for other regions.
Finally through training seminars, SPRECOMAH favoured the

preventive conservation, monitoring and maintenance of the archi-
tectural heritage which results are to be applied widely, while
ARCHAIA promoted the conservation and sustainable management
of archaeological sites. The coordination project ARCHAEOMAP is
seeking to tackle problems linked to the sustainable management of
Mediterranean archaeological and underwater sites, strongly influ-
enced by human activities as local pressures and climate change.
117
APPEAR
Accessibility projects – sustainable preservation and
enhancement of urban subsoil archaeological remains
http://www.in-situ.be/A_pres_overview.html
1. Problems to be solved helped the reader gain more detailed insight into each of the fields of
expertise. The resources are of various types: tools and documenta-
Although there are many examples of successful accessibility tion, inventory of sites, case studies, references.
projects, there are also too many that are unsuccessful. Such unfor-
tunate experiences demonstrate that, too often, people responsible 4. Policy impact
for archaeological heritage are ill-equipped to deal with the dif-
ficult processes involved. An accessibility project is defined as all The principal areas of research targeted by the APPEAR project
the actions undertaken to integrate subsoil archaeological remains reflect and develop priorities established by the EU in the field of
in the contemporary urban environment, making them accessible, archaeological heritage protection:
understandable and enjoyable for the widest possible audience while aa enhancement and use of urban subsoil archaeological sites;
ensuring their preservation. aa in situ preservation and sustainable urban development;
aa promotion of open dialogue, cooperation and negotiation between
2. Scientific objectives and approach all stakeholders and involvement of the citizens.
The method of research encourages interaction not only among
The main objective of the research was to produce guidelines for many varied disciplines and stakeholders but also among different
professionals, managers and other decision-makers which enabled European countries, which stimulates the exchange of information
them to make informed judgments, and to identify, prioritise and about diverse cultures. Providing local communities with the means
implement the resulting actions needed to make urban archaeo- to manage such projects efficiently contributes to an enhanced qual-
logical sites available to the public within a framework of sustainable ity of life. Increased visitor numbers to archaeological sites has
development. This project took into account all the issues present in shown a consequent positive impact on the creation of jobs in the
an accessibility project: integration of the site into the contemporary area, for example in the catering trade.
urban environment and its social and cultural impact , preservation
of the site in situ, and methods of display and management. It aimed 5. Dissemination and exploitation
to provide a methodology for decision-making which took into
of the results
account all these factors and their interactions. Its originality lies in
the integration of these two different approaches within a sequential The APPEAR website provides all information relating to the project.
process: firstly the decision-making process, representing the back- In addition, the APPEAR guide is available in French and English
bone of the project structure, and secondly, an action phase based on on the APPEAR website, while the resources complementing the
a series of key actions relating to the fields of expertise and designed APPEAR guide are available in French. The APPEAR guide has been
to take the project forward. designed so that it can easily be printed in A4 format. All parts of
the APPEAR guide and the resources are interconnected. To enable
3. Achieved scientific results the user to find information quickly, hyperlinks have been inserted at
strategic points, to access the relevant information. The links are also
The main result is the APPEAR method – a practical guide for the designed to be easily understandable in the printed version.
management of enhancement projects on urban archaeological sites.
The APPEAR guide helped all those involved in projects for enhanc- A brochure giving information about the APPEAR guide has been
ing urban archaeological sites. It is based on the principles of strate- produced on an EC initiative. This ensured the promotion of the guide
gic management adapted by a number of researchers from different and the method to relevant individuals, organisations and groups.
disciplines and integrates all the factors and issues likely to occur During the international symposium organised within the framework
during what can often be a complex process. It offers a structured of the project, the APPEAR method was presented to a large inter-
mechanism for users to establish the goals to be reached within their national audience that brought together professionals, representatives
areas of expertise and to conceive and execute appropriate actions to from public authorities and project partners. The proceedings in
reach these with realism, flexibility and creativity. three languages (English, French and Spanish) are available on the
The guide is divided into four sections: APPEAR website.
aa putting the issue into context;
aa describing the enhancement process and the method used; The development of a large network of contacts throughout Europe
aa undertaking comprehensive review of the phases; ensured a dynamic exchange mechanism for information about the
aa outlining the key actions to be undertaken throughout the phases. project. Continual dissemination about the project has been under-
The four sections form a cohesive and coordinated whole. A synopsis taken by the partners in the form of published articles and reports in
and an overview are also provided to help the reader through the guide. journals, oral presentations at conference and seminars, and partici-
A number of resources complement the APPEAR guide. These pation in university and other training courses.
118
APPEAR

Dr Anne Warnotte
Name: IN SITU
Centre de recherches archéologiques
c/o Service de l’Archéologie du MRW
Avenue des Tilleuls 62
B-4000 Liège 1
Belgium Vesunna archaeological site, Périgueux, France
E-mail: insitu@win.be © APPEAR
a.warnotte@institutdupatrimoine.be
Tel: + 32 (0) 4 229 97 43-45
Fax: + 32 (0) 4 229 97 59
Administrative and financial coordinator details

CUGS
Université de Liège
Chemin des Chevreuils 1 Bât. B52/3
B-4000 Liège 1
Belgium
E-mail Address: jacques.teller@ulg.ac.be
Tel: + 32 (0) 4 366 94 99 Assessing the impact of tourism on cultural heritage
Fax: + 32 (0) 4 366 95 62ICUB-MHCB © APPEAR
Antoni Nicolau i Marti, Noelia Sanz, Laia Colomet Gianfranco Zidda

Institut de Cultura de Barcelona Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta
Museu d’Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona Dipartimento Soprintendenza
Spain per I Beni e le Attività’Culturali
Italy
Valerie Wilson
English Heritage Esze Tamás
(Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) Réseau "Alliance des Villes Européennes de Culture"
United Kingdom Maison du Patrimoine
Hungary
Pierre Diaz Pedregal
IN EXTENSO Jean-Louis Luxen
France International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
Bureau de Gestion de Projet
Mikel Ascensio Belgium
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Psicología Básica,
Spain
119
ARCHAIA
Training seminars on research planning, characterisation,
conservation and management in archaeological sites
http://www.archaia.eu
1. Problems to be solved furnish a common methodology for the organisation and planning
of archaeological parks. Finally, the protocols resulting from the
ARCHAIA has a global approach towards planning and manage- ARCHAIA training will represent a precious element for evaluating
ment of archaeological parks starting from the very first steps of and planning field interventions on conservation at all given scales,
field research and going through the characterisation of the materials providing a complete checklist of the operations necessary for the
retrieved and topographical studies in order to mould every bit of establishment of archaeological parks, after having selected scientifi-
historical information within a coherent project, properly displayed cally valid and practical practices.
for the public. In this SSA the great challenges posed by the urgency of an inte-
grated intervention coupled with the need for sound and updated
2. Scientific objectives and approach methodologies in order to:
aa provide advanced training on the most recent emerging results
Dealing with the initial programme of archaeological research in the from European research projects concerning modern archaeologi-
field, integrated with techniques of archeobiological and geoarchaeo- cal research;
logical investigation, our final goal is to supply participants with the aa propagate knowledge and spread information about best practices;
guidelines for moulding research strategies and managing archaeo- aa link different scientific communities and establish specialist
logical sites, in order to be able to publicly display the historical group memberships;
content derived from research results and effectively proceed to the aa analyse current innovation scientific procedures;
protection of cultural heritage. Five key topics have been selected: aa elaborate standardised protocols establishing field routines and plan-
Topic 1 concerns topography, surveying and landscape archaeol- ning strategies for effectively managing our archaeological heritage.
ogy; Topic 2 archaeological research and restoration of monuments;
Topic 3 material culture characterisation; Topic 4 anthropology 5. Dissemination and exploitation
and environment; and Topic 5 data processing and public presen-
of the results
tation. (Topics 1–2 will be dealt with in Bologna, Topics 3–4 in
Copenhagen, while Topic 5 is common to both.) The two seminars organised by ARCHAIA will provide advanced
training on the most recent emerging results mainly from European
3. Achieved scientific results research projects covering a series of issues on diverse subjects
applied to cultural heritage, which can be discussed together within the
While not yet completed, the ARCHAIA project will implement innovative unifying perspective adopted by ARCHAIA. Publication
two international training seminars on cultural heritage based on of the proceedings (in volume form in the BAR series, Oxford, due
an innovative integrated perspective deriving both from the human September 2008) and other forms of publicity will subsequently dis-
and the natural sciences. The seminars – one in Copenhagen (28–30 seminate the ARCHAIA approach at all training levels.
January 2008) and another one in Bologna (15–17 May 2008) – will
address 90 postgraduate students, scholars and professionals of dif-
ferent backgrounds. See the detailed programme of the seminars on
the website www.archaia.eu. The speakers at the seminars are among
the most qualified specialists at international level within each of
their fields. Lively scientific discussions at the end of each session
are expected.
4. Policy impact
The processing of advanced but nevertheless effectively and practi-
cally usable protocols concerning the planning and realisation of
archaeological parks has a very wide potential impact. At a first
level, it will create within the European and international scientific
community a reference point represented, in the first place, by the
network of contacts between research groups strongly differentiated The integrated archaeological and environmental park of
by their disciplinary profiles, but unified by mutual goals. At a sec- Tilmen Höyük, a Bronze Age capital in south-eastern Turkey.
ond level, this will provide scientifically valid diversified presenta- The antenna for the remote monitoring of critical parameters
tions within common guidelines. At an even higher level, this will on that site can also be observed
120
ARCHAIA
Contract number: SSP 044365

Start date – End date: 01/02/07–31/07/08 I. Thuesen
Contract type: FP6 Specific Support Action University of Copenhagen, Dep. of Cross-Cultural and Regional
Duration (in months): 18 Studies
Denmark
Prof Nicolò Marchetti N. Cambi
Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna University of Zadar, Dep. of Archaeology
Dipartimento di Archeologia Croatia
Piazza S. Giovanni in Monte 2
I-40124 Bologna
Italy
Email: nicolo.marchetti@unibo.it
Tel.: +390512097711
121
ARCHAEOMAP
Archaeological management policies
http://www.archaeomap.eu
1. Problems to be solved system for sharing archaeological heritage. The ARCHAEOMAP

International Committee will set up not only a methodology for good
The ARCHAEOMAP project aims to face problems linked to the management practice but also science policies for the sustainable
sustainable management of the Mediterranean archaeological and management of coastal and underwater archaeological sites. It will
underwater sites, strongly influenced by human activities as local also focus on the identification of cultural, environmental and socio-
pressures or climate change. At present, the situation concerning the economic sustainability indicators.
knowledge, safeguard and valorisation of underwater and coastal
archaeological sites in the Mediterranean Sea varies widely, depend- 4. Policy impact
ing on the coastal countries. It is necessary to improve the aspects
of monitoring activities and of integrated coastal zone management. The project focuses on an integrated approach to coastal and under-
Furthermore, it is essential to develop more rigorous and innovative water archaeological site management, taking into consideration
guidelines for archaeological site conservation and sustainable devel- cultural, economic, social, political and environmental aspects.
opment, and it is necessary to increase cooperation between science Through case study analysis, it recognises the need for a participa-
and society through the creation of a network. Specific management tory approach to ensure policy sustainability.
also needs to be developed in line with different requirements like
protection, scientific research and human use. The project aims to work out a long-term strategy that will be devel-
oped in the context of the next Framework Programme.
ARCHAEOMAP could provide useful information for the ongo-
ARCHAEOMAP’s objective is to develop balanced and interrelated ing updating of the “Culture” framework programme and of the
policies with an integrated coastal zone management focus. The Structural Funds. Indirectly, this will also contribute to address the
project proposes an interdisciplinary research and capacity-building Water Framework Directive and complementary measures related
agenda aimed at improving the relationship among Mediterranean to cultural heritage and the EC’s CAFE initiative (Clean Air for
people in the field of environmental resources and bio-cultural Europe). The International Committee will act as a “trait d’union”
diversity protection and in order to support socioeconomic develop- among the fields of research, politics and advanced training at the
ment through cultural tourism, by combining scientific knowledge national and international levels. The International Committee will
and forms of governance. Against an interdisciplinary and inter- strengthen the commitment to the European Council and signatories
cultural backdrop related to UNESCO scientific coordination, the of the European Convention for the Protection of archaeological her-
ARCHAEOMAP International Committee will encourage scientific itage and it will make possible to extend the value and the meaning of
research and collection of information without overlooking tradi- protection to non-European countries of the Mediterranean Sea.
tional knowledge of maritime resource management.
Some ARCHAEOMAP’s pilot sites are inscribed in the UNESCO
of the results
World Heritage List. The study of these pilot sites introduces inno-
vation through its modern approaches aimed at conservation and The UNESCO Forum will be the media window of the project, will
sustainable development at regional, national and international level. offer the opportunity to disseminate and enrich the themes developed
ARCHAEOMAP project will promote its large network of marine and will allow the wider public to discover the values carried by the
pilot sites in the Mediterranean basin, encouraging transbound- project. A website will contribute to the international diffusion of
ary and serial nominations for inscription on the UNESCO World the project. It will also monitor related events. The CD-ROMs and
Heritage List. DVDs production will help to detail the project phases. These latest
versions, together with the final report, will be a tool for local gov-
3. Achieved scientific results ernments in developing similar projects.
The ARCHAEOMAP International Committee will work to obtain The final publication will raise awareness on the value and on the
good practices and new strategies for site management and protec- symbolic role of this heritage and will allow the spreading of new meth-
tion against deterioration and pressures of mass tourism. These odologies in the cultural, archaeological and environmental field. The
measures will have to be carried into effect within governmental and distance teaching module, disseminated around the Mediterranean basin
non-governmental organisations, research bodies, universities, public via UNINETTUNO, RAI MED SAT and the Avicenna Virtual Campus
and private bodies devoted to advancing training. For European part- within the framework of the UNESCO/MEDA-Eumedis project will
ners, the project results will be useful to improve multi-disciplinary contribute to the diffusion of the project results at the university level.
approach. The non-European partners will have an opportunity to A documentary will be broadcast across the Mediterranean via MED
adapt themselves to a management, conservation and enhancement SAT and RAI 3, in partnership with the French channel France 3 and
122
ARCHAEOMAP
the Spanish channel RTVE. This will contribute to a mass diffusion of

the activities related to the project and of the archaeological, cultural and Brigida Maria Beatrice Reina
environmental policy-driven results. Consorzio Universitario per l’ateneo della Sicilia Occidentale e il
Bacino del Mediterraneo- UNISOM
Contract number: SSP 044376 Italy
Contract type: FP6 Coordination Action Rita Cedrini
Duration (in months): 24 International Institute for the Study of Man
Italy
Prof Sebastiano Tusa † Dominique Tailliez
Regione Siciliana - Dipartimento Beni Culturali E Ambientali Association pour la Sauvegarde du Patrimoine Maritime de
Soprintendenza Del Mare, Via Lungarini, 9 – 90133 Palermo
Villefranche Sur Mer
Italy
France
Email: sopmare.area@regione.sicilia.it
Tel: + 39 091 6230638
Ridha Tlili
Liaisons Meditrranée
Tunisia
Maria Amata Garito

Universita Telematica Internazionale non Statale
Italy
Kostas Soueref
Archaeological Museum of Florina
Greece
Alaa El-Din Mahrous

Supreme Council of Antiquities - Department of Underwater
Archaeology - Maritime Museum of Alexandria
Egypt
Underwater archaeological site of “Cala Minnola” in Levanzo
Nuria Rafel Fontanals
Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya
Spain
Mustafa El Tayeb Giampaolo Natoli

UNESCO - Secteur des Sciences (Scientific coordinator) Division Fondazione Athena per lo Sviluppo
de la Politique scientifique et du Développement Italy
France
Sergio Frau
Pietro Maniscalco Associazione Archeo-Antropologica Approfondimenti
Comitato Pro Arsenale Borbonico di Palermo Interdisciplinari Operativi
Italy Italy
Jean Mascle
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Geosciences Azur
France
Max Guerout
Groupe de Recherche en Archéologie Navale
Service Historique de la Défense
France
Farrugia Mario
Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna
Malta
123
CURE
Centre for urban construction and rehabilitation:
technology transfer, research and education
http://www.pg.gda.pl/cure/
1. Problems to be solved aa construction of national network giving researchers the oppor-

tunity to take part in international scientific programmes and to
The problems to be solved were: improve qualifications through participation in twinning activi-
aa high costs and an unsatisfactory technological level of constructing ties with the French partner institution.
aa high levels of water and energy consumption in the process of
construction work and exploitation of urban structures 4. Policy impact
aa unsatisfactory level of safety and comfort conditions of urban
structures aa Improved quality of life (road safety, comfort and indoor health).
aa low effectiveness of urban land use aa Sustainable development of the urban area.
aa significant number of accidents on construction sites and road aa Preservation of cultural heritage.
accidents aa Ccloser cooperation between researchers, engineers and local
aa deterioration of the existing building stock, especially historical authorities.
buildings aa Filling the gap between science and innovation.
aa gap between science and implemented innovation. aa Enhanced skills and qualification of Polish researchers and engi-
neers in the field of urban construction and rehabilitation.
aa Improve skills and qualification of engineers and researchers in
of the results
the field of urban construction and rehabilitation, including exten-
sive use of distance education. Information on the activities and scientific events organised by the
aa Build the capacity of the centre to the point of being internation- centre disseminated to EU, NAS and Polish civil engineering centres,
ally recognised as a centre of excellence in the field of urban local authorities, scientific centres and construction companies is
construction and rehabilitation through networking and extensive available at: http://www.pg.gda.pl/cure/
cooperation with leading EU academic centres.
aa Enhance the centre’s participation in the European programme’s Major publications
research results to be transformed into innovations and imple- Conference proceedings:
mented through close cooperation with industry by: aa Krystek, R. (ed.), “International Conference GAMBIT 2004”,
• improved methods of design and manufacturing Gdańsk, 2004.
• new material technologies aa Jasina M and Wesołowski M (Eds.): ‘Multidisciplinary
• safe road transport system International Conference Civil Engineering for Society’, Vol. I/
• methods of sustainable urban renewal II.Gdańsk, 2004.
• methods of preservation of cultural heritage. aa Pietraszkiewicz W and Szymczak, C. (eds.), Shell Structures,
Theory and Applications, Taylor & Francis, London, 2005.
3. Achieved scientific results Information from the workshops has been published. More infor-
mation is available via the website.
The objectives were achieved by conducting international PhD stud-
ies, postgraduate studies, summer schools, EUROCODES courses, Training materials:
expert visits and academic staff exchange. Dissemination of the aa Summer School: Kłosowski, P. (ed.), “Simulations for Society”,
research results was achieved through the organisation of interna- Gdańsk, 2003.
tional conferences and thematic workshops involving participation aa Małasiewicz, A. (ed.), “Technology of Concrete”, Gdańsk, 2004.
of renowned experts from the EU and included: aa Urbańska-Galewska, E. (ed.), “Urban Steel Structures”, Gdańsk,
aa knowledge and technology transfer via education 2005.
aa research and education of advanced methods of urban construc-
tion and rehabilitation to engineers EUROCODES Courses:
aa exchange of results of ongoing research in the field of urban con- aa Korzeniowski, P. and Wesołowski, M. (eds.), “Eurocodes in
struction and rehabilitation Civil Engineering”, Gdańsk 2003. Urbańska-Galewska, E. (ed.),
aa propagation of methods related to urban construction and reha- “Eurocodes in Civil Engineering”, Gdańsk, 2004.
bilitation at advanced level aa Urbańska-Galewska, E. (ed.), “Eurocodes in Civil Engineering”,
aa extension of cooperation with outstanding European centres Gdańsk, 2005.
124
CURE

Contract type: FP5 Accompanying Measure
Prof Czesław Szymczak
80-952 Gdańsk, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk University of
Technoloy, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Department of Structural Mechanics
E-mail: szymcze@pg.gda.pl
Tel: +48 58 347 2147
125
DEMOTEC
Development of a monitoring system for cultural heritage
through European cooperation – accompanying measure
http://www.niku.no/demotec
1. Problems to be solved decide on development trends, vulnerable cultural environments

and monuments, as well as indicators.
DEMOTEC aimed to establish a network of experts and users to
discuss and outline a concept for a European observation system for 3. Achieved scientific results
a large-scale comparative assessment of the state of preservation of
cultural heritage. The project involved discussions of standards relat- Through a questionnaire, answers from legal bodies in 10 European
ing to techniques, methodology, threshold values and reporting as nations were analysed and the report concluded that:
well as how to structure a pathway towards the community to create aa the suggested ways of improving cultural heritage monitoring
better awareness. The project approach is two-sided: in Europe are in accordance with the aims of the DEMOTEC
aa investigate and discuss management needs and practice; project: there is an articulated need for comprehensive, large
aa develop a concept for a pilot model based on data from a case area. scale monitoring programmes for cultural heritage. This involves
the improvement of methodological tools for data collection and
DEMOTEC had a common workshop area in Nemi, Italy, which analysis. The respondents appear to accept a potential coming of
is under the influence of Rome’s rapid expansion. Norwegian case an all-European monitoring concept in the shape of guidelines.
areas were later integrated into the project, and the project also aa Development of a common European concept for cultural her-
worked at the world heritage site of Røros in Vestre Slidre. Data itage monitoring would implicate application of international
obtained from these areas were used to demonstrate and test the standards related to techniques, methodology, threshold values
methodology throughout the project. and reporting standards. This would offer both economical as
well as scientific benefits, and an important contribution to
As in many near-urban areas and areas exposed to tourism, cultural sustainable management and use of Europe’s cultural heritage
heritage suffers from various types of pressure, like urbanisation, resources, which are in many ways an important asset to future
pollution and degradation, due to a lack of integration and decay as European added value. A geo-database for monitoring heritage
the heritage values are either over-used or not integrated in modern values was developed as a pilot model. The database included
planning. On the brink of the rural landscape, cultural heritage the two Norwegian case areas of Røros and Vestre Slidre when
environments are left to natural degradation and loss of meaning, finished and were made available for local and central manage-
also due to the effects of a changing agricultural policy. These land- ment. The use of AEAM methodology – a participatory approach
scapes and social development trends represent serious challenges to – has been implemented at the world heritage site of Røros with
cultural heritage management throughout Europe. very successful results. Managers from all relevant administrative
levels, experts, owners, politicians, private interest organisations,
2. Scientific objectives and approach museums, tourism industry and other trades went together to par-
ticipate in shaping the monitoring programme to be implemented
DEMOTEC aimed to initiate the development of a European mon- for UNESCO reporting on Røros.
itoring concept that establishes links between the various scales
of monitoring today. These scales are most often of landscape, 4. Policy impact
monument and detail (for example, decorated surfaces). The basic
innovative idea of the project was to develop a better understand- DEMOTEC sought to implement intentions in the European
ing of how data obtained in different scales relate to each other Landscape Convention and develop tools to make collective pro-
and how data from different disciplines can be integrated into one visions for protecting and prioritising the diverse cultural values
monitoring system of inherent information at a reasonable price. linked to European heritage landscapes. DEMOTEC aimed to
This includes interpretation of remote sensing data, orthophotos stimulate a debate and develop models for comprehensive early
based on aerial photography, traditional registration, monitoring warning systems and standardisation of cultural heritage monitor-
and condition assessment in the fields of archaeology, architec- ing and related issues to encourage and aid public authorities to
ture/engineering and conservation combined with geographic adopt policies and measures, from the local to the international
information systems (GIS). GIS secures efficient application of level, for protecting, managing and planning landscapes with their
integrated geographical and statistical analysis to large sets of heritage contents. The intention was to maintain and improve herit-
data. The following themes were discussed and exemplified at age qualities in the landscape and bring the public, institutions and
four workshops held during the project: management needs and local and regional authorities to recognise the potential benefit and
practice, demand specification, pilot model, documentation stand- importance of these heritage values, and to take part in related pub-
ard, indicator toolbox, and dissemination towards the public and lic decisions. The DEMOTEC methodology was further developed
user side. A particular focus centred on the use of participatory and implemented on a pilot level at the complex Norwegian world
approaches securing an integrated consensual methodology to heritage site of Røros.
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DEMOTEC
5. Dissemination and exploitation Contract number: EVK4-CT-2002-80011

of the results Start date – End date: 01/02/03 - 31/07/04
Contract type: FP5 Accompanying measure
The methodology developed through this accompanying measure was Duration (in months): 18
further developed into a Norwegian model for monitoring the complex
world heritage site at Røros. We believe that the stratified approach Coordinator details:
and the use of participatory approaches to the development of moni- Dr Birgitte Skar
Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, PB 736
toring systems will be a relevant product for heritage monitoring, on a
Sentrum Storgata 2, NO- 0105 Oslo, Norway
national and international scale. A geo-database for the monitoring of E-mail: birgitte.skar@niku.no
each of the case areas involved in the project is under construction and Tel: +47 23 35 5056
was to be operational by the end of the project. The project has been Fax: +47 23 35 5001
presented at numerous conferences and published both nationally and Website: www.niku.no
internationally in refereed journals. The project has resulted in estab-
lishing a new business area for the coordinating institution and in the
establishment of a test-monitoring scheme in the hosting nation.
Vegar Bakkestuen Birgitta Johansson

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Riksantikvarieämbetet
Norway Sweden
Anke Loska Triinu Mets

Riksantikvaren Rebala Heritage Park
Norway Estonia
Guisippina Ghini Per Storemyr

Soprintendenza archeologica per il Lazio Expert-Center für Denkmalpflege
Italy Switzerland
127
ISHTAR
Integrated software for health,transport efficiency
and artistic heritage recovery
http://www.ishtar-fp5-eu.com
1. Problems to be solved The Cellular Transport Methodology (CTM) is a completely new

software tool developed by ISIS (IT) that simulates the effects of
European cities face common challenges concerning their quality of life: policies and measures on the behaviour of citizens in terms of move-
degradation of the urban environment, risks for citizens’ health, traffic ments, mainly producing the modified origin-destination matrices.
congestion causing stress and economic inefficiency, and progressive This tool is considered an ‘ancillary element’ of the suite because it
damage of artistic and monumental heritage. Often these problems are is likely that the city teams wishing to use the ISHTAR software will
addressed individually and by sectora, without looking at the breadth of already have a ‘mobility demand model’ or alternative techniques for
issues and policies that are concerned by the resolution of a given prob- estimating the modification of the trip matrices.
lem. Additional difficulties derive from the lack of integrated tools that
allow cities to make balanced decisions on a wide range of issues. The Transport Toolbox: after an analysis of the available transport
models, the VISUPOLIS model has been described as the best tool
2. Scientific objectives and approach to integrate within the suite. This model, rather recent, has been
developed by PTV (DE) integrating VISUM and the innovative tool
The aim of the ISHTAR project was to build an advanced software ‘Metropolis’ by Prof A. De Palma from the University of Clergy
suite for the analysis of the effects of short-term actions and long-term Pontoise (FR). However the potential users are free to continue to
policies to improve the quality of the environment, citizens’ health and use their own traffic model (similar to most cities participating in
the conservation of monuments. The ISHTAR approach is based on the the ISHTAR Project). VISUPOLIS is going to be tested in the Paris
integration of several distinct software tools which aim to model vari- case study. It is likely that a significant fraction of the future users of
ous aspects of the impact analysis of short-term actions and long-term the suite will use the PTV software, while the majority of the users
policies. This integration represents a significant technical achievement. will have their own traffic model and will have to export the related
Standard model suites normally include only a few of those models. output into the ISHTAR.
It also represents a strong enlargement of the applicability area, since
with this kind of ‘multi-impact’ suite, the users are able to analyse in The direct impact model chosen for the suite was TEE2004, devel-
an integrated and coherent way the various aspects of ‘global’ urban oped by ENEA and ASTRAN (IT). This tool is particularly flex-
policies, without having to perform separate studies relying on differ- ible in terms of space and time, includes advanced modelling of
ent input information providing, very likely, less credible conclusions. kinematics and cold start effects on the emissions, and feeds several
The wide scope of the applicability of the suite has the potential of eas- downstream suite elements by calculating the emissions of pollutants
ing the cooperation among different departments in municipal authori- and noise and the occurrence of accidents. This tool is compatible
ties: in fact the tool is of interest for various activities of planning and with most of the traffic models’ output. In fact, the large number of
assessment in the transport, environment, health and artistic heritage options about the description of vehicle kinematics, the definition
sectors. The scientific core value of the ISHTAR suite is largely linked of the local fleet at link level and the approach for estimating the
to a few crucial modelling developments on which the accuracy and the fraction of cold vehicles should guarantee easy coupling between
significance of the results deriving from the suite application strongly TEE2004 and the upstream used-traffic model.
depend. These areas of modelling development can be summarised as: The pollutants dispersion can be calculated with one of the two tools
aa improvement of the modelling of vehicle emissions, particu- provided by ARIA Technologies depending on the spatial and time
larly concerning the consideration of speed variability along scales. For urban scale and long-term analysis, the suite relied on
the network links, and the spatial-temporal distribution of ‘cold ARIA Impacts, while for meso-scale and short-term events, ARIA
emissions’ depending on the representation of trip origins (for Regional will be the future reference but is not yet integrated infor-
example parking places); matically into the suite.
aa development of an urban road safety model, which can take into
account the variable flow and speed levels in the network, and the For the noise propagation and exposure, the Soundplan software (by
adverse factors such as the presence of intersections; Braunstein & Berndt GmbH, DE) has been integrated within the
aa detailed estimate of pollution effects on citizens’ health, based on Suite. These software tools operate on a common and harmonised set
the analysis of population group movements during the day and of input data needed for representing the dispersion processes.
the temporal-spatial maps of air pollution and noise.
For assessing population exposure to pollutants, a completely new
3. Achieved scientific results software-denominated TEX (Transport Exposure) has been developed
by WHO (ECEH office in Rome). Such a tool provides exposure of
To ensure the suite had the highest flexibility of use and a total population groups in their residential areas or along the trips in the
flexibility in space and time, the ISHTAR Suite was built over the city network. The evaluation of the health risk related to the exposure
following software modules. to pollutants, noise and accidents is run with the H.I.T. software, also
128
ISHTAR
developed by WHO. This tool provides estimates of life years lost due these areas, where social significance is evident at first sight. In the
to the effects of air pollution, noise annoyance and accidents effects. global economy, successful cities are not those which attract ‘export
The air pollutants impact on monuments is simulated by software industries’, but those able to supply the best services and resources,
purposely developed for ISHTAR by ENEA (IT) and PHAOS (EL). which enhance the overall productivity of the economic activities
This software can assess the loss of material or the deposition of performed in the urban arena. The most basic services which make a
crust and the money needed for maintenance. This module receives city attractive for citizens and business are those related to mobility.
information from the air pollution software and gives useful out- Sustainable transport is a goal in urban areas to enhance both the
put data to the module for the overall evaluation of the scenarios. productivity of economic and social activities, reducing the waste of
The model can provide estimates of damage for specific monuments time caused by congestion and the quality of life, because unsustain-
or for types of monument and building. able transport patterns are the main cause of current environmental
pollution. Integrated urban planning is an essential pre-condition to
For the overall analysis of the policy scenarios, two methodologies obtain a sustainable transport in the city of tomorrow. This aspect has
and software pieces are available: the cost–benefit analysis (CBA) been addressed in depth by the ISHTAR research, with the aim of
and the multi-criteria analysis (MCA). These tools gather the data creating a new awareness of the issues at stake among the national,
from the upstream models (following the required aggregations) and regional and local administrations in charge of urban management,
give the results of the comparison of the scenarios developed. In any planning and regulation in EU and CEEC countries.
case, the MCA takes into account the results of the CBA. Both of
them are developed by TRaC – LMU (UK). The integration software, 5. Dissemination and exploitation
developed by INRETS (FR), was made by a software manager that
of the results
launches the ‘software connectors’. The connectors are pieces of soft-
ware that upload the data needed by the single tool in the appropriate During the ISHTAR project an agreement among the involved
format, launch the tool and then download the results of the run in organisations (the ‘Software Agreement’) has been defined. This
the ISHTAR Suite Database, making them available for other tools or document, signed by partners and external software providers,
for the output through the geographic information system (ARCGIS) defines rights and duties about software provision, use and future
used for managing geographical data. An overall scheme represent- marketing.
ing the integration architecture of the ISHTAR suite is reported in
Figure 1. Furthermore, an ENEA spin-off project for the creation of new
advanced-technology-based firms (see www.consorzioimpat. it
U commands ISHTAR SUITE MANAGER – IMPACTS proposal), based on the development and marketing
of decision-support tools (such as the ISHTAR suite), has been
S
E
approved and funded by the Italian Ministry of Industry, and is now

R
Policy Transport Direct AQ and Health Monument Overall
I
N
Module Module Impacts Noise Effects Damage Analysis
in the incubation phase. The application of the ISHTAR suite to the
T
E SW SW SW SW SW SW SW main Italian metropolitan areas, to assess the users’ capability to
connector connector connector connector connector connector connector
R
F run the tool, and identify and eliminate possible further software
A
C input
bugs, is the objective of a project under definition by ENEA and
ISHTAR DATABASE ISHTAR GIS
E output
APAT (Italian National Agency for the Environment Protection).
The objective of giving a wide visibility to the ISHTAR project has
Integration Architecture of the ISHTAR Suite been realised through the presentation of ISHTAR activities and
results at national and international conferences as papers and oral
or poster presentations.
4. Policy impact Contract number: EVK4-CT-2000-00034

Start date – End date: 01/06/01-31/03/05
The ISHTAR project covered a number of issues – related to the Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
urban quality of life – which have remarkable significance for many Duration (in months): 46
of the Community Social Objectives. These areas are environmental
quality, safety, health, employment, preservation of the cultural herit- Coordinator details:
age and transportation quality. The development of integrated meth- Dr Emanuele Negrenti
ENEA ENE-TEC
odologies and tools for the prediction of policies affects and there-
Via Anguillarese, 301, IT-00060 Rome, Italy
fore, for their improvement and optimisation, spontaneously bring
E-mail: negrenti@casaccia.enea.it
improvements (or at least will slow down the worsening) in each of Tel: +39 06 3048 4112
129
ISHTAR
Antonio Parenti Pierre Olivier Flavigny

ASTRAN S.r.L. INRETS
Italy France
Eugenio Donato Isabelle Bertone Bahier

Rome Municipality Ville de Grenoble
Italy France
Enei Riccardo Eva Athanassakos

ISIS PHAOS
Italy Greece
Marco Martuzzi Fabio Nussio

World Health Organization (WHO) STA
Italy Italy
Hugues Duchateaux Peter Sturm

STRATEC TU Graz
Belgium Austria
Gabriele Bollini Nick Teophilopoulos

Bologna Province APSIS
Italy Greece
Dominique Gombert Kitsios Dimitrios

AIRPARIF YPEXODE
France Greece
Gildas Baudez Jacques Moussafir

CBC ARIA Technologies
France France
Steve Shaw Bernard James

TRaC – UNL Ville de Paris
United Kingdom France
130
PICTURE
Pro-active management of the impact of cultural
tourism upon urban resources and economies
http://www.picture-project.com/

The two very general questions raised by PICTURE are: PICTURE aimed to develop a strategic urban governance framework
aa How far is cultural tourism a threat or an opportunity for conserv- for the sustainable management of cultural tourism within small
ing and enhancing the urban built heritage diversity and quality and medium-sized European cities. This framework should help to
of life? establish, evaluate and benchmark integrated tourism policies at the
aa Would better accessibility to scientific knowledge and existing local level with a view to maximising the benefits of tourism on the
practices improve strategic policies developed by small and conservation and enhancement of built heritage diversity and urban
medium-sized European cities for more sustainable management quality of life.
of cultural tourism?
2. Scientific objectives and approach of the results
To accomplish the above goals, the following scientific objectives The existing knowledge and good practices of sustainable cultural
were pursued: tourism in Europe are capitalised throughout the project develop-
aa evaluate the dynamics of the effects of tourism at large, and on ment. It were disseminated in Europe, targeting mainly cities that
the social, environmental and economic wealth of European small have not necessarily been defined as tourist destinations so far,
and medium-sized cities, considering the built heritage diversity but are equally willing to develop a cultural tourism strategy in
and urban quality of life characterising such environments; the near future. To fulfil this objective, the project has established
aa identify and benchmark innovative urban governance strategies an IT resource centre where information and results are publicly
for sustainable development of cultural tourism within small and disseminated and regularly updated. The effectiveness of this centre
medium-sized cities; was to last for two years after project completion. The outcome of
aa provide local governments and decision-makers with tools to the research was mainly targeted at small and medium-sized cit-
facilitate the assessment of the impact of tourism in a locality, with ies, which normally lack the expertise to handle complex research
particular regard to built heritage issues and relevant quality of life prototypes and state-of-the-art techniques. It has thus been consid-
parameters, to improve their strategies, plans and policies; ered that the main operational outcome of the project should consist
aa capitalise and disseminate existing knowledge and good practices of guidelines that were elaborated progressively during the project.
of sustainable cultural tourism in Europe, focusing on the effects Theseoperational guidelines were the main deliverable of
of the sector on the conservation and enhancement of built herit- PICTURE.
age diversity and urban quality of life.
3. Achieved scientific results Start date – End date: 01/02/04 – 31/01/07
Contract type: FP6 STREP
The knowledge and scientific background generated or gathered at Duration (in months): 36
the occasion of the project development should help prepare a stra-
tegic urban governance framework for cultural tourism adapted to
Prof Albert Dupagne and
small and medium-sized European cities, which requires developing Dr Jacques Teller
methodologies and tools for forecasting and assessing the impacts Université de Liège, Département d’Architecture et
of cultural tourism. The experience gained from the SUIT research d’Urbanisme,
project should inform the creation of a cultural tourism impact Laboratoire d’Etudes Méthodologiques Architecturales et
assessment procedure, compliant with the environmental impact Urbaines (LEMA)
assessment and strategic environmental assessment directives. E-mail: albert.dupagne@ulg.ac.be; jacques.teller@ulg.ac.be
Tel: +32 4 366 94 99
131
PICTURE
Krassimira Paskaleva-Shapiro Carole Dauphin

ITAS Conseil d’Architecture, d’Urbanisme et de l’Environnement de
Germany l’Oise
France
Milos Drdacky
ARCCHIP, Academy of Sciences David Miles
Czech Republic English Heritage
United Kingdom
Christopher Tweed
Queen’s University Belfast, Sorina Capp
School of Architecture European Institute of Cultural Routes
United Kingdom Luxembourg
Mikel Asencio Siri Elvestad

Universitad Autonoma de Madrid The Regional Secretariat of the Organisation of World Heritage
Spain Cities – North West European Region
Norway
Carlo Carraro
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Claude Origet du Cluzeau
Italy COC Conseil
France
Sorina Capp
European Institute of Cultural Routes
Luxembourg
Siri Elvestad
The Regional Secretariat of the Organisation
of World Heritage Cities
North West European Region
Norway
Gianbattista Bufardeci
Council of Syracuse
Italy
132
RUFUS
Re-use of foundations for urban sites
1. Problems to be solved the remediation/upgrading of existing foundations, guidance on the

measurement and analysis for testing of existing foundations beneath
The redevelopment and reconstruction of urban areas is fundamen- buildings to assess durability, integrity and geometrical shape and
tal to the economic sustainability of cities, their environs and the foundation loading performance, guidance on ‘smart’ foundations
European Community. Buildings in major European financial cities for new foundations and an ‘as built’ documentation system to future
have a working life of about 25 years and in regional centres about proof new foundations.
40 years. Underground development of services and infrastructure
in urban centres already confines the location of building founda- 3. Achieved scientific results
tions. Over several generations of buildings, the ground will become
congested to the point where no space is left for new foundations, The project partners have developed non-destructive testing to assess
thereby stifling new development and inhibiting economic sustain- the geometry, integrity and durability of foundations; and decision
ability. It is essential therefore that redevelopment uses as much as models that include environmental impacts, to help construction
possible of the existing buildings to reduce the environmental impact professionals and developers assess the risk and economics to the
of the reconstruction. re-use of foundations. A documentation system for new foundations
has been developed in a format compatible with other databases.
Significant advances have been made in the development and appli-
cation of fibre-optic cable-based instrumentation to measure strain in
foundations and rapid pile testing for capacity and stiffness.
4. Policy impact
This project provided the EU with guidance, based on sound techni-
cal research, to re-use foundations, thereby speeding up the redevel-
opment of urban sites while at the same time significantly reducing
the resource consumption and creating sustainable redevelopment.
The guidance enabled the construction industry across Europe to
make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of
urban centres. By re-using the foundations, the use of raw materials
is reduced, the energy consumption for construction is reduced, the
volume of soil from foundation construction is virtually eliminated
Piled foundations through valuable archeology and the construction time significantly reduced with consequent
Would you re-use these piles?. reduction in the whole life costing of a building. Similarly if a build-
ing can be redeveloped for a change of use, without the need for addi-
tional or upgraded foundations, the savings in energy, raw materials
2. Scientific objectives and approach and disposal of spoil can be substantial.
This project aimed to provide ways to overcome the barriers, both 5. Dissemination and exploitation
technical and non-technical, to the re-use of foundations for sustain-
of the results
able development. The barriers to the re-use of foundations were that
the extent, location and integrity of the remaining foundations were 12 peer-reviewed papers plus 19 papers (were completed for the
not known with confidence because the owners of the present genera- RuFUS Conference), 20 journal articles and 13 presentations/lec-
tion of city buildings do not generally possess a good record of their tures have been completed to date.
foundations. The load capacity of the foundations will generally only
be known with confidence as there is little information about founda- The principal output from the project was the “Reuse of foundations
tion performance changes with time. There will be questions about for urban sites – a best practice handbook” that was launched at an
the durability of the materials in the existing foundations because International Conference on the Re-use of Foundations on Urban
they are difficult to assess. Non-technical issues include the insur- Sites at BRE in the UK on 19–20 October 2006. 38 papers were
ance of buildings with re-used foundations, professional indemnity accepted for the RuFUS conference and included in the proceedings
insurance for construction professionals and legal aspects. divided into five parts. Keynote lectures were presented for each sec-
tion that provoked good discussion sessions and the conference was
This project aimed to provide five innovative developments for safe, attended by over 100 people including some from outside Europe.
economic, sustainable preservation, renovation and construction in The RuFUS website is still active (with details of the RuFUS best
inner cities. The documents produced would provide guidance on practice handbook and conference proceedings) and it is notice-
133
RUFUS
able that at national learned society meetings ‘RuFUS sites’ are
mentioned showing that the re-use of foundations is now actively Tim Chapman G. Holm
considered during the early stages of site redevelopment. In the UK Ove Arup and Partners Ltd Swedish Geotechnical
a spin-off project to further investigate rapid load testing of piled United Kingdom Institute
foundations for re-use has begun, starting from the knowledge base Sweden
developed by the RuFUS project. E. Niederleithinger
Bundesanstalt für G. Evers
Contract number: EVK4-2002-00099 Materialforschung und Soletanche-Bachy
Start date – End date: 01/02/03 – 31/01/06 –prüfung Technique Development
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research Germany Innovation
Duration (in months): 36 France
Rab Fernie
Coordinator details: Cementation Foundations R. Katzenbach
Dr Tony Butcher Skanska Technische Universität
Geotechnics, BRE, Garston, Watford, WD25 9XX. UK
United Kingdom Darmstadt
Email: butchert@bre.co.uk
Institute für Geotechnik
Tel: +44 1923 664831
A. Stamatopoulos Germany
Stamatopoulus and Associates
Greece
134
SPRECOMAH
Seminars on preventive conservation, monitoring
and maintenance of the architectural heritage
http://sprecomah.eu

The problem is a lack of comprehensive frameworks for establishing aa Reinforcing research at European level.
preventive conservation practices of architectural heritage based on aa Promotion of interdisciplinary conservation practices of which
the concept of monitoring and maintenance. similar exist in different European countries.
aa Promotion of heritage preservation through preventive measures.
aa Promotion of cost–benefit effective conservation (prevention is
2. Scientific objectives and approach cheaper than a cure).
aa Involvement of a wider part of the population (shared responsi-
aa Exchange information and disseminate results of FP5–FP6 bility).
projects in cultural heritage research relevant to preventive con- aa Raising shared responsibility awareness on cultural heritage.
servation and monitoring for architectural heritage during two aa Promotion of sustainable conservation of cultural heritage.
seminars. aa Creating new types of profession and (small and medium size)
aa Support cultural heritage research activities and its dissemination enterprises that can respond to demand.
with a specific focus on a novel model of preservation that is aa Contributing to distributing financial means to preserve a more
gaining increasing interest.. widespread set of heritage buildings of which the development of
aa Contribute to the development of the European Construction historical cities and historical sites benefit.
Technical Platform, Focus Area Cultural Heritage research priori- aa Contributing to tourism development in a sustainable way.
ties more particularly those related to “Assessment, Monitoring
and Diagnosis”. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
aa Organise seminars for the exchange and dissemination of results
of the results
of existing projects and practices (practical demonstrations,
workshops, lectures). The website http://sprecomah.eu was set up with the related forum.
aa Develop common insights among researchers, professionals An international network was established, and draft recommenda-
and students on research needs and priorities of development tions were prepared based on results of the first seminar.
of understanding and instruments for monitoring, documenta-
tion, identification of changes in preservation and maintenance- Contract number: SSP 044131
oriented interventions. Start date – End date: 01/11/06–31/10/08
aa Development of guidelines for further research promoting pre- Contract type: FP6 Specific Support Action
ventive conservation and monitoring at the European level. Duration (in months): 24
3. Achieved scientific results Prof Koenraad Van Balen
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
ASRO Department
aa Exchange information and disseminate results of FP5–FP6
R. Lemaire International Center for Conservation
projects in cultural heritage research relevant to preventive
Kasteelpark Arenberg 40
conservation and monitoring for architectural heritage in a first B-3001 Leuven (Heverlee)
seminar in June 2007. Belgium
aa Development of common insights among researchers, profession- koenraad.vanbalen@bwk.kuleuven.be
als and students on research needs and priorities of development Tel: +32-(0)16-32.11.72
of understanding and instruments for monitoring, documenta-
tion, identification of changes in preservation and maintenance-
oriented interventions.
Dr Vincent Rotgé
aa Development of first draft for guidelines for further research pro- Institut International Fleuves et Patrimoine
moting preventive conservation and monitoring. Mission Val-de-Loire
81, rue Colbert, BP 4322
37 043 Tours cedex 1
France
rotge@mission-valdeloire.fr
Tel: +33 (0)2 47 66 94 49
135
SUIT
Sustainable development of urban historical areas
through an active integration within towns
http://www.suitproject.net/

Contributing to the definition of a Community strategy aimed at The outcomes of the research were mainly targeted at municipalities
promoting sustainable development of European cities is presently and town councils. It was particularly well-adapted to the strategic
acknowledged as a major challenge for the whole scientific com- stage of the project definition. However, its level of generality suggests
munity. The integration of environmental concerns in urban revi- it would also have a significant impact on EU environmental policies
talisation policies is part of this important target. In fact, any urban as long as the urban build heritage is taken into consideration.
intervention showing little consideration for keeping an acceptable
balance between the whole set of values in competition can be very 5. Dissemination and exploitation
detrimental to the development of fair social cohesion and efficient
of the results
conservation of cultural heritage.
The main operational outcome of the project is the camera-ready ver-
2. Scientific objectives and approach sion of a Guidance for the environmental assessment of the impacts
of certain plans, programmes or projects upon the heritage value
In the present context of globalisation (socio-economic impacts)/ of historical areas in order to contribute to their long-term sustain-
localisation (cultural and socio-environmental impact), this will ability. It was recently published by the EU Publication Office in
certainly have a strong influence on governance methods and Luxembourg under the reference of research report no.16, EUR 21148.
would promote more democratic citizenship organisation. A trans-
formation of the present one-sided information process to actual
double-sided deliberative governance procedures can be expected.
Start date – End date: 01/12/00– 31/01/04
European historical areas are ‘living systems’, involving social
dynamics, technical and building networks, cultural assets and the Duration (in months): 38
presence of people living in them. Their sound conservation requires
keeping them within sustainable development activity cycles, which Coordinator details:
implies their active integration in present urban life. As a conse- Prof Albert Dupagne and Dr Jacques Teller
quence, the active conservation of historical areas should fall under Université de Liège, Département d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme,
three European Directives: 90/313/EEC, on access to information Laboratoire d’Etudes Méthodologiques Architecturales et
and public participation complemented by the Aarhus Convention; Urbaines (LEMA)
E-mail: jacques.teller@ulg.ac.be
the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (97/11/EC); the
Tel: +32 4 366 94 99
Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (2001/42/EC).

Using these procedures as a reference framework, the SUIT research Catherine Zwetkoff Uta Hassler
has established a flexible and consistent environmental assessment Université de Liège University Dortmund, Dept.
methodology ensuring compatibility with conservation requirements Politologie Générale et Bauwesen
of cultural heritage and urban development. This general objective Administration Publique Germany
was developed along three tangible research activities: Belgium
Gregers Algreen-Ussing
Development of a generic and integrated environmental assessment Christopher Tweed Kunstakademiets
Queen’s University Belfast Arkitektskole - The Royal
methodology, designed to remain in the conservation process from
School of Architecture Danish Academy’s School
the identification of urban heritage issues to the evaluation of effec-
United Kingdom of Architecture
tiveness of the adopted measures. It intends to help in making long- Denmark
term planning be based on more reliable forecasting. Niklaus Kohler
University Karlsruhe, Dept. Alan Bond
Creation of modelling tools and assessment methodologies devoted IFIB University of Wales
to the quality analysis of historical areas, capable of supporting Germany Aberystwyth, EIA Unit
a trans-sectorial approach to solve problems and plan new activities. United Kingdom
Producing of knowledge and ability training supports to encourage
Ghilain Géron
experts, stakeholders and decision-makers to gain a common urban
Région Wallonne - DGATLP
culture throughout the process and to improve the acceptability of
Belgium
proposed design measures and policies.
136
Chapter 6
6. Marking and traceability of cultural heritage:
infrastructure, advanced training courses and other
supporting initiatives
137
Chapter 6 shows the diversity of research projects implemented in
Introduction this field with a broader policy or educational impact. International
trade in stolen and forged artworks is a major threat to cultural her-
itage, as are the effects of uncontrolled mass tourism. Sustainable
solutions are needed to both problems. Several FP projects combat
theft with high-tech identification technologies. A primary example
is the FP6 project, FING-ART-PRINT, which worked with Europol
to foil art forgers. Using high-resolution imagery, it scans the surface
‘roughness’ of a tiny section in a painting to create a three-dimen-
sional profile at sub-micron level. This should serve as an infallible
– and non-duplicative – tag of the work’s authenticity. COINS and
AUTHENTICO are other examples of projects targeting authentica-
tion of metal artefacts.
The FP5 ARCCHIP centre of excellence supported workshops,

twinning activities, teacher training and cultural heritage research
at national level across 20 preservation and conservation topics.
Sustainably protecting artwork also requires that Europe’s cul-
tural heritage managers stay abreast of the latest technologies and
methods. Advanced training and networks for the dissemination of
knowledge are crucial. Several FP projects revolved around intense
training courses. CHEPRISS held an advanced course in London for
young professionals and researchers on achieving a balance between
protection and use in relation with cultural tourism. ITECOM’s
multidisciplinary study course in Athens focused on latest materials,
technologies and engineering methods for protecting cultural herit-
age. Similarly, SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE held another advanced
course in London for conservation professionals and students, who
learned about recent EU-supported research into preservation.
Moreover the CHRAF project aimed to promote cultural her-

itage under the European Construction Technology Platform
and to recommend future activities for built heritage research.
Other FP5–FP6 research initiatives on cultural heritage managed
by other Research Directorates focused on different objectives: for
instance, as infrastructure projects LABSTECH and the large ini-
tiative EU-ARTECH related to cultural heritage, aimed to achieve
interoperability among participating institutions through networking,
transnational access and joint research, while improving research
knowledge base.
In the context of the FP5 Growth programme, the thematic network

OSNET gathered 73 organisations to coordinate activities in the
ornamental stones sector between the different players. As regards
socio-economic research more related to intangible heritage, the
FP6 coordination project MUSOMED is just one example of such
projects to set up a digital platform related to mutual sources of the
Mediterranean architecture.
Finally and more policy-oriented, from 2000 to 2006, specific

EU-supported large research conferences initiatives on tangible
cultural heritage were successfully organised in Strasbourg, Krakow
(PANEURO project), London (SUSTAINING HERITAGE) and
Prague (SAUVEUR) focusing in particular on the integration of new
EU Member States, and the impact of sustainable cultural heritage
in other economic areas.
139
ARCCHIP
Advanced research centre for cultural heritage inter-
disciplinary projects
http://www.arcchip.cz
1. Problems to be solved 4. vulnerability of cultural heritage to hazards and preventive measures;

5. documentation, interpretation, presentation and publication of
This one-partner project was aimed at the coordination, support and cultural heritage;
planning of scientific research into European cultural heritage. Its 6. degradation of cultural heritage in surrounding environment;
main goal was to facilitate mutual professional contacts between sci- 7. indoor climate and the effects of tourism;
entists in the EU and Accession States. 8. biodegradation of cultural heritage;
9. historical materials and their diagnostics;
2. Scientific objectives and approach 10. new materials for safeguarding cultural heritage;
11. historical structures and their monitoring;
The ARCCHIP Centre of Excellence has the following objectives: 12. new technologies for safeguarding cultural heritage;
aa carry out activities that summarise state-of-the-art studies in selected 13. problems of salts in masonry (SALTeXPERT – in co-operation
areas of research in the problems of European cultural heritage; with the American Getty Conservation Institute);
aa promote interdisciplinary study, safeguarding and integration into 14. precious sacred and royal artefacts;
social and economic sustainability measures, especially in the 15. geometry and historical urban tissue;
new EU Member States; 16. historical roofs and timber frames;
aa continually improve the mutual exchange of up-to-date informa- 17. two workshops on European Directives unintentionally conflicting
tion about scientific achievements in cultural heritage research in with conservation policy.
the EU countries; Long- and medium-term stays of foreign researchers together with the
aa help to select themes for medium-term joint or concerted research specialised workshops substantially helped to identify suitable themes
in the field of cultural heritage and to provide information about for joint European projects within both the Fifth and Sixth Framework
relevant national and international funding possibilities; Programmes (FP5 and 6). Moreover, the scope of projects was
aa help to support cultural heritage research orientation and the enlarged to joint projects with the US National Science Foundation
training of teachers; and other American and Japanese institutions, for example the Getty
aa help to establish networking and twinning arrangements, and Conservation Institute. In the field of education, besides the courses
links among new EU countries, as well as between them and the organised within the planned work packages, ARCCHIP participated
older EU countries; in other international courses initiated by foreign institutions, e.g. two
aa help to successfully implement national attempts to restructure advanced courses at University College London, supported by FP5 – a
the science and technology sector. high-level course for Italian professionals with two weeks of training
The ARCCHIP Centre of Excellence aimed to build and maintain at ARCCHIP. The main achievement, consisting of the state-of-the-
a special database on cultural heritage research. art studies of about 3 500 pages prepared by over 360 scientists from
nearly 40 countries giving details of cultural heritage research, has
3. Achieved scientific results been printed in five volumes and is partly accessible on the project
website www.arcchip.cz.
Enhancement and strengthening of the European Research Area in the
field of cultural heritage research was the main goal of the ARCCHIP 4. Policy impact
Centre of Excellence. The objectives have been successfully treated in
21 work packages divided into three groups: Conclusions from the workshops focus on all EC environmental, cul-
aa organising a series of workshops in order to summarise the tural and socio-economic as well as standardisation aspects. The project
state-of-the-art studies in selected areas of research into cultural facilitated the start or extension of several joint research projects with
heritage and to develop mutual contacts between EU and NAS ARCCHIP participation. Three new projects started within the FP6
countries; priority ‘Policy orientated research’ (PICTURE, NOAH´S ARK
aa networking and twinning activities through creation of new and CULT-STRAT) and one Research Network (I-SAMCO). Two
project consortia based on identified needs for future joint projects were running under the FP5 (ONSITEFORMASONRY and
research; HISTO-CLEAN). This substantially contributes to the ERA policy
aa supporting cultural heritage research at national level, training concept. Furthermore, a number of new research themes and urgent
teachers and setting up educational activities for integration of needs were identified during the workshop discussions. The Centre
cultural heritage into local and regional development. of Excellence label helped the Institute of Theoretical and Applied
18 workshops were successfully organised during the course of Mechanics (ITAM) to play a role as a CEE reference and coordina-
project, involving the following themes: tion point in cultural heritage research. ARCCHIP was responsible
1. social and economic integration of cultural heritage; for preparing the general opening lecture at the 5th EC Conference on
2. cultural heritage in local and regional social and economic stability; ‘Cultural Heritage Research: a Pan-European Challenge’ in Krakow
3. cultural heritage in urban areas; (Poland). It is a core member of the initiative analysing the impact of
140
ARCCHIP
Statistics of participation at the ARCCHIP workshops
EC Directives on protected European cultural heritage. The project 5. Dissemination and exploitation
substantially helped to increase the international visibility of the insti-
of the results
tute and its attractiveness for foreign and young researchers.
The achieved results are accessible for professionals and the public on
This excellent position helped in the creation of international teams the project website www.arcchip.cz until 2014, and were printed in
to address newly emerging research problems and facilitated up-to- the five-volume proceedings European Research in Cultural Heritage
date non-formal international scientific cooperation, enabling the – State-of-the-Art Studies, ISBN 80-86246-22-1 (all five) and in other
testing and dissemination of European research results. The Centre of publications. The results have been used in international educational
Excellence attracted interest overseas, namely in the USA, and helped and training activities, namely in cooperation with the UCL London
to obtain a research grant for a new joint US–CZ project on historical courses (2002, 2003), a joint Czech–Italian course (2003) and the EC
wooden structures. The success in international grant competition pro- Conference on Urban Research in Prague, 2004. The experience is
vides stimulation and motivation, especially for young researchers. further being used in organising the 7th EC Conference on Research
into Cultural Heritage ‘SAUVEUR’ – Safeguarded Cultural Heritage:
Understanding & Viability for the Enlarged Europe in Prague, 2006.
Contract number: ICA1-CT-2000-70013

Start date – End date: 01/10/ 00 – 30/09/04
Contract type: FP5 Accompanying Measure
Dr MiloŠ Drdácký, Associate Professor
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ITAM), Prosecka 76,
CZ-190 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic
E-mail: drdacky@itam.cas.cz; arcchip@itam.cas.cz
Tel: +420 286 885382
Discussion during the ARCCHIP workshop no.17, ‘Geometry

and urban tissue’
141
AUTHENTICO
Authentication methodologies for metal artefacts
based on material composition and manufacturing
techniques
http://www.authentico.org
1. Problems to be solved sides with innovative authentication methodologies based on a

suitable set of analyses and diagnostics;
The forgery of original works of art and fraudulent dealing of aa develop portable instruments for a simplified set of analyses and
counterfeits has been a problem ever since ancient times, a global diagnostics to be carried out in situ.
challenge, an illegal market on a par with trafficking of weapons,
drugs, human beings. International legal agreements (UNESCO 3. Achieved scientific results
convention, EU directives) are barely implemented. The dimension
has expanded, resulting in a large number of authentication demands Besides the assessment of integrated authentication methodologies,
from cultural heritage stakeholders. Authentication today is mostly the project will develop portable instrumentation allowing in situ
based on human science interpretation, with no systematic integra- analyses of valuable objects, masterpieces, and large museum col-
tion of data, incomplete solutions that cannot match results achiev- lections in a non-invasive way, which will disclose a new knowledge
able by material characterisation and technological studies. The need perspective of the material heritage. These new instruments will be
for objective, reliable, validated authentication protocols and tools based on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), optical
is answered by the proposed research: the important community microtopography and an integrated sensor, based on arrays of elec-
of museums, conservation services, law enforcement agencies will trochemical sensor for molecular markers detection.
profit from an integrated multi-disciplinary scientific approach,
foreseeing the use of the most advanced material investigation
techniques, related to metal artefacts (precious and non-precious)
through systematic integration of adequate competencies, not yet
projected into the ERA’s excellence.

The strategic objective of the research is the innovative integration of
non-invasive techniques for objective authentication of metal artefacts
(utilitarian and ornamental), based on the material composition and
description of manufacturing techniques to be achieved by exploit-
ing the most advanced analytical techniques and by developing and
validating portable instrumentation based on selective composition
markers detection and characterisation of technological fingerprints.
The multi-disciplinary approach involves research centres, academia, Gold Phyale detection of chisel working traces: by scanning
museums, conservation services, superintendencies, SMEs, EEIG, law electron microscopy observation it is possible to detect traces
enforcement agencies, civil protection bodies, etc. Integrated authen-
tication methodologies (IAM) will be tested in pilot studies on real
authentication problems, involving conservation and authentication
authorities in cooperation with law enforcement agencies. 4. Policy impact
The primary objectives of the project are to:
aa assess an innovative set of non-invasive techniques for the objec- In the case of illicit trade of antiquities, artefacts and movable
tive authentication of movable metal artefacts (precious and cultural heritage, law enforcement agencies will be in a position
non-precious) based on the analysis of material composition and to apply the researched scientific IAMs. This should improve their
description of manufacturing techniques. The material composi- capability to identify artefacts provenance and provenience, there-
tion will be investigated by elemental, phase, molecular, isotopic by reducing illicit trade, which in turn will increase public safety
and mineralogical analyses, the manufacturing techniques will as well as add value to the artefacts. Beneficiary stakeholders will
be investigated by X-ray imaging and by microstructural charac- be: citizens, having their cultural interests protected; protection of
terisation on surfaces and in bulk, allowing the identification of worldwide culture; justice and home affairs departments; internal
working sequences and processes over the metal alloys (casting, revenue services; cultural heritage actors, such as museums, public
hammering, annealing, assembling, etc.); and private; departments of antiquities; government bodies (frontier
aa integrate authentication methodologies based on experienced & border customs labs); private citizens in case of dispute; and the
evaluation of the artefacts on the historical and morphological insurance industry.
142
AUTHENTICO
5. Dissemination and exploitation Ilkhom Mirsaidov

Society for Development of Scientific Cooperation
of the results
Tajikistan
Web-based dissemination will be operative during the first
project year. Maria Filomena Guerra
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France
Conferences foreseen include a dissemination event organised by the (C2RMF)
Tajikistan partner addressing bordering and nearby Asian countries. France
A major conference is to be held in Paris, France, during year 2,
while a final dissemination event will take place in Cairo, Egypt. Salvatore Siano,
Participation is also foreseen in major international conferences such Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Fisica Applicata
as LACONA (Lasers in Conservation of Artworks), Archaeometry, “Nello Carrara”
X-Ray Spectrometry and LIBS. In addition, the project will profit Italy
from link to 32 European COST Action Laboratories. Publications
are expected at the project end. Massimo Moretti
Centro Sviluppo Progetti
With respect to exploitation, the consortium is aware of the increasing Italy
need to exchange, transfer and license the technologies, experience and
knowledge – the intellectual property – they are going to develop in Hala Barakat
order to access new markets and revenue streams. For this a technolo- Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage
gy transfer and commercialisation programme is foreseen. In addition, Egypt
technology transfer will result in the commercialisation of innovative
products through licensing or product/process improvement. Andrej Sumbera
EDU-ART NGO, Conservation & Restoration of Prague Castle
Royal Jewellery
Czech Republic
Jadwiga Lukaszewicz
Nicholaus Copernicus University, Department for Conservation
of Architectonic Elements and Details
Poland
Anna Rastrelli
Centro di Restauro – Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici
della Toscana
Italy
Thilo Rehren
Goldsmith tool marks after studying the archaic use of the University College of London, Institute of Archaelogy
individual tool. United Kingdom

Dr Maria Luisa Vitobello
EJTN GEIE
Rue du Commerce, 124
BE-1000, Belgium
Operative Headquarters:
Via San Pedrino 17
20067 Paullo, Italy
Email: info@ejtn.org
Tel: +39 02 90634033
143
CHEPRISS
Cultural heritage protection in a sustainable society
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/Archive_0906/sustainableheritage/sustainableheritage/learning/asc2/index.htm
1. Problems to be solved 5. Dissemination and exploitation

of the results
A need was identified to disseminate the results of EC research for
the protection of cultural heritage to professionals, particularly those The instructors all prepared course notes to accompany their sessions.
in the early stages of their career, working in the field of conservation These have been disseminated after the course through the course
and conservation science. Conservation practitioners need to have a website, which has been made freely accessible to the cultural herit-
greater awareness of relevant scientific research so they can incorpo- age community at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/learn-
rate it into their work. It was also identified that there is limited inte- ing/asc2/index.htm As a condition of acceptance onto the course, all
gration and use of research results in education and training courses. the participants prepared and implemented dissemination plans on
what they had learned in their home countries and institutions.
The objectives were, through an EC advanced study course, to: Start date – End date: 01/01/03 – 31/12/03
aa present the societal and scientific issues relating to the sustain- Contract type: FP5 Accompanying Measure
able protection of cultural heritage, such as the balance between Duration (in months): 12
protection and use caused by cultural tourism;
aa discuss and disseminate the results of recent EC-funded collabora- Coordinator details:
tive scientific and technological research projects for the protection Prof May Cassar
of cultural heritage in the context of a sustainable society.
Graduate Studies, University College London, Gower Street,
GB-WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
3. Achieved scientific results E-mail: m.cassar@ucl.ac.uk
Tel: +44 20 7679 1780
The advanced study course took place in London, March–April 2003.
16 leading researchers in the field of cultural heritage preservation
taught the course, which consisted of 19 sessions over two weeks.
Emphasis was placed on exercises, practical activities and study visits
as well as traditional lecturing. 36 participants with backgrounds in
conservation and conservation science were selected from 77 applica-
tions received from 22 different European countries. The course was
considered to be highly successful: 94% of the participants stated that
they were satisfied with every aspect of the course and 86% found the
course relevant to their work.
4. Policy impact
The advanced study course contributed to the stated aim of
“decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation”
(Introduction to Work Programme for Part A: Environment and
Sustainable Development) by disseminating the latest research find-
ings and information on how science and technology can be used in
the protection of European cultural heritage in a sustainable society.
The material suggested ways in which scientific research for cultural
heritage protection can meet the requirements of policy-makers for
evidence of environmental degradation.
144
CHRAF
Priorities and strategies to support cultural heritage
research activities within ECTP and future FP7 activities
http://www.ectp.org/chraf/default.htm
1. Problems to be solved produced as well as a specific leaflet for SMEs (translated into many
European languages) has been created.
The European Construction Technology Platform (initiated in 2004)
reflects the response of the construction sector to the demands of 4. Policy impact
European society, acting as an umbrella of the research initiatives in
Europe, and creating better synergy between European and national Considering that the main objective of CHRAF is the promotion and
industries, between public and private efforts with all relevant stake- implementation of cultural heritage research activities at European
holders. This initiative expects to raise the sector to a higher world- level, this would strengthen the new market niche of cultural heritage
class level of performance. conservation and restoration in the following aspects:
aa increasing the activity and market share:
The Focus Area of Cultural Heritage (FACH) was launched in aa increasing the activities in built heritage in the EU;
October 2004 with the aim of establishing a vision for 2030, a aa impact for the construction sector;
Strategic Research Agenda and an Action Plan for developing and aa impact for the tourism sector.
integrating it into the European Construction Technology Platform aa saving money in management of cultural heritage;
(ECTP) and to provide inputs to Seventh Framework Programme aa developing new products and methodologies for restoration.
(FP7) and future European research programmes. The challenge
of FACH is to enable cultural heritage research to be considered an The preservation of cultural heritage is also directly addressed at peo-
important topic in European research i.e. in FP7 and future research ple; therefore the promotion of cultural heritage research would result,
programmes, with a good position in the ECTP. in the long term, in the promotion of cultural activities carried out by
European citizens and the improvement of their quality of life.
The global objective of FACH is to promote research in new sustain-
able and preventive strategies, concepts, methodologies and tech- With regard to the construction sector, the active engagement of the
niques for conservation and restoration of the cultural heritage in European construction industry in cultural heritage safeguarding
order to improve the quality of life of citizens and the attractiveness gives a unique opportunity for its transformation into an R&D-
of Europe, particularly its cities, buildings and landscapes. intensive industry. Furthermore, the cooperative work in inter-
disciplinary teams with institutes, universities, stakeholders and
2. Scientific objectives and approach restoration professionals in the preservation of cultural heritage is
crucially important for future generations and offers very significant
The CHRAF project aims to support cultural heritage research RTD challenges. Knowledge deriving from the fundamental research
activities through a series of different coordination strategies. will be directly made available to end-users (like industry, heritage
By means of CHRAF the following objectives will also be achieved: authorities and restoration architects).
aa promotion and stimulation of information exchange in relation to
cultural heritage research activities; 5. Dissemination and exploitation
aa identification of priorities and development of strategies as inputs
of the results
to the ECTP and its Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) as well as
to future FP7 activities regarding cultural heritage research; The project has been presented in the 2nd and 3rd ECTP conferences
aa support of the organisation and coordination of the FACH, with celebrated in Versailles and Amsterdam.
respect to other FACH-related focus areas;
aa promotion of the dissemination, transfer, exploitation, assessment
and/or board take-up of past and present programme results,
emphasising public participation with stakeholders, SMEs, NGOs Contract type: FP6 Specific Support Action
and end-users; Duration (in months): 18
aa contribution to strategic objectives, notably regarding the
European Research Area (ERA); Coordinator details:
aa preparation of future community RTD activities and strategies for Dr Isabel Rodríguez-Maribona
inclusion and consultation of stakeholders and SMEs. Fundación Labein
Construction and Territorial Development Unit
Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia
3. Achieved scientific results Calle Geldo, EDIFICIO 700
48160 Derio / Spain
Two versions of the SRA together with its implementation plans have Email: isabel@labein.es
already been prepared. In addition, leaflets about FACH have been Tel: +34 94 607 33 00
145
CHRAF
Roko Žarnić Luc Bourdeau

University of Ljubljana Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB)
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy Research and Development Directorate
Slovenia France
Pétronille Eynaud de Faÿ

VINCI S.A.
France
146
COINS
Combat online illegal numismatic sales
http://www.coins-project.eu
1. Problems to be solved (Cambridge), on coin classification – i.e. recognition of the coin type
– and identification – i.e. recognition of the individual coin.
The project aims at fighting online and auction sales of stolen ancient
coins using image-recognition techniques. A large majority of coins The COINS recognition algorithm is based on shape context and
stolen from museums and private collections are suspected to be quantum method. The algorithm, although already producing satis-
traded on the Internet and at auctions, hidden among the huge number factory results, is continually being improved.
of legal transactions, which makes the police control of coins offered
for sale an overwhelming task. Poor documentation of numismatic 4. Policy impact
collections adds further difficulty to crime enforcement.
The project is expected to facilitate the improvement of coin docu-
2. Scientific objectives and approach mentation systems, which unfortunately are still lacking in many
museums and collections, particularly in the smaller ones, and to
COINS will address the above problems on several regards: first, it foster the adoption of good practices in this area. Documentation is
will provide a documentation system and good practice guidelines, indeed the primary prevention against crime. By providing a way
based on international standards and a survey of users’ needs as to drastically reduce the number of cases to be manually checked,
stated by major museum numismatic curators. Second, it will set up the project results will help in a substantial way the work of crime
a novel algorithm for ancient coin recognition, having verified the enforcement institutions.
poor performance of those currently used for modern coins, which do
not take into account the peculiarities of ancient coinage procedures.
Third, it will develop an Internet search tool to extract and evidence
suspect cases of illicit trade.

Work is still in progress but the latest tests confirm the validity of the
approach. Algorithms chosen for coin recognition give the following
results. The first table reports the success rate of the best-performing
current methods for modern coins (as reported in the MUSCLE con-
test) when applied to ancient coins (rightmost column).
MUSCLE MUSCLE Ancient

Method CIS 06 CIS 07 (KHM)
Maaten et al
~ 76 % ~ 40 % ~4%
(edge-based statistical features)
Reisert et al ~ 91 % –
~8%
(gradient-based algorithm) Comparison of different methods on three coins. Arrows indi-
cate most similar coin images basing on shape context (solid
The following table (below) reports the success rate of the algo- line) and quantum method (dotted line)
rithm on a test set of coins provided by the Fitzwilliam Museum
Coin image acquisition using

Classification Identification
Coin type
(average) (average) Camera
Scanner
Fixed Free hand
80.00%
Byzantine 93.93% 79.80% 95.00% 98.31%
78.95%
Greek 79.78% 77.53% 80.00% 84.00%
80.56%
Roman 79.01% 71.91% 43.75% 90.43%
Average 84.24% 76.41% 72.92% 90.91% 79.84%
147
COINS

Martin Kampel
of the results
PRIP - TU Wien
COINS will create a set of good practice manuals for professionals Austria
and set up a nucleus of reference collections for coins classification.
Takeover of the project results by police forces is anticipated, and Michael Rubik
contacts are ongoing for incorporating the system into existing police ARC
databases and search systems (e.g. the Italian Carabinieri one, http:// Austria
tpcweb.carabinieri.it/tpc_sito_pub/simplecerca.jsp).
Fiorenzo Catalli
Dissemination is carefully undertaken through a number of pub- Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma
lications (see the website for a list). A first dissemination event on Italy
COINS has been held during BMTA, Paestum, on 15/11/2007.
Carmelo Manola
Comando Carabinieri TPC - SED
Italy
Mike Vandamme
VARTEC
Belgium
Ernest Oberländer-Târnoveanu
MNIR
Romania
Mark Blackburn
The Fitzwilliam Museum
The geometrical parameters of the shape context method: dis- University of Cambridge
tance between contour points and tangent orientations United Kingdom

Prof Franco Niccolucci
PIN, Piazza Ciardi 25, 59100 Prato, Italy
niccolucci@unifi.it
Tel: +39 0574 602578
148
EU-ARTECH
Access, research, and technology for the
conservation of the European cultural heritage
http://www.eu-artech.org
1. Problems to be solved at AGLAE. In the same period, 20 MOLAB interventions in 11 dif-

ferent countries were carried out, through 158 access days. Important
In spite of the significant results achieved by the previous European artworks have been studied, such as paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
network LabS TECH, funded by the FP5, further activities were (National Gallery, London and Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg)
necessary to improve effective coordination among European infra- or by Cezanne and Renoir (Courtauld Art Institute Gallery of
structures in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, estab- London), Renaissance majolica (V&A Museum and Louvre Museum),
lish common agreements, develop potential new applications and Byzantine mural paintings (Thessaloniki), and ancient manuscripts
appropriate services, enhance research at the highest level, and offer (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and Trinity College, Dublin).
opportunities for advanced training to young scientists. In the case of Leonardo da Vinci, new underdrawing was detected
below the surface of the Virgin of the Rocks in London, which led
2. Scientific objectives and approach the users to new discoveries about the origin of the painting.
In EU-ARTECH, 12 infrastructures are cooperating to achieve a Joint research led to significant results in the development of
permanent interoperability among institutions in the field of con- new instrumentation and methodologies. A new NMR depth-
servation, to disseminate common best practices and technologies, profiler opened the way towards the non-invasive examination of
to support access to advanced facilities for laboratory and in situ paint layer structure, also giving encouraging information on the
non-invasive studies on artefacts, and to create a common knowledge aging of binders. An innovative multispectral imaging device has
base to improve the quality of research. started to produce outstanding data, such as multiple IR images of
paintings, with an unprecedented resolution. A compact and light
Networking on the intelligent use of analytical resources and on system for XRD and XRF measurements in situ is in the final
materials and methods in conservation aims to propose protocols for stage of development.
material studies and promote common strategies in conservation.
4. Policy impact
Transnational access is offered by two advanced facilities,
exploiting innovative state-of-the-art technology and providing The coupling of networking activities with the development of
appropriate scientific, technical, and logistic support, particu- access and joint research increased the level of cooperation among
larly to first-time users. The first is AGLAE (Palais du Louvre, EU-ARTECH institutions, as well as those external to the consor-
Paris, F), staffed by a unique team of scientists, conservators tium, creating the basis for structuring a European research area
and art historians with special expertise in the non-destructive with common advanced resources, agreed high-quality practices and
elemental analysis of material artefacts. The second is MOLAB, homogeneous objectives.
a sophisticated mobile laboratory provided by a group of four
Italian institutions (in Florence and Perugia), consisting of a col- The introduction, for the first time in a European programme, of a
lection of prototype or state-of-the-art portable instruments for “mobile” infrastructure permitted in situ non-invasive measurements
non-invasive in situ measurements. on immovable objects, allowing measurements which were other-
wise impossible, facilitating communication between curators or
Joint research activities are devoted to the development of new conservators and scientists, and promoting the interest of the wider
technical capabilities to enhance the performance of the infrastruc- public in the problem of conservation.
tures and the quality of the services offered.
3. Achieved scientific results of the results
In three years of activities, formats for reporting data and ana- EU-ARTECH established relations with relevant organisa-
lytical protocols have been produced, and a handbook for a correct tions, such as COST G8, COSTD42, CEN TC/346 (European
approach to scientific analyses (especially aimed at conservators) is Committee for Standardization), ICOM-CC (International Council
in preparation. Standard reference materials were also collected and of Museums-Committee for Conservation), IIC (International
classified for sharing with institutions both internal and external to Institute for Conservation), UNESCO, and IAEA (International
the consortium, allowing analytical results from different laborato- Atomic Energy Agency). Contacts were also established with
ries to be compared more effectively. extra-European institutions, in the USA (Getty Conservation
Institute, Los Angeles; Metropolitan Museum, New York) and in
Regarding transnational access, 38 projects involving 144 days of Latin America, and with SMEs.
work, with users from 10 different countries, have been carried out
149
EU-ARTECH
EU-ARTECH organised several conferences dedicated to non-inva-
sive analysis of cultural heritage artefacts (Amsterdam 2005), and to
advanced techniques for the examination of paintings (London 2004
and 2005; Colmar 2006). The proceedings of a workshop dedicated
to the painting technique of young Raphael have been published.
The diffusion of innovative technologies among young scientists
was promoted through initiatives such as the workshop Non-invasive
NMR and Cultural Heritage (Perugia 2005) or the GUPIX school,
(Paris 2005).
Several publications related to EU-ARTECH transnational access

and joint research activities, appeared in the international literature
both in the field of science and art history.
At the Triennial Meeting of ICOM-CC (the largest association of
conservators in the world), in The Hague 2005, EU-ARTECH was
recognised as the most important example of effective European
cooperation in the field. A micro-Raman measurement on the Psalter Manuscript at the
Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, UK.
Information on EU-ARTECH activities has been distributed to the
public through press releases, television and radio broadcasts.
Contract number: RII3-CT-2004-506171

Contract type: FP6 Integrated Infrastructure Initiative
Prof Brunetto Giovanni Brunetti
Universita’ di Perugia
Centro SMAArt c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
Via Elce di Sotto 8
06123 Perugia, Italy
Email: bruno@dyn.unipg.it
Tel: +39 075 585 5509
MOLAB operators at work at the Fitwilliam Museum in

Cambridge, UK.
A MOLAB operator during the preparation of a measurement

on the painting Victory Boogie Woogie by P.Mondrian, in a
room of the Gemeentemuseum in Den Haag, NL
MOLAB studying the painting Victory Boogie Woogie by P.
Mondrian, in a room of the Gemeentemuseum in Den Haag, NL.
150
EU-ARTECH
Susanna Bracci Ashok Roy

Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche The National Gallery
Istituto per la Conservazione e United Kingdom
Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali
Italy Rolf Snethlage
Bayerisches Landesamt fur Denkmalpflege
Daniela Pinna Germany
Opificio delle Pietre Dure
Italy Alberto de Tagle
Instituut Collectie Nederland
Sophia Sotiropoulou The Netherlands
Sacred Convent of the Annunciation IMSP
Ormylia Art Diagnosis Centre Jan Wouters
Greece Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium - Institut Royal
du Patrimoine Artistique (KIK/IRPA)
José Delgado Rodrigues Belgium
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil
Portugal Rocco Mazzeo
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna
Bernhard Bluemich Polo scientifico-didattico di Ravenna
Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Italy
Germany
Luca Pezzati
Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata
Italy
Michel Menu
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France
(C2RMF)
France
151
FING-ART-PRINT
Fingerprinting art and cultural heritage – in situ 3D
non-contact microscale documentation and identifi-
cation of paintings and polychrome objects
http://www.fingartprint.org

The archiving, identification and tracing of (painted) works of The project officially started on 1 November 2006. A kick-off meeting
art and cultural heritage have, in modern times, traditionally and a pre-users meeting was organised for 7–9 November to define
been done using two-dimensional (2D) (colour) photography and/ starting criteria for the FING-ART-PRINT technique and system.
or digital imaging techniques. However, objects of art and cul-
tural heritage are characterised by more than just their colours 4. Policy impact
and their macroscopic forms, whether brought onto a canvas, or
carved or shaped into a material. An artist’s ‘signature’ or ‘fin- The FING-ART-PRINT system will give curators a non-contact
gerprint’ is a three-dimensional (3D) one, with dimensions on method for marking, identifying and tracing works of art. The
a far finer, microscopic (micron or sub-micron) scale. Through FING-ART-PRINT instrument will be compact and user-friendly,
the use of various techniques, they bring depth and texture to an so that a non-technical person from the museum world, such as an
otherwise 2D surface, or the ‘2D’ surface of an otherwise 3D art historian, collection manager, or conservator, can easily use it
object. For archiving and tracing of objects, the use of labels is and the results. The results should be recorded in real time to allow
almost always unavoidable. Many cases are known where the analyses in front of the work of art in the presence of curators, con-
adhesive used to affix the label and/or the ink used to write servators, etc. It will also give conservation scientists the possibility
on the label (or the object itself) has reacted with the object to for studying changes of the surfaces of artworks due to treatments on
which it was attached. For the identification of works of art, 2D the object itself, as opposed to relying on reproductions. FING-ART-
information also limits the capability of art historians to verify PRINT is expected to have an enormous impact on the identification
the authenticity of a work of art. The authenticity of a painting and protection of moveable cultural heritage (Task 2 of Policy ori-
is based on art historical study, subjective studies of the artists’ ented research Priority 8.1.3.6).
techniques and knowledge of their choice of materials. However,
in history, forgers have been able to fool many experts in many It is difficult to put a figure on how many objects are endangered and/
cases by skilfully imitating brushstrokes and other 3D structures or already stolen or missing, this in light of events in Afghanistan and
of painted surfaces on a macro-scale. There is therefore clearly Iraq, but also many other third-world countries where archaeological
a need for a high-resolution, non-destructive method for docu- finds are continually being plundered. A CD released by Interpol for
menting the 3D characteristics of the surface of works of art in use by national and international law enforcement agencies lists over
situ, this in combination with true spectral imaging reflectance 26 000 objects, but this is certainly the tip of the iceberg. Recent
(colour) information. thefts of Van Gogh and Munch paintings are crimes worth millions
of Euros. A number of European initiatives, directives and regulations
2. Scientific objectives and approach have been developed to improve the traceability of objects of cultural
heritage, and make it much more difficult for stolen objects to be sold.
This project will develop a system for the non-contact, high-resolu- These include the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting
tion fingerprinting of paintings and polychrome objects of art and and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership
cultural heritage. The compact system will consist of the in situ of Cultural Property, and the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or
measurement of the roughness of selected areas of a painted surface Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, 24 June 1995). However,
at (sub)micron scale, spectral pigment and dye identification, and monitoring and tracing of objects has not been possible up until now
true colour digital documentation of the entire object. (See exam- because of the lack of a reliable and standard non-contact method for
ple in Fig.1.) This will provide a long sought-after, non-destructive identifying and documenting such objects. The development of inter-
method for ‘marking’ and identifying valuable painted objects of national databases for endangered or stolen art has actually already
art and cultural heritage by using the 3D micro-characteristics been started by, for example, the Getty Information Institute with
of the otherwise 2D surface of the object. Specifically, the (sub) international governments and other bodies such as Interpol (Object
micron roughness and colour spectra at a certain (proprietary) loca- ID), and the International Congress of Museums ICOM (Red List).
tion in an object’s surface is a true ‘marking’, unique to the painted Again, the lack of a standard non-contact method for identifying such
object, and, in fact, the artist’s technical ‘signature’. Combined objects has limited the effectiveness of such databases.
with a true colour digital image of the object, this information can
be used to develop a comprehensive digital archiving system for A further problem is that many museum archiving systems are not
museum collections, and vastly improve the traceability of objects standardised, so that linking them, with or without fingerprints,
on loan and in transport. is difficult. FING-ART-PRINT makes innovative use of advanced
152
FING-ART-PRINT
technologies developed for ‘normal’ industrial use in order to provide
fingerprint records of objects of art and cultural heritage, this with- Mark Weber
out any physical contact with the object, and non-destructively. The NanoFocus AG
uniqueness of the fingerprints will allow the improvement of inter- Germany
national databases such as those mentioned above for such objects.
Pierre Boher
Museums and law enforcement agencies could then begin with the
ELDIM S.A.
most endangered objects, and/or those more likely to be on display
France
and/or loan. This is a particularly important development which
needs to be performed at a European level, given the open borders, Mady Elias
the ease of transport between countries, and the desire for objects on Laboratoire d’Optique des Solides
loan and/or complete travelling exhibitions. Université Pierre et Marie Curie
France
Kirk Martinez
of the results University of Southampton
School of Electronics and Computer Science
Two official multi-day workshops for potential end-users from muse-
United Kingdom
ums, collections and law enforcement agencies are planned, one at
the 18-month-point of the project when the first integrated FING- Sophia Sotiropoulou
ART-PRINT prototype will be completed and operational, and the ‘Ormylia’ Art Diagnosis Centre
second at the end of the project. Both will provide a demonstration Sacred Convent of the Annunciation
of the system, but more importantly, allow sufficient hands-on testing Greece
of the system by cultural heritage personnel to get reliable feedback
on the operation of the system by the end-user. This feedback will
be combined with all other feedback obtained during the project to
help optimise the user friendliness of the instrument, as well as its
technical performance.

Dr William Wei
Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage
Gabriël-Metsu-Straat 8/16
NL-1071 EA Amsterdam
E-mail: bill.wei@icn.nl
Tel: +31 20 3054 741
153
ITECOM
Advanced study course: innovative technologies and
materials for the conservation of monuments
http://laertis.chemeng.ntua.gr/dpms_syvtnrnsn/itecom.htm
1. Problems to be solved parties, through the production of a CD-ROM.

4. organise and publish the proceedings of a conference/exhibition
The protection of cultural heritage is a major concern for deci- on ‘Innovative Technologies and Materials for the Protection of
sion-makers and researchers, as well as the broader European Cultural Heritage’, and to create, at a European level, a platform
Community. Numerous national and EC research projects have been for the integration of research, education and industry in the field
realised, providing innovative methodologies and materials for the of cultural heritage protection;
conservation and restoration of monuments. In the past, however, 5. evaluate the whole project by the students, the participants and
policy-makers have been restrained from making greater use of external evaluators, and to provide the community of monument
scientific knowledge and research results. The need for scientific conservation with a teaching model in electronic form.
support for decision-making regarding conservation of monuments,
employing innovative techniques and compatible materials has 3. Achieved scientific results
formed the basis for the creation of a multidisciplinary advanced
study course. It focuses on the innovative materials and techniques Course announcement was made via email and Internet, and dis-
for the conservation of monuments, integrating current expertise, tribution of brochures and posters. Selection used a multi-criteria
bringing together lecturers and students from various scientific, analysis tool of 42 postgraduate students out of 80 qualifying candi-
cultural and social backgrounds and supporting the creation of a dates, originating from 16 different European countries, thus bring-
platform for the integration of education, research and industry. More ing together expertise from various cultural and social backgrounds.
specifically, from a knowledge point of view, the characteristics of A multi-disciplinary advanced study course was held at the National
the past, i.e. the lack of knowledge, the inability to evaluate the exist- Technical University of Athens, Greece, 8–20 December 2003. The
ing experience and the lack of inter-scientific approach and scientific course syllabus covered five thematic areas in the field of cultural
consensus within Europe, should be replaced by the diffusion of heritage and included 40 hours of theoretical lectures (presented by
knowledge, the exchange of experience regarding best practices to 22 scientists from six different countries), 12 hours of laboratory
solve problems (benchmarking), and a multi-disciplinary approach, demonstrations, five field visits and in situ investigations, and a two-
thus strengthening the development of the science and research day conference/exhibition. The thematic areas are:
sectors like the newly emerging one for the protection of cultural aa assessment of building-material susceptibility to decay factors –
heritage. From a research point of view, the lack of research, and the assessment of damage caused by air pollutants;
dominance of empiricism regarding materials and structures, should aa non-destructive techniques for in situ assessment and innovative
be replaced by the encouragement of research for sustainable and technologies for the protection of monuments;
compatible materials, and for techniques and innovative strategies in aa compatible materials – interventions and innovative conservation
material production, by supporting actions towards the formation of strategies;
specifications for materials and techniques, and the definition of the aa techniques and materials for earthquake protection of monuments;
necessary studies for planning and selection of best solutions. From aa strategic planning for the protection of cultural heritage.
an educational point of view, it is desirable to promote the develop- Field visits and in situ investigations entailed unification of the
ment of criteria and methodologies for cultural heritage damage archaeological sites of Athens – Acropolis of Athens, Daphni
assessment and conservation strategies. Furthermore, it is of utmost Monastery, Sounion-Sanctuary of Poseidon and Athena, and the
importance to link the creation of knowledge (research) with the dis- Lavrio Technology and Cultural Park European Conference/
semination of knowledge (education), in order to develop curricula Exhibition: ‘Innovative technologies and materials for the protection
for new professional profiles that support and perform knowledge- of cultural heritage: Industry, research, education – European acts
based decision-making. and perspectives’ (50 speakers and more than 400 people attending).
Details of the conference/exhibition proceedings were published,
2. Scientific objectives and approach and a CD-ROM was produced containing all the course educational
material, organised in a user-friendly format, and distributed to the
The need for a European multi-disciplinary advanced educational tool course participants, the project partners, the lecturers, the partici-
is addressed by this project, which has the following main objectives: pants of the conference, various universities, ministries of culture,
1. promote the education on science and engineering of innovative museums, conservation institutes and laboratories, research groups,
materials and technologies for the protection of cultural heritage; and international organisations involved in cultural heritage conser-
2. organise a multidisciplinary 14-day advanced study course for 42 vation. The project was evaluated by the students, the project part-
European postgraduate students on the ‘Innovative Technologies ners, and two external evaluators, while the results were presented
and Materials for the Conservation of Monuments’. The course during the conference round table, with the participation of students,
consists of theoretical lectures, lab demonstrations and field visits, lecturers and the public. The problems encountered were discussed,
covering five thematic areas in the field of cultural heritage; and suggestions and ideas formulated on the most effective teaching
3. disseminate the educational material of the course to all interested methodologies in the field of the protection of monuments.
154
ITECOM
aa Moropoulou A: ITECOM Advanced Study Course: ‘Innovative
4. Policy impact Technologies and Materials for the Conservation of Monuments’,
in EC clustering workshop on FP5 cultural heritage projects:
aa Promotion of the education on science and engineering of State of progress and research results, possibilities for network-
innovative materials and technologies for the protection of cul- ing and spin-off, impact assessment and policy support, Brussels,
tural heritage. Support and promotion of high-quality studies 22 April 2004.
at a European level, providing advanced skills and knowledge, aa Moropoulou A: ‘Potentials and perspectives of postgraduate
and strengthening the competence and effectiveness of young education in conservation materials and techniques for the
European specialists. protection of monuments’ in Proc. 2nd National Conference
aa Dissemination and exploitation of the scientific achievements of on Appropriate Interventions and Safeguarding of Historical
numerous relevant EU or national research projects. Buildings, Thessaloniki, in press, 14–16 October 2004.
aa Creation of a platform for the integration of research, industry aa ‘Innovative Technologies & Materials for the Conservation of
and education in the field of cultural heritage protection, accom- Monuments: ITECOM Advanced Study Course’, poster presen-
plished by the course and the European conference/exhibition. tation in the Industrial and research exhibition of technological
aa Diffusion of knowledge in the field of cultural heritage protec- innovation at the Lavrio Technological and Cultural Park, 17
tion directly through the implementation of the multi-disciplinary December 2003.
course and indirectly through the CD-ROM, contributing to an
inter-European transfer of skills and expertise, and a method of Contract number: EVK4-CT-2002-65002
distance learning, thus supporting the upgrading of the European Start date – End date: 01/04/03 – 31/07/04
training system. Contract type: FP5 Accompanying Measure
aa Enhancement of the public’s awareness for the preservation of the Duration (in months): 16
quality of human and cultural environment, a central issue in the
‘City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage’.
Prof. Antonia Moropoulou
National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical
Engineering, Section of Material Science and Engineering, 9,
Iroon Polytechniou str., Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens,
Greece
E-mail: amoropul@central.ntua.gr
Tel: +30 210 7723276
Field visit of the ITECOM students in the Acropolis of Athens.

In-situ presentation of the restoration work applied at the
Parthenon monument

of the results
Main literature produced: CD-ROM: ITECOM Advanced Study
Course: ‘Innovative Technologies & Materials for the Conservation
of Monuments’, Course Notes, National Technical University of
Athens, 2004.
aa Proceedings of the European Conference on ’Innovative
Technologies and Materials for the Protection of Cultural
Heritage: Industry, research, education – European acts and per-
spectives’, Technical Chamber of Greece, Athens, in press, 16-17
December 2003.
155
LABS TECH
Laboratories on science and technology for the con-
servation of the European cultural heritage
http://www.chm.unipg.it/chimgen/LabS-TECH.html
1. Problems to be solved: resources available in each institution was published on the project
website. The database was aimed at facilitating potential users in
Effective cooperation in the field of cultural heritage conserva- finding the nearest laboratories with the specific resources and
tion requires the collaboration of universities, research centres and competence required, giving contact names, email, phone numbers,
infrastructure devoted to the safeguard of the cultural patrimony of and postal addresses.
each country. Indeed, cooperation among institutions can be more
effective than traditional interaction between scientists because it Intercomparison of analytical results was carried out for bronze,
guarantees the participation of a wide range of facilities and types pigments, stones, and organic substances in artworks. The outcome
of user. In this way, the obvious risks of narrow or biased actions was an enhanced knowledge of the analytical procedures used in
are avoided. Moreover, infrastructure cooperation offers extended the various institutions, which led to a prognosis on the possibility
opportunities to identify and prioritise research needs of the field, of convergence towards common general protocols. Two workshops
which can then be developed and implemented, taking advantage of were organised on inorganic and organic analyses for the examina-
the existing resources and scientific expertise. tion of paintings (“The painting technique of Pietro Vannucci, called
il Perugino”, Perugia 2003, and “Binding media identification in art
2. Scientific objectives and approach objects”, Amsterdam 2003).
The objective of LabS TECH was the achievement of an effective A survey on the most common conservation practices in Europe
complementarity among 11 internationally distinguished infrastruc- (materials and methods) was also carried out, limited to four cat-
tures (10 European and one extra-European) working in the field of the egories of artefacts: metals, stone, wall paintings, and polychromy.
application of science and technology to the conservation of cultural The designed survey forms represented optimum guides for record-
heritage. The long-term aim was the creation of a common operative ing in a logical, sequential, and systematic way the restoration proce-
area for the design of a European “distributed facility” in the field. dures for a specific artwork. In spite of the obvious complexity of the
topic, the results indicated a general convergence towards traditional
Networking activities were planned on access and efficiency of methods with a minor preference for innovative methods (enzymes,
resources, methods and materials in conservation, data archiving laser cleaning, etc.). In the development of the task, a specific work-
and dissemination. Initiatives were developed to facilitate the wider shop, dedicated to “Silicon-based products in the sphere of cultural
use of research facilities by gathering and distributing knowledge on heritage”, was held in Rome in 2004.
existing resources and know-how in Europe, to foster cooperation
and exchange of trainees, to propose common protocols on material An inventory of databases on conservation materials was carried out
studies, and to develop joint research projects. Critical analyses of and, towards the uniformity of data archiving, a workshop was held
methods and materials in conservation had the goal of promoting on novel technologies for digital archiving, diffusion, and processing
common strategies for treatments of appropriate quality and long- of data in cultural heritage (Ormylia, Greece, 2004). Experts in digit-
term durability. Comparisons and discussions on data archiving and al libraries and representatives of cultural heritage institutions made
on hardware-software facilities had the objective of creating the evident the necessity for correlation, harmonisation and coordination
foundations for possible projects aimed at adopting common criteria of several parallel initiatives at national and European level.
among the participating institutions.
4. Policy impact
These activities were expected to lead to substantial enhancement of
access to the resources of the European infrastructures in the field, Through LabS TECH, a first integrated body of European institu-
together with the dissemination of good common practices both in tions belonging to ministries of culture, universities, and scientific
analytical studies and conservation procedures. research centres of different countries was created. The network
promoted positive interactions between the human and physical sci-
3. Achieved scientific results ences, creating the foundations for the design of EU-ARTECH, an
integrated infrastructure initiative now operative within FP6.
A survey on personnel, resources, and know-how available in
the European infrastructures was carried out, involving a total 5. Dissemination and exploitation
of 106 institutions (36 universities or educational institutions, 22
of the results
public research centres, 18 public cultural heritage institutions, 19
museum or library departments, 5 restoration centres, and others). During the project a brochure on the LabS TECH activities, edited
To disseminate the survey results, an easily manageable interface by the European Commission, was produced. The brochure was dis-
was built and a database on structure, activities, personnel, and tributed among the scientific community during 2003.
156
LABS TECH
Through the website, most of the LabS TECH results were dis-
seminated, included the database on the resources and know-how
available in Europe.
The Proceedings of the workshop on “The painting technique of

Pietro Vannucci, called il Perugino” have been published and distrib-
uted for dissemination to all the most relevant institutions operating in
the field of conservation in Europe, including the 106 infrastructures
that participated in the surveys during the project implementation.
The proceedings have been also delivered to authorities in the field
of European research and policy-makers.
Booklets with abstracts and information on the workshops “Binding

media identification in art objects”, “Silicon-based products in the
sphere of cultural heritage”, and “Novel technologies for digital
preservation, information, processing and access to cultural heritage
collection” have been printed, distributed among European experts,
and rendered available through the website.
Finally, the LabS TECH activities were presented at several confer-

ences and meetings.
Contract number: HPRI-CT-2000-40018

Contract type: FP5 Thematic Network
Prof Brunetto Giovanni Brunetti
INSTM (Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e
Tecnologia dei Materiali)
Via G..Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze Italy
Email: bruno@dyn.unipg.it
Tel: +39 075 585 5509
157
LABS TECH
José Delgado Rodrigues Ashok Roy

Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil The National Gallery
Department of Geotechnique United Kingdom
Portugal
Yannis Chrissoulakis
Eddy De Witte Sacred Convent of the Annunciation-IMSP
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK/IRPA) Ormylia Art Diagnosis Centre
Belgium Greece
Mauro Matteini Maurizio Marabelli

Opificio delle Pietre Dure Istituto Centrale per il Restauro
Italy Italy
Rolf Snethlage Rocco Mazzeo

Bavarian State Department of Historical Monuments International Centre for the Study of the Preservation
Germany and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)
Italy
Alberto de Tagle
The Getty Conservation Institute Jean-Louis Boutaine
USA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Laboratoire des Musées de France
France
158
MUSOMED
Mutual sources on modern Mediterranean architec-
ture: towards an open and shared system
http://www.architecturesmodernesenmediterranee.net

Modern architecture in the southern and eastern Mediterranean The successive steps of the project have led to the conception of a
(which can be broadly understood to mean. 19th- and 20th-century digital prototype, based on a three-entry model for the data to be
architecture) strongly shapes its current urban landscapes, while processed (topographic location of a given building, actors involved
representing tangible cultural heritage that has long been overlooked. in its construction process, related archive material). The case studies
Its hybrid forms and aesthetics, resulting either from colonisation have helped delineate issues to be solved. As a whole, the project has
or indigenous ‘Europeanisation’ processes, are attracting grow- pointed out a strong digital divide in the field, and as a prerequisite,
ing attention from European and Mediterranean scholars alike, in the pressing need for significant IT training (from indexing images
architectural history and/or in postcolonial studies. Awareness from to acquaintance with online information) for potential users of the
concerned institutions in the southern Mediterranean (city councils, platform. The state of art has shown that there is little trusted and
national agencies, non-governmental organisations) is perceptible. organised online information on the topic, and successive meetings
The demand for specialised and accurate knowledge in this new with varied groups of experts have clearly demonstrated that a sig-
research field is not met by any consistent documentary offer. nificant share of relevant information is kept today, besides European
Internet specialised resources are virtually non-existent, online data public collections, on individual laptops. Specialised scholars have
is difficult to retrieve due to non-geographical indexing of exist- expressed interest in sharing their data under certain conditions;
ing information, relevant primary material is scattered across the standard agreements are being discussed to this end within the inter-
Mediterranean in a multitude of non-, little- or badly inventoried national research group Architectures modernes en Méditerranée
collections, due to transliteration problems in particular. Access and with potential future partners. This evolution has led different
to material, often of fragile nature, is not easy. Research entails levels of access to the projected digital platform to be envisaged,
manipulating data of a heterogeneous nature (multilingual written from full access granted to contributors to a limited view offered to
material, period pictures and contemporary images and drawings), the general public.
calling for specific treatment.
4. Policy impact
A first impact concerns the enhancement of working methodologies
MUSOMED is addressing these issues by using the latest informa- in the field of humanities. Platforms of shared data remain rare and
tion technologies, within the framework of a Euro-Mediterranean the project can propose feedback on the topic. Methods to deal with
partnership. Its specific objective is the feasibility study of a proto- Mediterranean toponyms, and their varying transliterations over
type of research infrastructure (digital platform) in an open source, time, are of interest to any European librarian or archive curator
facilitating remote access to relevant and trusted heterogeneous keeping Mediterranean material – i.e. that related to North Africa
documentary data, and allowing for their cross-searching. The struc- or the Middle East – and in particular in medium-sized institutions
ture and organisation of the platform have been defined through a that cannot afford specialised librarians. Finally, facilitating access
series of case studies, consortium discussions and expert meetings. to archive material in the field of architecture and construction has
Available sources have been scrutinised, and the problems raised by appeared of notable interest for architectural firms involved in con-
the current digital offer on the topic identified. The legal questions servation and rehabilitation, as well as for educational purposes in
involved in the use of the diverse types of data concerned have been architectural schools.
confronted. Case studies have helped test the appropriate methodolo-
gies for dealing with distinct data configurations, from information 5. Dissemination and exploitation of the
kept in European library holdings to data acquired through fieldwork
results
and in Mediterranean archive collections.
The project has produced two flyers and two successive brochures.
An abstract and PowerPoint presentation are available on the web.
The visual and textual documentation gathered will be used to start
implementing the projected platform of shared resources.
159
MUSOMED
Contract number: CIT6-028817

Start date–end date: 01/05/06–31/10/08
Contract type: FP6 Specific Support Action
Mercedes Volait
CNRS : IN VISU joint research unit, USR 3103
Institut national d’histoire de l’art
2, rue Vivienne 75002 – Paris
France
Email:mercedes.volait@inha.fr
Tel: +33-1 47 03 89 84
Ezio Godoli
Universita degli Studi du Firenze, Dipartimento di Storia Documenting indigenous modernity: Eugénie Ackaoui’s apart-
dell’Architettura e della Città ment building, by C. Floridia, arch., 1927 in Heliopolis (docu-
Italy ment showing condition in 1930). (Credit: Volait’s collection).

Ahmed Saadaoui
Université de la Manouba, UR Villes historiques de la Tunisie
et de la Méditerranée
Tunisia
Hybdrid forms: an ‘apartment villa’ in Heliopolis (Cairo),

conceived by Nubar Kevorkian, architect, 1927, in course of
restoration in 2005.
(Credit: M. Volait)
160
OSNET
Thematic network on ornamental and dimensional stones
http://www.osnet.ntua.gr

Stones have always played a significant role in all human activities. The OSNET network has achieved excellent deliverables, both in
The need for stones, for both construction and decorative purposes, quantity and quality. Much effort has been put in by the administra-
has never ceased, becoming more and more important. The stone tion group and the coordinator to manage such a large network and
industry is of strategic importance to some economies, including that make it work properly. Among the various activities carried out, the
of the EU. A significant part (65%) of the total world production can following can be highlighted as the most important ones:
be attributed to EU countries, representing a market of about €20 bil- aa organisation of four workshops, in Athens (Greece), in Pisa
lion. Therefore, in order for the EU sector to remain competitive and (Italy), in Valencia (Spain) with a much higher than expected
maintain its leading position in the global market, a number of generic participation, and in Ioannina (Greece);
problems have to be addressed. These problems mainly concern: aa publication of 15 volumes of technical editions, each of more
aa low productivity and efficiency in quarrying operations than 150 pages, addressing highly important topics of the stone
aa low productivity in processing operations sector;
aa huge quantities of waste material produced during quarrying and aa publication of OSNET NEWS, the newsletter of our network and
processing operations its circulation to more than 500 recipients involved in the sector
aa lack of standard, easy-to-use and industrially applicable method- activities;
ology for stone characterisation/classification aa establishment of the OSNET website, containing not only useful
aa fluctuation in the quality of the final product information on the network objectives, members, activities and
aa high labour and energy cost in the EU achievements, but also information of a wider interest to the stake-
aa environmental management of quarries and wastes produced. holders of the sector in the form of statistics and presentations.
The main purpose and challenge of OSNET was to address all these The OSNET network managed to bring most of the key players
problems through the organisation of a number of well-planned of the stone sector together and was the starting point of the
activities. The OSNET network was developed, as an instrumental I-STONE Integrated Project, which has been approved for fund-
tool, in order to meet the sector needs by providing the necessary ing by the EC.
forum to share problems and experience, and to facilitate the transfer
and incorporation of technology to the interested European market
companies and organisations.

The broad aim of OSNET was to create an organised interface
between the different EU players in the ornamental stones sec-
tor, raw material producers, equipment manufacturers, technology
developers, national centres, departments of trade and industry and
end-users, in order to improve the competitiveness of the sector and
secure its global position. In this context, the main objectives of
OSNET were to:
aa coordinate activities in the ornamental stones sector;
aa identify and define technical problems in the sector;
aa disseminate and transfer technology to the participating EU
organisations;
aa provide support and consultancy to European industries and
organisations active in the sector;
aa establish close contacts and cooperation between the different
sector players.
The activities planned in the framework of OSNET aimed to address
the problems of the sector effectively and to lead to a harmonised
and unified European market, which should increase the share of the
ornamental stone sector with beneficial effects to the EU economy
and employment.
161
OSNET
into Spanish in order to facilitate the dissemination of the collected
4. Policy impact technological knowledge at national level. The OSNET Network
involved 73 European organisations of which 18 are ornamental and
The activities planned in the framework of OSNET aimed to address dimensional stone quarrying and processing companies, seven are
the problems of the sector effectively and to lead to a harmonised equipment manufacturers, 34 research institutes, two public organi-
and unified European market, which should increase the share of the sations, eight consulting companies and four associations. The high
ornamental stone sector with beneficial effects to the EU economy number of network members and the extent of the foreseen delivera-
and employment. Part of these activities was the publication of bles necessitated the establishment of an efficient network structure.
special technical editions and guidelines, and the organisation of
training courses, while in the structure of OSNET, a whole sector
was devoted to technology-transfer issues. Apart from prevent-
ing future job losses, OSNET also contributed to the creation of a
qualified workforce. Furthermore, the network tried to assist local
SMEs, currently forming 95% of the sector and which do not have
easy and direct access to the newest information and modern tech-
nological tools, to acquire the necessary technology and information.
Finally, OSNET has sought to promote, indirectly, quality of life for
European citizens through the reduction of huge quantities of waste
generated in all stages of stone production, the reduction of emissions
and noise near production areas, rehabilitation of abandoned quar-
ries, and fulfilment of the market needs and requirements.

of the results
The dissemination activities mainly included the preparation of the Contract number: G1RT-CT-2001-05019
appropriate material and presentation of the network to fairs and Start date – End date: 1/06/01– 31/10/04
conferences in order to inform the wider public on the OSNET activi- Contract type: FP5 Thematic Network
ties and the resulting added European value, organisation of open Duration (in months): 41
technology transfer days/training courses, and exploitation of the
network editions. A website has also been prepared and an informa- Coordinator details:
tive pamphlet advertising the network editions has been distributed Dr Ioannis Paspaliaris
Laboratory of Metallurgy, School of Mining and Metallurgical
at fairs. Articles have been published in the Greek and Italian press
engineering, Zografos Campus,
and specialised magazines have promoted the OSNET aims and
GR_15780 Athens, Greece
reported on the OSNET workshops and sectorial meetings. Two of E-mail: paspali@metal.ntua.gr
the OSNET editions have already been translated into Greek and one Tel: +30 210 772 2176
162
PANEURO
5th EC conference – cultural heritage research:
a pan-European challenge
http://www.heritage.xtd.pl
1. Problems to be solved Europe, and a poster session presenting local or national activities, specific
issues, problems and solutions.
The principal objective of the 5th EC Conference ‘Cultural Heritage
Research: a Pan-European Challenge’, organised 16–18 May 2002 in 4. Policy impact
Krakow, Poland, was to foster cooperation between Western Europe
and Central Eastern Europe by highlighting experiences and achieve- It was the first time that this conference had taken place in a candidate
ments as well as problems specific to each side. country. Its title “Cultural heritage research: a Pan-European chal-
lenge” was chosen, referring to the new enlarging Europe where the
2. Scientific objectives and approach protection and integration of our common European cultural heritage
has a very important role to play. A particular challenge is the integra-
The specific objectives of the conference were to: tion of the research potential of the Newly Associated States into the
aa present results of concluded or advanced projects from the European Research Area.
Framework Programmes, with emphasis on East–West collabora-
tive research; 5. Dissemination and exploitation
aa present national or regional activities with emphasis on mutual
of the results
opening up and networking in the perspective of the European
Research Area; The accompanying press and media event attracted journalists from 15 coun-
aa review the research requirements of SMEs active in the cultural tries and helped to disseminate the results of this conference, not only to experts
heritage market from the perspective of the needs of their clients in the field of cultural heritage but also to the general public. 700 copies of the
– the owners/managers of cultural heritage; conference report were published in book form under the title Proceedings of
aa see how research can help the cities both in Member States and the 5th EC conference cultural heritage research: a Pan-European challenge.
candidate countries to protect and integrate cultural heritage The proceedings contain all the welcome addresses and plenary lectures,
into the living city, to enhance cultural identity of the citizens, 13 contributions from the invited speakers during the plenary sessions, 60
to secure the economic and employment benefits of sustainable oral presentations during 4 workshops, 4 reports with conclusions and rec-
cultural tourism; ommendations of the workshops, and 72 abstracts of posters. The proceed-
aa involve a wide range of stakeholders from across Europe – ings are also available in electronic form and can be downloaded from the
researchers, planners, architects, businesses, city experts and conference website at http://www.heritage.xtd.pl. Full versions of many of
administrators, owners of objects; the posters with all texts and illustrations are also available on the website.
aa secure wide participation of participants from the candidate countries.
3. Achieved scientific results Start date – End date: 01/01/02 – 31/07/03
Contract type: FP5 Accompanying measure
The conference was successfully organised within the planned dates. It fol- Duration (in months): 19
lowed the earlier conferences of Rome (1997), Aachen (1998), Santiago di
Compostela (1999) and Strasbourg (2000), but had its own identity, reflect-
Dr Roman Kozlowski
ing the needs and recognising the location and timing. The end of the Fifth Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry,
Framework Programme and the preparations for new opportunities in the Polish Academy of Sciences
Sixth Framework Programme was an appropriate time to survey the state of ul. Niezapominajek 8, PL-30-239 Kraków, Poland
collaborative European research in the field, to review the technologies and E-mail: nckozlow@cyf-kr.edu.pl
methods that had been proposed and tested, and to consider what still needed Tel: +48 12 6395119
to be done and explored. A new approach was adopted in the organisation of
the conference. It was the first time that an open call for papers and poster
presentations was made. The aim was to make the scope of the conference as
wide as possible and to ensure that all interested persons could establish the
state of the art in the cultural heritage field in Eastern and Western Europe.
More than 300 participants from the EU and candidate countries, as well as
from the Ukraine, Israel, Turkey, Egypt and even South America made this
conference a success and demonstrated the importance of cultural heritage
issues. A wide participation of young researchers and students especially
from the candidate countries was important. The conference comprised
plenary sessions illustrating the present state of the research and setting the
base for future activities, workshops reviewing major challenges in the field
of cultural heritage and exploring the wealth of relevant expertise across
163
SAUVEUR
Safeguarded cultural heritage – understanding and
viability for the enlarged Europe
http://www.arcchip.cz/ec-conference/
1. Problems to be solved stration salon” was opened to innovative products and processes.
In the final plenary session, the conference adopted the Prague
The project aimed at the consolidation and impact assessment of concluding message. This document presents the joint standpoint of
results achieved in EU and other international research projects relat- representatives of major European and international bodies support-
ed to movable and immovable cultural heritage. Special focus was ing cultural heritage research including the European Commission,
given the exploitation and spin-off of cultural heritage research results UNESCO, Council of Europe, ICOMOS, ICCROM, ICOM, Europa
and testing of the acceptability of new sustainability approaches and Nostra, Organisation of World Heritage Cities, Getty Conservation
new technologies by the user community, SMEs, owners, managers Institute; to summarise these conclusions, all stakeholders expressed
and restorers or conservators of the cultural heritage. SAUVEUR a strong demand that cultural heritage be mainstreamed into EU
was designed to further define the role of Europe’s cultural heritage and national policies and research programmes. In this respect,
research within the international context and as part of international the European institutions should support the incorporation of cul-
cooperation. tural heritage themes into relevant priorities and tasks of Seventh
Framework Programme, and mitigate unintentional negative effects
2. Scientific objectives and approach on cultural heritage of other EU legislation in application of the
Article 151.4 of the EC Treaty; in addition, the newly established
SAUVEUR consisted of the organisation of the 7th European European Research Council (ERC) should consider in its pro-
Conference on Cultural Heritage Research in Prague, in 2006. grammes the importance of basic research for cultural heritage.
The wider public was addressed by means of special accompanying
events in order to ensure feedback and response from non-profes-
sional stakeholders. The conference comprised sessions dealing
with political exploitation and public dissemination of cultural herit-
age research, the international role of European cultural heritage
research, poster displays and verbal presentations of policy impact
assessment, research infrastructure achievements, innovative appli-
cations and new ideas, as well as coordination of national education
and research into cultural heritage issues.
Dr Miloš Drdácký, ITAM (left), main organiser of the Sauveur conference
During the conference, attention was especially given to the fact that
there is a wide range of accumulated problems in historical settle-
ments affecting the movable and immovable heritage and related to
environmental changes, social impacts, economic issues, growing
tourism and inadequate cultural heritage management as well as
threats from natural hazards. All these issues require that cultural
heritage research continues to develop advanced environmental tech-
Dr. Andrea Tilche, DG Research, representing the European nologies through the knowledge generated from basic research and
Commission the adaptation of scientific developments from other sectors.
3. Achieved scientific results 4. Policy impact

More than 280 participants from 37 countries representing a large The project demonstrates that research into cultural heritage has a strong
number of research and end-user organisations from the public and potential for harmonisation of European policies and for enhancing the
private sector took part in 210 oral presentations and almost 100 competitiveness of industry in various fields, from large construction
posters related to the themes of the parallel sessions, and a “demon- companies to diverse SMEs. The conference facilitated transfer, exploi-
164
SAUVEUR
tation and impact assessment of past and present programme results,

improved coordination of research into cultural heritage, which helped
to formulate ERA-NET Cultural Heritage programme, and increased
political support to the European Construction Technology Platform –
Focus Area Cultural Heritage.
Beyond the EU, national and regional governments and relevant
authorities in Europe have been asked to integrate into their research
programmes scope for cultural heritage research and support for related
research infrastructure, and facilitate ways of overcoming the fragmen-
tation of research for the cultural heritage research community. Finally,
public–private partnerships as specific European Technology Platforms
are expected to take into account the specific needs of cultural heritage
in order to respond to new and complex challenges as mentioned above,
and non governmental organisations should promote further public par-
ticipation in cultural heritage research which favourably impacts on the
environment, energy, sustainability and quality of life.

of the results
Recent European research results have been disseminated over and
above standard diffusion and exploitation activities of individual
projects. They are published in the conference proceedings gathering
oral presentations as well as extended abstracts of posters, and avail-
able in a printed version and on the project website.

Dr Miloš Drdácký, Associate Professor
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy
of Sciences (ITAM)
Czech Republic
Email: drdacky@itam.cas.cz
Tel: +420286885382
165
SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE
Science and technology of the environment for
the sustainable protection of cultural heritage
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/learning/asc/
1. Problems to be solved for cultural heritage protection can meet the requirements of policy-
makers for evidence of environmental degradation.
A need was identified to disseminate the results of EC Research
for the Protection of Cultural Heritage to professionals, particularly 5. Dissemination and exploitation
those in the early part of their career, who are working in the field
of the results
of conservation and conservation science. Conservation practitioners
need greater awareness of the relevance of scientific research being The instructors all prepared course notes to accompany their ses-
done in their subject so that they make use of it. It was also identified sions. These have been disseminated after the course through the
that there is limited integration and use of research results in educa- course website, which has been made freely accessible to the cultural
tion and training courses. heritage community at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/
learning/asc/. As a condition of acceptance onto the course all the
2. Scientific objectives and approach participants prepared and implemented a dissemination plan on what
they had learned in their home countries and institutions.
The objectives were, through an EC Advanced Study Course, to:
aa disseminate recent scientific research relevant to the sustainable Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-65001
protection of cultural heritage among scientists from EU Member Start date – End date: 01/11/01 – 31/05/02
States, newly accessioned states and candidate countries, thus Contract type: FP5 Accompanying Measure
levelling the playing field within Europe; Duration (in months): 7
aa communicate this research through a variety of teaching meth-
odologies and techniques. The course comprised approximately Coordinator details:
60% practical and 40% traditional teaching; Prof. May Cassar,
aa demonstrate to participants that results of scientific research must
Graduate Studies, University College London, Gower Street,
be applied and diffused at different levels in order to address
GB-WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
the expectations of a wide range of end-users. Participants were E-mail: m.cassar@ucl.ac.uk
asked to devise a dissemination plan for their own countries, after Tel: +44 20 7679 1780
the course.

The Advanced Study Course took place in London in April 2002.
14 leading researchers in the field of cultural heritage preserva-
tion taught the course, which consisted of 18 sessions over two
weeks. Emphasis was placed on exercises, practical activities
and study visits, as well as traditional lecturing. 35 participants
with backgrounds in conservation and conservation science were
selected from 127 applications received from the 25 Member
States, newly accessioned states and candidate countries. The
course was considered to be highly successful: 93% rated it as
fulfilling or exceeding their expectations. University College
London remained in contact with the participants and monitored
the outcome of their dissemination plans, in order to assess the
overall impact of the course.
4. Policy impact
The Advanced Study Course contributed to the stated aim of
“decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation”
(Introduction to Work Programme for Part A: Environment and
Sustainable Development) by disseminating the latest research find-
ings and information on how science and technology can be used in
the protection of European cultural heritage in a sustainable society.
The material presented suggested ways in which scientific research
166
SUSTAINING HERITAGE
Sustaining Europe’s cultural heritage:
from research to policy
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/
1. Problems to be solved aa The three-day conference deliverables included: conference press

release; four workshops; draft conference recommendations; and
One of the fundamental principles of sustainability is not to consume post-conference study visits – September 2004
the Earth’s non-renewable resources. Cultural heritage is a prime aa Publishing of conference report and final project report – April
example of a non-renewable resource and by virtue of its longevity is 2005
an exemplar of sustainability in action. aa Declaration approved by participants at the end of the conference
stressing the importance of research for a sustainable cultural
Sustainability and its implementation in terms of environment, heritage and stating a series of recommendations
economy and society is high on the European political agenda. This
project aimed to demonstrate how sustainability could contribute to
the preservation of, and access to, cultural heritage, thus enhancing 4. Dissemination and exploitation
the long-term future of both the moveable and immoveable herit-
of the results
age. Equally, this project would also demonstrate how European
cultural heritage is an integral part of a sustainable society. For aa Marketing of conference, including electronic direct mailing of
example, by maintaining the use of historic buildings, unnecessary event details to more then 10 000 people and organisations work-
new construction and its associated material and energy costs to ing in conservation and related research
the environment are avoided. However, the evolution of European aa Diffusion of conference findings by delegates to the wider cul-
policy for the protection of cultural heritage has been rather slow, tural heritage community – from September 2004
has rarely been underpinned by sound scientific research and has aa Publication of conference papers, including conference report –
often missed the links that could be made between cultural heritage April 2005
and sustainability. aa Dedicated website posting information about the conference and
This project sought to address these issues through a European con- its findings
ference Sustaining Europe’s cultural heritage: from research to policy
held in London in September 2004. Over three days, the conference
addressed the theme of sustainability of cultural heritage through Contract number: SSP 513668
presentations of recent cultural heritage research, workshop sessions, Start date – End date: 01/05/04–30/04/05
discussions, poster presentations and study visits. The conference Contract type: FP6 Specific Support Action
was aimed at stakeholders involved in the issues of sustaining herit- Duration (in months): 12
age, including conservation practitioners, scientists, SMEs, managers
and including policy-makers whose long-term decisions directly and Coordinator details:
indirectly affect the preservation of cultural heritage. Prof. May Cassar
Centre for Sustainable Heritage
The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College
London
2. Scientific objectives and approach Gower Street
London WC1E 6BT
The project was essentially a conference, held in London on 1–3 United Kingdom
September 2004, for a large range of stakeholders who worked in Tel: +44 20 7679 1780
or in relation to the cultural heritage area. The conference presented Fax: +44 20 7916 1887
recent cultural heritage research, held workshop sessions, discussions
and study visits. The aim was to encourage a better understanding
between policy-makers, professionals and researchers who work in
cultural heritage, and to promote best practice. The conference also
examined how the principles of sustainability can best be applied to
the preservation of cultural heritage.

aa Appointing local organising committee and international sci-
entific committee – May 2004
aa Publishing conference marketing materials and call for papers
– May 2004
aa Approval of conference programme and presentations – August 2004
167
168
Chapter 7
7. Cultural heritage and Mediterranean third
countries (international cooperation)
169
170
Introduction Nowhere is the past more layered in Europe than around the
Mediterranean basin – a region which has been the cradle of great
civilisations, fundamental sources of modern knowledge and culture,
and all our technological and aesthetic achievements. EU-supported
research brings together EU and partner countries around the region
to enhance and preserve its rich cultural legacy and targets the
Mediterranean’s long-range sustainable development by boosting
exchanges of scientific know-how and technologies, as well as links
between research centres, businesses and other stakeholders.
The preservation of the Mediterranean’s cultural heritage is a com-

plex challenge that requires a broad multidisciplinary approach to
the study of materials, artefacts, monuments and social organisation.
There is astonishing diversity of cultural heritage projects: to cite
only a few of these, for example, ARCHIMED studied glazed ceram-
ics conferring decoration and functional properties to buildings used
since several thousands of years, while DESERT PATINA studied
Saharan prehistoric rock figuration and EC-FORTMED developed
a holistic approach to restoring and using medieval castles in eastern
Mediterranean countries. Many of these structures are in a bad state
and need immediate preventive attention for their very stability.
FOGGARA studied traditional water catchment systems in the

Sahara and semi-arid regions to preserve their cultural heritage value
and promote their sustainable qualities. PROHITECH devised tech-
nological approaches to protecting historical buildings against earth-
quakes while OPERHA aims to design, test and validate an adaptable
integrated ‘package’ for structural strengthening historical buildings
in the Mediterranean area, based on advanced composite materials.
Other projects have focused on cultural monuments such as mosques

and public baths: CAHRISMA and ERATO has studied the acoustics
of mosques and ancient theatres, while HAMMAM assessed the
central and social place of traditional hammams and the possibility
of reuse or revival. Finally, MED-COLOUR-TECH studied the opti-
misation and possible revival of traditional dyeing materials.
171
ARCHI-MED GLAÇURES
Composite archaeomaterials, glass-ceramic,
of architecture in Mediterranean space
1. Problems to be solved art and techniques (Museum of Manises). It also called on experts
from the European network – PACT-FER – specialists in pottery,
Two types of problem were approached and solved: the ARCHI-MED research, as curators, etc.
programme relates to an emblematic material of the Mediterranean
architectural cultural heritage – glazed ceramic. Used to protect and 3. Achieved scientific results:
decorate public or private buildings, it is a composite material of
cultural heritage and nano-technology
synthesis, in the modern sense of the word. Its composite character
confers decorative and functional properties so remarkable that since of medieval Islam
its invention thousands of years ago, this type of glazed ceramic is At the beginning, observations were only performed on a micromet-
still used today in the Mediterranean area. Nowadays in architec- ric scale. To explain the colouring of the metallic lustre, it was nec-
ture, glazed ceramic is utilised for the decoration or rehabilitation essary, to our great surprise, to carry out nanometric observations.
of ancient buildings, and its production contributes to the dynamism The results were as follows:
of the industry. aa the optical properties of a metallic lustre result from the interaction
of the light with the silver and/or copper nano-particles.
The first problem is structural and methodological: the glazed aa the colouring is due to the phenomenon of resonance plasmon
ceramic is traditionally tackled by art historians, technicians, restor- between the electronic clouds of metal particles and light.
ers or architects who do not have another resource available to them
to recreate these artefacts, and they call upon craftsmen or industry. 4. Policy impact
Unfortunately, time shows that the result is often disappointing: cur-
rent technologies do not have the same knowledge. Further scientific and technical results were achieved: this pro-
gramme crystallised an area full of cooperation between profession-
The second problem – of a more scientific nature – relates to seek- als and researchers for the future. For example, a substantial project
ing answers to questions concerning physical and technical charac- involving 41 teams (researchers, companies) from 18 countries in
teristics: techniques, decoration and deterioration of some types of the Mediterranean area envisages an export of knowledge to Central
ceramics in architectural decoration. Asia, which uses much of this type of material for the conservation
of architectural heritage.
Is it possible to solve the mystery of Baghdad’s men who created, in
the mid-9th century AD, extraordinary tiles with a metallic lustre 5. Dissemination and exploitation
decoration which still decorate the mihrab of Sidi Oqba’s mosque in
of the results
Kairouan, Tunisia?
The results were presented to professional ceramists (craft and industry)
2. Scientific objectives and approach at three meetings and four exhibitions between 2000 and 2003. There
were 29 publications in specialised reviews, five PhDs, the creation of a
To achieve the scientific objectives, the research strategy consisted of thematic database, five training actions, masters’ dissertations, 35 com-
working on archaeological samples in situ (Kairouan) or those from munications and the edition of a synthesis report of 244 pages.
scientific excavations (Paterna, Ravello, Dax, etc.). Some methods of
observation or analysis were conventional and common – imagery
in scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy,
elementary analyses associated with energy-dispersive X-ray spec-
trometry, identification of the crystallised phases by X-ray diffrac-
tion, Raman spectrometry, etc. Other methods were more unusual for
cultural heritage objects – texture by cathodoluminescence; analysis
in situ (at Kairouan) of optical properties by spectral analysis of
the reflected light of the decorations; photoelectron spectrometry
to specify the state of oxidation of metals; Auger spectrometry to
identify and locate some components, etc.
We not only used the most modern resources of physical science

but also took a resolutely multi-field approach, with specialists of
ancient texts, archaeologists, curators, etc. The consortium consisted
of four partners who were physicists (Universities of Bordeaux 3 and
Meknes), physicochemists (University of Istanbul), and historians of Kairouan (Tunisia), Sidi Oqba mosque
172
ARCHI-MED GLAÇURES
Josep Perez Camps

Contract number: ICA-3-CT-1999-00002 Museu de la ceramica de Manises
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research Spain
Mustapha Haddad
Coordinator details: Université Mouley Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Département
Prof Max Schvoerer de Physique, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique, UFR
Réseau PACT-FER, 10 rue Charles Gounod, FR-33130 Bègles,
France Interactions ondes-matières
E-mail: schvoerer@u-bordeaux3.fr Morocco
Tel: +33 5 57 12 45 46; +33 5 56 85 03 66
Tülay Tulun
Technical University of Istanbul, Faculty of Science and
Letters,
Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory
Turkey
Lusterware on glazed ceramics: Double aspect according to the angle of observation (Diffuse Light or Specular Reflexion): side by
side gilded and blue reflections (SR)
173
CAHRISMA
Conservation of the architectural heritage by the revival
and identification of the Sinan’s mosques’ acoustics
http://server.oersted.dtu.dk/www/oldat/cahrisma/

of the results
In the conservation and restoration of historical monuments, it is the
concepts related to visual and material features that are usually taken To ensure the dissemination and exploitation of the results, both
into consideration. However, for the spaces with an acoustic signifi- to the public and scientific community, various publications were
cance, preserving cultural heritage should include the preservation of completed:
the acoustic heritage as well. This project was designed to provide a aa A special session on the worship spaces’ acoustics was organised
methodology and an example to innovate the architectural heritage at the Forum Acusticum 2002 (Seville, Spain, September 2002).
concept by widening it to cover acoustic heritage. aa Several papers were presented at the international workshop on
3D virtual heritage (Geneva, Switzerland, October 2002).
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa A CAHRISMA workshop was organised (Istanbul, Turkey
December 2002). Most of the project’s results were presented at
The CAHRISMA project is designed to upgrade the architectural this workshop.
heritage and conservation concepts by coordinating architecture,
acoustics, psychoacoustics and computer sciences. The main objec- Due to the good cooperation among the CAHRISMA project’s part-
tive of the CAHRISMA project was to develop the concept of ‘com- ners, the relationship established has been maintained in a similar
bined architectural heritage’ – a new way of identification that covers project ERATO, which is currently being undertaken within the 5th
acoustic as well as visual characteristics. The basic approaches of Framework INCO-MED Programme. Due to this successive coop-
the project were acoustic and architectural identification, objec- eration, dissemination activities were also continued after the official
tive and subjective evaluations and audiovisual reconstruction of end of the project:
Sinan’s mosques and Byzantine churches in interactive 3D virtual aa The project was presented at the CeBIT Congress (Istanbul,
environment. Identification, revival and restitution of the combined Turkey, 31 August–5 September 2003).
architectural heritage of selected monuments were sought in order aa A special session was held on CAHRISMA within the scope of
to create an integrated audiovisual system including virtual humans XIXth
and to conserve the cultural heritage in a virtual environment (see aa International Symposium CIPA–UNESCO ‘New Perspectives to
Figures 1 and 2). Save Cultural Heritage’ (Antalya, Turkey, September 2003).
aa A paper, Documentation and Virtual Conservation of Acoustical
Heritage, relating to the CAHRISMA and ERATO projects,
3. Achieved scientific results was presented at 6th European Commission Conference
on Sustaining Europe’s Cultural Heritage (London, United
The acoustic properties of the selected spaces were analysed, Kingdom, September 2004).
evaluated and compared by objective and subjective means. Virtual aa A paper, Documentation and Virtual Conservation of Acoustical
acoustic conservation and restitution of all the worship spaces inves- Heritage, relating to the CAHRISMA and ERATO projects, was
tigated in the CAHRISMA project (Sokullu, Süleymaniye, Selimiye presented at the 7th National Acoustical Congress (Nevsehir,
Mosques and SS Sergius and Bacchus, Saint Sophie, Saint Irene Turkey, November 2004).
Churches) were realised. Virtual audiovisual conservation and resti- aa A paper concerning ERATO and CAHRISMA research projects
tution of the selected CAHRISMA buildings (Sokullu Mosque and was presented at the UIA 2005 – XXII World Congress of
SS Sergius and Bacchus Church) were undertaken. A virtual group Architecture – (Istanbul, Turkey, 30 June–10 July 2005).
of worshippers, acting in a liturgical ceremony, was created and aa A paper Virtual Conservation of Acoustical Heritage: CAHRISMA
added to reinforce the virtual reality. Design criteria relating to the and ERATO Projects was presented at the Forum Acusticum
mosques’ acoustics were developed. Thus, an example of the innova- 2005 (Budapest, Hungary, 29 August–2 September 2005).
tion of conservation and restitution studies was given by the complete
audiovisual conservation of the religious edifices – undoubtedly the
best examples of their type and era.
4. Policy impact
The probject developed a methodology that should have apparent
benefits, both in identification and conservation fields, to implement
the combined architectural heritage.
174
CAHRISMA
Contract number: ICA3-1999-00007

Prof Zerhan Yuksel (Karabiber)
Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Faculty of Architecture,
Building Physics Department
Besiktas, TR-34349 Istanbul
Turkey Virtual crowd entering mosque and performing Namaz
E-mail: karabi@yildiz.edu.tr ceremony (EPFL final report 2003)
Tel: +90 212 259 70 70 ext. 2255
Jens Holger Rindel

Technical University of Denmark
Acoustic Technology Department
Denmark
Roberto Pompoli
Universita degli Studi di Ferrara
Dipertimento di Ingegneria
Italy
Daniel Thalmann
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Computer Graphics Lab-LIG
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Switzerland
Real-time virtual reconstruction of Sokullu Mosque
(EPFL final report 2003) Nadia Magnenat Thalmann
Université de Genève
VR lab
Switzerland
Michel Vallet
Institut AEDIFICE
Lyon
France
Paul Micallef
University of Malta
Communication and Computer Engineering Dept.
Malta
175
CERAMED
Identification, recovery and improvement of ancient
Mediterranean ceramic manufacturing technologies
for the reproduction of ceramic artefacts of archaeo-
logical value
http://www.cera-med.net
ern spectroscopic techniques (e.g. infrared, Raman, XRD, XRF,

1. Problems to be solved SEM, CT-scan);
aa establish spectroscopic databases for estimating the composition
Many original technologies used in the production of ancient and his- of ceramic bodies and firing conditions employed by ancient
torical Mediterranean ceramics have been lost or forgotten over the ceramists;
years. Among them are those related to Attic black and red figured aa evaluate lead-safe formulations with regards to their use as glaze
vases from Greece (7th–4th century BC), Terra Sigillata from Spain materials of Iznik- and Majolica-type ceramics;
(2nd century BC–2nd century AD), Nabataean ceramics from Jordan aa develop process control criteria for the reliable reproduction of
(1st century BC–6th century AD), Iznik ceramics from Turkey ceramic artefacts based on natural raw materials;
(15th–17th century AD) and Majolica from Spain and Morocco aa conduct laboratory and full-scale reproductions of the five ceram-
(17th–18th century AD). Six research teams have collaborated to ic types, based on a thorough understanding of failure causes and
revive the original technologies involved in the production of ancient improvement of production yield.
and historical Mediterranean ceramics through the CERAMED
project funded by the European Commission. The main aim of this 4. Policy impact
project was to understand the techniques involved in the production
of these ceramics, and to develop technologically authentic muse- Through CERAMED, important aspects of the Mediterranean cul-
um-quality reproductions and new high-quality ceramic artefacts tural heritage have been preserved and new economic opportunities
inspired by ancient designs and techniques. for local enterprises are arising.
2. Scientific objectives and approach To avoid problems of authentication in the art market, the design and
promotion of a CERAMED ‘Museum Quality’ label for technological-
The key objectives of CERAMED were to: ly authentic and aesthetically sound reproductions have been adopted.
identify raw materials used in the production of ancient Mediterranean
ceramics. 5. Dissemination and exploitation
aa recover lost manufacturing techniques.
of the results
aa improve manufacturing processes by applying modern scientific
methods, while respecting health and safety regulations. aa Website (http://www.cera-med.net) providing general informa-
aa disseminate knowledge. tion to the open public.
aa Successful organisation of five major exhibitions in four
The approach to achieve the above objectives involved diverse scien- Mediterranean countries where high-quality ceramic reproduc-
tific expertise including: tions were presented to broad audiences.
aa ethno-archaeological research and documentation to identify aa Multilingual information package on CERAMED results (in
surviving traces of the old techniques; English, Greek, Spanish and Turkish).
aa detailed physicochemical studies of relevant archaeological arte- aa Exhibition catalogue with detailed documentation of the
facts and locally available raw materials; CERAMED reproductions (in English and Greek).
aa experimental ceramic reproductions and evaluation in order to aa DVD on “Mediterranean Ceramics”, describing production
reveal the closest match to the ancient technologies; processes of the five Mediterranean ceramics studied during the
aa consideration of health and safety aspects of contemporary repro- CERAMED project.
ductions aiming at the introduction of lead-safe formulations and aa Series of lectures, training workshops and seminars on CERAMED
practices. results and achievements.
aa 36 conference presentations/articles in journals and books.
3. Scientific results Details are available from the coordinator.
aa MSc and PhD theses:
With CERAMED having come to the end of its operation in June aa Zeybekoglu, H.G., “Hardnes – strength relations for vitreous mate-
2006, the key scientific achievements of the project were to: rials”, MSc, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey, 2004.
aa characterise raw and related materials (clays, mineral pigments) aa Ioannou, E., “Vibrational study of glazes and ceramic materials
used for the production of ceramic artefacts by employing mod- for the reproduction of ceramic artefacts of archaeological value”,
176
CERAMED
MSc, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 2005.
aa Garcia Iñañez, J., “Caracterització arqueomètrica de la ceràmica
majòlica dels centres productors d’Aragó”, DEA, Universitat de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 2005.
aa Madrid i Fernández, M., “Estudi arqueològic i caracteritza-
ció arqueomètrica de la terra sigillata de la ciutat de Baetulo
(Badalona)”, PhD, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
2005.
aa Garcia Iñañez, J., “Caracterització arqueomètrica de la ceràmica
vidrada decorada de la Baixa Edat Mitjana al Renaixement als
centres productors de la Península Ibèrica”, PhD, Universitat de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 2007. Attic Red Figured Lekythos
aa Establishment of three pilot workshops in Morocco, Turkey and
Jordan dedicated to the further study, recovery and revival of the
ancient technologies of Mediterranean ceramics.
aa Raising the awareness of public cultural authorities to the eco-
nomic and moral advantages of encouraging the recovery and
revival of ancient ceramic artefact techniques.

Dr E. I. Kamitsos
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic
Research Foundation,
48 Vass. Constantinou Ave., GR-11635 Athens, Greece
E-mail: eikam@eie.gr
Tel: +30 210 7273828
Fusun Okyar Talal Akasheh

Materials Science Institute, Queen Rania Institute
TUBITAK - Marmara of Tourism and Heritage,
Research Center The Hashemite University
Turkey Jordan
El Arby En-Nachioui
Eleni Aloupi
Faculte des Lettres et
Thetis Authentics Ltd, Science
Sciences Humaines,
Université Mohammed I and Techniques for Art -
Morocco History - Conservation
Greece
Jaume Buxeda i Carrigos
Dept. Prehistòria, Història
Antiga i Arqueologia,
Universitat de Barcelona
Spain
Tile of Iznik type with polychrome glazed decoration
177
CHERK
Cultural heritage enhancement in the region of
Kenitra (Morocco)
http://www.cherk.info
1. Problems to be solved ronmental data, geo-morphological, hydro-geological and geo-

archaeological research data: by amalgamating the datasets, all the
New instruments need to be analysed to understand how to intervene, above data can be part of the same system, for better analyses and
in view of the evaluation of cultural and natural national heritage in statistical processing of data;
the Kenitra region(morocco). 3. three geo-archaeological surveys in sample areas of the Gharb region;
4. two inter-partnership meetings within the enlarged consortium;
2. Scientific objectives and approach 5. the submission of a new SSA (September 2005) for the continu-
ation of the support activities to the research and to sustain the
The main objectives of the project can be analysed at two prin- Euro-Mediterranean consortium;
cipal levels: a local level relates to the actual cultural heritage of 6. a CHERK project website (already updated as CHERK/CHERM
the Gharb region (Morocco), and a macro level involves the whole website, in view of the continuation of the consortium activities
Maghreb region, including Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, extending in the Maghreb).
to Mauritania. These objectives were achieved by:
1. developing evolutionary anthropological studies in North Africa The GIS will also be a useful database (both textual and graphi-
2. databank of the known data of the prehistoric heritage of the area cal) for the recording, easy retrieval, monitoring and display of
3. the creation of protocols to conform the methodologies archaeological resources, and will provide local administrations
4. territorial survey of the Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen region to map with easily available information, for correct management of the
the prehistoric cultural heritage evidence archaeological heritage.
5. meetings to discuss the exploitation of eco-tourist emergen-
cies, through the implementation of new technologies to 4. Policy impact
enhance the territory
6. organisation of working and expert groups aimed at implement- Through the analysis of the history and biology of ancient popula-
ing the project through other instruments of the 6th Framework tions compared with the contemporary ones, it is now possible to
Programme (FP6), with a stronger and wider partnership open to underline the similarities, more than the differences, among peoples
other EU members and Mediterranean partner countries who are nowadays involved in ethnic and religious conflicts, to
7. processing and realisation of a webpage to host the scientific strengthen their cultural roots. The present research can contribute
reports and publication of the maps, and the digital materials to the enforcement of the concept of ‘Euro-Mediterranean culture’, to
8. enhancing technological innovation through the use of GPS, dig- open a dialogue and set up contacts for mutual recognition of values,
ital cameras and GIS software. traditions and cultures.
3. Achieved scientific results At a social level we can list the following: awakening local people
to their national heritage, in particular the younger generation, and
The new partnership gathered accurately reflects the Euro- improving the Barcelona Declaration goals through principles of
Mediterranean spirit of the project, with the participation of cooperation with local institutions and people.
the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (Malta), the Gibraltar
Museum (United Kingdom), the University of Cambridge (United The general objective of INCO activities carried out under FP6 is to
Kingdom), the Université de Perpignan ‘Via Domitia’ (France), help open up the European Research Area to the world. The pres-
the Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle (France), the Deutsches ervation and management of the cultural patrimony are carried on
Archaeologisches Institut (Germany), the Agence Nationale through strategies able to facilitate development, focusing on herit-
d’Archéologie (Algeria), the Institut Mauritanien (Mauritania),, the age and integrating preservation approaches with social-economic
Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine objectives, such as sustainable tourism. The exploitation of signifi-
(Morocco), the Université de Kenitra ‘Ibn Tofail’ (Morocco), the cant prehistoric archaeological sites and specimens encouraged new
University of Naples ‘Federico II’ and the University of Rome ‘La tourist itineraries. Furthermore, a stronger awareness of the impor-
Sapienza’ (Italy). This group is a prerequisite for the development of tance in preserving national cultural heritage helped provide new job
archaeo-anthropological studies in the Maghreb. opportunities in the field.
The achieved results were:
1. mapping of sample areas, prioritising those endangered and/ The environment of the Maghreb today is very different from that
or unknown; before the process of desertification of the Sahara, which culminat-
2. creation of fieldwork forms and a databank for the creation and ed with the almost complete aridity of the region, with the excep-
updating of a GIS: such an instrument offers the perfect match- tion of the land close to the coasts. The archaeological data are
ing of topographical base layers with archive sources, historical strictly correlated to the geographical and ecological perspectives;
and archaeological data, palaeo-demographical and palaeo-envi- the contemporary environmental landscape is the very last stage of
178
CHERK
a continuous and articulated historical exploitation of the territory,
originally chosen for specific aspects. For this reason, scientific
research and skilled technologies used for the CHERK project
objectives contribute to clear up the mystification, the imprecise
and superficial knowledge of Northwest African history.

of the results
Two students from the University of Kenitra presented the CHERK
project objectives and preliminary results at a secondary school in
Kenitra, the Lycée ‘Abdel Malek Saadl’, in line with the aims of
the INCO measures related to the improvement of the awareness of
younger generations towards national cultural heritage.
A website (www.cherk.info) was created as a common instrument

for the partners to share the results of the project and to publicise its
activities. The main language of the site is English, but it is foreseen
that the most public sections were translated into French, Arabic and
Italian – the four languages of the new consortium. All the project
partners’ websites are available by clicking on the respective logos.
Prehistory, geo-archaeology, palaeoecology and anthropological
studies should have immediate scientific deliverables in terms of
scientific publications, but are also the basis for publications aimed at
the general public. New research results were immediately dissemi-
nated through the web and specific educational events.
A press article related to the 2nd Inter-partnership meeting and to the

CHERK project objectives was published in a national newspaper
(Le Matin, 22 April 2005).

Prof. Alfredo Coppa
University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’
Dep. BAU
Piazzale A. Moro, 5
IT-00185, Rome
Italy
E-mail: alfredo.coppa@uniroma1.it
Tel: +39 06 49912350
Mohammed Mehdi
Université de Kenitra ‘Ibn Tofail’
Morocco
179
CHIME
Conservation of historical Mediterranean sites by
innovative seismic protection techniques
http://dipmec.unipv.it/research/chime/
1. Problems to be solved Contract number: ICA3-1999-00006

The project addressed the potential use of appropriate modern Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
seismic protective systems in the preservation and conservation Duration (in months): 37
of Mediterranean historical buildings in earthquake-prone areas.
Modern seismic retrofit techniques applied to existing structures, Coordinator details:
such as the addition of steel moment-resisting frames or shear walls Prof. Fabio Casciati
of reinforced concrete, weaken the historical value of an ancient University of Pavia – Department of Structural Mechanics
via Ferrata 1
building because they are aesthetically apparent. Non-invasive, inno-
IT-27100 Pavia, Italy
vative solutions were conceived and their behaviour was modelled. E-mail: Fabio@dipmec.unipv.it
Tel: +39 0382 985458
Base isolation, which consists of placing isolators and/or dampers
at the foundation level, requires only minor structural modifications Iva Fava
to the building, especially at the foundation level where they are not SIART s.r.l.
aesthetically apparent. As an alternative, small-size devices were Italy
distributed across the monument to dissipate energy. Some of these
devices can be made intelligent (semi-active control), provided that Slim Khosrof
their properties are the result of a suitable control process. Institut National du Patrimoine
Tunisia
Jamel Kacem
A state-of-the-art update was conducted, and a single hazard analysis Institut National de Meteorologie
was adopted across the countries where case studies were identi- Tunisia
fied. In addition, a uniform seismic vulnerability approach was
set up. Case studies were identified in the historical areas of the Themos Demetriou, civil engineer
Mediterranean partners. The retrofitting was designed and numeri- Cyprus
cally simulated.
Adel El Attar
4. Policy impact University of Cairo
Concrete Research Laboratory
Several countries of the Mediterranean basin shared a common Egypt
approach to homogenisation in assessing the vulnerability of the
monumental cultural heritage. Several innovative techniques were Costas Syrmakezis
identified and tested in numerical simulations. Ethnikon Metsovion Polytechnion
Greece
Sami El Borgi
of the results
Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie
aa A special session was organised at the 2nd European Conference Tunisia
of Structural Control held in Paris (France) in July 2000.
aa A special session was also held at the 3rd World Conference of
Structural Control held in Como (Italy) in April 2002.
aa A final dissemination conference took place in Athens (Greece)
in spring 2003.
aa A series of four papers were published in the Journal of Structural
Control & Health Monitoring, 12, 2. 2005.
180
DESERT PATINA
Re-creation of the patina of engraved or painted
saharan sandstones bearing 15 000 years of
climatic changes
1. Problems to be solved warming, with aridity crisis alternation and rainy periods. Then we
briefly touch on two results of the international programme “Patine du
Preparing for the effects of global warming should be a concern for Désert” (2004–07), funded by the European Commission.
“responsible” public institutions: it consists of anticipating, in all fields,
how to face the threat represented by global warming. This is particu- 3. Achieved scientific results
larly true in three sectors – cultural heritage, alimentary and sanitary
risks. In those frequently linked fields, the dangers are diverse. Thermic
or hydric gap, aridity, demography, “return of rain” after drought, floods,
3.1. First: information sources protection
wars and their consequences..., haemorrhagic fever, malaria, ... or viruses (rock art and support, archaeology)
like chikungunya, west Nile and many others! Those diseases frequently Thousands of sandstone engravings and paintings found in the Sahara
have a viral origin with a vector: insects. So what to do? are unknown to the general public. If we manage to read and under-
stand it in connection with other data (archaeology, palaeoclimatology,
physical chronology), those representations of men, women, children
and animals describe the behaviour and reaction of populations to
climatic changes like a comic book. It is important to make this excep-
tional cultural heritage known and preserve it against natural change or
human deterioration. In particular, it is vital to be able to recreate sand-
stone patina when it has been broken by a “desquamation” or graffiti...
This is the first result of the programme which updates knowledge
on sandstone patina formation mechanisms and proposes an original
“recreation” technique of the patina elaborated in laboratories and suc-
cessfully tested in Morocco.
Oukaïmeden, Morocco (alt. 2600 m).

3.2. Human adaptability
The second result underlines particular social organisation types and
On naturally polished rock, we can see an example of rock art group behaviour: life in the herd, hunting and moving as soon as it
engraving (Bronze Age) representing a bovid, covered by black is necessary for group survival. Indeed, considering some Saharan
patina. (Authorisation by the National Centre of Rock Art, prehistoric rock art figurations and crossing with archaeological
Marrakech; Dr. El Graoui.) data from palaeoclimatology and from physical chronology for 10
000 years, this work shows an organised adaptation. The number is
reduced to the minimum with the least possible unnecessary posses-
2. Scientific objectives and approach sions to facilitate migration, enabling the group to survive. In many
cases – whether in cases of aridity or humidity – migration takes
2.1. To elaborate an anticipatory strategy place to high areas (1 000 metres and more) where animals and
An answer to this question is essential in order to prevent our society humans can find good living conditions, vegetation, water to enable
and our children from suffering situations of another age. It is essential them to protect against the sanitary risks, sheltering them from
to look forward, to anticipate like in chess, in order to organise a pre- insects. At last, space seems “open” without other frontiers or limits
ventative and anticipatory strategy. Against famine, salutary measures than those of nature.
have been taken at international level; such measures must be encour-
aged and strengthened to face a “durable” crisis situation. How to 4. Policy impact
tackle the issue of disease, for care situation is not as clear not only in
terms of how to prevent or treat outbreaks but also in how to remedy aa Two public bodies – one in Morocco (Culture Ministry) and one
the differences between the north and south. In the field of viruses, in France (Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine) – participated dynami-
research is underway. For cultural heritage, which clearly needs sig- cally in the programme.
nificant protection, investigations can lead to surprising effects aa An invitation was made to apply the technical knowledge of
“Patine du Désert” in other world regions: South Sahara coun-
2.2. To question the past tries, Central Asia countries, Andes mountains countries (for the
Another way to resolve this issue – while in a more modest way but, last 10 000 years) and in Euro-Mediterranean space (for the last
as we saw, with significant consequences – consists of questioning the 20 000 years).
past. This is the approach taken by this project, in order to determine aa Participation proposals were also made to UNESCO, GIEC and
how some ancient societies found solutions to and survived climatic European Council programme (EUR-OPA Major Risk) actions.
181
DESERT PATINA

of the results
Press articles in general public magazines.
aa Two films (of 14 minutes each)
aa Stamp edition (Morocco 2005)
aa Contact with enterprises specialised in cultural heritage conserva-
tion field.
aa Protection process with a patent (patina “re-creation”).
aa Implication of many partners in organisations specialised in pre-
vention against climatic change risks
aa Scientific publications in specialised journals, communications,
introduction in university Master / doctorate / post-doctorate
level class.
Back Scattered Electrons image by Scanning Electron

Microscopy (grey: quartz, white: K-feldspath, dark grey: clay;
black: porosity). The cement is present more towards the
surface;t
Oukaïmeden (same sample). Patina on surface refilled pore

by clays wealthy in iron and manganese. Clay came from the
rock support. X-ray Cartography of elements: Si, Al, Mn and
Fe.(Doc. Partner CRPAA, Univ.Bordeaux3-CNRS, UMR5060
IRAMAT)
Oukaïmeden sandstone section in white light

Start date – End date: 1/09/04 - 30/11/07
Prof Max Schvoerer, (Archaeomaterials Physic) Cathodoluminescence view (purple-brown: quartz; white:
President of the network K-feldspath, yellow: altered feldspath)
"FER-PACT"
10 rue Charles Gounod, 33130 Bègles
France Figs B, C, D: Oukaïmeden sandstone section (BDX 8872)
Email: schvoerer@u-bordeaux3.fr
Tel: +33 5 57 12 45 46 or +33 5 85 03 66
182
DESERT PATINA
Jean Pierre Massué, Sophie Desgouilles, Barbara Barich and Daniela Zampetti
Mathias Mayer Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
FER-PACT Réseau européen “Sciences et Patrimoine Culturel” Italy
France
Vincenzo Francaviglia
Ginette Aumassip, Nadjib Ferhat, Michel Tauveron and Mohamed Arch. Lucciano Cessari
Alliche Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Association les amis du Tassili Azjer Italy
Algeria
Claude Ney
Mohssine El Graoui, A El Hajraoui and Susan Searight Team : Manuel Boizumault, Sylvain Pont
Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Université de Bordeaux3 - CNRS
Direction du Patrimoine Culturel - Centre National du Patrimoine France
Rupestre de Marrakech,
Morocco Jungner Högne
University of Helsinki
Mahmoud Abdel Moneim Finnish Museum of Natural History
Faculty of Education Finland
Ain Shams University
Department of Biological and Geological Sciences Abichou Akim
Egypt Department of Physical Geography
University of Tunis
Karl-Heinz Striedter Tunisia
Frobenius Institut
Germany
In Sahara, rocks of stoneware are covered of patina (1). They often

carry engravings (2) or paintings. The results of the European
project “Patine du désert” (INCO CT FP6 2004 509100) bring
solutions of 2 problems: - Determined the mechanisms of forma-
tion of the patina and to recreate it (3) - Describe the modalities
of human adaptation to climatic crises arisen for 10 000 years in
Sahara.
Tegharhart, (Djanet, Algeria) massif of sandstone engraved (Central
Sahara) (J-M Bouvier, 2005)
Engravings of bovidienne period (crying cows, Djanet, Algeria).
(J-M Bouvier, 2005)
Cross-section of a sample of sandrock with patina observed in
scanning electron microscope (C.R.P.A.A., 2007)
183
EC-FORTMED
Restoration and use of the early Medieval fortifica-
tions in the East Mediterranean countries
http://users.auth.gr/papayian/

of the results
Castles are small forts, ruined fortresses, citadels in the countryside
and city walls in modern urban centres. However, their consolida- 1. Creation of regional databases, concerning the historical materials
tion and conservation is time-consuming and expensive, since they of the castles
are usually located in isolated and not easily accessible areas. 2. Establishment of the FORTMED website (www.ec-fortmed.net)
Furthermore, they are extensive and so their historical and archaeo- 3. Organisation of meetings with local authorities and the community
logical documentation takes much time. They are often in a bad state 4. Participation in international conferences
of preservation and they need immediate preventive measures for 5. Organisation of the 1st European Workshop on ”Consolidation,
their stability. Non-integrated interventions will have an undesired Restoration and Rehabilitation of the Medieval Castles in
effect on their authenticity. Mediterranean countries”, (Veria, Greece 27–29 September 2005)
6. Edition of the proceedings of the European Workshop
2. Scientific objectives and approach 7. Organisation of a permanent exhibition at the Castle of Servia,
which was studied by the FORTMED project. A leaflet on the
The primary objective of the project was the development, implemen- FORTMED project was produced
tation and dissemination of a holistic approach for the consolidation, 8. The FORTMED results on the Castle of Servia were used for the
restoration and re-use of medieval castles. The stability, functional implementation of a project funded by the Prefecture of West
behaviour, and historical and environmental background of the old Macedonia, Greece. The report on all the results from the study of
fortifications, envisaged as an integrated whole, was primarily taken the Castle of Servia was awarded a prize for Cultural Heritage by
into account in order to manufacture and implement new repair Europa Nostra (2004).
materials. At the same time, efforts were made to maintain their
authenticity and incorporation into modern urban centres or natural
landscapes.

Three stages were followed: the first dealt with the documentation
and evaluation of the existing situation, concerning the built and
natural environment, the materials and techniques as well as the
pathology of the fortifications. The second stage concerned the con-
solidation, conservation and revitalisation of the castle’s ensemble. It
included proposals for immediate preventive works with compatible
repair materials in harmony with the old structure, as well as plans
for the restoration and upgrading of the area as a whole. The final
stage was devoted to the management and exploitation of the site
after restoration. It included suggestions for monitoring the conser-
vation works of these massive structures and managerial aspects
concerning the restored castles.
4. Policy impact
The proposed holistic approach is expected to contribute to the Front page of the proceedings published for the 1st European
thorough documentation of the history, materials and techniques Workshop in “Restoration and use of the early medieval forti-
of construction, and to the minimisation of the interventions so as fications in the east Mediterranean countries”, that took place
to preserve the authenticity of the old structure. In addition, it con- in Veria, Greece, 27–29 September 2003. The workshop was
tributed to reducing the cost and upgrading the quality of the repair realised in the frame of EC–FORTMED project
works, to the promotion of the traditional techniques and local low-
potential materials, so better control and management of the restored
castles can take place.
184
EC-FORTMED
Kostas Migdalis
Planning And Research
Greece
Edoardo Danzi
Instituto Universitario Architettura Venezia
Italy
Zeynap Ahunbay
Technical University of Istanbul
Turkey
Fawwaz Al-Khraysheh,
The permanent exhibition, concerning the Castle of Serbia, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
studied by the EC-FORTMED project, is located inside the Jordan
archaeological site of the Castle of Servia, Greece

Start date – End date: 01/05/00- 31/10/03
Prof. Ioanna Papayianni,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
P.O. Box 482, GR-54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
E-mail: papayian@civil.auth.gr
Tel: +30 2310 995783; +30 2310 995699
185
EFESTUS
Tailored strategies for the conservation of
archaeological value of Cu-based artefacts from
Mediterranean countries
http://www.efestus.just.edu.jo
1. Problems to be solved ing the manufacturing of the objects carried out in ancient times
by repeated cycles of cold or hot mechanical work and thermal
The first problem was to identify the degradation causes of repre- treatments;
sentative Mediterranean Cu-based archaeological artefacts as a func- aa a new advanced method and equipment for determining the
tion of the archaeological context, chemical composition and metal- environmental key parameters affecting the long-term stability of
lurgical features. With that information, the second problem was to artefacts during exhibition or storage in museums;
find reliable conservation methods and safe materials to ensure a aa the capability to produce a wide series of 13 reference Cu-based
long and stable life for the artefacts during exhibition and storage, alloys whose chemical composition, micro-chemical structure
thus also avoiding post-burial degradation phenomena. and metallurgical features are similar to those of ancient alloys.
These reference Cu-based alloys are not commercially available;
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa a new method for producing degraded materials for evaluating
the effectiveness of conservation materials and methods. This
The scientific objectives and the approach of the EFESTUS project new method produces patinas similar to those grown on archaeo-
were to: logical artefacts.
aa select archaeological contexts and bronze artefacts representa-
tive of different possible deterioration phenomena, and identify
the chemical and physical degradation mechanism by means of
advanced investigation techniques. The archaeological objects
included coins, weapons, and small and large artistic objects
ascribed to the following material classes: Cu-Sn, Cu-Pb, Cu-Sn-
Pb and Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb;
aa produce Cu-based reference alloys characterised by chemical
composition and metallurgical features similar to those of the
ancient selected artefacts. It is worth noting that these alloys are
not commercially obtainable and cover the major families of
archaeological Cu-based alloys known in antiquity from ancient
times to the Roman period;
aa design and produce tailored, innovative, removable conservation
materials or methods to be used for each specific degradation
phenomenon and their validation, using the reference alloys sub- Micro-chemical structure of a cross-sectioned archaeological
jected to accelerated degradation procedures, which have been bronze object: the copper cyclic degradation reaction induced
purposely developed; by chlorine is occurring.
aa develop an integrated information system allowing communica-
tion, control and exchange of information within the partners and
European and Mediterranean museum and conservation institutions;
produce an atlas with detailed physical-chemical information on
the selected Cu-based artefacts related to the burial conditions, 4. Policy impact
degradation mechanism and conservation methods.
Conservation of cultural heritage is a fundamental mission of the
3. Achieved scientific results Mediterranean countries where the major part of the ancient and
fascinating witnesses of human art and creativity are conserved.
The main scientific results achieved were: Ancient bronze artefacts are highly valued objects for their intrinsic
aa the identification of degradation causes of Cu-based archaeo- historical nature, and for the great and sophisticated skill used to
logical artefacts. The first one is induced by the ubiquitous and produce them.
nearly constant presence of chlorine that forms copper chlorides
at the interface between patina and metal. The chlorine-based The major problems in stopping degradation and in saving these
species induce at RH > 30%, the cyclic degradation of copper, ancient witnesses are the degradation phenomena occurring during
romantically defined as “bronze disease”. The other source the archaeological burial and the post-excavation reactions which
of degradation of the bronze archaeological artefacts are their take place during exhibition or storage and, in particular, that are
intrinsic metallurgical features whose formation is induced dur- caused by the cyclic copper degradation.
186
EFESTUS
The results of the EFESTUS project identify some materials and Finally, the website shows the purposely designed EFESTUS degrada-
methods for ensuring a more stable life for the bronze archaeologi- tion accelerated procedures and conservation materials and methods.
cal artefacts during exhibition and storage by defining some tailored
conservation strategies. The EFESTUS materials and methods are currently being validated in
some conservation institutions of the Mediterranean basin.
The EFESTUS project was presented at the “Communicating European
of the results
Research” exhibition held in Brussels on 14–15 November 2005.
The dissemination of the EFESTUS project results has been carried
out via the presentation of contributions at national and international Contract number: ICA3-CT-2002-10030
conferences, and the publication of papers in international maga- Start date – End date: 01/01/03-31/12/05
zines and on the project website. The EFESTUS website reports on Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
the results achieved from the characterisation of nine representative Duration (in months): 36
Mediterranean archaeological contexts, from the monitoring activities
of the atmosphere of seven representative Mediterranean museums
Dr Gabriel Maria Ingo
and from the study of about 60 Cu-based artefacts. In addition, it gives Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati – Consiglio
information concerning degradation mechanisms and agents. The Nazionale delle Ricerche
database includes the chemical composition and the description of the Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 – Montelibretti
metallurgical features and manufacturing techniques for each bronze via Salaria km 29.5, CP 10, IT-00016 Monterotondo Stazione,
artefact. The website also describes the production of 13 EFESTUS Rome, Italy
Cu-based reference alloys with metallurgical features similar to those E-mail: ingo2@mlib.cnr.it, gabriel.ingo@ismn.cnr.it
of the ancient alloys. Tel: +39 06 90672336
Emma Angelini Ziad Al-Saad

Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,
Ingegneria Chimica, Conservation Laboratory Unit
Italy Jordan
Linares Manuel Morcillo Omar M. Al-Jarrah

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Jordan University of Science and Technology, School of
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas Computer and Information Technology
Spain Jordan
Panayota Vassiliou Slim Khosrof

National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Institut National du Patrimoine
Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tunisia
Greece
Latifa Meriem Bosselmi
Altan Gilingiroglu Laboratoire "Eau et Environnement"
Ege Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakultesi, Faculty of Letters, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique
Department of Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, Tunisia
Turkey
Venice Kamel Gouda
Zoubir Mahdjoub National Research Centre, Physical Chemistry Department
Université Djillali Liabes de Sidi Bel Abbes, Egypt
Faculté des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
Départment d’Electronique, Wafaa El Saddik.
Algeria The Egyptian Museum Cairo
Egypt
187
ERATO
Identification, evaluation and revival of the acoustical
heritage of ancient theatres and odea
http://server.oersted.dtu.dk/www/oldat/erato/
1. Problems to be solved Visual virtual reconstructions were undertaken of the Aspendos

Theatre and the Aphrodisias Odeon, and real-time actors and audi-
The main objectives of the ERATO project were the identification, ence were developed.
virtual restoration and revival of the acoustic heritage in a few,
selected examples of the theatre and the roofed odeum in a 3D vir- For the integrated visual and acoustic models, the sounds of ancient
tual environment. The virtual restitution integrated the visual and style music and drama were recorded and used in the acoustic simu-
acoustic simulations, and was based on the latest research results in lations of the rooms by means of the auralisation technique. For this
archaeology, history of theatre, clothing, theatre performance and purpose, four different musical instruments and three musical pieces
early music. were reconstructed.
2. Scientific objectives and approach Recording with reconstructed musical instruments (left) and a vir-
tual audience in reconstructed Aosta Odeon (right)
The scientific and technological objectives can be summarised
as follows: 4. Policy impact
aa identify the acoustic characteristics of ancient theatres
aa and odea The developed methods may be applied in the future for visualisation
aa identify and select musical instruments, music, song, and auralisation of virtually reconstructed buildings and perform-
aa clothes and style of performance of the Hellenistic and Roman period ance spaces. The results from this project could have a beneficial
aa create virtual restoration and revival of cultural heritage influence on the modern use of ancient theatres, especially from an
aa evaluate the acoustic heritage in the virtual restorations acoustic point of view.
aa compare the acoustic heritage in the Hellenistic theatre,
aa the Roman theatre and the odeum
aa provide information for future restoration works on ancient
aa theatres
aa provide guidelines for the modern use of ancient theatres.
Recording with reconstructed musical instruments (left)

and a virtual audience in reconstructed Aosta Odeon (right)

Virtual reconstruction of Aspendos Roman Theatre (left)
of the results
and Aosta Odeon, acoustic model (right).
The results from the project were published in scientific journals and
presented at international conferences within the fields of cultural her-
3. Achieved scientific results itage, archaeology, architecture, VR and multimedia, and acoustics:
aa ‘Building Virtual Rome Exposition’, IEEE Journal of Image
The acoustic properties of the selected theatres and odea were and Signal Processing. 18th ICA, International Congress on
evaluated and, where possible, comparison was made between Acoustics, 4–9 April 2004, Kyoto, Japan.
present conditions and a virtual reconstruction. The acoustics of the aa 147th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, New York,
Hellenistic and the Roman theatre were compared – in the case of USA, 24–28 May 2004.
the theatre in Syracusa, in a 1:20 scale model as well as in a com- aa Baltic-Nordic Acoustics Meeting, Mariehamn, Finland, 8–10
puter model. The Roman theatres in Aspendos and Jerash (South June 2004.
Theatre) were reconstructed in acoustic models, and the importance aa ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics Symposium on Computer
of various architectural elements was studied through listening Animation, Grenoble, France, 27–29 August 2004.
experiments. Similarly, the Odea in Aphrodisias and Aosta were aa 6th European Commission Conference on Sustaining Europe’s
reconstructed acoustically. Cultural Heritage: From Research to Policy, London, United
188
ERATO
Kingdom, 1–3 September 2005.
aa VSMM 2004, 10th International Conference on Virtual Systems
and Multimedia, Ogaki City, Japan, 17–19 November 2004. Yildiz Technical University Aedifice
aa 3rd International Conference in Science and Technology Physics Department Laboratory of
on Archaeology and Conservation, Zarqa, Jordan, 7–11 Turkey Psycho-Acoustics
December 2004. France
aa VAST ‘04, 5th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Zerhan Karabiber Yuksel
Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage, Brussels and Turkey Michael Vallet
Oudenaarde, Belgium, 7–10 December 2004. France
aa UIA 2005, XXII World Congress of Architecture, Istanbul, The Hashemite University
Turkey, 30 June–10 July 2005. Institute of Tourism Swiss Federal Institute
aa Forum Acusticum 2005, Budapest, Hungary, 29 August – 2 and Heritage of Technology
September 2005. Jordan Lausanne
aa XX Symposium of CIPA, The ICOMOS and ISPRS Committee Switzerland
on Documentation of Cultural Heritage, Torino, Italy, 26 Talal Akasheh
September–1 October 2005. Jordan Daniel Thalmann
aa VSMM 2005, 11th International Conference on Virtual Systems University of Geneva
and Multimedia, Ghent, Belgium, 3–7 October 2005. Universita Degli Studi Switzerland
aa 4th International Conference in Science and Technology di Ferrara dipartimento di
on Archaeology and Conservation, Amman, Jordan, 7–11 Ingegneria Miralab
December 2005. Italy Switzerland
aa ERATO Project Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey, 20 January 2006
aa 6th International Conference on Auditorium Acoustics, Roberto Pompoli Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann
Copenhagen, Denmark, 5–7 May 2006 Italy Switzerland
aa 19th ICA International Congress on Acoustics, Madrid, Spain,
2–7 September 2007

Prof. Jens Holger Rindel
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Ørsted Dtu/Acoustic
Technology Anker Engelundsvej 1, Bldg. 101
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Denmark
E-mail: jhr@oersted.dtu.dk
Tel: +45 4525 3934
Fax: +45 4588 0577
189
FOGGARA
Inventory, analysis and exploitation of traditional
water techniques of European and Saharan drainage
tunnels
http://www.ipogea.org/foggara/index_eng.htm

The problems to be addressed were: shortage of water resources, The project developed new creative solutions to problems of manag-
abandonment of traditional techniques and lack of restoration capa- ing water resources and fighting against desertification:
bility, combined with the preservation monument values. aa it helps to enhance world heritage and cultural identity with posi-
tive effects on local communities
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa it has a positive and tangible impact on living conditions, the
quality of life or the environment of individuals, groups or com-
Foggaras are traditional systems of water catchment and distribu- munities involved
tion, typical of arid and semi-arid areas. The general aim of the aa it has a sustainable effect
project was to better understand the characteristics and functioning aa it contributes to the decrease of poverty or social marginalisation,
of foggaras within European and Maghrebian countries. As such, especially by involving participants
they would be enhanced as examples of world heritage and as an aa it can be repeated and be used as a pattern to design policies and
efficient way of water production guaranteeing the proper manage- initiatives elsewhere.
ment of water resources and ecosystem maintenance. Focusing on
Italy, Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, the research relied on a 5. Dissemination and exploitation of the
theoretical basis and on-site experimental surveys:
results
aa inventory of existing drainage tunnels
aa analysis of their functioning and methods of realisation The planned dissemination activities (workshops and publications of
aa causes of persistence or abandonment projects results) aimed at:
aa study on restoration and maintenance methods aa fostering the traditional practices of water production, harvesting
aa potential for re-using and re-introducing foggaras. and distribution
The proposed approach was innovative since the project provided aa fostering traditional practices for organising integrated water
an understanding of the link between traditional water management production
techniques and both environmental and social issues: water is not aa encouraging the programmes of autopoiesis and sustainability of
simply regarded as a commodity but as a socially constructed con- the urban system
cept of cultural significance. Local knowledge offered a wide range aa involving the population by highlighting the roles of elderly
of solutions to be safeguarded and that can be reused, adjusted and local people, women, children and the marginal strata of society
renewed, thanks to modern technology. Proper water management is establishing territorial networks between municipalities, territo-
also considered as an integral element of biodiversity and sustainable rial pacts, communities and parks
ecosystems aa publishing project results on the Internet.
Local population, above all those from South Mediterranean coun-
3. Achieved scientific results tries, were fully involved in project activities. Meetings and work-
shops helped not only to inform participants about project progress,
In the Saharan countries, technologies were designed and tested for but also were opportunities to undertake training activities on local
excavation, maintenance and restoration of foggaras, to be adapted drainage systems
and managed locally.
The procedures could be extended to other countries and were pre-

sented at numerous international conferences and meetings.
In the European countries, the project aroused lively interest for the
very possibility of re-proposing this technique to solve problems of
water supply. In some localities, the experimental use of drainage
tunnels was proposed as a valid alternative for the practice of very
deep wells that exhaust water tables instead of absorbing renewable
water resources.
190
FOGGARA

Start date – End date: 01/05/03 – 31/07/06 Abdelkarim Benhassan
Contract type: FP5 Cost-Shared Research Sarl Société Sud Timmi
Duration (in months): 39 Algeria
Coordinator details: Samir El Jaafari

Dr Pietro Laureano Université Moulay Ismail de Meknes
IPOGEA – Società Cooperativa di Produzione e Lavoro
Laboratoire de Biotechnologie
Vico Conservatorio s.n
Faculté des Sciences de Meknes
IT-75100 Matera
Italy Morocco
E-mail: ipogea@ipogea.org
Tel/Fax: +39 0835 331851 Bellanchheb Chabani
Institut des Régions Arides
Département "Eremologie et lutte contre la désertification"
Tunisia
Jorge Hermosilla Pla

Departamento de Geografia - Facultad de Geografia y Historia
Universitat De Valencia
Spain
Nadia Djelal
Ecole Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme d’Alger
Algeria
191
HERCOMANES
Heritage conservation and management in Egypt
and Syria
1. Problems to be solved servation guidelines system proposed by the Aleppo team.

aa Two GIS were constructed on the objects and sites of the two
There is a necessity to upgrade the management systems able to studied areas in Cairo and Aleppo.
restore and conserve historical sites, monuments and objects and to aa Pilot projects were designed for the upgrading, restoration and
supply the inputs of knowledge required to optimise intervention and re-use of public spaces and buildings together with an economic
assist decision-making. feasibility study.
aa A methodological conservation management guide and two sim-
2. Scientific objectives and approach plified manuals were produced.
The overall objective of the HERCOMANES project was to high- 4. Policy impact
light the importance of modern heritage, specifically objects and
sites built and developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The modern heritage of one central district in Cairo (Zamalek) and
These objects and sites represent an urban and architectural heritage the city of Mansoura has already been documented by the French/
that reflects culture and civilization and deserves to be recognised Egyptian team in collaboration with CULTNAT (National Centre for
and conserved. The project focused on heritage conservation man- Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage). The documenta-
agement, thus assisting decision-makers to proceed with their efforts tion of the heritage of Port Saïd city is ongoing.
in the conservation process.
Saïd Halim Palace (1898) in downtown Cairo has been listed, deci-
HERCOMANES deals with two different sites chosen in the cit- sion 121/2002. The Supreme Council of Antiquities has agreed on
ies of Cairo and Aleppo, located within the boundaries of the the restoration and the re-use of Saïd Halim Palace as the ‘Cairo
city centres and erected by local bourgeoisies in the 19th century. Historical Museum’.
The project developed an integrating approach to heritage conserva-

tion: it took into account architectural typology, urban morphology 5. Dissemination and exploitation
and urban history for the sake of an all-embracing study of the sites.
of the results
But at the same time it considered the urban environment and related
socio-economic issues to identify the risks that threaten the spaces, This activity included the creation of a website, the organisation of
and to gauge the potential for community-wide involvement in their plenary seminars, interim meetings, local seminars and roundtables,
management and upkeep. the presentation of the HERCOMANES project at major events,
photographic exhibitions and publications, and the organisation of
The applied research approach consisted mainly of the definition of an international seminar.
an appropriate inventory methodology of valuable objects based on
model information sheets designed at three levels: Main publications:
aa area level – to allow the classification of morphological-specific
categories created based on particular urban forms. aa El Kadi, G. and Attia, S. (eds.), “Restoring Cairo”, numéro spé-
aa street level – to create sets of edifices classified by layout, con- cial de la revue Masr El Mahroussa, Cairo, 128 pages, plans and
struction and style, and to identify sets of rules governing their pictures, February 2002.
interrelationships and how they change over time. aa El Kadi, G., “Cities and districts of the late nineteenth and the
aa edifice set level – with analysis fine-tuned to study structures, build- early twentieth centuries : a heritage in the making”, website:
ing materials and techniques, particularities and deformations. www.heritage.xtd.pl
aa El Kadi, G. et al (eds), “ Inventer le Patrimoine moderne dans
This project broke new ground in the nature of its subject matter. les villes du Sud Autrepart”, Revue des Sciences Sociales au
The research centred on the urban fabrics of the late 19th and early Sud, No. 33-2005, 176 pages, plans, photos IRD, Armand Collin
20th centuries; the little explored – and only just culturally reha- Editions, Paris, June 2005.
bilitated – ‘ex-colonial’ towns and neighbourhoods are now being aa David, J.C. and Degeorge, G., “Alep”, Flammarion Ed. coll.
studied, itemised and classified. Patrimoine et Civilisation, 320 pages, pictures and plans,
September 2008
3. Achieved scientific results aa El Kadi, G. and Attia, S. (eds), “Cairo City Centre Guide”,
Editions Harpocrate, Alexandria/Egypt, June 2006.
aa A comprehensive method for inventory was defined, which is aa Sakkal, S. and El Kadi, G. (eds),“Les maisons d’Alep”, Editions
now applied at national level in Egypt. IRD/ Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, September 2006.
aa The local authorities approved and adopted the management con- aa El Kadi, G. and Attia, S.(eds), “Shared Mediterranean heritage”, édi-
192
HERCOMANES
tions, Harpocrate et Institut de Recherche pour le Développement,
IRD, Alexandrie, Mars 2008, 350 pages, plans, photos.
Sahar Atteya
The publication on the website of the two GIS of Cairo and Aleppo Centre for Architecture and Engineering Design Support
are being prepared by the IRD Department of Cartography and were Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
issued in 2007. Egypt
There were many spin-offs of HERCOMANES in Egypt and Syria. Salaw Sakkal
Details are available from the coordinator. Faculty of Engineering Aleppo University
Faculty of Architecture
Contract number: ICA3-1999-00004 Syria
Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research Bruno Cassetti
Duration (in months): 42 Instituto Universitario d’Archittetura di Venezia
Italy
Dr Galila El Kadi Jean-Claude David
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD,
Université de Lyon, GREMMO
Unité de recherche ‘Environnement Urbain’ UR029, 32,
Maison de l’Orient
Avenue Henri Varagnat, FR-93143 Bondy
France France
E-mail: elkadiga@link.net
Tel: +33 1 48 02 55 00
Fax: +33 1 48 47 30 88
Building in Alep, Syria
193
INFRARTSONIC
Development of a novel and integrated portable
non-destructive analysis system for the documentation
of artworks
http://www.igd.fraunhofer.de/igd-a7/images-video/infrartsonic/
1. Problems to be solved 5. Dissemination and exploitation of the

results
InfrArtSonic aims to solve the problem of non-destructive analysis
of artworks for in situ analysis. The identification of the layer profile Invited lectures:
of the artworks that will result from this kind of analysis will sup- 1. Invited lecture in the National Centre for Research and Technology
port the documentation and conservation procedure, as well as the Hellas (CERTH) ( http://www.certh.gr/&en/home/index.htm),
aesthetic appearance of the artwork. 9/6/2006, The one-hour lecture was attended by more than 100
people – mainly professors and researchers from the CERTH and
2. Scientific objectives and approach Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH). A discussion was
then held which mainly focused on technical details regarding
The objectives of the InfrArtSonic project are to exactly meet the the development of the spectroscopic device between the 800–4
need for non-destructive analysis in the field of artworks and thus 500 nm. The discussion also centred on the exploitation of such a
preservation. device not only in the field of cultural heritage.
aa Develop a portable non-destructive methodology and scientific 2. G. Karagiannis, NDT and signal processing techniques in the
system for in situ analysis and documentation of artworks. field of cultural heritage objects documentation - the InfrArtSonic
aa Characterise and identify materials (mainly inorganic ones) and project, University of Southampton, 2 November 2007.
techniques that were used in the creation of artworks. 3. The infrartsonic is a scientific non-destructive, non-invasive meth-
aa Non-destructive 3D reconstruction of the paint layers (stratigra- od for testing and examining museum objects, Gaby Maamary
phy) of artworks. ALBA University of Balamand, Wednesday, Jacobo Auditorium,
aa Usage of different and new methods and modalities, thus maxim- Balamand University, 10 January 2007.
ising the benefits in the fields of painted artworks’ diagnosis and 4. G. Karagiannis, NDT and signal processing techniques in the
preservation of cultural heritage. field of cultural heritage objects documentation, University of
aa Develop a knowledge base concerning the materials and the tech- Balamand, Lebanon, 7 April 2008.
niques used. The knowledge base will be part of the InfrArtSonic
system but it will also be used independently as a knowledge
base. Presentation of the project to SMEs (March 2006)
1. Presentation of the project during SMEs workshop in Jordan
organised by RSS.
3. Achieved scientific results The InfrArtSonic frame, consortium, advance development and
expected project results were presented to the companies stressing
aa Manufacturing of three assembled, portable devices for acquiring their interest in collaborating in the transfer of the results onto the
spectra in diffuse reflectance mode from 200 nm up to 4 500 nm. market. The business scenario includes both cases:
Combination with acoustic microscopy device operation. The aa Introduce the system in the cultural heritage market.
devices in Greece and Jordan are operational, while the device in aa Use of this system for providing services to the industry.
Egypt will be assembled in October–November 2008. aa The participation of the Minister of Information & Communications
aa Methods and the appropriate software were developed for the Technology, the Head of the European Commission Delegation
identification of art object materials using the assembled spectro- and the significant number of important companies constitutes a
scopic device and signal processing techniques. The final result considerable dissemination action of the InfrArtSonic exploita-
is the stratigraphy reconstruction for a specific area of interest of tion strategy.
the art object.
2. Presentation of the project to BRUKER Optics and Sphere
Optics companies during the consortium meeting in Darmstadt,
4. Policy impact Germany.
aa Knowledge transfer related to assembling, operating and exploit- Exhibitions

ing the portable devices was transferred from Europe to Jordan
and Egypt. The InfrArtSonic project was also presented at the exhibition in
aa Development of novel technologies for the documentation and Benaki Museum between 3 and 7 December 2006 in parallel with
preservation of the Euro-Mediterranean cultural heritage. the ICOM international conference – meeting of the Special Interest
194
INFRARTSONIC
Icons Group. InfrArtSonic was presented on a stand at this event. wall paintings in the Protaton Church, Mount Athos, Greece,
During the exhibition, parts of the system that had already been Icon and Portrait International Conference ICOM-CC-WOOD,
developed were demonstrated. The feedback of the conservators was Furniture and Lacquer, Egypt, 18–20 September 2006.
encouraging for the consortium since they were very interested in 9. I. K. Vlachos and G. D. Sergiadis, On the intuitionistic defuzzifica-
using mobile systems for in situ analysis of monuments where there tion of digital Images for contrast enhancement, 7th International
are art objects that cannot be moved. FLINS Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence, Genova
(Italy), 29–31 August 2006.
Targeted seminars 10. I. K. Vlachos and G. D. Sergiadis, A heuristic approach to intui-
tionistic fuzzification of color images, 7th International FLINS
Two seminars A novel and integrated portable non-destructive Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence, Genova (Italy),
analysis system for the documentation of artworks aimed to give an 29–31 August 2006.
overview of InfrArtSonic. 11. G.Karagiannis, C. Salpistis, D. Alexiadis, A. Damtsios, G.
aa Targeted seminar in Cairo, March 2007 Sergiadis, Identification of artworks paint layers, by UV/Vis/
aa Targeted seminar in Nicosia, November 2007 nIR/mIR spectroscopy, using diffuse radiation theory, acoustic
microscopy and signal processing techniques, (in Greek), 2nd
Some publications – announcements National Conference of Mechanical & Electrical Engineers,
Athens, 2007.
1. Georgios Karagiannis, D. Alexiadis, G. Sergiadis, C. Salpistis, 12. I. Vlachos, G. Sergiadis, A two-dimensional entropic approach
Processing of UV/VIS/nIR/mIR diffuse reflectance spectra and to intuitionistic fuzzy contrast enhancement, in WILF2007
acoustic microscopy echo graphs for stratigraphy determina- International Workshop on Fuzzy Logic and Applications, 2007,
tion, using neural networks and wavelet transform, accepted Genova, Italy.
for publication to the ΙΕΕΕ 3rd International Conference on 13. I. Vlachos, G. Sergiadis, Intuitionistic fuzzy histogram hyperboli-
Information & Communication Technologies: From Theory to zation for color images, in WILF2007 International Workshop on
Applications - ICTTA’04 - April 7 - 11, 2008 Umayyad Palace, Fuzzy Logic and Applications, July 2007, Genova, Italy.
Damascus, Syria. 14. I. Vlachos, G. Sergiadis, Hesitancy histogram equalization, in
2. Georgios Karagiannis, Christos Salpistis, Georgios Sergiadis, Proc. 2007 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, July
Ioannis Chryssoulakis, ‘Non-destructive multi-spectral reflec- 2007, London, UK.
toscopy between 800 nm and 1900 nm: an instrument for the 15. Sister Daniilia, Elpida Minopoulou, Fr. Demosthenis
investigation of the stratigraphy in paintings’, Review of Scientific Demosthenous, Georgios Karagiannis, A comparative study of
Instruments (RSINAK), vol. 78, issue 6, June 2007 wall paintings at the Cypriot monastery of Christ Antiphonitis: one
3. G. Karagiannis, Chr. Salpistis and G. Sergiadis, ‘Development of artist or two?, J. Archaeol. Sci., 2007.
a Novel Method for Non-Destructive Stratigraphy Determination
of Artworks using Acoustic Microscopy and UV/VIS/nIR spec- Publicity to the press
troscopy’, 7th EC conference Safeguarded cultural heritage - • Presentation of the scientific work of “Ormylia” Art Diagnosis
understanding & viability for the enlarged Europe, Prague, 31 Centre within the INCO action in Euronews (September
May–3 June 2006 2008).
4. G. Karagiannis, Chr. Salpistis and G. Sergiadis, ‘Development of • A short announcement of the project was published by RSS
a novel method for non-destructive stratigraphy determination of to the Jordanian Times on Tuesday, 22 February 2006 No
artworks using acoustic microscopy and UV/VIS/nIR spectros- 9217, p.3. The subject was the participation of RSS to the
copy’, poster presentation to the international workshop Non- InfrArtSonic project.
destructive analysis and testing of museum objects organised in
the frame of the COST G8 action in Nicosia, 18–20 May 2006
5. Fr Demosthenis Demosthenous (ENALIAN), Ora et Labora, Oral Contract number: SSP 015338
presentation on icons among the target objects of InfrArtSonic Start date–end date: 01/01/06–31/12/08
system within WP2, International workshop Non-destructive Contract type: FP6 STREP
analysis and testing of museum objects organised in the frame of Duration (in months): 36
the COST G8 action in Nicosia, 18–20 May 2006.
6. Fr Demosthenis Demosthenous (ENALIAN), Oral Presentation Coordinator details:
Dr Georgios Karagiannis
on icons among the target objects of InfrArtSonic system,
Sacred Convent of the Annunciation IMSP,
International seminar on Theory and practice in conservation, “Ormylia” Art Diagnosis Centre
Lisbon, 4–5 May 2006. Tel: +302371098400
7. G. Karagiannis, G. Sergiadis, C. Salpistis, G. Sakas , B.G. Brunetti, Fax: +302371098402
R. Bahgat, S. Abdul Rahim, Fr D. Dimosthenous, Fr. I. Barakat, Greece
Development of a novel system for non-destructive stratigra-
phy determination of artworks using acoustic microscopy and
UV/VIS/nIR/mIR spectroscopy, Icon and Portrait International
Conference ICOM-CC-WOOD, Furniture and Lacquer, Egypt,
18–20 September 2006.
8. Sister Daniilia, Sophia Sotiropoulou, Georgios Karagiannis,
Christos Salpistis and Dimitrios Bikiaris, The pathology of the
195
INFRARTSONIC
Georgios Sergiadis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Greece
Georgios Sakas
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung
der angewandten Forschung E.V.
Germany
Bruno G. Brunetti
Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale
per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
Italy
Reem Bahgat
CULTNAT – Center for Documentation
of Cultural and Natural Heritage
Egypt
Abdel Rahim Saqer Figure 1: The InfrArtSonic system, while scanning an art
Information Technology Centre object (wall painting fragment).
Royal Scientific Society
Jordan
Rev. Father D. Dimosthenous

Byzantine Academy of Cyprus, Laboratory of
Restoration of Icons, Paintings and Manuscripts
Cyprus
George Nahas
University of Balamand Saint John of `Damascus Faculty of
Theology
Lebanon
Figure 2: The 3 probes of the InfrArtSonic system and the processing

of the output data.
196
JEWELMED
Comparative analysis of manufacturing technologies
in goldsmithing from VII to I century B.C. in the
Mediterranean area
http://www.jewelmed.net
1. Problems to be solved ing from similar projects and in cooperation with museums,
scientific organisations, as well as through laboratory analyses
One of the objectives of the JewelMed Data Bank and of the edu- and workshop experiments; the collected information has been
cational activities promoted locally by the partners, is to improve electronically stored, according to a specific format, satisfying
socio-economic development through the recovery of ‘knowledge’ the highest scientific requirements and sufficiently flexible for
and ‘memories’ – a heritage that would otherwise disappear. online availability.
aa Comparative studies: specialists from the scientific, archaeologi-
While the need for new highly qualified professionals preserving the cal and technical organisations contributed to the study involving
artistic heritage in museums is strongly felt, actions focused on the re- a detailed description of the methodologies relating to the identi-
qualification of existing professional expertise are also necessary fied technique.
aa Scientific supporting technologies for material characterisation
2. Scientific objectives and approach (laser, SEM, EDX, metallography, atomic absorption, X-ray fluores-
cence and X-ray crystallography) contributed to the identification of
Recovering the “historical memory” should be considered the true production processes, alloys in use, joining methods, etc. and to the
inspirational principle of the project, the objective of which was the reconstruction of the ‘technological history’ of the artefacts.
identification of the various cultural levels (aesthetic, technological,
socio-cultural, artistic, symbolic) associated with the production and The detailed view shows traces of removal of filler material. Working
the use of precious artefacts. traces, resulting from very sharp tools, are evident and confirm the
scrupulous and meticulous handcrafting process.
A reconstruction of the values and the application context were
achieved by analysing the many aspects of the object. In the period Minor amounts of copper and silver, which did not cause the melting
considered, the jewel-gift already fulfilled the function of a real temperature to decrease significantly, were found along the joining
cross-cultural ‘thematic network’ exchange, involving ideologies areas. The sharp edge between the dendritic surface of the filler and
and technologies. the smooth surface of the adjacent parts indicate that only the filler
material melted, even if its melting temperature is the same or nearly
The selected approach for achieving the objectives above the same as that of the bulk material.
described covers:
aa identification and recovery of ancient working technologies;
aa improvement of traditional manufacturing technologies;
aa analysis of their potential for the future use and their effective
utilisation in restoration of cultural artefacts;
aa integration of scientific data and museum objects.
The main objectives of the project were to:

aa develop educational activities and training actions to create
new professional skills for preservation and conservation of
existing collections;
aa preserve artistic heritage and management of related museum
facilities;
aa restore archaeological artefacts;
aa promote goldsmithing-silversmithing production on the market
with particular emphasis to SMEs.
3. Achieved scientific results Phoenician amulet,amulet,

Phoenician Malta M alta
The main achievements of the project were the database, a technical
glossary (techniques, materials and typologies), a dedicated bibliog-
raphy and comparative studies. 4. Policy impact
aa Technologies were identified through an extensive analysis The structured definition of working methods and techniques, apply-
of the data collected, on the basis of existing literature resulting such “production processes”, can foster improved accessibility
197
JEWELMED
and a strong incentive, thanks to an in-depth study supported by the
most up-to-date information (IT) and scientific technologies. For a
craft full of tradition and culture, such as jewellery art, the result-
ant decrease in working costs could generate important and positive
effects on employment levels, improving the competitiveness of the
Euro-Mediterranean region in this sector.
of the results
Multimedia technologies allow the project results to be presented
for training or educational purposes of identified and documented
manufacturing technologies.
All data have been harmonised in a uniform environment so that

effective and efficient utilisation can be achieved by user groups
(scientists, professionals, etc.) through:
aa awareness and dissemination actions; project website; centralised
dissemination (extranet);
aa decentralised dissemination (Internet); dissemination via elec-
tronic newsletter and relevant European events. Dissemination
events took place in the following locations:
aa Jordan: Amman and Zarka,
aa Cyprus: Nicosia
aa Italy: Vicenza, Naples
aa Greece: Athens
aa Egypt: Cairo, Aswan
aa Poland: Cracow
aa Russia: St. Petersburg – June 2002
aa Belgium: Brussels
Amulet detailed views

The final JewelMed dissemination activity was hosted in the ancient
Auberge de Provence, House of the Malta Knights, by the National A mulet detailed views
Museum of Archaeology, Valletta, Malta, exhibiting a selected
number of artefacts dating between the 7th–1st century BC which A mulet detailed views
highlighted the different technological processes and regional
Mediterranean styles – Egyptian, Syrian, Phoenician, Etruscan and
Greek Hellenistic.
JewelMed Database
JewelM ed Database
198
JEWELMED
Contract number: ICA-CT-1999-00005

European Jewellery Technology Network
Rue du Commerce 124
BE-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Operative Headquarters:
Via San Pedrino 19,
20067 Paullo, Italy:
Email: info@ejtn.org
Tel: 39 02 90634033
Dimitrios Fotiadis
Angelos Delivorrias
University of Ioannina
Benaki Museum,
Computer Science Dept. Greece
Greece
Promotional information – AIR MALTA Magazine
Talal Akasheh
Hesham Hassan
The Hashemite University
Jordan
Marinos Ioannnides
Tasos Harissis
Higher Technical Institute
Systema Technologies S.A.
Cyprus
Nathaniel Cutajar
National Museum of Archaeology
Malta
Franco Rustichelli
University of Ancona
Institute of Physical Science
Italy
199
MED-COLOUR-TECH
Investigation, revival and optimisation of traditional
Mediterranean colouring technology for the
conservation of the cultural heritage
Dyeing and painting with natural organic materials have been MED-COLOUR-TECH is reinforcing the competitiveness of EU and
fundamental in art and intrinsic to the cultural identity of the Mediterranean countries at multiple levels: scientifically, through
Mediterranean area, since Antiquity. The reconstruction and revival the development of new diagnostic and identification methodologies,
of traditional manufacturing processes for natural organic colorants, with respect to natural dye-stuff identification found in art objects.
as well as of dyeing procedures or painting techniques is essential for The project is also supporting European organisations and companies
the preservation of the Mediterranean cultural heritage. with the production of new materials (organic pigments and colour-
ing components) that are currently in great demand by organisations
active in the area of cultural heritage conservation, pharmacology,
2. Scientific objectives and approach plant pathology and analytical chemistry. MED-COLOUR-TECH
is expected to elucidate aspects of colouring technologies developed
1. Investigation and optimisation of analytical methodologies for in the Mediterranean area in various historical periods, leading
dye-stuff identification; application on selected art objects of the ultimately to the formulation of protocols with recommendations for
Euro-Mediterranean cultural heritage and formulation of corre- conservation strategies.
sponding recommendations on conservation.
2. Systematic analysis and reconstruction of ancient painting/dyeing
techniques, developed in the Mediterranean area in various histori- 5. Dissemination and exploitation of the
cal periods, to elucidate the local ancient colouring technologies.
results
3. Dissemination of natural organic pigments and corresponding
colouring components, currently not available in the market, to the aa Database operational at the end of the project
scientific community, interested target groups and general public. A database, entitled Database for natural organic pigments of the
Mediterranean area, will be available on the Internet and on CD.
Historical and chemical data regarding dyes and artworks investi-
3. Achieved scientific results gated within the framework of the project will be included.
aa Production/synthesis of pure colouring compounds (components Selected articles

of dyes) which are not available in the market – e.g. indirubin, aa I. Karapanagiotis, V. de Villemereuil, P. Magiatis, P.
6-bromoindirubin, 6´-bromoindirubin, 6,6´-dibromoindirubin, Polychronopoulos, K. Vougogiannopoulou and A.-L.
6-bromoindigotin, 6,6´-dibromoindigotin, xanthopurpurin, rubia- Skaltsounis
din, kermesic acid, flavokermesic acid, and brazilein. Identification of the coloring constituents of four natural indigoid dyes,
aa Identification of natural organic dyes in microsamples extracted Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies 2006,
from more than 100 art objects (textiles, icons, mural paintings) 29 (10) 1491-1502.
using analytical techniques (e.g. HPLC-PDA-MS). The objects
correspond first to various historical periods as are dated from the aa S. Sotiropoulou and I. Karapanagiotis
17th century BC to the 19th century AC and second to areas of the Conchylian purple investigation in prehistoric wall paintings of the
Mediterranean (Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Jordan and Morocco). Aegean area,
aa Optimisation and standardisation of the production processes of ‘Indirubin, the Red Shade of Indigo’, Chapter 7, pp. 71-78,
natural organic pigments and dyeing procedures using traditional Edited by L. Meijer, N. Guyard, A. -L. Skaltsounis and G. Eisenbrand,
(Mediterranean) recipes and modern physicochemical terminol- Life in Progress Editions, Roscoff, France, 2006.
ogy.
aa Industrial production of natural organic pigments, according to aa I. Karapanagiotis, L. Valianou, Sister Daniilia and Y.
Mediterranean traditional recipes. Materials can be used by sci- Chryssoulakis
entists, conservators and artists. Organic dyes in Byzantine and post-Byzantine icons from Chalkidiki
aa Recommendations for conservation strategies. (Greece),
Journal of Cultural Heritage 2007, 8 (3) 294-298.
aa I. Karapanagiotis, A. Lakka, L. Valianou and Y. Chryssoulakis

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of colour-
ing matters in historical garments from the Holy Mountain of Athos,
Microchimica Acta 2008, 160 (4), 477-483.
200
MED-COLOUR-TECH

Start date–end date: 01/01/06–31/12/08
Dr Ioannis Karapanagiotis
ORMYLIA Art Diagnosis Center
Sacred Convent of the Annunciation
Ormylia, Chalikidiki, 63071
Greece
Tel: +30 23710 98400
Kermes is a dyestuff which has been used since antiquity
and it is obtained from the insect Kermes vermilio Planchon
(photograph).
Evangelia Varella
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Greece
Leopold Puchinger
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of
Technology
Austria
Ziad Al-Saad
Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University
Jordan
Rachid Benslimane
Ecole Supérieure de Technologie, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben The painting techniques of several post-Byzantine icons have
Abdellah been investigated. An example is shown in the photograph:
Morocco “St. Luke painting the Virgin” (41 x 33 x 0.2cm), Domenikos
Theokopoulos (El Greco). Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece.
Recep Karadag
Faculty of Fine Arts, Marmara University
Turkey
Georg Kremer
Kremer Pigmente GmbH & Co. KG
Germany
Mohammed Mubarek
Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan
Jordan
201
MENMED
From the adoption of agriculture to the current
landscape: long-term interaction between man and
environment in the East Mediterranean basin
http://ftp.mac.es/barcelona/recerca.htm
1. Problems to be solved aa to support information, by several alternative methodologies, the

agronomic conditions at the beginnings of agriculture, including
Collaboration for the project was continuous in the form of informat- changes in land use, crops cultivated, animal breeding, yields
ics and regular and consecutive meetings during the project lifetime. attained and growing conditions (water and soil nutrients). The role
Creating an online e-group to facilitate information dissemination of husbandry in these ancient communities was also evaluated.
between partners was considered the appropriate way to keep them aa For the contemporary period:
constantly informed. A schedule form was created for the partners aa to include the management of the landscape and the present agr-
as a tool to include the organisation of tasks and information dis- oecological status and social structure of the region;
semination for all parties. This close cooperation between partners aa to collect present climatic data from the region;
strengthened the research’s overall cohesion for the project. aa to characterise different types of current agricultural activities and
to evaluate land use management and demographic distribution
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa to gather information on the social structure (e.g. family organisa-
tion and secondary activities);
The main objective of the project MENMED was to gain knowledge aa to collect data over the last century to detect changes in land-
of the environmental and social context in which the agriculture use management strategies. This involved the analysis of recent
emerged and evolved. Covered by a wide range of domains (archaeo- changes in agricultural practices such as crop and/or land redis-
botany, archaeology, geology, demography and geography), the tribution, derived from urban-oriented agriculture as well as the
project aimed to integrate archaeological and environmental infor- introduction of extensive irrigation.
mation into a diachronic approach. Based on historical sources and
archaeological remains, the project evaluated: 4. Policy impact
aa the biophysical and historical characterisation of the settlements
that developed at the beginning of agriculture One of the most positive aspects of the collaboration has been the
aa the agricultural and socio-economic processes taking place in integrative approach to enhance Euro-Mediterranean collabora-
present times. tions on emerging disciplines and technologies. The results of the
Information from both the early and contemporary periods was used collaboration for this project expand possibilities among research
to implement a Geographic Information System (GIS) database. By teams from members of EU countries and Mediterranean Partner
integrating information from two timeframes, the project added new Countries.
evidence on the causes leading to the adoption of agriculture in the
East Mediterranean basin, as well as for the long-term consequences. An expected contribution was to ensure the sustainability as well as
As a secondary derived objective, the project aimed to promote the to the socio-economic development of the study area. Compilation of
exploitation of the archaeological sites (together with the potential present information from different sources and its comparison with
definition of museology strategies) as an open-air museum illus- past conditions may be helpful for management policies. Indeed, the
trating the very beginnings of the role man played in shaping the settlement pattern is an important indicator of a society’s interaction
environment. with the environment, as the location reflects an initial choice con-
cerning the landscape.
Due to the miscellaneous nature of the information involved in
aa to include the palaeoecological and social-economic context of MENMED, the project showed the importance of a research strategy
the origins of agriculture. Specifically, it included the palaeoenvi- not only based on scientific research, but also on the mutual coexist-
ronmental analyses aimed at forming the basis of prehistoric and ence of three different but complementary sources of knowledge –
historical landscape reconstruction; scientific, institutional and traditional.
aa to understand the organising principles behind human spatial
distribution during the first agricultural settlement periods.
This involved demographic and anthropological studies to recon-
struct settlement structures, nutritional and health conditions,
system dynamics and spatial organisation;
202
MENMED
5. Dissemination and exploitation Pierre Lombard

Université de Lyon 2
of the results
"Archéorient", Maison de l’Orient
The dissemination of information generated by the project consisted of: France
1. presentation of results at scientific conferences dealing with
archaeological heritage, plant physiology, archaeobotany, ethno- Ramon Canela
graphic practical agriculture; Universitat de Lleida, Dpt. Producció Vegetal I Ciència Forestal
2. submission of articles with the most relevant findings to interna- Spain
tional peer-reviewed scientific journals;
3. organisation of an international symposium to disseminate the Tammam Fakouch
most important results of the project; Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums
4. the project opened a publicly accessible homepage on its website Syria
to distribute the latest available information about the project;
5. partial and final reports, including a model of the interaction Gutberk Ertan
between human societies and their surrounding environments, and Norm Environmental Technologies and Trade Ltd
details of the archaeological sites. Turkey

Prof. Miquel Molist
Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Prehistory Department,
Edifici B, Campus De La UAB, ES-08193 Bellaterra
(Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
E-mail: Miquel.Molist@uab.es
Tel: +34 935814310
203
NOESIS
Non-destructive image-based manuscript analysis
system
http://www.eunoesis.org

The aim of the NOESIS project is to produce non-destructive non- The NOESIS project is currently in its last year. The partners
invasive image-based processing techniques to aid the historical have completed most of the manuscript digitisation and the
analysis and examination of five significant Mediterranean collec- modelling and analysis of the ink profiles and support. Current
tions of manuscripts (hosted by libraries and museums in Egypt, work includes the development of the software’s user interface,
Jordan, Lebanon, Cyprus, and Israel). the Internet database and testing of the system with non-dated
manuscripts. In particular the scientific results of the project to
2. Scientific objectives and approach date include:
aa specification of the user requirements and the criteria to be used
Digital images from the target manuscripts captured in colour vis- for the selection of the manuscripts;
ible, ultraviolet and monochrome infrared are used to derive com- aa standardisation of the digitisation process of manuscript inks
putational profiles of the ink and support (paper, papyrus, etc.) used. and supports under different lighting conditions and areas of
The profiles were based on the image properties of the materials spectrum;
exhibited, due either to the physical characteristics of their compo- aa development of a photography protocol;
sition or their manufacturing process. In particular, we used their aa modelling and analysis of standard inks based on the modelling
photometric, 2D morphological and texture image characteristics. of ink intensity values;
The computational profiles, augmented with historical information aa modelling and analysis of the support of manuscripts;
related to manufacture date and origin of the manuscripts and infor- aa design and prototype implementation of the software’s user inter-
mation on the scrivener, formed a tool which: face, data structure and e-database;
aa allows for in situ non-destructive non-invasive image-based aa development of the website as a dynamic mean for information
analysis of manuscripts; exchange between the partners.
aa enables the classification of manuscript ink and supports;
aa aids authentication and dating of manuscripts from the 4. Dissemination and exploitation
Mediterranean region by verifying the homogeneity of their inks
of the results
and supports;
aa enables the isolation, discrimination and analysis of faded or Publications
overlapping writings such as palimpsests; aa Kokla, V., Psarrou, A., and Konstantinou, V. “Computational
aa aids the restoration and storage of manuscripts; models for pigment analysis”, Applied Physics A: Materials
aa facilitates the historical cross-referencing of manuscripts found in Science & Processing, 90, 1. Special Issue “Synchrotron Radiation
the Mediterranean region. in Art and Archaeology”, Springer-Verlag, November 2007.
aa Kokla, V., Psarrou, A., and Konstantinou, V. “Ink discrimination
based on co-occurrence analysis of visible and infrared images”,
in Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Document
Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2007, pages 1148-1152, IEEE
Computer Society Press, 2007, ISBN 0-76952822-8.
aa Kokla, V., Psarrou, A., and Konstantinou, V. “Ink recognition
based on statistical classification methods”, Proc. 2nd IEEE Int.
Conf. Document Image Analysis for Libraries (DIAL06), 254-
264, IEEE CS Press, 2006, ISBN: 0-7695-2531-8.
aa Kokla, V., Psarrou, A., and Konstantinou, V. “Probability analy-
sis in art conservation”, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Computer Vision
Theory and Applications (VISAPP 2006), 1: 508–14, INSTICC
Press, 2006, ISBN 972-8865-40-6.
aa Kokla, V., Psarrou, A., and Konstantinou, V. “Probabilistic
image-based characterization of manuscript inks”, Proc, in Optical
Methods for Arts and Archaeology, SPIE Optical Metrology
Photograph of a page of an NBCF manuscript (left:Visible – Symposium, June 2005, Munich pp 585712–1 to p585712–12.
right: IR 1100mm)
204
NOESIS
Database at the end of the project
The final system was hosted on an XML-based online database acces-
sible via the Internet. All historical information discovered during the
project was added to the database to aid future researchers.
Dr Alexandra Psarrou
Harrow School of Computer Science
University of Westminster
Watford Road
Harrow HA1 3TP
UK
Email:psarroa@wmin.ac.uk
Tel: +44 020 7911 5904
NLG 72 year 1181. Gospels. No name of copyist. Provenance

from the Monastery of Pegatiotissa in Peloponnes
Nikon D70, filter 010 B+W, aperture F8, shutter 125, White bal.
sunny, ISO 1600, distance 17,5cm
NLG 72 year 1181. Gospels. No name of copyist. Provenance
from the Monastery of Pegatiotissa in Peloponnes
Nikon D70, UV lights, filter 081 B+W, aperture F8, shutter 2’’,
White bal. Fluoresce +3, ISO 1600, distance 17,5cm
Example of the NOESIS user interface
Example of the NOESIS user interface
205
OPERHA
Open and fully compatible next generation of
strengthening system for the rehabilitation of
Mediterranean building heritage
http://www.operha.eu
1. Problems to be solved The main innovative aspects of the project lie directly with the main
objective – that is, the aim of developing a novel strengthening sys-
There is a strong need in the Mediterranean area (as it is exposed to tem, based on FRP solutions developed some years ago, mainly to be
seismic hazards, harsh environmental conditions, sometimes humid- applied to civil works, although there remains a lack of research in
ity or salinity…) for more efficient restoration solutions to structural this topic. A design specifically adapted to cultural heritage require-
problems of cultural heritage. However, there is currently no suit- ments, considering cultural, technical, societal and economical
able integrated solution specifically adapted to historical buildings. aspects, has not yet been developed.
One common approach is to replace the materials when the buildings
are too weak or not suitable for tourism and other activities but this 3. Achieved scientific results
has led to irreversible cultural loss. As such, this method should be
limited to critical cases. A new combination between the three strengthening elements is being
developed by the application of inorganic and modified mortars with
Another more efficient solution is to strengthen the building with a basalt textile embedded, as the strengthening core. The application
new materials. Until now, there are no specific strengthening sys- procedure is being defined based on the different typologies and sub-
tems designed specifically for cultural heritage, and current solu- strate materials of whole project Mediterranean countries.
tions come directly from other sectors (mainly civil works). There
is therefore a strong need to develop a specific, fully compatible
system for cultural heritage. In such cases, specific effort has to 4. Policy impact
be made to reduce the architectural impact. Indeed the traditional
strengthening systems, which are used for non-historical buildings, The OPERHA project relates to the area B.2.1: “Materials, artefacts,
have not yet sufficiently reduced their visual impacts. In addition, the monuments and sites of the thematic issue protection and conserva-
use of strengthening techniques causes radical changes in building tion of cultural heritage”.
structures. This can cause extensive physical damage over time if the
strengthening structure if not well designed for the ancient material OPERHA aims at providing a generic solution both for par-
properties. Thus, there is a need to develop an appropriate strength- ticular monuments and inhabited historical buildings.
ening package which addresses all these requirements. As such, the new strengthening system matches the general objective:
“Architectural and other patrimonial elements could range from specific
2. Scientific objectives and approach buildings to city sections, villages and archaeological sites and materials
(stone, adobe, wood and other organic/inorganic materials)”.
The overall objective of the project is the design, development, test-
ing and validation of an adaptable integrated package for structural The societal implications of all work carried out for the preservation of
strengthening historical buildings in Europe and the Mediterranean cultural heritage is obvious. In the presented proposal, as well as in most
area, based on advanced composite materials. This adaptability will be of the projects concerning cultural heritage preservation, the final end-
defined by the design of an “open” and “fully compatible” solution. user of the developed technology and knowledge is society at large.
This system consists of a reversible strengthening system dedicated to The outcome of the project will contribute to the European and
historical building structures and based on specifically designed ele- Mediterranean area’s competitiveness in the field of heritage
ments (strips, sheets, bars, anchorages, adhesives, mortars), including: building protection of existing constructions and monuments.
aa the strengthening core – an open fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) It will contribute to the development of industry and consulting
laminate solution, related or not to commercial products, able to activity devoted to seismic evaluation and upgrading of buildings
strengthen different structural elements (vaults, arches, walls) and based on a fully European practice inspired by the integrated and
substrates (masonry, adobe bricks and timber) with modifications performance-oriented concepts which could be eventually exported
in resins and fibre component disposition; to other continents.
aa fixing system – based on organic adhesives and/or anchorage devic-
es in cases of substrate needs or structural element dimensions; The OPERHA project will contribute to ensuring and consolidat-
aa conditioning mortars – based on inorganic (lime) and organic mod- ing economical activity and employment-based cultural tourism,
ified mortars with regards to preparing the substrates (usually in especially in such areas (like some Mediterranean regions) which,
decayed conditions) for FRP application and with regards to reduc- with a level of economical development under the European average,
ing visual impacts of the interventions (aesthetic integration). nevertheless enjoy important medieval architectural heritage.
206
OPERHA
5. Dissemination and exploitation Tareq Naif Al Hadid Jesus Castillo Oli

Building Research Centre / Fundación Santa Maria La
of the results
Royal Scientific Society Real
The project was presented in: Jordan Spain
aa 7th EC Conference on cultural heritage, Prague, Czech Republic
(May 2006). Patrice Morot-Sir Mohamad Harajli
aa 11th Structural faults + repair – 2006, Edinburgh, UK (June Ecole d’Avignon American University of Beirut
2006). France Faculty of Engineering &
aa International workshop on rehabilitation technologies and herit- Architecture
age management (REHABEND), Santander, Spain (October Amer Al Qimash Lebanon
2007). Department Of Antiquities
aa 1st Asia–Pacific Conference on FRP in structures (APFIS 2007), Jordan FYFE EUROPE SA
Hong Kong (December 2007). Greece
aa Spanish construction fair CONSTRUMAT, Barcelona, Spain A. Nahed, Abdel Raheem
(May 2007) Cairo University Essam El Said Aly
In addition to this, two workshops have already been organised in Engineering Centre Supreme Council of
Jordan and Spain in the framework of the OPERHA project where for Archaeology and Antiquities
the project was presented to the related stakeholders and other institu- Environment Egypt
tions interested in the heritage structures strengthening techniques. Egypt
In the pure scientific stage, one European Doctorate is being devel- Nabila Belhadj
oped by Eng. David García (to make its public "defence" in March Giorgio Croci Entreprise Belhadj
2009), related to the OPERHA topic, two papers in indexed journals Studio Progettazione Algeria
are being launched and four-month stays have been undertaken in Controlli, SRL
Minho and Patras Universities. Italy Thanasis Triantafillou
Patras University
Department of Civil
Contract number: SSP 513718 Engineering
Start date – End date: 01/01/06–31/12/08 Structural Materials
Contract type: FP6 STREP Laboratory
Duration (in months): 36 Greece
Dr José Tomás San-Jose Lombera
Fundación Labein
Construction and Territorial Development Unit
Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Calle Geldo, Edificio 700
48160 Derio (Spain)
Email: tomas@labein.es
Tel: +34 94 607 33 00
207
PRODOMEA
Project on high compatibility technologies and systems
for conservation and documentation of masonry works
in archaeological sites in the Mediterranean area
http://www.prodomea.com

The PRODOMEA project comes within the framework of the INCO There were three main outcomes of PRODOMEA project:
programme with the intention of developing the theme of compat- a) The compatibility approach – it provided support for selecting
ibility of conservation actions on archaeological masonry and open- appropriate methodologies to introduce compatibility in the con-
ing this concept not only to strictly physical parameters, but also servation process, and to assess the incompatibility level as part
to operational and local context considerations. The problem to be of an integrated conservation planning for mortar restoration,
solved and investigated was the frequently observed unsatisfactory providing an instrument in which the guiding concepts are the cri-
behaviour of the past conservation treatments in sites located all teria of technical, operational, environmental, social and cultural
around the Mediterranean area. compatibility.
b) PRODOMEA IT tool – it can be accessed via the Internet (www.
2. Scientific objectives and approach prodomea.com) and can support the different actors of the conser-
vation process in several ways:
Ancient construction technologies in the Mediterranean area present aa knowledge base – this contains documentation and knowledge in
significant similarities. Moreover the protection and conservation particular about the compatibility and conservation of mortars;
of the construction heritage have diffused the techniques evolved aa case studies – these present the conservation actions that were
in masonry construction over the entire area. For this reason five analysed and evaluated from the compatibility point of view in
archaeological sites were chosen in the Mediterranean area as case the PRODOMEA archaeological sites
studies in PRODOMEA. aa DSS-PRODOMEA decision-support system – this is the tool to
apply the new PRODOMEA approach for the assessment of the
The first objective of the PRODOMEA project was to study these level of incompatibility of conservation treatments:
actions through several sampling campaigns and tests. Two analyti- • evaluating the incompatibility degree of past interventions;
cal methodologies were applied to characterise both the archaeologi- • choosing the less incompatible intervention processes in new
cal materials and the past conservation actions, as well as to describe interventions.
the environmental effects acting on them. c) The conservation technologies towards compatibility – no specific
technology, in absolute terms, should be attributed a quality of
The second objective was to try to transform existing and scattered ‘compatible’; however, the PRODOMEA project studied and
conservation strategies on archaeological masonry into a more user- assessed a very significant number of conservation technologies
friendly, structured and sustainable one. The result was the definition and materials, whose characterisation is a very important compo-
of a new approach for assessing the compatibility of conservation nent of the project outcomes (KB IT tool).
treatments. This has then been transformed into a useful IT tool,
to exchange and manage the knowledge better on compatibility and 4. Policy impact
conservation treatments.
The PRODOMEA project faced a problem that although there are dif-
The project took advantage of the studies carried out over recent ferent environmental conditions is common to the whole Mediterranean
years on the concepts of compatibility and conservation, but the Basin. In the field of conservation, the concept of ‘compatibility’ is
originality, degree of innovation and progress beyond the state of the particularly relevant, but most archaeological sites suffer from bad
art were significant, in particular: intervention actions, practices and policy decisions, and many cultural
aa the PRODOMEA approach addressed its evaluation on compatibil- elements have been definitively lost due to these bad interventions.
ity not only with strictly physical parameters but also with opera- On the other hand, there is an increasing awareness of the need to fol-
tional, environmental, social and cultural compatibility criteria. low high quality standards in conservation actions, and of the impor-
aa it has been defined as a guiding concept in masonry mortar con- tance of analytical management activities and their contribution to
servation to support technical management and to make the inter- more effective planning. The methodology of the PRODOMEA com-
ventions more effective and sustainable, focusing the assessment patibility approach aimed to provide management instruments for all
on a ‘compatibility tree’ – the way to quantify the ‘incompatibil- the actors of the conservation process (site managers, archaeologists,
ity level’ of the interventions. This use of quantifiable indicators architects, scientists, restorers, etc.) having the compatibility model as
for defining the incompatibility level constitutes a real innovative its central operative tool, and to prepare the way to reach a quantified
methodology in cultural heritage. overall value for the degree of incompatibility.
208
PRODOMEA
5. Dissemination and exploitation Paola Rendini

of the results Sovrintendenza per i Beni archeologici della Toscana
Italy
The dissemination actions undertaken by the PRODOMEA partners
can be subdivided into four areas: Josè Delgado Rodrigues
aa Papers, publications and posters – several written contributions Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil
Building Materials Department,
have been published in conference proceedings or magazines.
Portugal
The team has also prepared a PRODOMEA leaflet and brochure,
available via the website. Margarida Monteiro
aa Lectures and presentations – several lectures have been presented Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico -Divisão
at university courses and international workshops (see below). de Obras, Conservação e Restauro da Direcção Regional
aa International workshops – PRODOMEA has organised two inter- de Lisboa
national workshops. The first was held in Jordan in December Portugal
2004 and the second in Damascus in December 2005.
aa The PRODOMEA website (www.prodomea.com) – this has been Talal Akasheh
The Hashemite University
active since 2003 and contains the IT tool and its database.
Queen Rania’s Institute of Tourism and Heritage
Jordan
Talal Akili
University of Damascus, Faculty of Architecture
Architectural Research Centre of old Damascus
Syria
Cristina Sabbioni
Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche
Istituto di scienze dell’atmosfera e del clima
Italy
Characterisation of mortars and evaluation of incompatibility

degree of past and new interventions

Dr Antonella Grossi
Istituto Cooperativo per l’Innovazione
Via Ciamician 2, IT-40127 Bologna, Italy
E-mail: a.grossi@bo.icie.it
Tel: +39 051 243131
Fax: +39 051 243266
Marino Luigi
Università di Firenze – Dipartimento di storia dell’architettura e
restauro delle strutture architettoniche
Italy
209
PROHITECH
Earthquake protection of historical buildings by
reversible mixed technologies
http://www.prohitech.com
and compatible reversible mixed technologies for the structural

1. Problems to be solved upgrading of existing constructions without compromising the
historical features of buildings
The problem to be solved was to develop sustainable methodologies aa information-based strategies, through the publication of the
for the use of reversible mixed technologies in the seismic protection main results of the projects dealing with innovative material
of buildings of historical and monumental interest. and structural solutions, in high-impact science journals and
international conferences
The project aimed to exploit the peculiarities of innovative materials
of the results
and special devices by means of experimental and numerical analy-
ses in order to optimise the global behaviour of existing construc- Paper presented at the international conference providing a general
tions under seismic actions. presentation of the PROHITECH project results achieved in the first
year (Mazzolani): ‘Earthquake protection of historical buildings by
3. Achieved scientific results reversible mixed technologies: the PROHITECH project’, Ohrid,
Macedonia, 28–30 August 2005.
Work packages 1–4 deal with an overview of the existing techniques International seminar: four papers related to the first four work
(damage assessment, risk analysis and intervention strategies) and packages were presented by the WP leaders (Mazzolani, Mandara,
have been fully completed. Alatay, Iben Brahim, Lungu), addressing the final output of the work
package, Ohrid, 30 August 2005:
The main technical results achieved in the first four work packages 1. ‘Overview of traditional technological systems adopted for seismic
constitute the main part of the activity carried out in the first year rehabilitation of historical buildings in European and Mediterranean
of the PROHITECH project. A detailed description is available on Countries: 2004–2005 activity report of PROHITECH WP1’
the website. The results obtained have been illustrated by each work 2. ‘Assessment of earthquake-induced structural damage in historical
package leader with contributions from participating members. buildings of the Mediterranean area: 2004–2005 activity report of
The results have been presented at the milestone seminar held in PROHITECH WP2’
Ohrid, Macedonia, 30 August 2005, during the IZIIS Conference. 3. ‘Assessment of seismic risk maps and evaluation of seismic vul-
In addition, a general presentation of the whole project was given by nerability of historical building heritage in the Mediterranean area:
the coordinator. 2004–2005 activity report of PROHITECH WP3’
4. ‘Definition of methodologies for seismic up-grading of construc-
4. Policy impact tions based on both strengthening of structural elements and
control of the seismic response: 2004–2005 activity report of
To provide adequate safety measures to EU citizens from the risk PROHITECH WP4’
of the earthquakes, the research project aims at increasing the Many other presentations have been made at conferences, seminars
protection of historical buildings, through the promotion and the and working groups.
practice application of innovative technologies. These technologies
were intentionally conceived and developed for ensuring adequate Contract number: SSP 509119
safety measures to this special type of existing construction. It is Start date – End date: 01/10/04 – 30/09/07
also aligned with the target objectives of the ‘City of Tomorrow Contract type: FP6 STREP
and Cultural Heritage’ programme developed under the fourth Duration (in months): 36
key action of the EESD work programme and in the 5th and 6th
Framework Programmes. Coordinator details:
Prof. Dr Eng. Federico M. Mazzolani
University of Naples Federico II – Engineering Faculty –
On the whole, the contribution of the proposed project to European
Department of Structure Analysis and Design
policies can be identified on the basis of the following basic types:
Piazzale Tecchio no.80
aa Directive-based regulations, by the dissemination of adequate Naples, Italy
standardisation documents at international level E-mail: fmm@unina.it
aa encouragement-based instruments, by allowing the construction Tel: +39 081 7682443
industry and specialist operators to use safer, more efficient
210
PROHITECH
Figures 1 & 2 show the monuments which have been selected

for the preparation of large-scale models. The two models,
together with a Byzantine basilica and a Greek temple, were
tested on a shaking table for simulating earthquake effects.
After damage, they were repaired by means of reversible mixed
technologies and then tested again in order to evaluate the
effectiveness of the consolidation systems.
Figure 1: Mustapha Pasha Mosque, Skopjes (Macedonia) Figure 2: Fossanova Abbey, Latina (Italy)
Jean-Pierre Jaspart Gülay A. Askar

University of Liège Boğziçi Unıversıty
Belgium Turkey
Kiril Gramaticov Avidgo V. Rutenberg

University ‘Sts Cyril and Methodius’ of Skopje Technion - Israel Institute of Technology,
Macedonia Haifa
Israel
Ioannis Vayas
National Technical University of Athens Mohamed El Zahabi
Greece Engineering Centre for Archaeology and Environment –
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
Raffaele Landolfo Egypt
University of Naples Federico II – Architecture Faculty
Italy Aomar Iben Brahim
National Scientific and Technical Research Centre
Luis Calado Morocco
Instituto Superior Técnico of Lisbon
Portugal Alberto Mandara
Second University of Naples
Dan Dubina Italy
The ‘Politehnica’ University of Timisoara
Romania Mohamed Chemrouk
Faculté de Génie Civil, Université des Sciences
Dan Lungu et de La Technologie,
Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest Algeria
Romania
Gianfranco De Matteis
Darko Beg University of Chieti/Pescara
University of Ljubljana Italy
Slovenia
211
PROMET
Developing new analytical techniques and materials
for monitoring and protecting metal artefacts from
the Mediterranean region
http://www.promet.org.gr
1. Problems to be solved for natural aging in their respective museums. The consortium has
begun developing, evaluating and/or testing new corrosion inhibitors,
The main conservation problems that affect metal artefact col- corrosion inhibitor additives (for waxes or varnishes) and barrier
lections in the Mediterranean basin may be attributed to the high films that meet the conservation standards for protecting museum
relative humidity and the presence of aggressive agents in the atmos- artefacts. Metal coupons have been artificially aged and distributed
phere. Conservation strategies have to be tailored to take into account throughout the consortium to provide a basis for further testing of
the different environmental conditions and the degradation causes the new materials.
occurring in the countries of the Mediterranean basin. To decrease
the rate of the degradation phenomena, it is not possible to protect Two periodic meetings have occurred for the consortium in the
the metal collections by placing them in strict environmentally first reporting period, where the results of the survey of the col-
controlled areas or by treating them on a regular basis, due to the lections were presented. The results of the first two recording
large number of objects and the heavy cost of repeated maintenance. periods resulted in 16 joint publications and 33 individual pub-
Furthermore, many of these artefacts are contaminated with soluble lications in refereed journals or conference proceedings, specifi-
salts, such as chlorides, and can only be saved by proper documenta- cally related to the PROMET project. The results of PROMET led
tion/analyses, stabilisation treatment, and protecting them with an to eight PhD theses.
appropriate corrosion inhibitor and/or coating.
4. Policy impact
The strategic impact of the project should provide a founda-
This project aims to establish and promote a conservation strategy tion to develop a maintenance policy for protecting and moni-
designed for the Mediterranean region by developing portable monitoring indoor metal collections in the Mediterranean region.
toring systems and protection methods, including the identification The conservation approach for safeguarding metal collections
of degradation phenomena, for collections of precious metals, iron would be developed with new portable, non-destructive and semi-
and copper alloys. destructive analytical techniques, new materials (i.e. corrosion
inhibitors and coatings) for protecting metals in the long term,
The main objective is to establish a survey approach for document- and developing or adapting existing scientific techniques for the
ing the problems and needs of metal collections and developing new documentation and analysis of large metal collections. Along with
innovative scientific techniques, micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) pilot studies undertaken in the Mediterranean region, a survey
and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for analysing was conducted of metal collections using the defined approach to
metal artefacts, quickly, non-destructively and in situ. This approach determine the extent of the conservation problems and needs in
is applied to several metal collections housed in the Mediterranean the Mediterranean for such collections.
region to identify their problems and needs. Furthermore, safe and
new corrosion inhibitors, coatings and barrier films are being devel- In short, the results of the proposed project would provide a
oped and tested as alternatives for use in metal conservation. means for the protection of cultural heritage property by offering
viable solutions that can be applied by end-users (conservators
3. Achieved scientific results and museum professionals).
During the first year, the consortium has optimised the LIBS tech- Also, the development of new portable analytical techniques would
nique for the analyses of metal reference alloys, with a compact enhance the competitiveness of European SMEs in providing
LIBS instrument currently in the integration phase. Also, prelimi- state-of-the-art analytical techniques to the international market.
nary experimental tests for evaluating the performance of selected Furthermore, the determination of which new corrosion inhibitors
micro-XRF spectrometer components have been carried out and set and coatings are suitable for conservation of metal artefacts would
up. The consortium established the survey methodology for assessing introduce more consumers (i.e. conservators) to these European
the problems and needs of metal collections in the Mediterranean products, and open up a new market to the producers of these prod-
region. The initial survey of metal collections from 11 museums ucts in Europe. Finally, the results of our work could also help the
across the Mediterranean region, outlining their characteristics in metals industry in identifying the most suitable coatings and/or cor-
terms of technology and condition, has been completed by many rosion inhibitors from our long-term testing (the tests are carried out
of the partners. From the survey work, some of standard reference on the worst-case examples) for corroded surfaces exposed to high
alloys were designed to mimic (as closely as possible) the artefacts relative humidity with sea salt.
under study. These reference alloys were produced on a large scale
as metal coupons that were distributed throughout the consortium
212
PROMET

of the results
The results of these studies were published as a guidebook.. The new
conservation approach was promoted through workshops held in Jordan
and Malta in June and November 2005 respectively. There is a website
(www.promet.org.gr), and a conference was held in Cairo (Egypt), the
proceedings of which were published by the consortium.
Other exploitable products to be produced at the end of the project are:
aa a fully-portable LIBS instrument (LMNTII) that enables analysis
of the objects at their location
aa steel, copper and silver-based alloys in the form of coupons that
can be artificially or naturally corroded in any environmental
conditions
aa a methodology survey approach for identifying the problems and
needs of large metal collections
aa new products, such as corrosion inhibitors, corrosion inhibitor
additives and barrier films have been tested and are ready for use
in the conservation of metal artefacts.

Dr Vasilike Argyropoulos
The Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art
Technological Educational Institute of Athens
Ag. Spyridonos, GR-12210 Aigaleo, Greece
E-mail: Bessie@teiath.gr
Tel: +30 210 5385459
Cast bronze mirror Archaeological Museum of Ancient
Messene, Greece (2nd century BC), and a radiograph of the
same mirror where the characteristics of casting technique
Pareskevi Pouli and previous conservation treatment are depicted
The Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser of the Foundation
for Research and Technlogy
Greece
Christian Degrigny
Heritage Malta, Conservation Division – Diagnostics Science
Laboratories
Malta
Roman denarius coin (3rd century AD) from the National

Numismatic Museum, National Roman Museum in Italy.
Active corrosion phenomena are evidenced by the presence of
chloroargyrite and Cu (II) compounds as well as by the occur-
rence of bronze disease in the copper enriched areas
213
PROMET
Maurice Grech Wafaa Taha El-Saddik

Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering Egyptian Museum of Cairo
Faculty of Engineering Ministry of Culture
University of Malta Egypt
Malta
Najat Hajjaji
Katerina Kreislova Ibn Tofail University – Faculty of Sciences
SVÚOM Ltd Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Electrochemical Reactivity
Czech Republic Morocco
Mohamed Abdel Harith Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités et

The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo des Musées
University Syria
Egypt
François Mirambet
Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (LRMH)
France
Andreas Karydas
Institute of Nuclear Physics, The National Center
for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’
Greece
214
QUARRYSCAPES
Conservation of ancient stone quarry landscapes in
the Eastern Mediterranean
http://www.quarryscapes.no
1. Problems to be solved Old Kingdom Period, and thus providing a unique insight into eve-
ryday life. In Aswan, Egypt, the project has ‘uncovered’ the perhaps
The cultural heritage of the Eastern Mediterranean is predominantly most long-lived quarry landscape in the world. Silicified sandstone
made from stone. Throughout antiquity thousands of smaller and from this area has been quarried since the Early Palaeolithic and
larger stone quarries were exploited. The archaeological record in onwards, for tools, utilitarian stone products and monumental stone.
the quarries comprises rare evidence of stone extraction sites, roads, The same quarry landscape was used as a case for building a model
harbours, settlements, ceramics and inscriptions, which collectively for assessing the significance of such long-lived, socially embedded
constitute an ‘ancient quarry landscape’. Such landscapes are of and complex quarry landscapes. QuarryScapes has also carried out
crucial importance, not only to our understanding of the lives of the a comprehensive study on the risk from which such landscapes are
non-elite, but also of the political and ideological ambitions of an suffering in Egypt; in addition to evaluating classes of risks and their
elite that drove resource exploitation to such heights. Yet, as heritage local and regional impact, a forthcoming report suggests a simple
sites of such enormous historical importance, these have largely gone methodology for facing such problems. In addition to research, some
unrecognised, mainly due to poor documentation, which has conse- innovation activities form an important part of the project. One
quently led to their current indiscriminate destruction from actions important result is the establishment of a national Egyptian database
such as modern development and quarrying. of several hundred sites.
2. Scientific objectives and approach 4. Policy impact

QuarryScapes developed scientific and practical methodologies for QuarryScapes has two agendas reinforcing each other: on the one hand
documentation, characterisation and conservation of ancient quarry the aim is to learn more about ancient quarry landscapes, their signifi-
landscapes, raise awareness of the significance and vulnerability of cance and values, and on the other, the long-term aim is to achieve a
such sites, and contribute to legal protection measures and sustain- firm commitment to an integrated conservation strategy that balances
able management of ancient quarry landscapes. Through case studies the needs of various stakeholders. The project broadened perspectives
in Egypt, Jordan and Turkey, the project addressed development of inside and outside the scientific community concerning such land-
theoretical and practical methods pertaining to the major steps in the scapes, as resources for knowledge of technological developments,
process of conservation: from recognition, investigation and assess- trade and social organisational change in antiquity, and as landscape-
ment of significance, to understanding the risks, developing sound forming elements constituting a multitude of histories/narratives. They
conservation and monitoring concepts, and suggesting mechanisms may also be of economic value for local communities (for example
for sustainable management. QuarryScapes combines research- and cultural tourism) and have potential as sources of raw material. The
innovation-related activities. The research component is especially challenge is to prioritise such values and explore the consequences in
related to characterisation, detailed site survey, value assessment the development of practical conservation concepts. This integrated
methodologies, as well as risk assessment and monitoring method- approach and the research results obtained were valuable for the scien-
ologies. The innovation component draws from these studies, as well tific community, heritage authorities and NGOs.
as from other studies in related fields, and is particularly related to
the development of practical conservation concepts for specific sites/ 5. Dissemination and exploitation
landscapes and sustainable management through inventory and GIS-
of the results
based maps/atlases.
The most important general outcome of the project was a booklet
3. Achieved scientific results with general guidelines for investigation, assessment of significance
and risks, monitoring, conservation and sustainable management of
During the first two years, field research has been carried out in 12 ancient quarry landscapes that can be used in a range of cultural and
case study areas in the three countries, seeking to explore various historical context. QuarryScapes has produced reports and thematic
aspects of different types of quarry landscape. Six of the case studies maps on the various case studies, and will in 2008 tie this work
are related to quarries forming extended ‘cityscapes’ of ancient cit- together in a scientific report and in an atlas of ancient quarry land-
ies, such as the Roman cities of Gerasa and Sagalassos, the Nabatean scapes in the region. Some scientific papers are already published,
city Petra, Roman Ankara and cities of the Hittites. It is shown that others will follow, and project members have participated in a range
knowledge of the quarries applied in the building of such cities not of scientific and professional conferences. Project results have also
only can give a valuable input to the understanding of the building been broadly disseminated to a general audience through various
processes and organisation of them, but also add value to the dis- media, including participation in several TV programs. Reports
semination of such sites to a general audience. Three case studies in and other written deliverables will be available for downloading on
Egypt represent quarry landscapes ‘frozen in time’, being related to the project website www.quarryscapes.no as soon they are finally
short-lived campaigns for monumental stone acquisition during the approved by the consortium.
215
QUARRYSCAPES
Marc Waelkens
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Departement Archeologie, kunstwetenschap
en musicologie - Afdeling Archeologie
Belgium
Elizabeth Bloxam
Institute of Archaeology
United Kingdom
Emine Nevin Caner-Saltik

Middle East Technical University
Faculty of Architecture, Materials Conservation Laboratory
Turkey
Nizar Abu-Jaber
Yarmouk University
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Faculty of Science
Jordan
Part of an ancient sandstone quarry landscape west of Aswan,
Egypt, comprising huge areas of quarries from different periods Naguib Amin
Supreme Council of Antiquities
Egyptian Antiquities Information System
Egypt
Nina Prochazka
North South Consultants Exchange
Egypt
Lorenzo Lazzarini
Università IUAV di Venezia
Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali Antichi -
Dept. of Architectural History
Italy
Partly finished obelisk base in a sandstone quarry from the New

Kingdom Period, Egypt. Aswan city is seen in the background.

Dr Tom Heldal
Geological Survey of Norway
Natural Stone Team
NO-7491 Trondheim
Norway
E-mail: tom.heldal@ngu.no
Tel: +47 73904000
216
RUBIA
Circum-Mediterranean ethnobotanical and ethnographic
heritage in traditional technologies, tools, and uses of
wild and neglected cultivated plants for food, medicine,
textiles, dyeing and handicrafts
http://www.rubiaproject.net

On 17 October 2003, the Convention for Safeguarding of Intangible 980 interviews led to recordings, which related to approximately 250
Cultural Heritage was adopted in Paris at the 32nd Session of wild food plants, 350 medicinal taxa, 60 plants used for textiles and
UNESCO and, for the first time, the “knowledge and practices con- dyeing and 70 species used in handicrafts. The total number of the
cerning nature and the universe” were included clearly in the defini- recorded plant uses was approximately 1 500. All the instruments
tion of cultural heritage. and tools employed in the practices related to these uses were also
recorded and documented. Many of these recorded plant uses have
A multitude of ethnobotanical and ethnographic studies, which never before been reported in the scientific literature. Potential eco-
have been carried out in the Mediterranean in the last decades, nomically interesting, less-known and neglected useful plants have
indicate the importance of traditional technologies using plant- been identified in Morocco and Egypt, and an experimental field has
derived materials and tools, as well as the relevance of using wild been established in these two countries.
plants for food and medicine, and for producing local textiles,
handicrafts and dyes. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for 4. Policy impact
fieldwork specifically focused on the interdisciplinary analysis
of these knowledge systems with the adoption of coordinated The project contributed to evaluating traditional knowledge (TK)
methodologies, the use of common concepts and guidelines for related with the management and perceptions of the natural resources
collecting and comparing, and especially for re-evaluating these (plants) in a coordinated manner between diverse countries. The
folkloric data, related to a cultural heritage which has often been project enhanced the accessibility to the ethnographic data on folk-
much neglected. lore and oral transmitted cultural heritage for the broader public
in the Mediterranean regions. Since cultural roots among diverse
2. Scientific objectives and approach cultures in the Mediterranean are often presenting common features,
the project also wanted to serve as a minor contribution for a better
The specific objectives of RUBIA were to: understanding of diverse Mediterranean cultures.
aa analyse the current role played by plants in the traditional tech-
nologies and tools used in traditional cooking and healing practic- 5. Dissemination and exploitation
es, in producing textiles and basketry, and in dying operations in
of the results
selected Mediterranean areas, by using a common methodology;
aa create a general database of the vegetable materials and all the Four ethnobotanical sections in pre-existing botanical gardens have
tools, objects and technologies used in folk cuisine, folk medical been realised, while two ethnobotanical sections in pre-existing
practices, and for the traditional production of textile, handicrafts folkloric/ethnographic museums have been established in Italy. Ten
and for dyeing; booklets in the local languages, focusing on the most salient recorded
aa evaluate these traditional vegetable resources by a small pilot data, have been conceived, printed and distributed within the local
project of agronomic feasibility (cultivation of a few neglected communities involved in the field study.
species from arid and semi-arid areas) and a small-scale dem- Articles in international peer-reviewed journals, already published:
onstration study for the eco-sustainable production of herbal Pieroni, A., Münz, H., Akbulut, M., Baser, K.H.C. and Durmuskahya,
remedies/phytomedicines; C., “Traditional phytotherapy and trans-cultural pharmacy
aa provide a contribution to modern ethnographical museology, by among Turkish migrants living in Cologne, Germany”, Journal of
enlarging pre-existing ethnographic and botanical collections. Ethnopharmacology, 102, 69–88, 2005.
Pieroni A, Dibra B, Grishaj G, Grishaj I and Maçai SG: ‘Traditional
The approach chosen is the multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary phytotherapy of the Albanians of Lepushe, Northern Albanians
approach of the ethnosciences, and encompasses the methods adopt- Alps’, Fitoterapia, 76, 379–99, 2005.
ed for recording field ethnographic/ethnobotanical data, for conserv- Articles in peer-reviewed national scientific journals
ing and comparing these data, and for disseminating them among the Giusti, M.E., “Programmi europei e salvaguardia dei partrimoni”,,il
Mediterranean population through appropriate tools. progetto RUBIA
217
RUBIA
LARES, Quadrimestrale di studi demo-etno-antropologici, ISSN: Pardo de Santayana, M., Pieroni, A., Puri, R. (editors) The dynam-
0023-8503, 70, 1, 2004. ics of bio-cultural diversity in the New Europe: people, health and
aa Pieroni, A., Giusti, M.E., de Pasquale, C., Lenzarini, C., Censorii, wild plant resources, Berghahn, Oxford, UK, in press.
E., Gonzáles-Tejero M.R. et al., “Circum-Mediterranean cultural
heritage and medicinal plant uses in traditional animal healthcare: Further articles and book chapters for international peer-reviewed
a field survey in eight selected areas within the RUBIA project”, journals/books have been submitted or are in preparation.
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2, 2006, 16 (online
journal, no page numbers)
aa Pieroni, A., “People and mountains in Kelmend”, documentation Contract number: ICA3-2002-10023
of a field study on traditional knowledge in the northern Albanian Start date – End date: 01/01/03 – 31/12/05
Alps, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2007. Contract type: STREP
aa Hadjichambis, A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D, Della, A., Giusti,
M.E., De Pasquale, C., Lenzarini, C., Censorii, E., Gonzales- Coordinator details:
Tejero, M., Sanchez-Roja, C., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J., Skoula, Dr Andrea Pieroni
M., Johnson, C., Sarpaki, A., Hmamouchi M., El-Johri, S., Department of Social Sciences
El-Demerdash, M, El-Zayat, M., Pieroni, A., “Wild and semi- Wageningen University and Research Centres
domesticated food plants consumption in seven circum-Med- Postbus 8060
iterranean areas”, International Journal of Food Sciences and NL-6700 DA Wageningen
Nutrition, accepted, in press. The Netherlands
aa Pieroni A., “People and plants in Lëpushë. Traditional medicine, E-mail: a.pieroni@netcologne.de
local foods, and post-communism in a north Albanian village”, in
Maria Elena Giusti Athena Della

Department of Art, Music, and Theatre Agricultural Research Institute of Cyprus
University of Florence Cyprus
Italy
Mohammed Hmamouchi
María de los Reyes Gonzáles-Tejero García Institut National des Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques
Department of Vegetal Biology Morocco
University of Granada
Campus Universitario de Cartuja Mohamed El-Demerdash
Spain Department of Botany
Mansoura University
Melpomeni Skoula Egypt
Park for the Preservation of Flora and Fauna
Technical University of Crete Zahia Houmani
Greece Department of Agronomy, Agro-Veterinary and Biology
Blida University
Algeria
218
SHADUF
Traditional water techniques: cultural heritage for a
sustainable future
http://www.shaduf-eu.org
1. Problems to be solved region) in Algeria

aa Khattaras (foggaras) in Morocco
The project aimed to develop a bank of information on tradi- aa ancient Nabatean harvesting and delivery systems in Petra
tional and indigenous technologies, which have been overlooked in in Jordan
favour of modern technologies such as big dams and diesel water aa underground tunnels and aqueducts, historical uses and modifica-
pumps, focusing on the rich and diverse water saving, water irriga- tions in Jerusalem, Palestine
tion and wastewater-related heritage in the Mediterranean region. aa flood water harvesting in the Faiyum Oasis, Egypt
The project’s innovative approach lies in a redeployment of tradition- aa drainage and wastewater management in Greece
al water harvesting and management techniques, providing a model aa rainwater harvesting techniques in Syria
of how archaeological data integrated with historical and traditional
knowledge can raise awareness of the role of water and wastewater 3. Achieved scientific results
in society and nature, integrating a long-term understanding of water
management for sustainable development strategies. The project has resulted in several innovative approaches and origi-
nal discoveries in the domain of traditional water management. It
Many countries around the Mediterranean are situated in arid and has initiated the development of the first comprehensive database
semi-arid regions. Many of these areas receive less than 200 mm of of water harvesting systems which provides the basis for a bank of
rainfall with high evaporation rates, facing severe droughts, increas- information using icons for a user-friendly approach for the public
ing demands for water, and deteriorating environmental conditions. and for educational purposes.
With the continued increase in demand and the prospect of climate
change, such conditions are causing severe repercussions on inter- The main outcomes of the SHADUF project were:
nal economic and political stability. To redress these problems and aa a new classification of water harvesting techniques supplemented
as a means of alleviating current water shortages, the SHADUF with an iconographic directory
project entailed investigations of a variety of traditional water man- aa a computerised database
agement systems in different parts of the Mediterranean. aa a user guide to facilitate the creation of a databank to assess the
sustainability of traditional techniques in different settings
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa a multilingual glossary in English, Arabic, French, Italian and Greek
aa a scientific publication, including a section on sustainability:
Scientific objectives were to: “Traditional water management and sustainability: toward an
aa document the surviving traditional management and harvesting integrated dynamic ecosystem model”
techniques in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, aa a policy brief provided in both English and Arabic
Greece and Italy; aa a fully operative project website (www.shaduf-eu.org)
aa assess the sustainability potential of those techniques;
aa explore the possibilities of conserving, restoring and valorising them. The project has brought into recognition ancient waterworks that
have been long ignored such as the oldest high dam in the world
Specific objectives of SHADUF project were: in Wadi Garawi, Egypt, and the oldest national waterworks in the
aa a database of all case studies with entries related to archaeologi- Faiyum Oasis, Egypt.
cal, historical, technical, hydrological, ecological and socioeco-
nomic parameters In Morocco the SHADUF project is pioneering the use of GIS-based
aa characterisation of the archaeological and historical value and modeling of Khattara water management systems on a regional scale.
cultural significance of water heritage sites In Algeria the project is pioneering a model of public participation
aa proposals for a strategy for restoration in the rehabilitation of Shaduf around Talmine (Adrar, Algeria).
aa evaluation of the sustainability of current water management Another team performed a detailed investigation of the declining
activities use of the Shaduf along the Western Sahara erg in the Saoura region,
aa recommendations for the exploitation of water heritage, increas- in the area between Karzaz and Beni Abbes, and around Talmine,
ing public awareness, and promoting cultural and eco-tourism. Adrar, Algeria.
Case studies from different countries highlight the range of water In Palestine, traditional water harvesting techniques were classified,
harvesting systems in the Mediterranean region: as well as the Selwan (Gihon) Spring in Jerusalem and its ancient
aa drainage, tanks, terracing systems in selected area in Italy water systems
aa Shaduf and Seguia irrigation in Saoura and Gourara (Sahara
219
SHADUF
4. Policy impact
The policy brief provides recommendations on traditional water sys-
tems for a better future, addressing policy issues and technical issues.

of the results
aa A fully operative website
aa A database accessible through the SHADUF website.
aa A policy brief
aa A scientific publication, edited by Prof Fekri Hassan
Both publications were distributed to the European Commission

and to the consortium for further dissemination to local authori-
ties and stakeholders. Copies are available on request, from partner
CULTNAT (Smart Village - Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Km Use of a Shaduf for lifting water from a well in Talmine,
28 – Giza, Egypt) who has taken the responsibility of releasing the Algeria: Photo by SUD TIMMI
publications.

EJTN GEIE, European Jewellery Technology Network
Rue du Commerce 124, BE-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Operative Headquarters :
via Roberto Cozzi 53, IT-20125 Milan, Italy
E-mail: ejtn@ieni.cnr.it
Tel: +39 02 66173 359/296
Pietro Laureano
IPOGEA Use of a Shaduf for lifting water from a well in Talmine,
Italy Algeria: Photo by SUD TIMMI
Abdelkarim Benhassan
SUDTIMMI Sarl
Algeria
Abdelkrim Benammar
USTO (Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran),
Département d’Architecture
Algeria
Samir El Jaafari
UMI (Université Moulay Ismaïl)
Morocco
Aysar Akrawi
PNT (Petra National Trust)
Jordan
220
TEXMED
New materials and eco-sustainable technologies for
the conservation and restoration of textiles
http://www.sud-lab.com/src/KA4tools_details.asp?id=368
1. Problems to be solved periods and to different geographical areas, was created. Information
on each artefact was collected and summarised giving the different
There is an urgent need, jointly acknowledged by EU Member States and complementary ways that the conservation of a textile may be
and Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPCs), to preserve the cultural approached and the history of the artefact interpreted. The prototype
heritage consisting of natural fibrous polymers such as textiles, books, for a website was developed to produce the catalogue in electronic
miniatures, papyri and parchment. form and for the dissemination of the Texmed results.
2. Scientific objectives and approach Researchers from Cairo University (Egypt) and Yarmouk University
(Jordan) were given training in the use of scientific equipment at the
The objectives of this project were to: Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers (Italy) for the appli-
aa achieve new polymeric materials with specific properties for the cation of investigation techniques such as scanning electron micros-
durable and eco-sustainable conservation and restoration of textile copy, optical microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry,
artefacts using processes with minimal environmental impact; instron machine and accelerated aging in a climatic chamber.
aa set up investigative methodologies based on non-destructive tech-
niques for identifying the nature, origin, colour, dye and manu- Contract number: ICA3 – CT-1999-00001
facturing of fibres. Such objectives were pursued by integrating Start date – End date: 01/04/00 – 31/03/04
research activities on advanced, different and complementary Contract type: FP5 Cost-shared research
topics simultaneously faced by a multi-disciplinary team. Duration (in months): 48
3. Achieved scientific results Coordinator details:

Dr Loredana D’Orazio
Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers – Italian
aa Identification of new water-dispersed polymers with properties
National Research Council (CNR)
suitable for conservation and restoration of the cultural heritage and
Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA) ITALY
related molecular, structural and mechanical characterisation. Email: dor@ICTP.CNR.IT
aa Non-destructive identification techniques of natural fibres, both Tel: +39 081 8675064
cellulose and protein, and characterisation of modern fabrics con-
sisting of natural fibres before and after conservation treatments
with polymers.
aa Characterisation and analysis of the dyes on natural fibres.
aa Methodologies for the recognition of textile-woven fabric by
means of non-destructive techniques.
aa Interventions of conservation and restoration on modern natural
fibres by applying different water-dispersed classes of polymers
simulating methodologies generally used by restorers and curators.
aa Interventions of restoration of important liturgical garments using
polymers suitably selected from among those investigated.
aa Artificial aging of natural fibres and polymers used in conservation.
4. Policy impact
The principal impact of the project was the strengthening of the
scientific and technological cooperation among EU Member States
(Italy and Spain), EU Associate States (Israel) and MPCs (Egypt,
Morocco and Jordan).

of the results
Many articles have been published in international journals and the
scientists have participated in master classes and conferences.
A catalogue of textiles containing a selection of artefacts made of

natural fibres, which belong to different archaeological and historical
221
TEXMED
Fatma Helmi Zvi Koren

Cairo University, Faculty of Archaeology The Eldestein Center for the Analysis of Ancient Textile,
Egypt Shenkar College of Textile Technology
Israel
Chiara Bartoletti
Istituto per l’Arte e il Restauro, Palazzo Spinelli Ziad Al Saad
Italy Yarmouk University, Institute of Archaeology and Antropology
Jordan
Rachid Benslimane
Università Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Arun Naike
Laboratoire de Transmission et de Traitement d’Image Universidad Polytecnica de Catalunya
Morocco Spain
222
WIND-CHIME
Wide-range non-intrusive devices toward conservation
of historical monuments in the Mediterranean area
http://dipmec.unipv.it/research/chime/
1. Problems to be solved aa El-Borgi, S., Choura, S, Neifar, M., Smaoui, H., Majdoub, M.S.
and Cherif, D., “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of a Historical
The problem was how to retrofit monumental structural systems Building in Tunisia”.
using non-invasive and reversible innovative techniques. aa Syrmakezis, C.A, Mavrouli, O.A. and Antonopoulos, A.K.,
“Aseismic protection of Historical Structures using Modern
2. Scientific objectives and approach Retrofitting Techniques”.
aa Chrysostomou, C., Stassis, A., Demetriou, T. and Hamdaoui, K.,
The specific objective of this project was the development of a “Application of Shape Memory Alloy Prestressing Devices on an
sustainable and cost-effective retrofit technology, which allowed Ancient Aqueduct”.
the non-intrusive rehabilitation of historical monuments in the aa El-Borgi, S., Neifar, M., Ben Jabeur, M., Cherif, D. and Smaoui,
Mediterranean area. H. “Use of Copper Shape Memory Alloys in Retrofitting
Historical Monuments”.
3. Achieved scientific results aa El-Attar, A., Saleh, A. and El-Habbal, I., ”The Use of SMA
Wire Dampers to Enhance the Seismic Performance of Historical
A state-of-the-art update was conducted. Stone Structure: An Experimental Approach”.
aa A metallurgical and thermo mechanical characterisation of dif-
ferent shape memory alloys (mainly the classical Ni-Ti alloy and
a Cu-based alloy), in order to avoid a last-minute inconsistency
between material and application, was pursued.
aa Case studies were identified in the historical areas of the
Mediterranean partners.
aa Several laboratory implementations.
aa A real application on an aqueduct in Cyprus.
4. Policy impact
Homogenisation of estimation and retrofitting techniques for cul-
tural heritage preserved across the Mediterranean basin.

of the results
The Larnaca aqueduct in Cyprus
aa Special issue in: Smart Structures and Systems, Issue 2, 2008.
aa Guest editor’s preface.
aa Casciati, F. and van der Eijk, C. “Mechanical Properties and
Microstructure Characterization of CuAlBe Shape Memory
Alloys for Vibration Mitigation”.
aa Berezovski, A., “Influence of geometry and loading conditions”.
aa Stian Olsen, J., van der Eijk, C. and Zhang, Z.L., “Analysis of
shape memory alloy based seismic dampers”.
aa Casciati, S. and Hamdaoui, K. “Experimental and Numerical
Studies toward the Implementation of Shape Memory Alloy Ties
in Masonry Structures”.
aa Mavrouli, O.A and Syrmakezis, C.A., “Investigation of Masonry
Elasticity and Shear Moduli using Finite Element Micro-
Models”.
aa Chrysostomou,C., Demetriou, T. and Stassis, A., “System
Identification of an Ancient Aqueduct”.
aa Bani-Hani, K., Zibdeh, H. and Hamdaoui, K., “System
Identification for a Typical Monument in Jordan”. Zaouia of Sidi Kassem Djilizi / Mausoleum in Tunis
223
WIND-CHIME

Start date – End date: 01/06/04 – 30/05/07 Radhia Benmbarek Iva Fava
Contract type: FP6 STREP Institut National du SIART s.r.l., Pavia
Duration (in months): 36 Patrimoine Italy
Tunisia
Samir Ben-Abdallah
Prof. Fabio Casciati
University of Pavia – Department of Structural Mechanics Themos Demetriou Institut National
via Ferrata 1, IT-27100 Pavia, Italy Civil Engineering de Météorologie
E-mail: Fabio@dipmec.unipv.it Cyprus Tunisia
Tel:+39 0382 985458
Costas Syrmakezis Adel Galal El Attar
Ethnikon Metsovion University of Cairo
Polytechnion Egypt
Greece
Sami El Borgi
Hazem S. Zibdeh École Polytechnique de Tunisie
Jordan University of Science Tunisia
and Technology
Jordan Arkadi Berezovski
Institute of Cybernetics at
Casper van der Eijk Tallinn Technical
SINTEF University
Materials Technology Estonia
Norway
Nadir Boumechra
Université de Tlemcen
Algeria
224
Chapter 8
8. COST cooperation, Culture 2000 programme,
external relations (Euromed etc.)
225
226
Introduction Beyond EU-supported research projects developed under the succes-
sive Framework programmes, there are also other ways on how the
EU promotes coordination and best practices in cultural heritage.
This concerns in particular EU activities promoted in the context of
education and culture, the regional policy, and the support to external
relations (Europe-aid). As a mere illustration of the diversity of areas
concerned, only a few examples of projects are presented in this
chapter which were supported by the Culture 2000 (2000–06) pro-
grammed under DG Education and Culture focusing especially on
the exchange of experiences, exhibition, visualisation and dissemina-
tion of results: e.g. MOSS to monitor, safeguard and visualise under-
water shipwreck sites, PCL to promote and sustain the management
of cultural landscapes, WOODEN HANDWORK & CARPENTRY
to contribute, among others, to the diffusion of technical knowledge
in the field of woodworking techniques.
The EU also supports coordination efforts among European coun-

tries’ organisations, as well as between the EU and its international
partners. COST, the intergovernmental instrument for boosting coop-
eration between national research activities, is a good example. In the
cultural heritage sphere, it has implemented specific activities, analy-
ses and technologies for broader applications all over Europe and
beyond. For instance, COST Action G7 dealing with laser technology
for conservation aimed to improve the use of these optical devices
for cleaning artwork by supporting a large network of scientists for
a multidisciplinary approach to the problem. COST Action G8 also
supported exchanges of expertise to develop and disseminate knowl-
edge of non-destructive analysis and testing of museum objects. The
goal of the 20 countries having signed COST Action C17 aimed to
prevent fire loss to historical buildings by creating common data-
bases and methodologies and helping heritage managers balance fire
engineering needs with those of conservation. COST Action A27
– known as LANDMARKS – has identified and catalogued pre-
industrial structures threatened by the abandonment of farming and
mining activities. Often in COST, workshops are being held across
Europe with an eye to setting new norms and standards for the pres-
ervation of cultural heritage assets.
As regards international cooperation, INTAS also can be cited as

an intergovernmental association which has linked the EU Member
States to the New Independent States: some of its projects focused
on archaeological sites and socio-cultural issues across this vast
region constituted by former Soviet republics of Eastern Europe and
Central Asia.
227
COST A27
Landmarks, understanding pre-industrial structures in
rural and mining landscapes
http://www.soc.staffs.ac.uk/jdw1/costa27home.html
1. Problems to be solved The organisation of the action is based on a management committee

(where each of the 20 signatory countries is represented) and four
Over recent decades, several factors – sometimes contradictory – have working groups responsible for mining landscapes, rural landscapes,
contributed to qualitative changes of certain landscapes characterised virtual landscapes and databases, and transversal activities (website,
by the development of traditional activities and rural occupation. The dissemination and cultural heritage exploitation).
elements attached to pre-industrial activities are particularly sensitive.
This action intends to approach the processes of change that these 3. Achieved scientific results
landscapes underwent – or that they are to undergo – and to evaluate
the risks of loss in terms of social identity of the territories and of June 2004–December 2005:
non-renewable heritage resources. It also aims to envisage the possi- Three open workshops have been organised: “Landscapes as cultural
bilities of incorporation and improvement of the quality of life in these heritage in the European research: projects and networks” (Madrid,
spaces, within the framework of the challenges that European society 2004); “Status on protection of pre-industrial landmarks in different
of the 21st century must confront. It seems therefore essential to offer, countries or regions: what kind of landmarks are protected and how
through research, a benefit and new attractive potential to these land- (and which are not)” (Odense, 2005); “Exploitation and preservation
scapes. From there, new uses and socio-economic dimensions could be of landscape: from Roman law to the European and international
identified, particularly in depressed regions. regulations” (Naples, 2005)
aa Colloque International “Paysages de mémoire, mémoire du pay-
2. Scientific objectives and approach sage” (Besançon, 2005)
aa Programmed activities (December 2005 until the end of the action)
Our point of departure is a wide perspective, an enlarged scope of the aa Colloquium “Marqueurs des paysages et systèmes socio-
cultural heritage consideration, according to present research trends. économiques: de la construction des paysages pré-industriels à
leur perception par les sociétés contemporaines” (Université du
Historical research (including archaeological approaches) has Mans, 2006–07).
assumed that context is not only a useful working instrument but also aa Symposium “Practical handling and theory of cultural land-
a key methodological linchpin in the research strategy. Historical scapes: the impact of mining” (Bochum, parallel meeting of the
discourse must be the basis of any intervention related to the cul- management committee and work groups, 2007).
tural (tangible or intangible) heritage. That is the richness and the aa Training activity: Aberystwyth Training School at Leicester/
necessary intellectual depth of European heritage: an integrative dis- Aberystwyth (in association with a conference and field visits,
course in which common elements and particularities have their own 2007).
meaning and role. In this context, landscapes are a highly synthetic
expression of human relationships through time: they are complex, 4. Policy impact
rich and dynamic. Thus, the concept of landscape embraces a variety
of values that have led it to play a relevant role within cultural herit- Over the last few years, the increasing interest and recovery of land-
age. Its content is no longer exclusively environmental or aesthetic: scapes as an essential part of cultural heritage marks the new ways
its cultural relevance is an essential factor for its comprehension and of exploitation, promotion and management of cultural heritage in the
exploitation. more general framework of territorial planning. This is currently one of
the priorities of European and international organisations. Since 1992,
The main objective of the action is the identification and evaluation the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural
of pre-industrial elements in the European landscape, threatened by Heritage has included cultural landscapes as a category for declaration.
the abandonment of traditional agricultural and mining activities. (Since 1992, more than 36 cultural landscapes have been declared.) The
The action envisages the following secondary objectives: European Landscape Convention, promoted by the Council of Europe in
aa analysis of the morphological elements and models of integration 2000, considers landscape to be a basic figure of cultural heritage and,
in the landscape of today as such, a key element of individual and social welfare.
aa analysis of the technologies related to the historical use of
landscapes It is important to stress here the different measures adopted by
aa diachronic study of specific legal and administrative practices some countries for the protection of cultural landscapes: the English
aa analysis of landscape perception through history by the commu- Heritage Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme or the
nities that inhabited and exploited them Dutch Belvedere Programme (both represented in the action) are
aa provide mechanisms for the public presentation of landscapes experiences targeted at the protection and management of landscapes
and the optimising of cultural heritage. in all their complexity.
228
COST A27
5. Dissemination and exploitation 20 countries have signed the Memorandum of Understanding for
the action: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, France,
of the results
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands,
Publications: Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and
aa Behrends, O., Clavel-Lévêque, M. and Peyras, J. (eds.), “ the United Kingdom.
Les controverses sur les terres ”, Agennius Urbicus, Naples Some 70 research teams from scientific institutions with about
(Consorzio Interuniversitario Gérard Boulvert), forthcoming. 300 researchers (both senior and junior) are involved.
aa Ruiz del Árbol, M. and Orejas, A. (eds.), “Cultural landscapes
in European research: projects and networks ”, Madrid (CSIC),
2005.
Action number: COST A27
Planned publications: Start date – End date: 24/06/04 – 23/06/08
Contract type: COST network (Memorandum of Understanding)
aa Presentation of case studies on rural and mining zones. The final
aim is to prepare a global and high-level publication on rural and
mining landscapes, showing the complete chain from the research Coordinator details:
to the exploitation of landscapes as cultural heritage, 2007–08. Dr Almudena Orejas,
aa “Managing and Protecting Landscape in Europe – a summary Department of Ancient History and Archaeology. Institute of
by COST A27 ”, coordination: Graham Fairclough and Per Grau History. CSIC
Moller, 2007. C/ Duque de Medinaceli, 6, ES-28014 Madrid, Spain
aa Publication of a guide of European cultural landscapes, coordi- E-mail: aorejas@ih.csic.es
nation: Christoph Bartels, Laure Lévêque and María Ruiz del Tel: +34 91 429 0626
Árbol, timetable, 2007.
Dissemination has taken place at conferences and workshops, and

much information is available on the website.
The Roman gold mine of Las Médulas (León, Spain). An exam- Illustration of the technical Roman Treaty ‘De Agrorum Qualitate’
ple of an ancient mining landscape. The various types of land by Frontinus. The rationalisation of management and the exploita-
used left visible traces on the ground. This sometimes involves tion of the land have directed the writing of several technical trea-
well-preserved networks used during a broad period; these cir- ties over time. The action proposes deepening in a sample of spe-
cumstances facilitated the fossilisation of certain elements. cialised texts for land surveying, the metal and stone extraction.
Dalene Skov (Northern Funen, Denmark). An example of a well preserved field system of ridge and furrow. The pre-industrial exploi-
tation of landscapes was possible due to the use of specific technologies. The action is particularly concerned with the disappeared
techniques that can only be detected from the traces left during the working process and from very rare written documents.
229
COST Action C17
Built heritage: fire loss to historical buildings
http://www.heritagefire.org

of the results
This action seeks to address the significant physical and cultural loss
of Europe’s built heritage due to the damaging effects of fire. Across Published articles on the work of COST Action C17 have included:
Europe, statistics on the real level of fire loss of built heritage are aa “Cultural exchange”, Fire Protection and Fire Engineers Journal,
unknown but some consider that it could be as high as one impor- December 2002.
tant building per day. An increasing international awareness of this aa “The challenge before us – integrating historical preserva-
potentially high level of loss indicated that some response should be tion with security, fire protection, life safety and building
undertaken to cooperate more widely in this area of concern and to management systems”, Instituto Superiore Antincendio, Rome
address the related issues in a coordinated manner. Conference Proceedings, April 2003.
aa “COST Action C17, Built heritage – fire loss to historic
2. Scientific objectives and approach buildings”, Forum KGS/PBC/PCP No. 3/2003, BABS, Bern,
December 2003.
The action’s aims were achieved in a multi-disciplinary, multi- aa “Action against fire”, Fire Protection and Fire Engineers Journal,
national manner, involving 20 countries, through the collaboration October 2005.
and integration of a variety of related projects. The outcomes were
the promotion of data, methodologies and management systems This Television exposure on the work of the action has included events at:
will assist a wide range of end-users in balancing fire-engineering aa Melhus, Trondheim field experiment on Norwegian TV News,
needs with conservation requirements in the future preservation of 16 April 2004.
European patrimony. aa Varna, interview on Bulgarian TV News, 9 September 2004.
aa Varna, interview on Bulgarian TV News, 10 September 2004.
3. Achieved scientific results Oral presentations have also taken place at conferences and seminars
on the work of the action.
The action is considering and presenting evidence on the:
aa vulnerability of historical buildings to fire
aa risk assessment methodologies
aa protection of fabric and content
aa prevention of fire and fire spread
aa detection and suppression requirements
aa training and management of staff
aa insurance considerations.
4. Policy impact
Working group activities will affect policy areas that include:
Data, loss statistics and evaluating risks (WG 1)
aa data and fabric analysis
aa qualitative risk analysis
Available and developing technology (WG 2)
aa available technology (fabric and materials)
In an uncontrolled emergency situation the intensity of a fire
aa state-of-the-art solutions can reach a temperature of over 1000º Celsius in only 3 minutes.
Cultural and financial value (WG 3) This poses a major threat to life, building and contents alike. Yet,
aa financial data and risk much complacency exists in the minds of heritage building own-
aa loss recovery ers when asked the challenging question “What do you want left
Property management strategies (WG 4) after the fire?” The intention of COST Action C17 is to address
aa support for property managers the significant physical and cultural loss of Europe’s built herit-
aa staff training. age to the damaging effects of fire in a pragmatic manner. The
aim is to provide building owners and other interested parties
with relevant guidance and meaningful advice
230
COST Action C17
Action number: COST Action C17

Start date – End date: 13/12/02 – 12/12/06 Initiated with five Membership Signatory Countries in April
Contract type: COST network (Memorandum of Understanding) 2002, the action was formally launched the following December.
Duration (in months): 48 Currently (December 2005), the number of Membership
Signatory Countries stands at 20: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Coordinator details: Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Macedonia, the
Dr Ingval Maxwell Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia,
Chairman: COST Action C17
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. In
Director, Technical Conservation, Research and Education,
addition, corresponding membership interests have been estab-
Historic Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, GB-EH9
1SH Edinburgh, United Kingdom lished with other organisations and networks, including:
E-mail: Ingval.maxwell@scotlad.gsi.gov.uk
Tel: +44 131 668 8619 Baltic Sea Countries -
aa Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea
aa Federation of Finnish Insurance Companies
Europe -
aa Comité Technique International du Feu (CTIF),
European Commission
aa Eurosprinkler Network
Russia -
aa Russian Civil Defence and Disaster Management Research
Institute
aa International Informatisation Academy
aa WORLD Academy of Sciences for Complex Security
aa Academy of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia
UK -
aa Scottish Historic Buildings Fire Liaison Group
aa Historic Buildings Fire Research Coordinating Committee
USA -
aa NFPA Cultural Resources Committee
231
COST Action G7
Artworks conservation by laser
http://alpha1.infim.ro/cost/
1. Problems to be solved monuments, and artworks in general, where periodic maintenance

took the place of more dangerous and expensive extraordinary
The conservation of artworks needs advanced methods for diagnos- restoration intervention.
tics, restoration and monitoring. The potential of laser techniques
in the conservation of artworks was evident in the 1970s, but was 5. Dissemination and exploitation
disregarded for a long time because of the not-yet-mature laser
of the results
technology. Furthermore, the disappointing results of the initial
experimentation generated more diffidence than confidence. Laser Action G7 carried out an intensive dissemination task throughout
cleaning of stone monuments was producing yellowing effects and 34 organisations involved. 11 workshops were organised in different
the expected large productivity of laser cleaning was never achieved. signatory countries to propagate accurate information to the con-
Laser diagnostics methods were underestimated, being limited to servation community and in many countries interdisciplinary teams
qualitative composition analysis. were organised. G7 participated in the most important exhibition
of restoration products in Italy and also contributed to international
2. Scientific objectives and approach conferences beyond European borders, such as in Russia and India.
A book "Cleaning safely with a laser in conservation of artworks"
The scientific objective was to set up a convincing validation of is to be published. A CD and handbook on the use of lasers in con-
laser techniques in conservation for diagnostic, restoration and servation and conservation science for training purposes were read-
monitoring tasks. In Europe, the appropriate approach was to foster ily available. As a result of the extensive dissemination effort, the
an active scientific network among those with different expertise, number of scientific publications and number of laser systems sold
such as laser scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, conservators, for conservation have grown considerably during the G7 lifetime.
art historians, archaeologists, museum curators, restorers, etc. to
promote research on laser techniques in conservation and the use of Action number: COST Action G7
this beneficial innovation in the conservation community. The inno- Start date – End date: 30/06/00 – 28/02/06
vation of this approach has been the interdisciplinary composition Contract type: COST network (Memorandum of Understanding)
of the network, which multiplied the effectiveness of the scientific Duration (in months): 68
cooperation, helping to find correct solutions for new instruments
and methodologies. Coordinator details:
Dr Renzo Salimbeni
IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano n.10, IT-50019 Sesto (FI),
3. Achieved scientific results Italy
E-mail: r.salimbeni@ifac.cnr.it
The comparison of various experiences, the scientific debate about Tel: +39 055 522 5312: +39 3204316615
the different results and the selection of convincing practices were
the main components of an outstanding scientific result: laser tech-
niques became the most important innovation of the last decade in
the conservation of artworks. New laser systems make it possible
to conduct very precise and progressive cleaning without any side-
effects on deteriorated stone, metals, paper, varnishes, etc. Laser
techniques provide non-contact diagnostics for quantitative compo-
sition analysis, structural defect detection, surface texture analysis
and optical coherent tomography and accurate 3D documentation by
means of digital files. LIDAR systems are able to monitor remotely
facades and archaeological sites.
4. Policy impact
Laser techniques, including cleaning systems, are nowadays well
accepted by the conservation community in European countries.
The innovation is having useful consequences in the conservation
policy. The delicate phase of cleaning can preserve historical lay- Laser cleaning of stone by professional restorers: a panel of the S.
ers with high precision, due to the removal selectivity, micron by Maria del Fiore Cathedral in Florence is being cleaned after prelimi-
micron. The restoration is less invasive and ordinary maintenance nary tests have determined the appropriate laser parameters
is planned. A novel policy was brought in for historical buildings,
232
COST Action G7
Laser cleaning of gilded bronze is today a well-established tech- Laser cleaning where pigments are present is still an open issue:
nique: the first demonstration has been the cleaning of the renais- here laser cleaning of deteriorated frescoes was demonstrated at
sance masterpiece by Lorenzo Ghiberti "Gates of Paradise" the S. Maria della Scala in Siena using a photo-thermal effect
called laser spallation
Vassilis Zafiropulos Wolfgang Kautek Marta Castillejo Johann Nimmrichter

Former G7 Chair Working Group 1 leader Working Group 3 leader Federal Office
FORTH-IESL Federal Institute for Materials Instituto de Química Física for Monuments Care
Greece Research and Testing Rocasolano Austria
Germany CSIC
Roxana Radvan Spain Lucien Laude
Vice-chair Alessandra Andreoni Université de Mons-Hainaut
INOE Working Group 2 leader Sheik Rafi Ahmad Département de Physique
Romania Università agli Studi Working Group 3 leader et des Procédés
dell’Insubria Cranfield University Laboratoire de Physique
Véronique Vergès-Belmin Italy United Kingdom de l'état solide
Working Group 1 leader Belgium
Laboratoire de Recherche Gerard Sliwinski Manfred Schreiner
des Monuments Historiques Working Group 2 leader Akademie der Bildenden Eddy De Witte
(LRMH) Polish Academy of Science, Künste, Institut für Institut Royal du Patrimoine
France Inst. of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Farbenchemie Artistique (IRPA)
Poland Austria Belgium
233
COST Action G7
Constantinos Christofides Goran Aberg Amanda De Giovanni Jana Kolar

Department of Physics, Pollution Technology Dep. Ministry for Resources and National and University Library
University of Cyprus Institute for Energy Infrastructure Slovenia
Cyprus Technology Restoration Unit,
Norway Malta Matija Srtlic
Jorn Bredal-Jorgensen University of Ljubljana;
Konservatorskolen, Spyridon Rapsomanikis Hans Scholten Faculty of Chemistry
Denmark Demokritus University Art Innovation B.V. and Chemical Technology,
of Thrace Dept. The Netherlands Slovenia
Nathalie Huet of Environmental Engineering,
Arc’Antique Greece Marek Strzelec Aurora Rubio
France Institute of Opto Electronic, Proyectos Integrales
Gabor Buza Warsaw de Restauración
Tuula Auer Bay Zoltan Foundation Poland Art Técnica S.L
EVTEK, Institute of Art and for Applied Research Spain
Design Institute for Materials Ioana Gomoiu
Finland Science and Technology University of Bucharest Martin Cooper
Hungary Romania National Museums
Berndt Fitzner and Galleries
Geologisches Institut Marcis Auzinsh Margarida Pires United Kingdom
der RWTH, Department of Physics, Optoelectronics Dept.
Germany University of Latvia Portugal
Latvia
Sebestyen Tamas Rui Vilar
Bay Zoltan Foundation Hermann Bonnici Instituto Superior Técnico
for Applied Research Ministry for Resources and Portugal
Institute for Materials Science Infrastructure
and Technology Restoration Unit
Hungary Malta
234
COST Action G8
Non-destructive analysis and testing of museum objects
http://srs.dl.ac.uk/arch/cost-g8/

The conservation and preservation of our cultural heritage is one of Scientific results have been achieved within the framework of six
the main concerns within Europe today. Its physical part is deterio- working groups:
rating faster than it can be conserved, restored or studied. Assets are
being lost, or are at risk, through natural processes of decay (some- aa Technology and authenticity including the investigation and
times accelerated by poor environmental control), environmental verification of ancient recipes and the authentication of art
disasters (sometimes exacerbated by human activity), the direct and archaeological objects – highly sophisticated analytical
effects of enhanced public access (without commensurate conserva- techniques allow the study of historical objects (e.g. archaeo-
tion measures), conservation/preservation procedures whose long- logical objects, old master paintings) to confirm or reject recipes
term effects were and are not understood, simple negligence, looting found in historical sources from ancient times onwards. In addi-
and war. tion, a better knowledge of the historical techniques and their
specific characteristics enables the rating of objects of unknown
While there is general agreement that action is required to halt or questionable origin according to the manufacturing technique
or mitigate decline, few people know that high-level research and identified, as well as the classification or even dating of certain
technology play an essential role. Advanced analytical methods groups of objects. The development of science and the knowledge
and techniques provide the means to understand the objects under about ancient technologies has led to more clever and sophisti-
investigation. Through the identification of materials and processes, cated fakes. The challenge of present-day archaeological sciences
we can reach back through time and develop a deeper understand- is to be one step ahead of the frauds. Therefore, techniques and
ing of the craftsmanship and technology that was used. Advanced approaches for authenticity testing have been employed trying
analytical methods also allow us to perform authenticity studies or to extract objective information independent of the stylistic and
contribute to the development of simple diagnostic techniques neces- art-historical interpretation, which can vary from being simple to
sary for practical applied conservation. The analytical methods used extremely complicated.
in this field of research are identical with those used at the cutting
edge of modern science. Techniques developed for advanced physics, aa Origin and provenance, including the characterisation and
chemistry and biology have a commonality of application to both location of the natural sources of the raw materials used to
ancient and modern materials, since problems encountered in both make (museum) objects – this working group connected labora-
the advanced technology and cultural heritage areas are similar. tories interested in the production details of artefacts. Scientific
However, there is one essential difference between the analysis of techniques were applied to answer questions concerning the sup-
ancient and modern materials – an art object or ancient artefact can- plies of raw materials and application of ancient production tech-
not be replaced, and the consumption or damage of even a small part niques. The circulation of materials and use of specific techniques
of it for analytical purposes must be undertaken only where vital data is characteristic for certain periods and helps to reconstruct the
cannot otherwise be obtained. cultural and economic relations in certain societies. Long-range
trade routes may be identified, which give information about rela-
2. Scientific objectives and approach tions spanning broad regions of Europe and the Mediterranean. In
specific cases, the composition of materials used may serve for
The main objective of the COST Action G8 was to achieve better a provisional dating of the object. The group has been active in
preservation and conservation of our cultural heritage by increasing improvements of analytical techniques and establishes contacts
the knowledge of museum objects through non-destructive analysis with historians and art curators to define the needs for historical/
and testing. Furthermore, Action G8 aimed to create a Europe-wide material research.
environment, in which people directly concerned with the mainte-
nance of our cultural heritage (i.e. art historians, archaeologists, aa Degradation processes, corrosion, weathering, dealing with
conservators and curators) and analytical scientists (i.e. physicists, the problem of the alteration of museum objects and the way
chemists, material scientists, geologists, etc.) can exchange knowl- non-destructive techniques can be used to measure this dam-
edge. The multi-disciplinary community of action is essential, as in age or monitor it with time – all materials, inorganic or organic,
the current economic climate it is extremely difficult for museums are suffering from some kind of alteration. Degradation processes
to develop new analytical methods or techniques. The need for on cultural artefacts are often studied through destructive tech-
collaboration with experts in state-of-the-art analytical instrumen- niques (cross-sections on metals, glass, paintings, stone, wood,
tation is therefore very high; this gives them a chance to tap in to etc.) to obtain a clear picture of the altered layer (composition and
sources of knowledge and sophisticated equipment, which would thickness). But non-destructive techniques have been designed
otherwise be impossible in the small conservation and science recently to study or monitor the alteration of these materials, such
groups in museums as micro Raman and LIBS spectroscopy, PIXE spectroscopy,
235
COST Action G8
ultrasonic probes, gamma-ray transmission, video-thermogra- The first results in different domains positively point to a new
phy, photothermal deflection spectroscopy, chemiluminescence, approach into the interpretation of the cultural heritage that the
thealasermetry. More interestingly, some of these techniques are Essenes left behind and emphasise our united input to preserve it
now portable, and the damage can be assessed and monitored in for coming generations.
situ. Another aspect of this working group has been focused how
new early warning systems (dosimeters, sensors, etc.) developed
to monitor the damage of artefacts can be used to further explain
analytical data obtained from non-destructive investigations.
aa Preservation and conservation, which concerns the treatment

of works of art in order to slow down deterioration, identification
of the nature and extent of damage, assessment of the causes of
deterioration – work in this field has also implied control of the
environment in which the object is located, such as monitoring of
the temperature, relative humidity and lighting, ensuring proper
storage, support and security.
aa Development of analysis procedures – this involves three

main goals:
• the use and improvement of truly non-destructive tech-
niques (they do not require a sample to be removed from A 7th century B.C. Corinthian-type bronze helmet is studied
the object) with synchrotron X-ray diffraction to measure the alloy compo-
• maximisation of information and minimisation of consumed sition and the type of corrosion products. Neutron diffraction
volume where a sample must be removed measurements were used to investigate the method of manufac-
• development of portable/mobile equipment so monitoring ture. Photo: M. Pantos (UK)
can be done on site.
This working group sought to apply analysis procedures for the
study of the composition and decay of museum objects. Such
applications must take into account possible damage and infor-
mation quality. Often, it is necessary to adapt routinely available
instrumentation to these specific needs and to develop well-
balanced protocols.
In particular, ion beams and photon-based irradiation techniques
were developed to give new non-destructive tools to museum
curators and art historians to achieve this goal. Classical ana-
lytical techniques currently used in museum’s laboratories are
compared with new technologies applied in all fields of cultural
heritage conservation, restoration and identification.
aa Biological and material culture of Qumran at the Dead Sea,

dealing with three aspects of the study of material remains at
Qumran – the biological and material cultural ones, and the
conservation of this cultural heritage – available cultural remains
of the Qumran excavation have been studied to shed light on
a particular Jewish sect of people that dwelled at the western Vase in front of ion beam analysis set-up Photo: Z. Smit (Sl)
shore of the Dead Sea. The 850 scrolls found are important for
the verification of an accurate oral tradition that became the Old
Testament as we know it today, as well as the background in
which Jewish and Christian learning started, 2 000 years ago.
The primary goal of this working group was to investigate who

wrote the Dead Sea scrolls through a study of scroll jars in which
the scrolls were shipped to Qumran. Furthermore, research was
conducted into the DNA of the parchment as well as the DNA of
the people who wrote part of the scrolls. In addition, a chronomet-
ric determination by AMS Carbon 14 was developed to mark in
time when these people, the alleged ‘Essenes’, lived and worked
and, finally, an identification of the fibres of clothing and scroll
wrapping by synchrotron radiation was applied to determine the
technology used by these people at the Dead Sea.
236
COST Action G8
4. Dissemination and exploitation Action number: COST Action G8

of the results Start date – End date: 09/02/01 – 08/02/06
Contract type: COST network (Memorandum of Understanding)
About 100 peer-reviewed papers. Duration (in months): 60
aa Townsend, J., Eremin, K. and Adriaens, A. (eds.), “Conservation
science 2002”, Archetype Publications, 278 pp., ISBN Coordinator details:
1873132883, 2003. Prof. Annemie Adriaens
Ghent University
aa Adriaens, A., Degrigny, C. and Cassar, J. (eds.), “Benefits of
Department of Analytical Chemistry
non-destructive analytical techniques for conservation”, EUR
Krijgslaan 281 – S12
21636, Office for the Official Publications of the European B-9000 Ghent
Union, 122 pp., ISBN 92-898-0010-0, 2005. Belgium
aa Special issue of Nuclear Instruments and Methods B on Tel: +32 9 264 4826
Archaeometry and IBA related methods, 239, 2005. Fax +32 9 264 4960
aa Gunneweg, J., Greenblatt, C. and Adriaens, A. (eds.), “Bio- Email: annemie.adriaens@ugent.be
Culture and Material Culture at Qumran”, Office for the Official
Publications of the European Union, in preparation.
aa Denker, A. et al. (eds.), “COST Action G8 – non-destructive
analysis and testing of museum objects”, OPOCE Publications, in
IPNE, Université de Liège, Belgium
preparation.
University of Antwerp, Belgium
aa CD – Tutorial Innovative Non-destructive Tools for Exhibition
National Museum of Denmark, Denmark
Purposes
Odense University, Denmark
Risoe Laboratory, Denmark
Centre Ernest Babelon, Institut de Recherches sur les
Archeomateriaux, France
Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, France
Soleil Synchrotron, France
Sorbonne, Paris, France
Gemäldegalerie Berlin, Germany
Nuclear Reactor Budapest, Hungary
Civico Museo di Palazzo Rosso, Genoa, Italy
Civico Museo di Sant’Agostino, Genoa, Italy
Museo del Bargello, Florence, Italy
University of Catania, Italy
University of Florence, Italy
University of Genoa, Italy
Academy of Sciences, IF-FM, Poland
University of Poznan, Poland
Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain
Technical University of Barcelona, Spain
Victoria & Albert Museum , UK
National Museums of Scotland, UK
University of Warwick, UK
Brown University, Rhode Island, USA
Notre Dame University, USA
237
MOSS
Monitoring, safeguarding and visualising North European
shipwreck sites: common European underwater cultural
heritage – challenges for cultural resource management
http://www.nba.fi/INTERNAT/MoSS/
1. Problems to be solved theme included methods to produce information, and to handle and
transform this information into different visual materials.
The MoSS project aimed to improve our knowledge concerning
three scientific themes: monitoring, safeguarding and visualising 4. Policy impact
shipwreck sites. Generally the project aimed to develop good prac-
tices for professionals to protect underwater cultural heritage and to The monitoring theme produced good policy practices to design and
make people aware of the importance of our common underwater monitor protocols, and to monitor shipwreck sites. In addition, recom-
cultural heritage. The three scientific themes were researched at four mendations to work with data-loggers, including the improved use
significant European shipwrecks sites in the Netherlands, Germany, of data-loggers, were introduced. In the Netherlands, Germany and
Sweden and Finland. Finland, environmental monitoring of the underwater cultural heritage
is now a more integrated part of the general in-situ protection policy
2. Scientific objectives and approach when possible. The safeguarding theme has affected policy level in
all MoSS project partner countries and, since the end of the project,
The aim of the monitoring theme was to collect environmental infor- management plans have, for example in Finland, been written for other
mation, to assess and better understand how wreck site formation, underwater sites as well. The visualising theme has increased knowl-
preservation and degradation are influenced by environmental vari- edge for producing the visual material in an efficient way.
ables and to help develop more efficient in-situ preservation strate-
gies. The safeguarding theme aimed to identify the best practices and
choices for the management of underwater cultural heritage and to 5. Dissemination and exploitation
produce good standards. The visualising theme investigated differ-
of the results
ent visualising methods and developed more efficient ways to show
the unseen underwater cultural heritage to both the researchers and aa MoSS project newsletters 2002:I-2004:III (the eight editions are
the general public. The MoSS project combined the three scientific all available on the website)
themes to achieve the best results for each theme. aa The final report of the MoSS Project (available on the website)
aa “What is MoSS” – folders
3. Achieved scientific results aa “What is MoSS” – posters
aa “Wreck” – a booklet by Charles Barker (a publication for children
The monitoring theme produced written monitoring protocols and young people)
designed individually for each site and collected environmental aa MoSS website
information like currents, salinity, oxygen, redox-potential, pH, tem- aa Three MoSS seminars between 2002 and 2004
perature, conductibility and turbidity with the use of data-loggers. aa Four management plans
In addition, different wooden and textile samples were placed at the
sites for certain periods to understand the biological processes at the
sites. Finally, the results were analysed and interpreted to discover Contract number: 2001-2909
which environmental variables damage the MoSS wreck sites, what Start date – End date: 01/07/01 – 30/06/04
kind of processes are going on at the sites and how to protect the sites Contract type: Culture 2000
in a more efficient way. Duration (in months): 36
The safeguarding theme produced four management plans for the
Dr Sallamaria Tikkanen (01/07/01 – 31/07/03); Dr Riikka Alvik
four MoSS shipwreck sites. Also a general guideline called the (01/08/03 – 30/06/04)
MoSS Master Management Plan was introduced to be used as good The National Board of Antiquities, Maritime Archaeology Unit,
standardised practice and protocol for the management of historical Hylkysaari, FI-00570 Helsinki, Finland
wreck sites. Two of the MoSS shipwrecks were covered with nets to E-mail: sallamaria.tikkanen@nba.fi; riikka.alvik@nba.fi
protect them. Tel: +358 9 40501
The visualising theme resulted in testing more traditional methods,

as well as new techniques like 3D computer drawing systems and
underwater techniques like ROV, goniometer, Aquametre D100 and
computer-based underwater photogrammetry. The visualisation
238
MOSS
State Service for Archaeological Investigations (ROB)

The Netherlands
Charles Barker
Mary Rose Archaeological Services
United Kingdom
Carl Olof Cederlund

Södertörns högskola (University College)
Sweden
David John Gregory

The Centre for Maritime Archaeology at the National Museum
of Denmark
Denmark
Friedrich Lüth
The Archaeological State Museum
Department for Management of Archaeological Monuments
and Sites of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Germany
Martijn R. Manders
The Netherlands Institute for Ship and Underwater Archaeology
The Netherlands
239
PCL
Pathways to cultural landscapes
http://www.pcl-eu.de

of the results
Ways need to be found for sustainable management of marginal
landscapes, often not perceived as cultural landscapes, valuable or The results were disseminated to the scientific community through
in need of care. seminars organised by the project and representation at appropriate
international and national conferences, like the conferences of the
2. Scientific objectives and approach European Association of Archaeologists, conferences on landscape
organised by the Council of Europe, as well as scientific institutes like
The objectives of this project were to: the University of Wageningen (the Netherlands). A book on cultural
aa adopt the system of historical landscape characterisation (HLC), landscape in 10 languages was published, and the Internet site, with
based on geographic information systems (GIS) as developed by core information in 10 languages and fully bilingual (English and
English Heritage, in a nationwide programme on the needs and German), remains active. The established GIS systems are in full
traditions of other countries use in all the partner institutions and could be distributed to further
aa find a common language and make data and results comparable users. The cultural paths and information centres set up through the
and exchangeable project are fully operational. Landscape guides were trained and are
aa characterise landscapes in a multi-disciplinary approach in close still active after the end of the project; projects with children were
communication and cooperation with local people, stakeholders started as a spin-off and have continued and flourished in most partner
and special interest groups regions after project completion. School exchanges organised through
aa communicate the results through publications, the Internet, semi- the project are continuing, for example between Germany and Estonia,
nars, exhibitions and virtual as well as physical cultural paths in and, although the network has of course changed its character after the
the landscape. end of the funding period, most partners have continued to cooperate,
exchange information and work on new common projects.
Contract number: 2000-1166
HLC has been adapted to the specific needs in the 12 partner regions Start date – End date: 01/11/00 – 31/10/03
in 10 countries. A network of landscape researchers was established Contract type: Culture 2000
and methods were created to implement information and data of an Duration (in months): 36
extremely diverse form, content and quality of many different fields
(such as history, archaeology, geography, geology, biology, sociology Coordinator details:
and ethnology) into a valid HLC system based on GIS, and to for- Dr Gerhard Ermischer
Archaeological Spessart Project, Schlossplatz 4
mulate common standards which allow the processing, comparing,
DE-63739 Aschaffenburg, Germany
exchanging and validation of this data.
E-mail: Gerhard.Ermischer@Aschaffenburg.de
Tel: +49 6021 38674 11
4. Policy impact
The project centred on implementation and participation of local
people, local government agencies, special interest groups, etc. Graham Fairclough
It was highly communicative and involved (and in its ongoing English Heritage, Historic Landscape Characterisation
regional and local projects still does involve) many people, from United Kingdom
policy-makers, planners, developers and researchers to a great
number of volunteers in the field. The project, therefore, helped Dagmar Dreslerová
to create public awareness for the needs and the vulnerability of Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Archaeology
landscapes, especially marginal landscapes. It created social con- Czech Republic
trol and a sense of ownership with the local people, and helped to
foster the interests of the cultural landscape and set up sustainable Brian Lacey
development schemes. The network could be integrated into the The Discovery Programme
implementation process of the European Landscape Convention of Ireland
the Council of Europe and is still represented at various levels of
politics on local, regional, national and European levels.
240
PCL
Asger Halling Lorentzen Ettore Sartori

City Museums of Odense, Natural Park of Paneveggio
Public and Communication Department Italy
Denmark
Jenny Nord
Ants Kraut University of Lund, Department of Archaeology and Antiquity
National Heritage Board, Department of Archaeology Sweden
Estonia
Erik Rosengren
Teija Tiitinen County Museum of Halland, County Archaeology
National Board of Antiquities, Maintenance of Sites Sweden
Finland
David Thompson
Rüdiger Kelm Gwynedd Archaeological Trust
Archäologisch Ökologisches Zentrum Albersdorf United Kingdomn
Germany
241
Wooden handiwork/wooden carpentry
http://www.culture2000-wood.org
1. Problems to be solved ences and two videoconferences were organised. A website and
three books have been realised collecting all the experiences of
The increased awareness towards restoration and conservation on the project.
architectural heritage as a whole, and in terms of historical construc-
tion techniques, has given rise to a renewed interest in the study 4. Policy impact
of wooden structures, both on new constructions and on existing
building restoration issues in Europe. With specific reference to aa Environmental aspects were essential in dealing with wooden
the restoration of existing buildings, it must be stressed that the architectures – the development of a special programme which
variegated articulation typology in various geographical areas across foresees the environment as a resource (wood), and the building
Europe, and the specific nature of wood as a material (biological), in the environment (wood).
making defining homogenous principles for preserving and respect- aa Enhancement of European sites with cultural value.
ing local building cultures difficult. The specific standards of the aa Involvement of SMEs.
different European countries need to be harmonised to obtain the
appropriate approach to the material and the decay process of the 5. Dissemination and exploitation
wooden artefacts, with criteria for their restoration, conservation
of the results
and maintenance.
Publications on the experiences of the project:
2. Scientific objectives and approach aa Bertolini Cestari, C. (ed.) “Wooden handwork/wooden carpentry:
European restoration Sites”, proceedings of Culture 2000 project,
The approach of the project was multi-disciplinary, involving Italian action, Elsevier, Paris, 2001.
National Boards of Antiquities, architects, engineers, technical aa Bertolini Cestari, C., Amorim Faria, J. and Soikkeli, A. (ed.)
assistants and SMEs, carpenters, universities and students involved “European timber buildings as an expression of technological and
in the protection of cultural heritage. The general objectives of the technical cultures”, proceedings of Culture 2000 project, Finnish
project were targeted at the conservation and preservation of the and Portuguese actions, Elsevier, Paris, 2002.
cultural heritage and the practice of working with wood. Concerning aa Bertolini Cestari, C., Marzi, T., Seip, E. and Touliatos, P. (ed.)
innovation aspects, wooden prototypes were realised to demonstrate “Interaction between science, technology and architecture in tim-
the theoretical approach to the theme and particular aspects of inno- ber constructions”, proceedings of Culture 2000 project, Greek,
vative technologies were analysed through conferences. The other Norwegian, Italian actions, Elsevier, Paris, 2005. Realisation of
objectives were to: CD-ROM, videos, website.
aa enhance cultural differences and the interaction among scientists, aa Preparation of an international post-graduate master programme:
technicians and craftsmen “Wood-based building design for sustainable urban develop-
aa implement workshops on different European sites devoted to the ment’, with Politecnico di Torino, Technical University of Vienna
specific training of young professionals through exchanges with and Technical University of Dresden (due to start in 2006).
qualified scientists, technicians and specialised carpenters, both
on a theoretical and practical level
aa realise one prototype complying with traditional architecture and Contract number: 2000-1174
woodworking techniques. Start date – End date: 01/10/00 – 30/09/03
Contract type: Culture 2000, Action 2
3. Achieved scientific results Duration (in months): 36
The project has realised its aims through the definition of a Coordinator details:
‘European laboratory of cultural heritage wooden buildings’, Prof. Clara Bertolini Cestari
Dipartimento di Progettazione architettonica e di Disegno
which contributed to the development and diffusion of technical
Industriale, Facoltà di Architettura II, Politecnico di Torino
knowledge and practice, such as preservation principles, diag-
Viale Mattioli 39, IT-10125 Torino, Italy
nostic techniques and intervention techniques, linking tradition E-mail: clara.bertolini@polito.it
and innovation techniques in this sector at a European level. Tel: +39 011 5646507 Fax: +39 0115646599
The main idea was to use existing restoration sites in Europe for
the organisation of visits and work camps, using those sites at the
same time as restoration laboratories, classrooms and forums of
exchange of international approaches, methods and techniques.
One prototype was realised, complying with traditional architec-
ture and woodworking techniques. Seven international confer-
242
Wooden handiwork/wooden carpentry
Antonio Frattari Architect Elisabeth Seip

Dipartimento di ingegneria civile e ambientale, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research – NIKU,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Trento Norway
Italy
Josè Amorim-Faria
Nicola Macchioni University of Porto, Department of Engineering –
Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Building Division
Specie Arboree, IVALSA-CNR Portugal
Italy
Pierre Morlier
Anu Soikkeli Laboratoire de Rhéologie du Bois de Bordeaux,
Department of Architecture, University of Oulu Université de Bordeaux
Finland France
Minna Chudoba
Meri-Lappi Institute, University of Lapland Università degli Studi, Istituto di Assestamento
Finland e Tecnologie Forestali, Florence, Italy
Kauko Tulla Comunità Montana Valsesia, Italy

Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Building Technology
Finland Unione Alagnase, O.N.L.U.S., Italy
Panos Touliatos Comune di Alagna, Italy

National Technical University of Athens –
Department of Architecture Comune di Cimego, Italy
Greece
GECoRPA, Lisbon, Portugal
Hugues Wilquin
Service, d’architecture civile, de composition architectonique, Du Pont Engineering Products S.A. Luxembourg
d’histoire de l’architecture, et d’urbanisme -
Faculté Polytechnique de Mons County Administration of Gävleborg, Dep. of Cultural Heritage
Belgium Preservation,Sweden
Gotland University College Zoppoli & Pulcher, construction and restoration firm,
Sweden Turin, Italy
Christer Sjöström Studio Legno-Wood Consulting,

University of Gävle, Centre for Built Environment – Florence,Italy
Materials Technology Division
Sweden
243
244
Index by acronyms
APPEAR........................................................................................ 118 ISHTAR.........................................................................................128

ARCCHIP...................................................................................... 139 ITECOM........................................................................................ 154
ARCHAEOMAP........................................................................... 122 ITER ............................................................................................... 42
ARCHAIA.....................................................................................120 JEWELMED ................................................................................ 197
ARCHI-MED GLAÇURES.......................................................... 172 LABS TECH................................................................................. 156
ASSET.............................................................................................26 LASERACT ..................................................................................84
AUTHENTICO............................................................................. 142 LICONS...........................................................................................44
BACPOLES.....................................................................................56 LIDO................................................................................................87
BIOBRUSH...................................................................................... 59 MASTER.........................................................................................89
BIODAM.......................................................................................... 62 MED-COLOUR-TECH.................................................................200
BIOREINFORCE............................................................................64 MENMED ....................................................................................202
CAHRISMA.................................................................................. 174 MIMIC............................................................................................. 91
CARAMEL..................................................................................... 12 MIP..................................................................................................93
CATS – CYANOBACTERIA ATTACK ROCKS..........................65 MODHT...........................................................................................96
CERAMED................................................................................... 176 MOSS ...........................................................................................238
CHEF............................................................................................... 14 MULTI-ASSESS ........................................................................... 18
CHEPRISS..................................................................................... 144 MULTIENCODE............................................................................98
CHERK.......................................................................................... 178 MUSOMED................................................................................... 159
CHIME.......................................................................................... 180 NOAH’S ARK.................................................................................20
CHRAF.......................................................................................... 145 NOESIS ........................................................................................204
COALITION ................................................................................. 67 ONSITEFORMASONRY...............................................................46
COINS .......................................................................................... 147 OPERHA.......................................................................................206
COLLAPSE..................................................................................... 72 OSNET........................................................................................... 161
COMPASS ......................................................................................28 PANEURO..................................................................................... 163
CONSTGLASS................................................................................ 74 PAPERTREAT..............................................................................100
CONSIST.........................................................................................30 PAPYLUM.................................................................................... 102
COST A27.....................................................................................228 PARELA........................................................................................ 104
COST Action C17..........................................................................230 PCL . ...........................................................................................240
COST Action G7........................................................................... 232 PICTURE....................................................................................... 131
COST Action G8........................................................................... 235 PRODOMEA ................................................................................208
CULT-STRAT................................................................................. 16 PROHITECH . ............................................................................. 210
CURE.............................................................................................124 PROMET ..................................................................................... 212
DEMOTEC.................................................................................... 126 PROPAINT ................................................................................... 106
DESALINATION............................................................................ 32 QUARRYSCAPES ...................................................................... 215
DESERT PATINA......................................................................... 181 ROCEM........................................................................................... 49
DIAS................................................................................................34 RUBIA ......................................................................................... 217
EC-FORTMED . ........................................................................... 184 RUFUS........................................................................................... 133
EFESTUS...................................................................................... 186 SALTCONTROL . .......................................................................... 51
ERATO.......................................................................................... 188 SAUVEUR..................................................................................... 164
EU-ARTECH................................................................................. 149 SENSORGAN................................................................................ 108
FING-ART-PRINT........................................................................ 152 SHADUF ..................................................................................... 219
FIRE-TECH ...................................................................................36 SPRECOMAH............................................................................... 135
FOGGARA....................................................................................190 SUIT.............................................................................................. 136
FRIENDLY HEATING .................................................................77 SURVENIR................................................................................... 110
GRAFFITAGE ...............................................................................38 SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE....................................................... 166
HERCOMANES .......................................................................... 192 SUSTAINING HERITAGE.......................................................... 167
HISTO-CLEAN..............................................................................40 TEXMED...................................................................................... 221
IDAP................................................................................................79 VIDRIO......................................................................................... 112
IMPACT........................................................................................... 81 WIND-CHIME.............................................................................223
INFRARTSONIC.......................................................................... 194 WOODEN HANDIWORK/WOODEN CARPENTRY...............245
INKCOR..........................................................................................83
245
246
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, we would like to thank the officials of DG Research, in particular the Environment Directorate and its Unit I 3 dealing with
cultural heritage, who authorised this publication, as well as colleagues of the Coordination Unit I.1 and Administrative Unit I.6 for their
continuous support. Our gratitude goes also to colleagues of Unit I.3 who directly contributed to the preparation of this publication in
particular Adele Lydon and Astrid Brandt-Grau and Assistants Gaelle Famelaer and Liesbeth Chevalier.
Thanks also go to colleagues of other Commission Departments involved or linked to the activity of cultural heritage, in particular from the
Directorate for International cooperation of DG Research, Unit D.3, and the Directorate General for Education and Culture, Unit C.1.
Finally we wish to acknowledge the valuable input provided by the Coordinators of all FP5 and FP6 projects mentioned in this second
volume of publication and thank them for their esteemed cooperation.
Michel CHAPUIS, editorial coordinator

European Commission
EUR 22050 — Preserving our heritage, Improving our environment, Volume II - Cultural heritage research: FP5, FP6
and related projects
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
2009 — 248 pp. — 21.0 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 978-92-79-09029-5
doi 10.2777/22797
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: This is a bounding publication, the total price is 25 EUR.
248
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You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu)
or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758.
KI-NB-22050-EN-C
Preserving our heritage, Improving our environment
The first volume of this publication highlights nearly 20 years of European Commission-supported research
in the field of ‘tangible’ or physical cultural heritage. This cooperation has helped reinforce Europe’s
research and technological foundations for protecting and renovating our movable and immovable cultural
heritage through new scientific methodologies, tools, materials and processes. In particular Volume 1
provides the reader with an overview of the EU’s commitment to research in cultural heritage, the differ-
ent forms of scientific and research cooperation and how they have developed over the years. The impact
of such cooperative efforts also includes their economic contribution to the Lisbon Strategy and affects
a wide range of related EU policies embracing the environment, tourism, the construction sector, regional
policy, culture, etc.
From its beginning in 1986, EC research in cultural heritage has been mainly supported or managed within
the framework of the Commission’s environmental research policy. Since then, about 120 projects have been
supported involving more than 500 stakeholder organisations from all European countries.
This second volume provides readers with an overview of nearly 100 cooperative projects in cultural herit-
age since 2000 in eight different ‘clusters’. These include the outcome of completed projects under FP5 and
FP6. All projects are grouped according to their discipline or most related programme. They also include
some projects that illustrate the close objectives and links between European research programmes and
operational programmes in cultural heritage.
Together, the two volumes offer a useful reference for all cultural heritage stakeholders: scientists, her-
itage managers, conservators and curators, architects, SMEs, and the ultimate beneficiaries of culture:
Europe’s citizens.
As the EU is now implementing the Seventh Framework Programme on Research, this publication should
boost awareness of the key results that span the full gamut of cultural research disciplines. It offers a
basis for future projects, policy orientations and decisions to further develop Europe’s world leadership in
this field.
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 25 for Vol I and II

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Preserving our heritage,

Improving our environment

Cultural heritage research: FP5, FP6 and related projects

Directorate-General for Research

Contact: Michel Chapuis

Tel. (32-2) 29-54106

Preserving our heritage,

Michel Chapuis, Adèle Lydon and Astrid Brandt-Grau

Directorate-General for Research

Freephone number (*):

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2009

© European Communities, 2009

Printed on white chlorine-free paper

Since 1986, the European Commission's (EC) Environment research

In particular, cultural heritage is a specific area of focus within the European

As in other specialised areas of science in Europe, there is still significant

This book is Volume II of the two-volume publication “Preserving our

It should also provide an invaluable overview to researchers and scientists,

Dr Manuela SOARES, Director for the Environment Programme

In particular, the successful FP6 project NOAH’S ARK generated

At the more local level, the CARAMEL project focused on the

The linked MULTI-ASSESS and CULT-STRAT projects validated

Finally CHEF investigates cultural heritage protection against flood-

Report on experiences from previous and historic floods, sum-

Interfaces to running flood & cultural heritage projects facili-

Contract number: SSPI 044251

Luca Giovanni Lanza Peter Askew Ivo Herle

1. Problems to be solved aa development of the concept of indicators for damage on cultural

2. Scientific objectives and approach

The active participation of the European Association of Historic

Contract number: SSPI 501609

Johan Tidblad Roger-Alexandre Lefèvre

Ron Hamilton Manuel Morcillo

1. Problems to be solved corrosion attack and the development of dose-response functions

Test site for targeted field exposure at the National Museum in

5. Dissemination and exploitation Johan Tidblad

A further step considered the use of climate parameters to deter-

Many of the projects are linked to the development of non-invasive

ROCEM reproduced amounts of Roman cement which were similar

1. Problems to be solved A faster test method

Classification of most relevant plasters for salt-loaded substrates

1. Quick 2. Slow 3. Salt 4. Salt blocking 5. Moisture

Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00047

Damage to plaster due to salt, RH cycles leading to irreversible dilation

Véronique Verges-Belmin Michiel van Hunen Francois Botton

1. Problems to be solved aa Better integrate immovable industrial monuments, buildings or

or epoxy-functionalised lacquers, and newly developed coatings

sions (as silanes) and hybrid polymeric sols, leading to advanced

hybrid systems by nano-scaled sol-gel preparation techniques. Definition of suitable

aa Development of long-term stable transparent coatings based on 5. Dissemination and exploitation

1. Problems to be solved 3. Achieved scientific results

2. Scientific objectives and approach

DIAS portable tool capabilities are disseminated through the DIAS

cedure was made available on the website: www.firetech.be.

The FIRE-TECH decision-supporting procedure was developed for

3. Achieved scientific results

5. Dissemination and exploitation

Tamas Banky M. Nart