Growth of Solar Energy in India
Growth of Solar Energy in India
Growth of Solar Energy in India
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Systems (IJEECS)
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Solar energy thus emerges as a positive alternative The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
energy sources with certain unique advantages for the was launched on the 11th January, 2010 by the Prime
Indian condition. The industrialized nations are Minister. The Mission has set the targets which includes
requesting India to take the leadership in the (i) deployment of 20,000 MW of grid connected solar
development of solar energy in the Third World. power by 2022, (ii) 2000 MW of off-grid solar
applications including 20 million solar lights by 2022,
II. HISTORICAL GROWTH OF SOLAR (iii) 20 million sq. solar thermal collector area (iv) to
ENERGY IN INDIA create favourable conditions for developing solar
manufacturing capability in the country (v) aggressive
Solar energy development programmes have been
R&D to achieve this objective and make India a global
undertaken by the advanced countries immediately after
leader in solar energy.
the Second World War the progress however, slowed
down with the coming of the nuclear era in sixties. The Mission will create an enabling policy framework to
experience with nuclear energy and the hike of oil price achieve this objective and make India a global leader in
in the seventies once again focused attention on solar solar energy.
energy. The Department of Nonconventional Energy
Sources, Govt. of India, formed in 1982, undertook a III. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IN INDIA –
number of developmental programmes and PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE
demonstration projects. POSSIBILITIES
Solar power generating capacity grew by 73% in 2010, India lies in a sunny tropical belt (High isolation).Its
picking up the pace again after a brief slowdown in total theoretical available potential is annually over 5000
2009. trillion kWh. Exploited potential (production/installed
In 2006, the Rural Electrification Program was the first capacity) is very little including total installed capacity
step by the Government of India in recognizing the (grid & off grid) of approximate 110MW and that only
importance of solar power. It gave guidelines for the about 17.82MW (as of Dec 2010) is grid connected (as
implementation of off-grid solar applications. However, of Jan 2011).
at this early stage, only 33.8MW of capacity was
installed through this policy in 2012. Phase 1 2010-2013 500 MW
8100
Within 2035, the world‟s renewable energy sources 7100
could grow by at least 60 percent and could even double. 6100
India (MW)
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200
• Major accidents & Natural calamities
150
• Wars & attacks etc.
(GW)
100
50 V. CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS
0 OF SOLAR POWER DEVELOPMENT IN
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 2020 INDIA
Year A major portion of our rural area is still starved of
electricity for agricultural purposes and house
Fig. 2: Solar PV module demand worldwide year wise in appliances. Solar energy can play major role to solve
GW this problem. Swedish scientist Svante August Arrhenius
The significant demand projections indicate excellent in 1896 warned about the gradual warming of the earth
potential for solar PV module industry(Figure 1).In the due to „Green House‟ effect. In 1789, the famous British
year 2009 annual global solar PV capacity had increased economist Thomas Robert Malthus clearly indicated that
by 55% rising from 14 GW by end of 2008 to over earth would face a serious problem in the near future
21GW.By 2011 the opportunities in the global sector unless steps to be taken to control rate of increase of
module segment had 130% growth over the previous population. A large scale solar power plant typically
year. A 25MW plant of solar PV module can be set up in requires approximately one square kilometre for every
a space of less than half an acre. 20-60 MW generated. The capital cost of solar power
system is higher than that of conventional system of
IV. GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS power generation. India‟s inadequate financing
capabilities for funding of solar projects is a major
By curtailing our anthropogenic emissions of constraint for development of solar power in India.
greenhouse gases one can reduce global warming. However, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
Overpopulation leads to high energy demand & hence and National Solar Mission have taken major initiative
use of fossil fuel cannot be stopped. Earth‟s natural to make provisions to address the situation.
reserves are in limited supply & its high demand has
brought the world an urgent need to prevent ecological The JNNSM is encouraging the production of both PV
degradation on a large scale.85% of the world‟s energy & CSP technology with equal weight age. This
supply comes from 37% oil,25% coal & 23% gas. It is Governmental mission has deployed 20 GW of solar
achieved by utilization of alternative sources in near power by 2022 which is shown below in Table 3.The
future. The issue of depletion of fossil reserves is recent policy guidelines initiated by Government
growing worse day by day despite of many efforts. The includes development of solar power, address of power
world is not immune to it. Wrong usage of fossil fuel is shortages, stakeholder concessions etc. Their policy has
the cause behind the energy crisis. Energy has to be gained momentum in 21 st century providing significant
conserved. Governments are working on the alternative interest for the development of solar energy.
energy sources especially solar energy to lessen the use Target for Cumulative Cumulative
of natural energy resources to generate power. Application phase 1 target for target for
The International Energy Agency‟s(IEA) own analysis Segments 2012- phase 2 phase 3
2013 2013-2017 2018-2022
in its World Energy Outlook on present oil
Grid solar power
supply(i.e.70% from 1600 fields),show an observed includes roof top
decline rate of 6.2%,double the IEA‟s stated estimated & small solar
1100MW 4000MW 20000MW
of future decline rate of about 3% by 2035.Organization project
of Petroleum Exporting countries(OPEC) populations Off grid solar
since 2000 have increased twice the rate of the world as applications
200MW 1000MW 2000MW
whole that has driven them to increase their oil includes rural
consumption four times curtailing global exports by a solar lights
corresponding increase in domestic subsidies. 7 million 15 million 20 million
Solar collector
sq. metre sq. metre sq. metre
A. Causes of Energy crisis
Table 3. Target of installed solar systems in the year
• Land scarcity 2012-2022[Figure 3.(a) & (b)]
• Overpopulation
• Overconsumption
• Poor Infrastructure & Distribution system
• Unexplored Renewable Energy Options
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CONSUMPTION
6
50000
Installed Capacity
40000 4
30000
(MW)
20000 2
10000 0
0
Year
Fig.5 : Per Capita Energy Consumption (2013) in metric
Fig. 3(b). Solar collector (million sq. metre) phase wise. tons of oil equivalent (Source: Economist Intelligence
Unit. 2011. Derived from International Energy Agency)
50000
Installed Capacity
40000 20
18
EMISSION PER CAPITA
30000 16
(MW)
RATE OF CARBON
20000 14
10000 12
10
0 8
6
2000200520102015202020252030 4
2
0
SAUDI…
Year
U.K
CHAINA
JAPAN
CANADA
INDIA
U.S.A
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As on
132329 7761 5.86
years. Encouraging the spread of solar mode of power
31.03.2007 generation(both CSP & PV) & aiming current status of
As on grid parity at around Rs 5 / kWh by 2022 & coal power
143061 11125 7.78
31.03.2008 generation currently at around ₹Rs4/kWh by 2030 forms
As on the key element in India‟s comprehensive long term
147965 13242 8.95
31.03.2009
policy. In India solar power generation particularly for
As on
159398 15521 9.74 PV & solar thermal are Rs8 &Rs15 respectively per
31.03.2010
As on kWh.
173626 18455 10.63
31.03.2011
As on
VIII. THE US-CHINA WORKING GROUP
199877 24503 12.26 ENERGY EFFICIENCY REPORT 2014
31.03.2012
As on
318414* 54503** 17.12 This report is submitted for the strategic & Economic
31.03.2017*
dialogue to the Special Representatives of the Leaders of
Table 4. Growth of Installed Capacity & Percentage United States & China. By large scale cooperative taken
share of RES in the total installed generating capacity in by the United States & China to reduce greenhouse gas
India emission is more remarkable than ever.
(Source : General Review 2011, DMLF division,
In July 2013,enhanced policy dialogue & five action
CEA** Tentative projection for 12th. Plan)
initiatives such as Emissions Reduction from Heavy-
% of duty & other vehicles; Smart Grids, Carbon capture,
Total Capacity Operation
Output Global Utilization & Storage; Energy efficiency in buildings &
Decade capacity Factor Time
(TWh) Electricity
(GW) (%) (hrs./yr) industry& collecting & managing greenhouse gas
Production
By emission data has been launched by the working group.
148 32 2800 414 1.3
2020 These provide cleaner air & energy savings. The
By framework of this report highlights the developments on
337 39 3400 1140 3.8
2030
By
the enhanced policy dialogue & five initiatives along
715 45 3900 2790 8.3 with collaboration with hydrocarbons.
2040
By
2050
1089 50 4380 4770 11.3 IX. DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF
Table 5. Growth Forecast for Solar Power
FIVE ACTION INITIATIVES
Special attention must be given in the following fields
State MW %
for the progress in this area.
Andhra Pradesh 23.5 1.6
Chhattisgarh 4.0 0.2 • Enhanced heavy duty & other vehicles fuel
Delhi 2.53 0.1 efficiency standards to reduce climate impact & improve
Gujarat 824 57 quality of air. The US intends to develop fuel economy
Haryana 7.8 0.54 standards for 2018 model medium & heavy duty
Jharkhand 16 1.11 vehicles whereas China for 2020 model heavy & light
Karnataka 14 0.97 duty vehicles which is yet to be finalized by 2016.
Madhya Pradesh 11.75 0.81 • Clean fuels(i.e. ultra low sulfur fuels of 10ppm) for
Maharashtra 34 2.35 improving air quality by the end of 2016 & vehicle
West Bengal 2 0.13 emissions control technologies and
Orissa 13.0 0.90
• Promotion of efficient, green freight initiatives.
Punjab 9.33 0.6
Rajasthan 442.25 30 Several events held in 2014 to establish institutional
Tamil Nadu 17.06 1.17 links & co-ordination mechanism with other ECPA
Uttar Pradesh 12.38 0.86 energy efficiency activities are as follows-
Uttarakhand 5.05 0.35 • Seminar for promotion of energy efficiency in Haiti
Table 6. State wise solar energy capacity in India in was held on June 17-20,2014
2013 • Technical exchange on experiences in the
implementation & development in the field of energy
efficiency programs at Santiago, Chile on June 16-18,
2014
VII. PRESENT STATUS OF SOLAR • Technical exchange mission to encourage the
ENERGY IN INDIA energy efficiency of the residential sector at Monterideo,
Uruguay on May 22, 2014
Presently the grid connected capacity (all PV) in India is
481.48MW as in 31st Jan, 2012. However the market of • Seminar was organized on innovation Science&
solar energy is set to grow significantly in the next ten Technology for the Energy efficiency Development
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program including Green-Sustainable Buildings at between two countries at working level. The routine
Tuxtla-Gutierrez, Mexico on May 8-9, 2014. meetings on action causing events by Joint Working
Group of USA-India on Renewable energy can often
The Energy Efficiency Working group support the
spur further initiatives & promotes measures of
Government‟s efforts to promote energy efficiency &
sustainability. Within the frameworks of this paper, the
works on its conservation by policy & regulatory norms,
authors have tried to discuss the journey of solar energy
equipment certification, program design and
in India since 1950 till date. Moreover, the potential
implementation, standards & labeling, public awareness
barriers & challenges are highlighted that impacts the
campaigns.
ambitious mission taken up by Central & State
X. FUTURE GROWTH OF SOLAR IN Governments.
INDIA REFERENCES
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2GW by 2013,4-10GW by 2017 and 20GW by Baredar b a Department of Electrical
2020.Thar Desert has been set for solar power projects Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of
sufficient to generate 700 -2100GW.National Solar Technology, Bhopal 462007, M.P., India b
Mission & other Generation Based Government Department of Energy, Energy Centre, Maulana
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population density (land scarcity) and technology Working Group to the 6th Round of the Strategic
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could be 15% lower than the most expensive grid- Releases: 2014 › Press Releases: July 2014 Jul
connected conventional energy resources. Indian market 15, 2014 –
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The increased collaboration between USA & India, on [6] Energy Statistics 2013 Central Statistics Office,
energy efficiency can drive economic activity & Ministry of Statistics and Programme
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environmental impacts. Development of solar sector in Delhi
India has been visible ever since independence. Solar [7] India Renewable Energy Market Reports from
industry has uplifted the Indian society to an immense EAI
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Investors are keen enough toward this sector in our [9] www.mnre.gov.in/solar-
country thereby contributing to the development of mission/jnnsm/introduction-2
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& environmentally).The institutional framework & co- [10] US DOE Annual Energy Outlook 2014
operation in New &Renewable energy between U.S.A.&
India encourages & enhances the communication
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