Us Swire Rope Eng R Handbook
Us Swire Rope Eng R Handbook
Us Swire Rope Eng R Handbook
" ~
Tiger Brand
Wire Rope
Engineering
Hand Book
need for exact facts relating to the subject-is the purpose of this Hand-
book. (j! It is our belief that you will find the contents not only of very
many years of leadership in this important field. (j! This leadership has
Effects of Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Stresses in Guys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fleet Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
6 x 7-Regular Lay
6x21-TypeM 6 x 19-Warrington
• 6 x I9-Type N 8 x 19-TypeN
18 x 7-Non-Spinning
·4·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
mately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rope. outer wires, which presents greater wearing sur-
Because of the difference in direction of the strand face, Lang lay ropes have increased resistance to
and rope lays, regular lay ropes are less likely to abrasion. They also possess greater flexibility and
kink and untwist, and, therefore, are easier to greater resistance to fatigue than regular lay
handle than Lang lay ropes. Regular lay ropes ropes.
are less subject to failure from crushing and dis- Greater care must be exercised when handling
tortion, due to the shorter length of exposed Lang lay ropes, as they are more likely to kink
outer wires. and to untwist than regular lay ropes. They are
also less resistant to abuse from distortion and
Lang Lay wire ropes have the wires in the crushing. Lang lay ropes should have both ends
strands, and the strands in the rope, twisted in permanently fastened to prevent untwisting. They
the same direction. The outer wires run diag- are not recommended for installations where the
onally across the longitudinal axis of the rope, untwisting tendency cannot be controlled, such
and are exposed for longer lengths than in regular as single part hoists, and should not be used with
lay ropes. Because of the longer length of exposed a swivel type end terminal.
A Worn Lang Lay Rope Showing Results of Abrasive Wear and Pounding Action
Right Lay or Left Lay depends on whether Reverse Lay applies to ropes in which the
the strands of the rope rotate to the right or to strands are alternately regular and Lang lay. The
the left while receding from the observer and use of reverse lay ropes is usually limited to
when viewed from above. Right lay is the stand- certain types of conveyors. The standard direc-
ard. There are very few types of installations tion of lay is right, as it is for both regular lay
requiring the use of left lay wire rope. and Lang lay ropes.
·8·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·9·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
CONSTRUCTIONS
Wire rope constructions are designated by the six strands of seven wires to the strand is a 6x7
number of strands in the rope and the number of rope. Unless noted, or specified by the number of
wires in each strand. Thus, a rope composed of strands, the rope has a fiber core.
6 x 7-Regular Lay
Ropes of 6 strands, 7 wires to the strand, 1 fiber strands, making the rope construction 7x7.
core, are known as "Haulage" ropes, as the large When fabricated of galvanized wires, this is
outer wires are well suited to withstand the abra- termed a 6x7 Galvanized Guy Rope, and with a
sive wear to which haulage ropes are subjected. galvanized strand core, it becomes a 7x7 Gal-
This construction is the least flexible of the stand- vanized Guy Rope.
ard rope constructions. Wire cores are usually
6x 17-Type L
This is a slightly more flexible haulage rope to six for the 6x7. The strengths of the 6x17-Type
than the 6x7, as each strand has eight outer wires L are greater than those of the 6x7.
6 x I9-Seale Patent
This construction has nine" outer wires per the same number of wires, all wires in each layer
strand, and is therefore a little more flexible than of one size, and each outer wire cradled on two
the 6x17, Type L. The term "Seale Patent" refers inner wires. This arrangement of wires produces
to strands consisting of two concentric layers of a rugged rope for severe service conditions.
6x2I-Type M
The ten outer wires in each strand increase the ance to abrasion and sufficient flexibility to permit
flexibility of this rope over the three construc- winding on medium size drums are requisites. This
tions shown above. It serves a field where resist- rope is used for both hauling and hoisting.
·10·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
6 x 19-Warrington
In this construction the outer layer of wires in being as flexible as the 6x19 Type N Standard
each strand consists of six large and six smaller Hoisting Rope. 6x19 Galvanized Guy Ropes are
wires. The large outer wires prevent this rope from usually of Warrington construction.
6x 19-Type N
This Standard Hoisting Rope is more uni- tion to the nineteen main wires in each strand
versally used than any other construction. In addi- there are six smaller intermediate wires.
6x29-TypeP
This construction of wire rope, with fourteen the Standard Hoisting Rope with its twelve outer
outer wires to the strand, is next in flexibility to wires per strand.
6x33-TypeR
In this type of rope there are sixteen outer Flexible Hoisting Rope, this rope gives excellent
wires in each strand, making it more flexible than service on cranes and similar equipment, where
the constructions referred to, which have fewer abrasive wear is too severe for the smaller wires
outer wires. As the sixteen outer wires are larger of the 6x37 Crane Rope.
-.n the outer wires of the 6x37 Type S Special
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
6x37-Type S
This rope is listed as "Special Flexible Hoisting eighteen outer wires which are comparatively
Rope" and is also known as "Crane Rope" due small and therefore not suited to withstand eXCles-
to its widespread use on overhead traveling cranes. sive abrasion.
It is the most flexible of the standard construc- This construction has the highest reserve
tions in which six strand hoisting ropes are com- strength of the standard ropes. (See "Reserve
monly fabricated. Its flexibility permits ~ts use Strengths," page 31).
with small sheaves and drums. Each strand has
8 x IS-Seale Patent
The strands are of the same construction as should not be used where overwinding condi-
those of the 6x19, Seale Patent, shown on page 10, tions or other conditions tending toward abuse
but the strands are smaller and the fiber core are severe, as eight strand ropes will not with- .
larger. This increases its flexibility over the 6x19 stand distortion as well as six strand ropes.
Seale Patent construction, and because of the 8x19 Seale Patent Traction Steel Special Flex-
smaller metallic area, lowers the strength. ible Hoisting Ropes have played an important
Ropes of eight strand nineteen wire construc- role in increased speeds and smoother opera-
tion are known as "Extra Flexible Hoisting tion of high speed, high rise, traction type elec-
Ropes." Because of the large fiber core, they tric passenger elevators.
8 x IS-Type N
The standard construction of 8x19 Extra because of the greater number of smaller strands
Flexible Hoisting Rope has eight smaller strands composed of smaller wires. It is less resistant to
similar in design to the strands of 6x19, Type N abrasion, because of the smaller wires, and to
rope shown on page 11. The eight strand rope is distortion, because of the larger fiber core.
more flexible than the six strand construction,
·12·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
18 x 7-Non-Spinning
This is the only standard construction consist- strands and the difference in lays is to counteract
ing of two concentric layers of strands. The six the untwisting tendency of each, and results in a
inner fJtrands of seven wires are Lang lay, left lay. wire rope with a minimum tendency to rotate
The twelve seven-wire outer strands are regular while under load.
lay, right lay. The purpose of the two layers of
5 x 19-Marlin Clad
Each strand is served with a closely wrapped the strands, shields the strands against external
layer of tarred marlin before it is closed into the wear as well as internal friction, and protects the
completed rope. The marlin forms a cushion for hands of workmen handling the rope.
·13·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
6 x 37-Galvanized Hawser
Each strand of these Hawsers, or Towing Lines, than the two marine ropes which have fiber centers
consists of thirty-seven galvanized wires. The all- in the strands.
steel strand construction makes this rope stronger
6 x 3 x 19 Galvanized Spring-Lay
Each of the six strands of this Excellay Spring- struction is designed for use in the marine field
Lay Wire rope consists of three steel strands and for warping and mooring where a flexible rope
three fiber strands around a fiber core. This con- with high elasticity is required.
Galvanized Strand
Galvanized guy strands-of seven and nineteen struction. Galvanized Bridge StraD:ds are of 19,
wires are made in four grades: Iron or Common 37,610r91 wire construction, depending on the size.
Strand, Siemens-Martin, High Strength, and Extra. Bridge strands are made of Galvanized Plow Steel
High Strength. For sizes to and including ~ inch wires with tensile strengths in excess of those
diameter, guy strands_are .usually of seven wires; used for the .guy strands.
sizes ~ inch to 1 inch are nineteen-wire con-
·14·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·15·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
6 X 7 Haulage Rope
U 2.64 2.30 2.00 0.094 ~
%; 4.10 3.56 3.10 .15 1
% 5.86 5.10 4.43 .21 1%
%; 7.93 6.90 6.00 .29 1%
72 10.3 8.96 7.79 .38 1%
~ 13.0 11.3 9.82 .48 1~
% 15.9 13.9 12.0 .59 2
~ 22.7 19.8 17.2 .84 2%
~ 30.7 26.7 23.2 1.15 2~
1 39.7 34.5 30.0 1.50 3%
1% 49.8 43.3 37.7 1.90 372
1U 61.0 53.0 46.1 2.34 3~
1% 73.1 63.6 55.3 2.84 4%
172 86.2 75.0 65.2 3.38 4~
Wire Strand Cores and Independent Wire Rope Cores add 7 ~% to the above listed strengths
and 10% to the weights. When these ropes are Galvanized, deduct 10% from the above listed
strengths.
6 X 19 Standard Hoisting Rope
U 2.74 2.39 2.07 0.10 ~
%> 4.26 3.71 3.22 .16 1
% 6.10 5.31 4.62 .23 1%
h6 8.27 7.19 6.25 .31 1%
72 10.7 9.35 8.13 .40 1%
%; 13.5 11.8 10.2 .51 1~
% 16.7 14.5 12.6 .63 2
~ 23.8 20.7 18.0 .90 2%
~ 32.2 28.0 24.3 1.23 2~
1 41.8 36.4 31.6 1.60 3%
1% 52.6 45.7 39.8' 2.03 372
1U 64.6 56.2 48.8 2.50 3~
1% 77.7 67.5 58.8 3.03 4%
172 92.0 80.0 69.6 3.60 4~
1% 107.0 93.4 81.2 4.23 5%
1~ 124.0 108.0 93.6 4.90 572
1~ 141.0 123.0 107.0 5.63 5~
2 160.0 139.0 121.0 6.40 6~
2% 179.0 156.0 ........ 7.23 6%
2U 200.0 174.0 ........ 8.10 .7%
272 244.0 212.0 ........ 10.00 7~
2~ 292.0 254.0 ........ 12.10 8%
This table jplies to all types of 6 x 19,6 x 17 and 6 x 21 Wire Ropes.
Wire Stran Cores and Independent Wire Rope Cores add 7~% to the above listed strengths
and 10% to the weights. When these ropes are Galvanized, deduct 10% from the above listed
strengths.
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·17·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
6 X 42 Tiller Rope
~ 2,620 1,168 0.07
% 4,100 1,816 oil
% 5,860 2,600 .16
%; 7,960 3,540 .21
72 10,360 4,600 .28
%; 13,060 5,800 .35
% 16,080 7,140 .43
For Galvanized Tiller Rope, deduct 10% from the above listed strengths.
·18·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
6 X 7 Sash Cord
h6 140 126 77 0.006
~ 315 283 172 .013 _
% 560 504 306 .023
·19·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
18 X 7 NOli-Spinning Rope
% 5.59 4.86 0.24 l~s
~ 7.58 6.59 .33 1%
~ 9.85 8.57 .43 1%
%i 12.4 10.8 .55 1%
.080 56
.092 75
.106 99
.120 127
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·21·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·22·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
6 x 37 Galvanized Hawser
% 21.0 18.2 0.87 2%
1;tf6 24.5 21.3 1.02 2~
yg 28.4 24.7 1.19 2%
1 36.9 32.1 1.55 3%
H{6 41.6 36.1 1.75 3%
1% 46.5 40.4 1.96 3~
1;t(6 51.7 44.9 2.19 3%
l}i 57.1 49.7 2.42 3yg
1% 68.8 59.8 2.93 4%
1?{6 75.0 65.3 3.20 4~
1~ 81.5 70.9 3.49 4%
1% 95.3 82.9 4.09 5%
11k'6 103.0 89.2 4.41 57.l
1% 110.0 95.7 4.75 572
11;tf6 118.0 102.0 5.09 5%
11%i 134.0 117.0 5.82 6%
2 143.0 124.0 6.20 6~
2~ 151.0 132.0 6.59 672
2% 160.0 139.0 7.00 6%
2X 179.0 156.0 7.85 7%
2~{6 189.0 164.0 8.29 7~
2% 199.0 173.0 8.74 7~
.23·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·24.
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·25·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
-------------------------------,~
.26·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·27·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·28·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
The approximate metallic areas of the principal Ropes and Strands-are shown below.
constructions of American Tiger Brand Wire
.29·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Construction Modulus of
Elasticity
6x7 . 14,000,000
6x17, Type L " , )
6x19, Seale Patent ~ 13,000,000
6x21, Type M J
6xI9 }
6x29, Type P .
6x25, Type B . 12,000,000
6x30, Type G .
6x19 with Independent Wire Rope Core . 14,000,000
6x33, Type R 1 11,000,000
6x37, Type S J
8x19 . 10,000,000
6x 7 . 16,000,000
Galvanized Wire Core Bridge Ropes 6 x 19
6 x 37 t .
.
15,000,000
14,000,000
Prestressed Galvanized Wire Core Bridge Ropes . 20,000,000
. r 7 W~re , ," . 21,000,000
Galvanized Bridge Strands I 19 W!re . 19,000,000
Galvanizrd Guy Strands \37 W~re . 18,000,000
61 Wire . 17,000,000
91 Wire . 16,000,000
Prestressed Galvanized Bridge Strands \ . 25,000,000
Locked Coil Track Strand . 19,000,000
Smooth Coil Track Strand . 19,000,000
The moduli of elasticity shown on this page are for wire ropes and strands of standard constructions
and with standard lengths of lay.
·30 .
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
RESERVE STRENGTHS
The reserve strength of a wire rope is the strength increases, the reserve strength increases. Well
of the rope exclusive of the outer wires, which are lubricated ropes have the following approximnte
the first to be destroyed by wear and abrasion. reserve strengths in terms of total strengths of new
As the number of layers of wires in each strand ropes.
PERCE:\fTAGE OF TOTAL
Construction
Outer Wires Inner Wires
(Reserve Strength)
6x7 ·.·.· l 83 17
6:z6x7 Tiller Rope f
6x17 Type L l 73 27
*6x25 Type B f
6x19 Seale Patent l 69 31
8x19 Seale Patent f
6x30 Type G . 66 34
6x21 Type M . 64 36
6x19 Warrington " . 59 41
6x19 Type N l 57 43
8x19 f
18x7 Non-Spinning . 54 46
6x29 Type P . 50 50
6x33 Type R . 48 52
6x37 Type S . 43 57
*Triangular core wires not included.
·31.
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
EFFECTS OF BENDING
All wire ropes, except stationary ropes used as sheaves and drums can be used without causing
guys or supports, are subjected to bending around early fatigue of the wires than if the loads are
sheaves or drums. The service obtained from wire heavy or the speed fast. Reverse bends, where a
ropes is, to a large extent, dependent upon the rope is bent in one direction and then in the oppo-
proper choice and location of the sheaves and site direction, cause excessive fatigue and should
drums about which it operates be avoided whenever possible. When a reverse
A wire rope may be considered as a machine in bend is necessary, larger sheaves are required than
which the individual elements (wires and strands) would be the case if the rope were bent in one
"lide upon each other when the rope is bent. There- direction only.
fore, as a prerequisite to the satisfactory operation Tables I and II show the minimum tread diam-
of wire rope over sheaves and drums, the rope must eters of sheaves and drums for use with the
be properly lubricated. (See Lubrication-page various sizes, grades, and constructions of wire
113.) With this in mind, the effects of bending rope. These diameters are based on factors of 600
may be classified as: times the diameters of the outer wires for the
Loss of strength due to bending. table covering iron ropes, and 400 for the table
Fatigue effect of bending. . covering the higher grades of wire rope, with the
Loss of strength due to bending is caused by exception of the 18x7 Non-Spinning, for which a
the inability of the individual strands and wires factor of 500 is used.
to adjust themselves to their changed position It should be clearly understood that these are
when the rope is bent. Tests made by the Bureau not the recommended diameters of sheaves and
of Standards and reported in Technologic Paper drums for use with American Tiger Brand Wire
No. 229 show that the rope strength decreases in a Rope. These are the minimum sizes which, under
marked degree as the sheave diameter grows favorable operating conditions, can be expected
smaller with respect to the diameter of the rope. to give reasonable wire rope service. If the other
The loss of strength due to bending wire ropes features of operation, such as speeds and loads,
oyer the sheaves found in common use will not are severe, larger sheaves and drums should be
exceed 6% and will usually be about 4%. used; the amount by which they exceed these
The bending of a wire rope is accompanied minimum figures depending upon the severity of
by readjustments in the positions of the strands the conditions of service. The use of sheaves and
and wires and results in actual bending of the drums larger than shown in these tables will result
wires. Repetitive flexing of the wires develops in increased wire rope service, which usually will
bending loads which, even though well within the more than warrant the additional cost of the
elastic limit of the wires, set up points of stress larger sheaves and drums.
concentration.
The fatigue effect of bending appears in the TABLE I
form of small cracks in the wires at these over- MINIMUM TREAD DIA:METER OF
stressed foci. These cracks propagate, under re-
peated stress cycles, until the remaining sound
SHEAVES AND DRUMS IN INCHES
metal is inadequate to withstand the bending Bright Iron Wire Ropes
load. This results in broken wires showing no Rope
6x7 6x19 8x19 6x6x7
apparent contraction of cross section. Dia. Tiller
Experience has established the fact that from
the service viewpoint, a very definite relationship U 15% 10 8 5
exists between the size of the individual outer wires ~6 19% 12~ 10 6U
of a wire rope and the size of the sheave or drum % 23~ 15 12 7~
about which it operates. Sheaves and drums smaller K6 27~ 17~ 14 8%
than 200 times the diameter of the outer wires will
cause permanent set in a heavily loaded rope. Good ~ 31~ 20 16 10
practice requires the use of sheaves and drums %; 35~ 22~ 18 llU
with diameters 800 times the diameter of the outer % 39~ 25 20 12~
wires in the rope for heavily loaded fast-moving % 47U 30 24 15
ropes. For mine hoists, the factors are usually
about 1,000; for elevators, approximately 900. J/g 55U 35 28 17~
It is impossible to give a definite minimum size 1 ........ 40 32 20
of sheave or drum about which a wire rope will 178 ........ 45 . ....... ........ .
operate with satisfactory results, because of the lU ....... . 50 ........ . ........
other factors affecting the useful life of the rope. These Minimum Tread Diameters are based on factors
If the loads are light or the speed slow, smaller of 600 times the diameters of the outer wirt's.
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
TABLE II
6x19
Warrington
6x19 6x25
Seale Pat. Type B 6x37
6x17 6x30 6x19 Type S
Type L Type G Type N 6i33 5x19
Rope 18x7 6x21 8x19 6x29 Type R Marlin 6x6x7
Dia. 6x7 Non-Spin. Type M Seale Pat. Type P 8x19 Clad Tiller
·33·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
down period by noting the position of the indi- two. In such cases, it is a safe precaution to add
cator when the time is taken. A very clese esti- arbitrarily about 25% to calculated stresses ob-
mate of distance can be made in this manner. tained as above.
Local conditions may 'give the observer other The preceding discussion has only considered
means of determining the maximum speeds, time speeding up or acceleration. The same forces come
and distances. into play when apparatus is slowing down during
The fact that all wire rope possesses a certain retardation. In most hoists, the acceleration forces
amount of elasticit.y makes conditions easier for are greater because loads are being lifted, but
long ropes on deep shafts or slopes. A certain occasionally conditions of extremely rapid retard-
amount of motion of the winding drum is ab- ation are met which necessitate careful checking
so.rbed in stretching the rope, and therefore the to avoid undue stres~es being placed on the rope.
load is not accelerated as rapidly. The force The same formulas apply in either case.
necessary to overcome the inertia of sheaves, etc., The following table gives the percentage of in-
in shallow shafts is also greater in proportion to crease over the static load in hoisting cables due
the whole inertia force, and must be taken into to accelerations of from .25 to 32 feet per second
consideration. Good practice therefore calls for per second. These are based on g = 32 ft. per
the use of a higher factor of safety in shafts where second per second.
the total hoisting distance is not great. See Safety Acceleration % Increase Acceleration % Increase
Factors, page 6. Feet/sec./sec. of Load Feet/sec./sec. of Loaj
The rope user will find that acceleration stresses .25 0.78 14 43.75
are generally much less in electrically operated .50 1.56 16 50.00
.75 2.34 18 56.25
hoists, for the automatic control prevents rapid 1 3.13 20 62.50
starting as a protective measure for the electrical 2 6.25 22 68.75
equipment. Steam hoists, on the other hand, are 4 12.50 24 75.00
6 18.75 26 81.25
often started by opening the throttle wide, with 8 25.00 28 87.50
consequent sudden jerks on the rope and ex- 10 31.25 30 93.75
tremely rapid acceleration for the first second or 12 37.50 32 100.00
• 35 ~
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
STRESSES IN GUYS
Guys are wire ropes or strands used to hold a sometimes used to determine the tension in guys.
vertical structure in position against an overturn- If this instrument is not available, the tension
ing force. The most common types of guyed struc- can be approximated very closely by measuring
tures are stacks, derricks, and masts for draglines, the deflection at the center of the span from the
reversible tramways and radio transmission. chord drawn from the guy anchorage to the point
As a general rule stresses in guys from tempera- of support on the structure. The formulas for
ture changes are neglected, but in structures such uniformly loaded cables will be found under
as radio masts this is an important feature, and "Stresses in Suspended Cables", and the initial
must be subject to special analysis. tension may be found when the deflection, span
The number of guys used for any particular and weight per foot are known. A good average
installation is contingent on several variable figure to use for erection tension of guys is 20%
factors, such as type of structure, space available of the maximum working tension of the guy.
for guys, contour of the ground, etc., and is not a Our purpose is to outline the method of deter-
part of this discussion. mining the stresses in guys. One of the first con-
It is desirable to space guys uniformly wherever siderations is the location of the guy anchorages.
possible in order to equalize the pull, P, on each The anchorages should be so located that the
guy insofar as possible, particularly against forces angle a, (Alpha) between the horizontal plane and
which change in direction, as when a derrick the guy line, is the same for all guys (to equalize
boom swings in its circle. erection tensions). Angle a, in good practice,
It is also desirable to equalize the erection seldom exceeds 45 degrees; 30 degrees being quite
tensions on the guys. When no external force is commonly used. The tension in the guys decreases
acting on the structure, the tension in each guy as angle a becomes less. The direct load on the
should be the same. A "Tension Indicator" is structure is also less with smaller values of a.
d
Figure 1
·36·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
d = The horizontal distance from structure to Example-A derrick mast 90 ft. high is sup-
guy anchorage. ported by nine equally spaced guys anchored at a
horizontal distance· of 170 ft. from the mast and
m = The vertical height of anchorage above or
the elevations of the guy anchorages are 10 ft.
below base of structure.
below the base of the mast. The load on the struc-
The horizontal component of the force, ture is equivalent to a force of 10,000 lbs. acting
F, = F cos 'Y. on an angle of 10 degrees below the horizontal.
a = Alpha = the angle whose tangent is h ~m. What is the maximum pull on any single cable
and what size guy rope should be used?
m is plus if the anchorage is below the base of
the structure and minus if it is above. From Fig. I
p = F cos 'Y h = 90 Ft.
cos a d = 170 Ft.
As cos a is always less than one, P is always
m = 10 Ft.
'Y = 10 0 _ 00'
~ater than F cos 'Y, -the horizontal component F = 10,000 Lbs.
of force, F.
It must be remembered that P represents the 90 + 10 100
tan a = -t70- = 170 = .588
total pull acting along the guys at an angle, a,
with the horizontal and in the same vertical plane a = 30° -28'
as the force, F. P = F "os 'Y =..!Q,OOO X .985 = 11 427 Lbs.
If only one guy were used, P would represent cos a .862 '.
the extra tension, T. In practice, however, a From Table III, T = 11,427 X .50 = 5,714 Lbs.
number of guys are always used and, therefore,
the pull on anyone guy will not be equal to P. If erection tension is 10 per cent of total work-
The following table gives factors for any number ing tension, 5,714 is 90 per cent of total working
of guys from 3 to 15, equally spaced about a .
t enSlOn. Therefore, work'mg t enSlOn
. = 5714X1QO
90 =
central structure. To find the maximum extra
6,349 Lbs.
tension, T, that will be applied to any single guy
by the force, F, capable of rotating 360 degrees With a factor of safety of 5, the guy ropes
MOund a vertical axis, it is only necessary to should have a breaking strength of 31,745 pounds.
multiply the value of P, as determined above, by By referring to pages 22 and 28, it will be found
the factor for the number of guys used. It must that a 1~" diameter 6x7 Galvanized Iron Guy
be clearly understood in using this table that the Rope, or a 31" diameter Extra Galvanized
guys are uniformly spaced and under equal ten- Siemens-Martin 19-wire strand, could be specified
sion when no load is acting on the structure. for this installation.
·37·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·38·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
~ = BetaA = Angle between the horizontal and sion will not be exceeded when the load is applied.
a tangent to a calle curve at a load. In the case of cableways with high self-sup-
A = Lambda = Change in length of 'cable per porting towers, the cable tension and deflection
foot of length, per pound of tension. may be affected by yielding of the supports. A
A = Delta = Total change in length of cable complete study of such a span includes the appli-
= At L2. cation of the theory of deflection in framed struc-
e = Theta = Angle between the horizontal and tures, but such a special condition does not come
the chord of a half span. within the scope of this handbook. In all cases we
sec = Secant of an angle = 1 will assume that cables are anchored to rigid sup-
ports or immovable ground anchorages.
cosine The determination of the proper erection deflec-
ANCHORED SPANS are principally employed tion and tension involves the use of the modulus
for supporting electrical cables, for guy lines, for of elasticity in tension for the particular con-
suspension bridges, and usually for track cables struction of cable which is being used.
of cableways and reversible aerial tramways It is well known that the modulus of elasticity
where a single moving load is supported in a clear ranges between 28,000,000 and 30,000,000 for
span. structural steel, but the modulus of elasticity of
When a cable span is erected, anchored at both a wire cable, considering the cable as a whole, has
ends, and a load of any kind supported from the various values depending on its construction, and
cable, the deflection increases because of the also on the work that has been put into it.
elastic properties of the cable. The tension also The modulus can be appreciably increased by a
increases when the load is applied. prestressing operation. This is frequently done to
It is necessary to select the size, construction, bridge cables. In the case of track cables carrying
and grade of the cable, with a proper factor of rolling loads somewhat the same effect is secured
safety, after having determined the maximum after a period of operation, as most of the struc-
tension in the cable due to dead and live loads. tural stretch is removed. See Moduli of Elasticity
I t is then necessary to erect the cable at such a page 30, and Prestressed Strands and Ropes
deflection that the maximum safe working ten- page 9.
Figure 2
When the tension is known, the center deflec- When the deflection at some point other than
tion is found from: the center of span is known:
ws 2 t = wx(s-x) (4)
yo = Sf (1)
2y
and the deflection at any poht in the span is: t' = t sec ~l (5)
y = wx(s-x) (2) The cable slope at any point in the span is:
2t
Wben the center deflection is known, the hori-
tan ~3 = 7(; - x) (6)
IOntal component of tension is found from: At either support the cable slope is:
2
t= ws
8yo
(3) tan ~l or ~2 = -4yo
s (7)
.39·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Then from (8) tan Itl = 6.222 X 1350 = 2222 Itl = 12°-32'
~ 2 X 18900 . ,~
The following shows the reFmlts of a series of (b) Maximum cable slope at supports =
slide rule computations for assumed values of te 12°-32'.
until the above equation is satisfied (the values Maximum cable slope at quarter points
in the last two columns are equal). of span = 6°-20'.
256,240,000 (c) Erection tension = 5356 pounds
te .0001608 te + 8.071
te 2 Erection deflection = 67.25 ft.
5200 .836 8.907 9.476
5.300 .852 8.923 9.122 The following table No. IV gives factors for
5.350 .860 8.931 8.952 obtaining maximum tension t' at the supports of a
5356 .861 8.932 8.932 uniformly loaded level span when w, the weight
per horizontal foot aI!d s, the horizontal length of
te = 5J56 pounds. span, are known. See column 2. The close relation
between the parabola and the catenary is shown
1.581 X 13502 by a comparison of the values in columns 2 and 3.
From (1) yo = 8 X 5356 = 67.25 ft. Column 3 gives the factor for obtaining t' when w",
the weight per foot along the cable, and s is known.
The length of a uniformly loaded level span, based
Ll=1350+1~
3
From (9) X 1350 = 1358.932ft. on a parabolic curve, can be obtained from the
24 X 53562 factors in column 4. If the span is inclined see (24)
and (25).
Therefore:
(a) One piece ~" diam. 19 wire Extra Gal- The factors in column 4 can also be used for the
vanized Extra High Strength Strand with catenary for k ratios up to 0.12 with an error less
sockets attached so as to give a length of than 0.02%, and for k ratios as high as 0.20 with
1358.93 feet center to center of supports. an error of only 0.1 %.
TABLE IV
·41·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
TABLE IV (Cant.)
~ 42 •
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
t" h
Figure 3
The following formulas give the increments of "Down" slopes are usually considered as plua
deflection and slope due to-inclination of the chord. values and "up" slopes as minus values.
ws 2 h
yo = -gt+2 (15)
tan. a = l!.-
s
(16)
At any point--
wxts-x) t
y = 2t ± x an a (17)
ws
ian (}l = -2[" + tan a (18)
ws
tan (}2 = -2t - tan a (19)
Ll or L = Vs2 + h2 ( 1 + i k2 -
3 2k4 + 25 6 k6 )
5 7
(25)
It will be seen that the solutions for inclined spans are quite similar to those for level
spans.
·43·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
t" = t'
Figure 4
.The deflection produced by a concentrated load a cable anchored at both ends. The deflection must
suspended midway between two fixed points A not exceed 83 feet. No wind or ice conditions.
and B forms two equal sub-dlords AC and CB.
(a) What are the specifications of the cable?
The cable assumes two catenary arcs which inter-
sect at C. The following formulas are, however, (b) What is the maximum tension in the cable?
based on the parabola, as the difference in results (c) What is the slope at the supports with the
is negligible. load at center of span?
The center deflection is found from:
(d) What is the cable length between supports,
Gs ws2 s (2G + ws) with no rolling load on the cable?
yo = 4t + 8t = 8t (26)
(e) What is the erection tension and erection
and t = s (2G + ws) (27)
8ye deflection of the cable?
t' = t sec III = t sec ll2 = t" (28) It. is necessary to assume a size and grade of
cable for the calculations. If the first selection
tan III =
G+ ws = tan . ll2
-u- (29) does not prove suitable, the calculations must be
Example: A rolling load weighing 2000 pounds revised. We shall assume that a 178" diameter
is to be supported in a level span 2000 ft. long by Standard Locked Coil Cable will be suitable.
The following shows the results of a series of pounds = 50.18 tons. The breaking strength of a
slide rule computations for assumed values of to 1 yg" diameter Standard Locked Coil Cable is 54
until the above equation is satisfied (the values in t~ns. Therefore, this size cable is satisfactory, and
the last two columns are equal). our Locked Coil Cable is the most suitable con-
struction where rolling loads are to be handled. If
3,328,533,333 the proposed installation is temporary, or if first
t. .0001243 t. + 3.866 -~2--
cost of the cable is a prime consideration, we may
22,000 2.735 6.601 6.877 consider the use of 131" diameter High Strength,
or I" diameter Extra High Strength Smooth Coil
22,300 2.772 6.638 6.693
Track Strands, as well as 174.''' diameter 6x19
22,380 2.782 6.648 6.646 Plow Steel Rope. However, it would be necessary
to = 22,380 pounds to revise the calculations for either of the latter
selections, because the weight, area, and modulus
3.16 x 20002 of elasticity change.
frolil (1) yo = 8 x 22380 = 70.60 ft.
(b) t' = 31360 pounds
t"
Figure 5
If the chord is inclined, similar to Fig. 5, then t' = t sec ~1 See (28)
the center deflection is found by adding ~ to (26).
til = t sec ~2 See (28)
Then:
= Gs + ws2 + ~ = s (2G + ws) + ~ (30) tan ~1 = G + ws + .!!.. See (29)
yo 4t 8t 2 8t 2 2t s
~--------S-------------+I
When the cable hangs between fixed points of cable decreases in length. Therefore, the results
IRISpension, with supports at the same elevation, obtained from (32) are somewhat greater than
the tension t varies with different positions of the actual deflections. Formula (32) is, however, suffi-
Ioed G and is a maximum only when G is at the ciently accurate for many problems encountered
tenter of the span. in practice.
Knowing the tension t at the center of the span After determining the deflection by (32) for any
from (27), the deflection at other points may be position of the load, the corresponding approxi-
determined from: mate tension at xy can be found from:
y=
x (ws + 2G)2 (s-x)
(32) xes-x) (ws
t = ------:----
+ 2G) (33)
2t (ws2 + 4G y'x(s-x» 2sy
However, it must be understood this formula To determine the deflection of the cable at any
trill only give approximate results, as it is based point, when the load is at xy, consider x or (s-x),
00 constant cable length, neglecting the elastic Fig. 6, as separate inclined spans, with y as the
properties of the cable. As the load moves away difference in elevation. Then formula (17) can be
from center of span, the tension decreases and applied.
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Figure 7
Formula (32) can be applied to inclined spans by adding hsx, which becomes ~ when x = ~. Then, for
inclined spans:
Multiple Loads in Anchored Spans formula (54) to determine the maximum tension.
Multiple loads in anchored spans are seldom To determine the length along the cable at maxi-
encountered in practice. However, the subject is mum tension, consider the loads as stationary in
important enough to merit some attention. When the position stated above and treat the lengths of
speaking of multiple loads, it will be assumed cable between supports and the first load, and the
loads are equal in amount and spaced uniformly. lengths between loads, as separate spans. Mter
The loads should be placed symmetrically about this length, L, has been determined, the erection
the center line of the span to compute the maxi- tension, deflection of empty cable, etc., are calcu-
mum tension or deflection in the span. Use formula lated by the trial method in a similar manner to
(52), page 54, to determine the deflection and that for a single load in an anchored span.
·48·
- WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
s
s
2
c'w't.
FigureS
The tension and deflection of either an anchored sum of all forces for any origin of moments.
or a. counterweighted span are the same, under the The same comparison holds true of spans sup-
same conditions of loading, when the cable sup- porting one or more individual concentrated loads,
ports a uniformly distributed load. However, an when the loads are so placed as to produce the
important difference occurs when the live load is maximum deflection.
removed. In the case of an anchored span, the The use of a counterweighted track cable for
deflection and length of the cable remain constant,
rolling loads results in a constant angle under the
except as they are affected by the elastic proper-
load, the angle whose tangent is~, at all points
ties of the cable, backstays, and supports. The
of a span. Also, it produces a smaller angle at each
tension, however, decreases when the live load is
removed. Comparing this performance with a support than would be the case with an anchored
rounterweighted span, we find that the tension span. Tbese two factors are of definite advantage
remains constant when the live load is removed, in the design of aerial tramways having interme-
.-bile the deflection and length of the cable de- diate supports.
erease in proportion to the change in loading. Apply formulas (1) to (12) inclusive, pages 39
l'hese are the effects due to equalizing the moment- and 40 under "Anchored Spans."
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
s------~
s
2
~-x-~
c'w't.
Figure 9
8---------+1
s
2
Figure 10
Apply formulas (26) to (29) inclusive, page 44, under "Anchored Spans."
·50·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
X (s-X)
Figure II
In a constant tension span the deflection at the load may be determined from:
Gx(S-X) + wx(s-x) (35)
y = st 2t
Also the deflection of the cable may be determined for any point in the span, with the load at any
fDint,Xl yl being coordinates to points to the left of G and X2 Y2 being coordinates of points to the right of G.
. GXl WXl
yl (pomts left of G) = st (s-m) + 2t (S-Xl) (36)
The cable slope at any point between the load and either support is:
tan ~3 (points to left of G) = ~ (s-m) + 7(; - Xl) (40)
·51·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
s
X2
m
x
G
~igure 12
In these formulas, as in all others, we have placed the higher support at the left-hand end of
span, and have made this point the origin of moments.
The cable slopes are determined by taking the chord into account as an additional term in the above
equations.
tan ~1 - at left support - formula (38)
+ tan a (47)
EXAMPLE: A 2,000 pound rolling load is to be tension with load at center of span?
supported on an inclined span 800 ft. long with (b) What is the slope of the cable at the higher
difference in elevation of 67 ft. The cable is 1%" support (1) with the load at center of span, (2)
diameter Standard Locked Coil; w' = 4.73 pounds with the load 100 ft. horizontally away from the
per foot, A = 1.2437 sq. in. The center deflection upper support and (3) with the cable empty?
must not exceed 18 ft. from the chord. (c) What is the center deflection of the empty
(a) What is the horizontal component of cable cable?
67
tan a = - = .08375 a = 4°_ 47', sec a = 1.0035
800
4.75 x 800 67
From (18), tan ~1 = 2 x 43333 + 800
= .1276, ~1 = 7°-16'
4.75 x 8002 67
From (15), yo = 8X43333 + 2 = 42.27 ft.
s
Xn
a a
G
Figure 13
accurate to calculate spans carrying more than at any point xy, of a span supporting n loads of
five loads as uniformly loaded spans. If this is uniform spacing and equal weight, the cable ten-
done, the load per foot equals weight of cable sion being constant, is:
The cable slope at any point may be found from the general formula:
tan ~ = t0
° [(n-u ) - nm+abJ
s + TW(S
2 - x) (55)
·54·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Example: A 172" diameter Standard Locked Length of span 2000 feet. Horizontal component
Coil Cable is to be used to support 5 loads, each of working tension t = 45,964 pounds.
weighing 2000 pounds, and spaced 400 feet. w = w' = 5.63 pounds.
Figure 14
Wind loads on cylindrical surfaces, such as wire resultant cable load is determined from the hori-
cables, are determined from maximum wind veloc- zontal wind load and vertical load of cable and
ities. If P equals wind pressure in pounds per ice. The weight of ice is approximately 56 pounds
square foot of projected area and V = actual per cubic foot, or .0324 pounds per cubic inch.
·56·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
TABLE V
d2
Values of 0.3 R
%" .033 .024 .022 .017 .016 .014 .013 .011 .010
%:" .047 .035 .031 .025 .023 .020 .018 .016 .014
']/g" .062 .047 .042 .033 .031 .027 .024 .022 .018
1" .080 .060 .055 .043 .040 .035 .032 .029 .024
·57·
AMERIC.AN TIGER BRAND
TABLE VI
Values of 0.16 ~
I" .022 .016 .015 .012 .011 .010 .009 .008 .006
17$" .025 .018 .017 .013 .012 .011 .010 .009 .007
1U" .028 .020 .019 .015 .014 .012 .011 .010 .008
1%" .030 .023 .020 .016 .015 .013 .012 .011 .009
131" .033 .025 .022 .017 .016 .014 .013 .012 .010
1~" .039 .029 .026 .020 .019 .017 .015 .013 .011
2" .044 .033 .030 .023 .022 .019 .017 .015 .013
2U" .050 .037 .034 .026 .024 .022 .019 .017 .01,1>
231" .055 .041 .037 .029 .027 .024 .021 .019 .016
2~" .061 .045 .041 .032 .030 .026 .023 .021 .018
3" .066 .049 .045 .035 .033 .029 .026 .023 .019
331" .077 .057 .052 .041 .038 .033 .030 .027 .023
4" .088 .066 .060 .047 .043 .038 .034 .031 .026
·58.
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
One-part Line Two-part Line Three-part Line
·60·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
EXAMPLE: A trip of cars weighing 27,500 lbs. feet per minute. What is the maximum rope pull?
when loaded is being hauled up a slope with con- What rope should be used?
tour as shown in the sketch. The speed is 850
c
B
® \'00
'l-r;j:J \\.
It is necessary to assume a certain size rope at mately correct in the first solution. 17$" 6x7 Rope
the outset in order to get the gravity and rope weighing 1.90 lbs. per ft. will be assumed, together
friction loads. If the results are close to the with the fact that sheaves and drums are suffi-
assumed size, the figures may stand; but if there ciently large for this construction.The values must
is much of a variation, the process should be re- be found for car load at points A, B, and C.
peated, using the size rope found to be approxi-
Point A
Gravity load = (27,500 + (1150 X 1.90» X .3090 = 9173
Car friction load = 27,500 X .0285 = 784
Rope friction load = 1150 X 1.90 X .0587 128
10085
10% Acceleration Stress = 1009
To:'al 11094
Point B
Gravity load = (27,500 + ( 950 X 1.90» X .2079 = 6093
Car friction load 27,500 X .0293 806
Rope friction load = 950 X 1.90 X .0587 106
7005
10% Acceleration Stress 701
Total 7706
Point C
Gravity load = (27,500 + ( 150 X 1.90» X .4226 = 11742
Car friction load 27,500 X .0272 = 748
Rope friction load = 150 X 1.90 X .0544 16
12506
10% Acceleration Stress = 1251
Total 13757
It will be seen from the above that the load is and in this case the load at point C would be
greatest when the cars are at point C, and are 12,076Ibs.
traveling on the steepest grade. This will be found Assuming a factor of safety of 6, the rope se-
true in the great majority of cases, but to be abso- lected should have a breaking strength of 6 X
13,757 = 82,542 lbs. A 17$" diameter 6x7 Plow
lutely certain of the correct figures all problems Steel rope would be sufficient for this installation.
should be solved as above. Again attention is called If abrasive conditions were severe, a Monitor
to the fact that for descending loads the friction Steel rope of the same size and construction
values must be subtracted from the load values, should be used.
AMERICAN TIG:tR BRAND
LOAD FACTORS
Angle of
Incline
Degrees
% Grade Load
Factor
Car
Friction
Factor
Rope
Frietion
Fador
I Angle of
Incline
Degrees
% Grade Load
Factor
Car
Friction
Rope
Friction
Factor Factor
·63·
P!MERICAN TIGER 'BRAND
GROOVES
Grooves in sheaves and drums should be slightly in the United States Master Specification fOl
larger than the rope, in order to avoid pinching Wire Rope, as shown in the following table.
and binding of the strands, and to permit the rope Diameter Tolerances for Wire Rope
to ~djust itself to the radius of curvature. The Nominal Diameter of Rope Undersize Oversize
in Inches Inch Inch
greater the angle of approach to the groove, the
larger the tolerance required to prevent excessive
Oto%
Ih'6 to 1%
0
0
%2
%4
flange wear. 1%; to 1~ 0 YI6
The diameter of an unused rope may exceed 1% to 2>i 0 %!
the nominal diameter by the amount:s:...:sp~e:::c:ifi::e:::d:-_-===2=%=6
=a=n=d..::.l=ar~g~e.:..r . : .O ::"%~8_
Tolerance Groove Diameter Should Exc£ed
Nominal Rope Diameter
In the recommended minimum tolerances of
Nominal Diameter New or
groove diameters shown on the right, allowances of Rope in Inches MinimuPl Remachined
Grooves
have been made for the new rope being slightly
>i- 9-l6
oversize. Grooves of too large diameter do not %-%
prGpei.# support the rope, and permit it to be~ 1%;-1%
1%;-1~
come elliptical. 1%-2>i
2%; and Larger
These tolerances are too great for traction type Rope Dia. Clearance HC"
eevators. New and re-machined grooves on "U" Inches in Inches
IJPe machines should be ~2 inch gre~ter than ~-1>i
-.ninal rope diameter. Grooves should be re·· 1%-1%
machined when worn to less than U'4 inch larger 1ys - 2~
lilian nominal rope diameter.
ItC" "e"
Groove Groove
Dia. Dia.
Grooved drums are recommended in preference tread diameter of the sheave or drum. This may
to smooth drums as the grooves furnish better be expressed as:
support for the rope than the flat surfaces of L
smooth drums, and the more uniform winding p= RD
results in less abrasive wear on the rope. Where: P = pressure in pounds per square inch.
Annular, or concentric grooves in drums should
L = load on the rope in pounds.
not be greater in depth than 10% of the rope
diameter. Deeper grooves will cause undue dis- R = tread radius (one-half tread diam-
tortion of the rope at the points of cross-over eter) of the sheave.~hr drum in
from one groove to the next, Clearances recom:.. inches.
mended for spiral type grooves are suitable for D = diameter of the rope in inches.
annular grooves. Maximum Radial Pressure
Grooves should be smooth. Those which have Rope Construction Cast Iron Cast Steel
taken the imprint of the outer wires of previous 6x19 Regular Lay 500 900
ropes exert a grinding action on new ropes. A 6x19 Lang Lay 575 1025
harder metal is recommended for installations 8x19 Regular Lay 600 1075
6x37 Regular Lay 600 1075
where the radial pressure of the rope on the groove 6x37 Lang Lay 700 1225
scores the groove. This rarlial pressure is directly Flattened Strand 800 1450
proportional to the load on the rope, and inversely For greater pressures, manganese or special alloy
proportional to the diameter of the rope and the steels, heat treated, should be used.
·65·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
I
: \
I \
fleet angle is the angle between the center line of
the sheave and the rope when it is at the end d
its traverse travel on drum. Fleet angles of 17-'2
and 2 degrees are the equivalents of approximately
~
38 and 29 feet, respectively, of lead for each foct
of rope traverse travel either side of the center
line of the sheave. Thus a smooth drum with 3 ft.
I \
l~GLE,!t~t ,~:j
traverse travel with the center of travel in line
with the lead sheave should be located not less
than 57 ft. from the lead sheave. If the drum were
grooved, the minimum distance should be approxi-
mately 43.5 ft. ANGLEl
·66·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Figure 15
Figure 17
·67·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Und erwm
to Left
. d : F rom Left /,,0
Right
an even wind of the coils of the first layer on the When overwinding the top of the drum rotates
drum when the rope is re-wound after the load toward the observer while the rope is winding on.
has been slacked off and then picked up. When underwinding the top of the drum rotates
When the first layer of wire rope is wound on a away from the observer while the rope is winding
on.
smooth drum in the wrong direction, the coils
tend to spread apart. Coils of the second layer Correct Method of Coiling Wire Rope
wedge themselves between the open coils, causing When hand coiling wire rope into a coil on the
non-uniform winding, which may result in damag- floor or bench, coil it in the direction that will
ing the rope from crushing and abcasion. There is take twist out of the rope. When coiled in the .
also a tendency for the remaining coils on the proper direction little difficulty will be encoun-
drum, when the rope is out and the load slacked tered, but if coiled in the wrong direction twists
off and then applied again, to cross other coils are added and the rope becomes too lively to
with resultant crushing of the rope at the points readily form into a coil.
Looking down on the coil, the woper direc-
of cross-over. tions are:
The proper direction of winding the first layer Right Lay Wire Ropes-Coil in a Clockwise
on a smooth drum is dete.rmined by standing Direction.
behind the drum and looking along the path the Left Lay Wire Ropes-Coil in a Counter-Clock-
rope travels. wise Direction.
·68·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
.2618
Table of Factors for ~
H2
(2) Volume of Drum in Cubic Inches = We 11" 4 _1I" :2)
When shipping rope on reels, the reels should when coiled; and that it is in perfectly uni-
not be completely filled. A margin (m) should be form layers with no meshing of the coils.
left to protect the rope. H then becomes H - 2m These factors vary with size and constructioB
and h becomes h - m. of the cable and with the dimensions of the
reel or drum. As these variables tend to offset
This Formula is based on the assumption that: each other, this method of computing reel
the cable is exact size and does not flatten and drum capacities has proved to be reliable.
·69·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
WIRE ROPE SOCKETS attached with pure as there is not sufficient space in the basktt for
zinc in accordance with directions on page 100 are enough zinc to properly secure the strand ends.
the most reliable of all wire rope terminal fittings. This. method is not recommended as it is not
When properly attached, standard dr::.p forged efficient, and it is very apt to distort the rope
sockets develop the full strength of the rope. structure causing unequal loading of the individual
Wire rope sockets are recommended for all per-
strands of the rope. This, in turn, tends to develop
manent installations, and for all main hoisting
early rope failure.
ropes. Sockets should be used where safety is re-
quired and where service conditions are severe. The use of babbitt, or other low-melting alloys,
The method of socketing in which the strand is not recommended for heavy duty ropes, as they
ends are bent back into the socket basket will not will not develop the holding power secured with
develop the full strength of a high strength rope, pure zinc.
·70·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
t
o
L'~--+=::::lo......---I-
B-+---AC
Dimensions of Sockets
Distance from
Le~rh Basket to Overall Opening
Between Diam. Approx.
~pe Center Line Length of Pin Weight
Basket of Pin Jaws Pounds
Diam.
A n C D E
~4 3~ 3 71U6 1~ 1% 6.0
% 4 3~ 9% 1% 1% 10.0
1 4~ 4 10% 2 2 15.5
1~ 5 4~ 1119{6 2% 2% 22.0
1% 5~ 5 13~ 2~ 2~ 32.0
1% 5~ 5 13~ 2~ 2~ 32.0
1~ 6 6 15~ 3 2% 46.0
1% 6~ 6~ 16% 3 3 55.0
1% 7~ 7 18% 3~ 3~ 85.0
1% 7~ 7 18% 3~ 3~ 85.0
2-2~ 8~ 9 21~ 4 3~ 125.0
2~-2% 9 10 23~ 4~ 4% 165.0
l"mI are turned. Holes are ~inch larger than pin diameters.
·71·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
+----- B -_+----
....-------c--.,--------.l
Dimensions of Sockets
. 72·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Dimensions of Sockets
·73·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
_ - - - - - - - - - - E ---------11-1
c ~--- F ----..-,
Dimensions of Sockets
·74·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
A--.j
Dim.ensions of Sockets
% 5~ % 1316 2.5
~ 5~ % 1316 2.5
% 7 1% 17i 5
% 7~ 17i 17i 9
J/g 9 1% 1% 15
1 9~ 1% 1% 20
1~ 10% 1~ 1% 23
174: 1l~ 1~ 2~ 32
1% 1l~ 1~ 2~ 32
1~ 1374: 2~ 3~ 52
1% 137i 2~ 3~ 52
Furnished without pin.
. '15·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
:Yt6 ~6 .14 2
U % .29 2
~ % .30 2
% %i .46 2
}16 72 .73 2
72 72 .73 3
% %; 1.00 3
% % 1.46 3
~ % 2.41 4
1 % 2.66 4
1~ .% ;).35 5
Hi ~ 4.63 5
1% ~ 5.00 6
172 ~ 5.48 6
1% 1 6.91 6
Hi 1 7.67 6
2 1 10.4 6
2>i 1% 13.6 6
272 178 15.9 6
*For Ropes with Wire Cores and for High Strength and Extra High Strength Strands, one addi-
tional clip should be installed on each end.
Tiger Wire Rope Clips are' full size clips with clip more than recommended above shoul!! !>e
genuine drop forged steel bases. They should not used for each fastening. .
be confused with the lighter type malleable iron It is possible to hold wire ropes with smaller
base clips. number of clips than specified above, but the in-
Tiger Wire Rope Clips are easy to apply, reliable, creased pressure required reduces the efficiency
and durable. Protected from corrosion by a heavy of the connection.
coating of pure zinc applied by the Hot Galvan- The clips should be attached to the rope e!!.ds
izing Process, they can be used repeatedly. as shown, with the base of the clip against the
.In ad~ition to the. Drop Forged Steel Clips, live or long end, and the U-Bolt bearing against
TIger WIre Rope ClIps are for~ed from .HIgh the dead or short end of the rope. This is the
Strength Bronze. These.Bronze ClIl?s are deSIgned only correct method of attaching wire rope clips.
for use where .ele~trolysls. or corrOSIOn makes the The clips should be spaced at least six rope
use of steel clIps ImpractICal. Dropped from t h e . '"
same forging dies as are the steel clips; these high diameters apart to msure maxlmu~ hold~g powe~.
strength bronze clips are full size. They weigh After the ~ope has been placed m. serVIce and !S
approximately 10% more than the steel clips, and under tenSIOn, the nuts should be tightened agam
are approximately 25% less strong. When High to compensate for any decrease in rope diameter
Strength Bronze Clips are used on wire ropes, one caused by t.he load.
·76·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
c
r
/'
- ..... "
~E~
B
Dimensions of Thimbles
·77·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
....
--
c
A LEJ
Dimensions c£ Thimbles
1% 15 10 974' 5 2% 4% 22.00
2 17 12 10~ 6 3~ 5% 30.00
278 19 14 1274' 7 3~ 6% 52.00
214 19 14 1274' 7 3~ 6~ 52.00
·78·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
1 - - - - - c·-----.l
DIMENSIONS OF THIMBLES
SIZE OF HAWSER
Length Width Approx.
Length of Width of Depth Weight
Opening Opening Pounds
Diameter Circumference A B C D E
% 2 6;Ji 4~ 5 3 I%; 4
;Ji 2% 6;Ji 4~ 5 3 I%; 4
yg 2%; 8% 5;Ji 6U 3%; I%; 8
1 3~ 8% 5;Ji 6U 3;Ji 1~. 8
1% 5~ 12%; 8 9U 5 2h6 28
I%; 5~ 12%; 8 9U 5 2%; 28
1~ 5yg 14;Ji 9~ 1O%; 6 2IJ16 38
2 6U 14% 9~ 10;Ji 6 2IJ16 38
2~ 6% 17~ 11 12~ 7 3~ 55
2U 7~ 17~ 11 12~ 7 3~ 55
·79· ..
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
--8
Dimensions of Hooks
·80·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
D
o
c B
20 10,000 1 % 4 .3 3 .25
30 15,000 1U ~ 6 1.0 4 .7
50 25,000 1~ % 8 2.0 4 1.0
75 37,500 1~ ~ 9 3.0 5 2.0
·81·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
When Attached to Rope with Socket When Attached to Rope with Thimble Splice
Rope
Diameter Monitor Plow Mild Plow Monitor Plow Mild Plow
Inches Steel Rope Steel Rope Steel Rope Steel Rope Steel Rope Steel Rope
ANCHOR SHACKLES
Galvanized or Japanned
ApPROXIMATE STRENGTH
Length Distance Diameter IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS.
of Between of Approx.
Size Opening Eyes Pin Weight
Round Screw Pounds
A B C Pin Pin
-83·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
The dimensions given are for turnbuckles with standard lengths of takeup. For turnbuckles with
other than Standard takeup see page 86.
c
B
Dimensions of Turnbuckles
Minimum
Length Distance Diameter
Size Depth of Between of Approx. Approx.
Takeup Center to
Throat Jaws Pin Weight Strength
Center
of Pins Pounds Pounds
A B C D E F
U 4 7% %: 1~ U .4 1600
~6 4;l1 . 8;l1 1 1%1 U .6 2700
% 6 1O%: 1~ ;l1 % 1.1 4000
;l1 6 12 lU % % 1.8 7500
The dimensions given are for turnbuckles with standard lengths of takeup. For turnbuckles with
other than .standard takeup see page 86.
c
B
Dimensions of Turnbuckles
Minimum
Length Width of Approx. Approx.
Size Takeup Pull to Pull Opening Weight Strength
of Eyes Pounds Pounds
A B C D
~ 4 7% l~ .3 1600
91'6 472 872 VJ'6 .5 2700
% 6 1O~ lYf .9 4000
72 6 12 2% 1.6 7500
2 24 47 21~ 78 138000
272 24 58 3% 140 223000
·85·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
TURNBUCKLES
The dimensions of turnbuckles given on the two The table shown below gives the various lengths
preceding pages apply to turnbuckles with stand- of takeup of turnbuckles which can be supplied.
ard lengths of takeup as shown in columns marked Sizes shown in heavy type have standard lengths
:'B." of takeup.
4 4% 6 9 12 18 24 36 48
%
sit 6
3/s
% ~ ~
% % % %
Size ~ % ~ ~ ~
%
I
of J/g J/g
Turnbuckles 1 1 1 1
1% 17i 17i 17i
I 172 1% 172 172 1~
I J3,4 1~ 1~ 1~
I 2 2 2
J 2% 272 272
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
When ORDERING WIRE ROPE WITH FIT- trated, the same methods of measuring should be
TINGS ATTACHED the lengths shown should followed.
be given. For combinations of fitting& not illus-
J
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LENGTH--------------"
Link spliced in one end; Hook spliced in other end. Measurement: Pull of Link to Pull of Hook.
~e1'H OF" I..
v~ 00
~
.
~
)
I--------------LENGTH -----------1
'Thimble spliced in one end; Loop spliced in the other end. Measurements: Pull of Thimble to Base of Loop,
and Circumference of Loop.
I--------------LENGTH--------------l
Tiger Closed Wire Rope Socket attached to one end; Tiger Open Wire Rope Socket attached to other and.
Measurement: Pull of Closed Socket to Center Line of Pin of Open Socket.
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LENGTH - - - --'
Tiger Open Wire Rope Socket and Link attached to one end; Tiger Open Wire Rope Socket and Hook attached
to other end. Measurement: Pull of Link to Pull of Hook.
L..------ LENGTH---
Closed Bridge Socket attached to one end; Open Bridge Socket attached to other end. Measurements: Outer
face of Socket Casting to Outer Face of Socket Casting, and Takeups required.
·87·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Examples of commonly used types of slings are of strand. The advantage of a grommet over a
shown on the following pages. Details of these, length of rope spliced endless is that a grommet
and other types, and the fittings used, are shown has but one point of tuck whereas the spliced six-
in our Tiger Wire Rope Sling Catalogue.
strand rope has six points of tuck. This permits
Equalizing Slings, as well as some types of Slip-
noose Slings and Double Bridle Slings, are made tucking the strand ends the entire length of the
with grommets where endless slings are desired. grommet, as compared to the much shorter length
Grommets are made from one continuous length in the spliced rope.
·88·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
U
Diam. Width Length Width of Two
% 12
A 10
A
8
~
6 4
A B
6 1%
C
Thimbles
22
:Y8 16 14 11 8 5 8 172 33
1 21 18 15 11 5 8 172 39
Hi 27 23 19 13 572 9 172 56
lU 33 28 23 16 572 9 1% 69
1% 39 34 28 20 6 10 2 86
172 46 40 33 23 6 10 2 107
1% 54 47 38 27 872 14 2U 156
1% 62 54 44 31 9 15 272 199
1:Y8 71 62 50 36 972 15 3 206
2 81 70 57 40 10 15 3 257
2% 91 78 64 45 10 15 72 3 338
2U 101 87 71 51 10 16 3 363
·89·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
TYPE S-71-TS
·90·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
~G
Type B-80-H
1\ .J~\ A A B C G H
·91·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
The Hooks and Thimbles permit the opening of signed for use in steel and paper mills, and can
the legs so that the ends may be passed under also be used to advantage in other fields.
the ends of housings, rolls, etc. This sling is de-
Type DB-83-0
A A
Fittings
A A B C
% 2.6 2.4 2.0 3 4% 1~ 10.5
~ 4.6 . 4.1 3.4 4~ 6% 1~ 19.
% 7. 6.2 5.2 5 7~ 1~ 32.
% 9.8 8.8 7.2 5 7% 1~ 50.
% 13. 12. 10. 6 9 2% 71.
1 17. 15. 12. 6U 972 2%; 90.
1% 21. 19. 15. 7 11 2~ 130.
1~ 24. 22. 18. 7~ 1172 2% 158.
1% 29. 26. 21. 8 1272 3 206.
172 34. 30. 24. 872 13% 3 250.
·92.
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
The Three End Bridle Sling with Hooks shown Sockets, Tiger Open Sockets and Hooks, Shackles,
below is the type of Three End Bridle Sling in Tiger Closed Sockets and Shackles, Spliced Loops,
greatest demand. This type of sling can be fur- or any form of wire rope fitting desired.
nished with Tiger Open Sockets, Tiger Closed
')..G
Type 3E-OO-H
Safe Working Loads and Diznensions and Weights of Fittings
Safe Loads in Tons of 2,000 Lbs. Hooks Rings
When When When
Included Included Included Approx.
Rope Angle is 30° Angle is 60° Angle is 90° Hook Dia. of Inside Weight
Dia.
%
~
n2.
3.4
A A
1.8
3.1
1.5
2.5
No.
20
40
Depth
G
1%
1%
Opening
H
IX
1~
Stock
T
IX
1~
Opening
U
5
6
of
Fittings
12
22
% 5.2 4.7 3.8 60 11HG 1% 1% 7 38
% 7.3 6.6 5.4 90 2% 2X 2 8 64
% 9.8 8.8 7.2 120 21§{6 272 272 9 97
1 13. II. 9.2 150 2 1Y(6 3 2% 10 130
1% 16. 14. 11.5 200 3% 3X 3 10 170
IX 18. 16. 13. 240 3% 372 3X 11 200
1% 22. 19. 16. 280 3% 3% 3~ 12 275
172 25. 23. 18. 340 4 4 3% 12 315
·93·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
The two legs of this Wrecking Sling for Lifting weldless steel Triangular Link for engaging the
Box 9,nd Caboose Cars are equipped with special crane hook.
forged steel Sill Hooks, and are connected by a
Type 2EW.09-FC
/~\ A B C T X' Y
% 9.5 9~ 8 1~ 1% 8 14 92
1 12. 9~ 8 1~ 2 8 14 135
178 15. 9~ 8 1~ 2 8 15 168
IX 18. 9~ 8 2 2X 8 16 225
1~ 24. 12 8 2~ 2% 9 16 341
1% 32. 12 9 3 3 10 18 500
2 40. 12 9 3 3~ 10 18 660
·94·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Type M-08-P
Safe Working Loads when used Doubled and Dimensions and Weights of Thimbles
S.'FE LOADS IN TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS CAST STEEL THIMBLES
U A
Sling Width Length Radius of Two
Parta in Inches
A ~
A B R
Thimbles
-
58 3% 100 87 71 50 8~ 14 1% 220
64 3% 110 95 78 55 8~ 14 1% 220
68 3~ 117 101 83 59 872 14 1% 220
72 3% 124 108 88 62 9 15 1~ 300
76 3~ 130 113 92 65 9 15 1~ 300
80 3~ 137 119 97 69 9 15 1~ 300
84 3 1?{6 144 125 102 72 9 15 1~ 300
88 4 151 131 107 76 9 15 1~ 300
92 478 158 137 112 79 9 15 1~ 300
96 4%i 165 143 117 83 10 16 1% 400
100 4%; 172 149 122 86 10 16 1% 400
106 4U6 182 158 129 91 10 16 1% 400
110 4~ 189 164 134 95 10 16 1% 500
116 4% 199 173 141 100 10 16 1% 500
120 41U6 205 178 145 103 10 16 1% 500
Dimensions of Thimbles shown are our standards. ThImbles of speCial dlmenslOns can be furmshed.
·95·
AMERICAN TIGER BRA'ND
Tiger Brand Braided Slings offer certain advantages over the types out-
lined on the preceding pages. These advantagES are secured by building the
sling bodies of several pairs of Right Regular Lay and Left REgular Lay
wire ropes.
A Tiger Brand Braided 8-Part Sling is composed of four parts of Right
Regular Lay and four parts of Left Regular Lay Monitor Steel rope, so
interwoven that opposite pairs are Right Lay and Left Lay, and special
fittings. This braided construction gives maximum flexibIlity, prevents kink-
ing and makes the sling non-rotating.
Some of the types of Tiger Braided Slings are listed below and three types
are detailed on the following pages. Our catalog on Tiger Brand Braided
Wire Rope Slings gives detailed information on these slings.
Type
Braided 8-Part 2-End Bridle Slings with Hooks ~ K2E-20-H
Braided 8-Part 3-End Bridle Slings with Hooks K3E-21-H
Braided 8-Part 4-End Bridle Slings with Hooks , .K4E-22-H
Braided 8-Part Choker Slings with Thimble and Sliding Hook .. KC-26-TA
Braided 8-Part 2-Leg Choker Slings with Sliding Hooks K2C-27-A
Braided 8-Part Slipnoose Slings with Loops KS-30-L
Braided 8-Part Slipnoose Slings with Thimbles KS-31-T
Braided 8-Part Slipnoose Slings with Loop and
Protective Saddle KS-32-LP
Braided 8-Part Slipnoose Slings with Thimble and
Protective Saddle KS-33-TP
Braided 16-Part Slipnoose Slings with Loop and
Protective Saddle K2S-34-LP
Br.aided 8-Part Draw Bar Slings with Loops KWB-40-L -
Braided 8-Part Draw Bar Slings with Thimbles KWB-41-T
Braided 8-Part Utility Slings with Loop and Hook : KU-46-LH
·96·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Type 2E-20-H
A light weight, flexible sling consisting of two legs with
hooks attached by thimbles connected by thimbles to a pear
shaped link of high carbon steel. The flexibility of this sling,
together with the ease of handling, has made this type a
favorite.
·97·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Type KC-26-TA
This sling is identical to Type KS-31-T except
that a sliding hook has been added to provide a
quick attachment for the thimble on the free end.
The advantage of this Choker Sling over Slipnoose
Slings is that it is not necessary to detach the
thimble from the crane hook when handling loads.
Thimble
Diameter
of Rope Safe Load in Tons Inside Inside Sliding
Used Width Length Hook
Inches Choker Inches Inches No.
%; 1.5 272 5 3
~ 2.6 3 6~ 4
% 5.1 472 8~ 6
72 9 6~ 10~ 8
~ 11 6% 12 9
% 14 8 14% 10
Type KC-26-TA
·98· .
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Type K2S-34-LP
The body of this sling is a length of 8-Part Braided Rope doubled
back upon itself to double the number of parts to 16 and thus doubling
its strength. The use of 16-Parts makes this sling extremely flexible.
This flexibility, combined with its light weight, makes it very easy to
handle.
·99· .
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
ATTACHING SOCKETS
The practice here detailed is recommended by and of sufficient length to prevent any untwisting
the United States Bureau of Mines in Bulletin No. of the strands, which would result in unequal ten-
75. It is the most satisfactory method in use today. sion on the strands when socket is attached.
A seizing iron as shown in Fig. 46 page 111 is
recommended for applying seizings to ropes one
inch diameter and larger.
Place rope end upright in bench vise as shown
in Fig. 19.
Remove any seizing above the one referred to
in previous paragraph. Cut the fiber core at the
seizing. See Fig. 20.
Figure 19
Figure 21
·HI(l.·.
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Force the socket down over the rope end until expand within the socket basket. The ends of the
it reaches the seizing on the wire rope. Remove the wires should be level with the upper end of the
seizing wire from the wires and allow the. wires to socket basket.
Care should be taken to see that the axis of the
socket is in line with the axis of the rope.
Seal the base of the socket with putty, clay, or
similar substance.
It is advisable to preheat the basket of the
socket to expel any moisture and to prevent the
molten zinc from congealing before it has com-
pletely filled the lower end of the basket.
Fill the socket basket with molten zinc. The
zinc must not be too hot or it will anneal the wires,
particularly on small ropes or ropes of small wires.
From 800 to 875 degrees Fahrenheit is the correct
temperature. See Fig. 23.
When the zinc has congealed the socket can be
plunged into cold water to cool it.
The seizing can then be removed.
Fig. 24 shows a Tiger Wire Rope Socket applied
by this method before the seizing was removed.
Figure 22
Figure 24
·101·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
r
Diameter of Wire
lengths to be spliced. Rope in Inches .... >4-% Y2-% :!4-Ys l-IYs 1>4-1% lYz
There are two endless splices: the Standard ----------
Od N
Short Splice used for splicing most six strand Length of Short
ropes; and the Long Splice used for splicing Haul- Rope to Splice ...
•
15 20 24 28 32 36
age Ropes and long lengths of wire rope operating
Allow in ----------
Feet .... Long
under heavy loads. The Long Splice differs from Splice ... 30 40 50 60 70 80
Figure 25
Place a seizing on each of the two rope ends to the seizings would be placed ten feet from the ends.
be spliced together at a distance from the end Unlay the strands of each end to these seizings.
equal to one-half the allowance for splicing. As an See Fig. 25.
example, if splicing two lengths of 3/z inch diam- Cut off the fiber cores as near the seizings as
eter rope together by the Standard Short Splice, possible.
Figure 26
·102·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Interlock the six strands of each end in a finger Unlay one strand, filling the groove vacated by
lock position. Force the ends together so that seiz- this strand with a strand from the other rope end.
ings are as near each other as possible. Remove Fig. 27 shows the first strand from each rope end
the seizings. See Fig. 26. being replaced by a strand from the other rope end.
Figure 27
This process should be continued with the first The second strand from each rope end should
strand from each rope end until only strand equal be unlayed and replaced by a strand from the
other rope end in the same manner, but stopped
to the length of tuck remains.
at a distance of twice the length of tuck from the
The length of tuck is approximately one-twelfth point where the first pair of strands protrude. In a
the amount of rope allowed for the splice. similar manner, the third strand from each end
should be l'Cplaced by a strand from roe other end
Diameter of Rope
for a distance equal to the length of tuck.
in Inches ......... u-% Yz-% ~-Ya l-IYs lU-l% 172 The twelve strands now protrude from the rope
------------ in pairs at points separated by twice the length
r~~d
Length of Short
Tuck in Splice ... 15 20 24 28 32 36
of tuck.
The protruding strand ends should next be cut
Inches...
Long
-- - - - - - - - - off leaving lengths equal to the length of tuck.
Splice ... 30 40 50 60 70 80 Fig. 28 shows two of the six pairs of strand ends.
~Fi~N~
The strand ends of preformed wire ropes should
be straightened. It is not necessary to straighten
If a vise is available, it should be used as it
facilitates the tucking operation. If a vise cannot·
the strand ends of non-preformed ropes. With this be obtained, a manila rope sling and a short wooden
exception the method of splicing is the same for lever may be used to untwist and open the rope.
both. Place the rope in the vise so that the vise grips
The strand ends should be wrapped with fric- the rope and one of the two strand ends just be-
tion tape or twine. A layer of tape or twine helps yond the point where a pair of strand ends pro-
hold the tucked ends in place as it makes them trude from the rope. See Fig. 29. Drive marlin
spike under three strands, opening the rope so
larger in diameter and increases the binding action
that the fiber core may be cut and the end
of the outer strands. It is advisable to build up pulled through the opening made by the point of
the diameter of the strand ends with tape or the marlin spike. Start the wrapped strand end
twine as much as possible without making the into the space left vacant by the reaJ.oval of the
rope oversize when the strand ends are tucked. fiber core. Rotate the marlin spike so as to force
The method of tucking the six pairs of strand out the fiber core and force the strand end into
ends is the same for each pair. the center of the rope.
·103·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
By rotating the spike, the strand end is tucked The rope is then regripped in the vise so that
its entire length. See Fig. 30. the second strand end can be tucked. See Fig. 31.
Figure 30
Drive the marlin spike under three strands as rope without any slack, a pair of splicing tongs or
before. some other form of clamp should be used to force
In order to start the second strand end into the this strand into its proper position. See Fig. 31.
Figure 32
·104·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
The marlin spike is then rotated forcing the in this manner. See Fig. 32.
fiber core from the rope and forcing the wrap- When splicing regular lay ropes the strand ends
ped strand end into the space vacated by the fiber should not cross at the point where the tucks be-
core. The strand end is tucked its entire length gin. See Figs. 32, 33 and 34.
Figure 33
When splicing Lang lay ropes, it is advisable to tucked when starting the tucking operation on the
have the strand ends cross at the points where the second strand end.
tucks begin, as this increases the holding power of The rope will be somewhat deformed at the
pr:int where the tucks start. This can be remedied
the splice. This is accomplished by inserting the by hammering the rope at this point with wooden
marlin spike under the strand end which has been mal:~ ts. See Fig. 33.
Figure 34
Fig. 34 shows one of six similar points of the strong as the original rope. After running a few
finished splice where one pair of tucked strands days, a well made splice cannot be detected ex-
start. A rope spliced in this manner is nearly as cept by a careful examination of the rope.
·105·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Directions for Splicing endless, is similar to that for splicing a six strand
8 Strand Ropes rope up to the point where the strands are to be
tucked. See Fig. 28. The only difference is that the
Because the fiber core in an eight stranJ rope length of tuck is approximately one sixteenth the
is so much greater in diameter than the strands, it
is not practical to tuck the strand ends by the amount of rope allowed for splicing.
method outlined for splicing six strand ropes. The The method of tucking the eight pairs of strand
strand ends are sccured by twisting or tying them ends is the same for each pair.
together. This is known as the Nash Tuck. Place seizings on rope each side of point where
The process for splicing together two similar the strands project. Split the strand ends in two
eight strand ropes, or splicing an eight strand rope back to the seizings. See Fig. 35.
Figure 35
Take one-half of each strand end and tie a shows one-half strand pulled through and the
double knot. See Fig. 36. second half strand in the process of being pulled
Knot should be drawn down tight by a hand through.
clamp or some similar tool. The two half strands which have been tied and
Insert spike under the three strands beyond the tucked are cut off close to the rope and each short
knot and pull the half strands through. Fig. 37 end forced into the valley between the strands.
Figure 36
The other two half strands are tucked by insert- Any unevenness in the rope should be removed
ing a marlin spike under the adjacent strand and by hammering with wooden mallets in the manner
pulling the half strand through. The ends are then shown by Fig. 33.
cut off close to the rope and the short ends forced Fig. 38 shows one of eight similar points of the
into the valleys between the strands. finished splice.
Figure 37
Figure 38
·106·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Figure 39
·107·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Remove seizings from the short end of the rope and rotate the spike a half turn away from the
and separate the strands. Cut off the fiber core thimble. Insert Strand 1 through the opening so
at the point where the strands separate. See Fig. 40. formed and rotate spike back towards the thimble
Insert a marlin spike under the first two strands taking Strand 1 with it and pull Strand 1 tight.
nearest the point of the thimble, Strands A and B, This gives Strand lone tuck. See Fig. 41.
Figure 40
Insert marlin spike under next single strand, which Strands 1 and 2 were tucked. Rotate the
Strand B, and tuck Strand 2 by the same method. marlin spike back to the point of the thimble,
Omit the next strand, Strand C, and insert forcing Strand 6 with it, and pull Strand 6 tight.
marlin spike under the two strands beyond, Figure 42 shows the splice at this point. Strands
Strands D and E, and tuck Strand 6 by inserting 6, 1, and 2 have been tucked once under Strands
it through the opening in the direction opposite to F, A, and B, respectively.
·108·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
2 3 4
Figure 41
Insert marlin spike under Strand E and tuck Without removing the marlin spike give Strand
Strand 5 in the same manner as Strand 2 was 5 three additional tucks. This is accomplished by
tucked. See Fig. 43. winding Strand 5 spirally around Strand E three
2 3
1
Figure 42
times. Each tuck is made by rotating the spike a Give Strand 4 four tucks by winding it about
half turn, pulling Strand 5 through the opening, Strand D in the same manner.
Tuck Strand 3 four times about Strand C.
and rotating the spike back toward the thimble Fig. 44 shows Strands 3, 4, and 5 after these
to tighten the tuck. strands have been given four tucks.
·109·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Figure 43
Strands 6,1, and 2, should be given three addi- strands. If the rope contains more than illineteen
tional tucks about Strands F, A, and B, respec- wires per strand, each strand should be given an
tively, in the manner outlined for Strand 5. Fig. 45 additional tuck.
shows four completed tucks in each of the six
Figure 44
An eye splice made in this manner will have a by splitting each strand before the final tuck and
slight taper as shown:n Figs. 46 and 47. If a more cutting off a portion of the wires.
pronounced taper is desired, this can be secured
·110·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
1 FABCOE
Figure 45
6
The protruding strand ends are cut off close to by hammering with wooden mallets as shown by
the rope. Fig. 33, page 105.
Any inequalities in the splice should be removed
Figure 46
The splice should be wrapped with serving wire Fig. 47 shows a Galvanized Heavy Wire Rope
to protect the hands of workmen handling the Thimble spliced into the end of a 6x19 wire rope
rope. This is best accomplished by using a serving by the method here outlined.
iron as shown in Fig. 46.
·111·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
CORRECT WAY
This gives correct
diameter.
INCORRECT WAY
This does not give
correct diameter.
.H2·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Lubrication
Wire Ropes are lubricated during fabrication. Cutting Back
The amount and grade of lubricant used depends
upon the size and type of rope. As this initiallub- The object of cutting short lengths of rope from
rication is generally not sufficient t.o last the useful the drum end is to change the position of the rope.
life of the rope, periodical applications of a good Wear and fatigue are usually most severe at cer-
grade of oil or grease should be made. The lubri- tain definite points on wire rope using equipment,
cant should be free from acids and alkalies; should and the removal of a short length of rope subjects
have sufficient adhesive strength to stay on the different portions of it to these destructive forces.
rope; should be able to penetrate between the Cutting back the outer end removes that section
wires and strands; should be non-soluble under the next to the fitting where maximum localized
conditions prevailing where the rope operates; fatigue from vibration often occurs.
should have a high film strength; and should resist In order to take advantage of this method of
oxidation. obtaining increased service, it is often advisable
The importance of periodical lubrication is to use a length of rope slightly longer than nor-
apparent from the fact that a wire rope is a mally required.
machine with many moving parts. Each time a
rope bends or straightens, the wires in the strands
and the strands in the rope must slide on each Reversing Ends
other. This requires a film of lubricant on each A rope is changed end for end to distribute the
moving part. wear and fatigue from bending and vibration. If
A second important reason for lubricating iron these destructive forces are uniform throughout
and steel wire ropes is to prevent corrosion of the the system, no economy is effected by such a
wires and deterioration of the fiber core. There change. On most installations these forces are
is no known means of inspection which will even more severe for one-half of the rope than for the
approximate the strength of a corroded rope. A other half, and reversing the ends increases the
rusty rope is a liability. rope service.
Used ropes should be cleaned before they are
lubricated. The cleaning may be accomplished by
means of wire brushes or scrapers, or by com-
Seizings
pressed air or superheated steam. The object is to
remove all foreign material and old lubricant from Seizings are required to prevent the untwisting
the valleys between the strands and from the of all non-preformed wire ropes unless the rope
spaces between the outer wires. The lubricant may ends have been eye spliced, socketed, or attached
be applied in any manner suitable to field condi- to some other type of permanent fitting. Non-pre-
tions. It may be brushed onto the rope with a stiff formed rope should have seizings applied to both
brush; applied by passing the rope through satur- sides of the point where it is to be cut. Inadequate
ated waste; or by passing the rope through a seizings which do not preserve the rope structure,
trough or box of lubricant; or the lubricant may but permit the strands to untwist, result in short-
drip onto the rope, preferably at a point where the ened service because of the unbalanced condition
rope opens slightly from bending. The object is to of the rope. One seizing applied to each side of the
apply a uniform coating to the entire length of point of cutting a preformed wire rope is recom-
rope. mended in order to prevent distortion of the rope
When a wire rope is taken out of service for an ends from the pressure applied during the cutting
appreciable length of time, it should be cleaned operation.
·113·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
SEIZINGS RECOMMENDED
NUMBER OF SEIZINGS
Lay one end of the seizing wire in the groove around the shaft of the seizing iron. If a round
between two strands and wrap the long end back bar is used, the necessary tension in the wire is
over this portion. If a seizing iron is used (See secured by giving the free end one or two turns
Fig. 46), tension of the seizing wire is obtained about the rope. The ends of the seizing wire are
by adjusting the nuts on the shaft about which twisted together and tightened as in Fig. 48.
the spool rotates, or by wrapping the wire
·115·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Supporting Sheaves and Rollers on the sheaves or rollers. Slippage, in turn, pro-
duces abrasion of the outer wires of the rope.
The use of supporting sheaves and rollers to
The installation of supporting rollers at irreg-
prevent the rope dragging decreases the wear on
ular intervals tends to dampen vibration. This is
the rope and results in increased service. Sheaves
of particular benefit on long inclines operating at
and grooved rollers should have grooves suffici-
comparatively high speeds.
ently large to prevent pinching the rope. See
"Grooves", page 64. All sheaves and rollers
should be machined or replaced when scored by
the rope to prevent unnecessary wear on the Handling
outer wires of the rope. They should be free to "Unreeling and Uncoiling", pages 67 and 68,
rotate, large enough in diameter to avoid unneces- gives directions for properly removing rope from
sary bending of the rope, and to provide adequate reels and coils. Improper methods produce kinks.
support for the rope, and light in weight so as to Kinks also result from improper handling of rope
readily start and stop as the rope starts and stops. after it is unwound. A kink is formed by pulling a
Guide Sheaves and Rollers should be at least 6 looped rope until the loop becomes so small that
times the rope diameter if grooved, and 9 times the rope cannot adjust itself by bending to the
the rope diameter if flat faced. Heavy sheaves required arc. The rope is distorted at this point,
and rollers build up momentum when turning, damaging the individual wires and the rope struc-
which causes slippage when the rope stops. They ture.
are slow to pick up speed when the rope starts, Avoid kinks by not permitting loops to !crm
and this produces additional slippage of the rope in a rope.
·116·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
USEFUL INFORMATION
Page
·117·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
~ .109375 1%6 2:iM .359375 4%'6 3%4 .609375 7~ 6~M .859375 10%0
.1146 1% .3646 4% .6146 7% .8646 10%
.1198 1Yt6 .3698 4"!-(6 .6198 7"!-(6 .8698 10%
%2 .15625 1Ys 1%2 .40625 4Ys 2~ .05625 7Ys 2%2 .90625 l0Ys
.1615 11%6 .4115 4 1%6 .6615 7 1%6 .9115 10 1%6
.1667 2 .4167 5 .6667 8 .9167 11
1~ .171875 2~6 2~ .421875 5~6 4%4 .671875 8~6 5%4 .921875 11J{6
.1771 2Ys .4271 5Ys .6771 8Ys .9271 11Ys
.1823 2;.(6 .4323 5K6 .6823 8% .9323 11;.(6
~ .1875 2;4 :{6 .4375 574 1~6 .6875 874 1%6 .9375 1174
.1927 2%'6 .4427 5%6 .6927 8%'6 .9427 11%6
.1979 2% .4479 5% .6979 8% .9479 11%
~~ .203125 2%; 2%4 .453125 5% 4~ .703125 8"!-(6 6~ .953125 11%;
.2083 2~ .4583 .5~~ .7083 8Vz .9583 11Vz
.2135 2% .4635 5U6 .7135 8% .9635 llU6
.
~ .21875 2% I~ .46875 5% 2%2 .71875 8% 3J.{2 .96875 11%
.2240 21~6 .4740 51~6 .7240 8%6 .9740 111~6
.2292 2% .4792 5% .7292 8% .9792 11%
l~ .234375 2 1% 3~ .484375 51% 4~ .734375 8 1% 6;.(4 .984375 11 1%
.2396 2% .4896 5Ys .7396 8Ys .9896 11Ys
.2448 21~ .4948 51~?{6 .7448 8 1%6 .9948 11 1%'6
·118·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
. ]19·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·120·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
41.00
.009 0.2160 .040 4.268 .082 17.93 .124
.0095 0.2407 .041 4.484 .083 18.37 .125 41.68
.010 0.2667 .042 4.705 .084 18.82 .126 42.34
.0105 0.2941 .043 4.931 .085 19.27 .127 43.02
·121·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
-122 -
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
I rod
5~ yards = { 16~ feet Liquid Measure
40 rods
_{I660furlong
- feet 4 gills 1 pint
=
1.15156 miles
_{I6080.26
-
nautical mile, or knot
feet
4 quarts
.
= 231 cubic inches
1
.134 cubic feet
31~ gallons 1 barrel
I league
3 nautical miles = { 18,240.78 feet 2 barrels 1 hogshead
Dry Measure
Square Measure
2 pints = 1 quart
144 square inches = 1 square foot 8 quarts = 1 peck
9 square feet = 1 square yard 1 bushel
4 pecks = 2150.42 cubic inches
I square rod
30%, square yds. = {272%, square feet 1
1.2445 cubic feet
I acre
160 square rods = {43,560 square feet
Weight-Avoirdupois or Commercia.
I square mile
640 acres = {27,878,400 square feet 437.5 grains 1 ounce
A circular mil is the area of a circle 1 mil, or 16 ounces 1 pound
0.001 inch in diameter.
1::'2 pounds 1 hundredweighl
1 square inch = 1,273,239 circular mils
_ {I gross, or long ton
20 hundredweight - 2240 pounds
A circular inch is the area of a circle 1 inch in
diameter = 0.7854 square inches. 2000 pounds 1 net, Ol' short ton
1 square inch = 1.2732 circular inches 2204.6 pounds = 1 metric ton
·123·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
Capacity
61.0234 cubic inches
1 Liter = ( 0.03531 cubic feet
0.2642 gallons
1 cubic foot 28.317 liters
1 gallon = 3.785 liters
Compound Units
·124·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
TABLE OF MULTIPLES
Circumference of Circle' = Diameter X 3.1416
I
square of Diameter X 0.7854, or,
Area of Circle = Square of Radius X 3.1416, or,
Square of Circumference X 0.07958
Area of Triangle = Base X one-half altitude
_ {Circumference X diameter, or,
Surface -of Sphere - Square of diameter X 3.1416
fSurface X one-sixth diameter, or,
Volume of Sphere = l Cube of diameter X 0.5236
Area of Hexagon Square of Diameter of Inscribed Circle X 0.866
Area of Octagon = Square of Diameter of Inscribed Circle X 0.828
ENGINEERING UNITS
1 Horsepower 33,000 foot pounds per minute
550 foot pounds per second
746 watts
.746 kilowatts
·125·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·126·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
·127·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
%; ~ 420
% U 550
1 ~ 950
1% % 1,275
lU h6 1,750
1% 1932 2,250
1~ ~ 2,650
1% ~ 3,450
2 % 4,400
2U % 5,400
2~ l%i 6,500
2% :% 7,700
3 1 9,000
3U Ih6 10,500
3~ 1% 12,000
3% lU 13,500
4 1916 15,000
4~ 1~ 18,500
5 1% 22,500
5~ 1% 26,500
6 2 31,000
6~ 27B 36,000
7 2U 41,000
7~ 2~ 46,500
8 2% 52,000
8~ 2:% 58,000
9 3 64,000
9~ 37B 71,000
10 3U 77,000
11 3~ 91,000
12 4 105,000
·128·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Stresses in Pounds per Square Inch
-.:t<
(Granite, trap rock
jFUrnaCe Slag
C<i Lime and Sandstone, hard ..
.
.
2,200
2,000
2,000 Bearing
l
Compression Reinforced Columns, length 12 dia
Reinforced Beams
Surface twice the loaded area
22.5%
32.5%
35.0%
,.:..; Lime and Sandstone, soft . 1,500
Cinders . 600
l
Horizontal Bars, no web reinforcement 2.0%
Shear and Horizontal Bars, vertical stirrups..... 4.5%
Granite, trap rock . 1,800 Diag. Tension Bent Bars and vertical stirrups. . . . .. 5.0%
~ Furnace Slag . 1,600 Same, securely attached. . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0%
~ Lime and Sandstone, hard .. 1,600
S"! Lime and Sandstone, soft . 1,200
l
Drawn Wire 2.0%
1
..... Cinders . 500 Bond Stress Plain reinforcing bars. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.0%
Deformed Bars, best type. . . . . . . . .. 5.0%
Granite, trap rock . 1,400
~
l
Furnace Slag
MISCELLANEOUS
Glass, common
Plaster
,
. 1,300
M Lime and Sandstone, hard .. 1,300
,.:..; Lime and Sandstone, soft . 1,000
Cinders ,. 400
. 30,000
. 700
For complete data see Transactions of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXXXI-No. 1398, Dec. 1917
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Stresses per Square Inch
STRESSES I:-l KIPS
Metals and Alloys Compres- Bending, Shear- Modulus of Elonga-
tion,
Tension, Elastic sion, Ulti- ing,Ulti- ~;asticity
Ultimate Limit Ultimate mate mate
%
Aluminum, cast ..................... 15 6.5 12 12 11,000,000
Aluminum, bars, sheets............... 24-28 12-14 ....... . ..........
Aluminum, wire, hard ................ 30-65 16-30 ....... . ..........
Aluminum, wire, annealed ............ 20-35 14 ....... . ..........
Aluminum, 2% to 7% Ni, Cu, Fe, etc .. 40-50 25 ....... . ..........
Aluminum Bronze, 5% to 772% Al .... 75 40 120 ...........
Aluminum Bronze, 10% AI.. .......... 85-100 60 ....... . ..........
Copper, cast ........................ 25 6 40 22 30 10,000,000
Copper, plates, rods, bolts ............ 32-35 10 32 ...........
Copper, wire, hard ................... 55-65 .......... ...... . 18.000,000
Copper, wire, annealed ............... 36 10 ....... 15,000,000
Brass, 17% Zn ...................... 32.6 8.2 ....... 23.2 ·.......... 26.7
Brass, 23% Zn ...................... ....... 7.6 42 22.3 . .......... 35.8
Brass, 30% Zn ...................... 28.1 8.6 ....... 26.9 . .......... 20.7
Brass, 39% Zn ...................... 41.1 17.4 75 39 ........... 20.7
Brass, 50% Zn ...................... 31 17.9 117 33.5 ........... 5.0
Brass, cast, common ................. 18-24 6 30 20 36 9,000,000
Brass, wire, hard ..................... 80 .......... ...... . ·...... . . ..
Brass, wire, annealed ................. 50 16 ....... 14,000,000
Bronze 8%Sn ...................... 28.5 19 42 43.7 10,000,000 5.5
Bronze 13% Sn ...................... 29.4 20 53 34.5 · . . ... . . .. . 3.3
Bronze 20% Sn ...................... 33 .......... 78 56.7 . .......... 0.04
Bronze 24% Sn ...................... 22 22 114 32 ...........
Bronze 30% Sn ......................
Bronze gun metal, 9 Cu, 1 Sn .........
5.6
25-55
5.6
10
147
.......
12.1
52
...........
10,000,000
°0
Bmn.. Manganese, east 1'0% Sn .....
Bronze Manganese, rolled 2% Mn ....
60
100
30
80
125
. ......
...........
·..........
Bronze Phosphorus, cast 9% Sn ..... 50 24 ....... . ..........
Bronze Phosphorus, wire 1% P ...... 100 .......... ...... . . ..........
Bronze Silicon, cast, 3% Si ............ 55 ........... ...... . . ..........
Bronze Silicon, cast, 5% Si ............ 75 .......... ...... . . .............
Bronze Silicon, wire .................. 108 .......... ....... . . ..........
Bronze Tobin, cast 138% Zn .... 66 .......... ...... . . ..........
Bronze Tobin, rolled 172% Sn .... 80 40 ....... 4,500,000
Bronze Tobin, cold rolled 7§% Pb .... 100 .......... ....... . . ..........
Delta Metal, eaat 155% 60%
to Cu ...
Delta Metal, plates 38% to 40% Zn ...
45
68
........... ...... .
..... ..... ...... .
'
. ..........
. ..........
Delta Metal, bars 2% to 4% Fe ... 85 ......... . ....... . ...........
Delta Metal, wire 1% to 2% Sn ... 100 .......... ...... . . ..........
German Silver, 25% Zn, 20% Ni ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . ..........
Iron, see next page ................... ...... . . ......... ...... . . ..........
Gold, cast ............' ..... , ........ 20 4 .... ...
- 8,000,000
Gold, wire .......................... 30 .......... ...... . . ..........
Gold, copper, 5 Au, 1 Cu ............. 50 .......... ...... . . ..........
Lead, cast ..................•....... 1.8 ............ ...... . 1,000,000
Lead, pipe, wire ..................... 2.2-2.5 .......... ...... . 1,000,000
Lead, rolled sheets ................... 3.3 .......... ...... . 720,000
Platinum, wire, unannealed ........... 53 .......... ...... . . ..........
Platinum, wire, annealed .............. 32 .......... ...... . . ..........
Silver, cast .......................... 40 . ......... ...... . . ..........
Steel, see next page .................. ....... . ......... . ...... . . ..........
Tin, cast............................ 3.5-4.6 1.5-1.8 6 4 4,000,000
Tin, antimony, 10 Sn, 1 Sb............ 11 .......... . ....... . ..........
Zinc, cast ........................... 4-6 4 18 7 13,000,000
,Zinc, rolled sheets.................... 7-16 .......... ...... . . ..........
·130·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Stresses per Square Inch
STRESSES IN KIPS
Metals and Alloys Com- Bending, Shearing, Modulus of
Tension, Elastic Elasticity Elon~tion,
IDtimate Limit pression, IDtimate IDtimate
Ultimate
STEEL
Shapes, Plates, Bars*
Bridges ...................... 55-65 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 27.3-23.1
Buildings ....... , ............ 55-65 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 25.5-21.5
Cars ........................ 50-65 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 30.0-23.1
Locomotives ................. 55-65 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 27.3-23.1
Ships........................ 60-72 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~·tens. 29,000,000 25.0-21.1
Boiler Plates*
Flange plates................. 55-65 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 27.3-23.1
Fire box ..................... 52-62 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 28.8-24.2
Rivets*
Boilers ...................... 45-55 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 33.3-27.3
Bridges ...................... 52-62 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 28.8-24.2
Buildings .................... 52-62 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~tens. 29,000,000 28.8-24.2
Cars ........................ 52-62 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 28.8-24.2
Ships ........................ 55-65 ~ tens. tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 27.3-23.0
Concrete Bars*
Plain, structural grade ......... 55-70 33 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 25.5-20.0
Plain, intermediate ............ 70-90 40 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 18.6-14.3
Plain hard ................... 80 .50 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 15.0
Deformed, structural grade ..... 55-70 33 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 22.7-17.9
Deformed, intermediate ....... 70-90 40 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 16.1-11.3
Deformed, hard ............... 80 50 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 12.5
Cold twisted ................. ....... 55 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 5.0
Castings*
Soft ......................... 60 30 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 26
Medium ..................... 70 38 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 24
Hard ........................ 80 43 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 17
Forgings*...................... ...... . ....... . ...... . ...... . ....... . .......... . . .........
STEEL ALLOYS
Nickel Steel, * 3.25% Ni.
Shapes, plates, bars ........... 85-100 50 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 17.6-J5.0
Rivets ....................... 70-80 45 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 21.4-18.8
Eye bars, unannealed .......... 95-110 55 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 15.8-13.6
Eye bars, annealed ............ 90-105 52 tensile tensile ~ tens. 29,000,000 20.0
STEEL SPRINGS AND WIRE
Springs, untempered ............ 65-110 40-70 ...... . ...... . ........ .......... . . .........
Wire, unannealed ............... 120 60 ...... . ...... . ....... . .......... . ..........
Wire, annealed ................. 80 40 ...... . ...... . ....... . .......... . ..........
Wire, bridge cable .............. 220 150 ...... . ...... . ....... . .......... . ..........
WROUGHT IRON
Shapes ........................ 48 26 tensile tensile 28,000,000 ..........
% tens.
Bars .......................... 50 27 tensile tensile % tens.
28,000,000 ..........
Wire, unannealed ............... 80 ....... . ...... . ...... . ....... . 15,000,000 ..........
Wire, annealed ................. 60 27 ...... . ...... . ....... . 25,000,000 ..........
CAST IRON
Common....................... 15-18 6 80 30 18-20 12,000,000 ........, ..
Gray .......................... 18-24 ....... . ...... . 25-33 ....... . .......... . ..........
Malleable ...................... 27-35 15-20 46 30 40 .......... . ..........
*S€e Specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials.
·131·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
·132·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Degrees
0' 10' 20'
COSINES
30' 40' 50' 60'
I Sines
-
0 1.00000 1.00000 0.99998 0.99996 0.99993 0.99989 0.99985 89
1 0.99985 0.99979 0.99973 0.99966 0.99958 0.99949 0.99939 88
2 0.99939 0.99929 0.99917 0.99905 0.99892 0.99878 0.99863 87
3 0.99863 . 0.99847 0.99831 0.99813 0.99795 0.99776 0.99756 86
4 0.99756 0.99736 0.99714 0.99692 0.99668 0.99644 0.99619 85
5 0.99619 0.99594 0.99567 0.99540 0.99511 0.99482 0.99452 84
6 0.99452 0.99421 0.99390 0.99357 0.99324 0.99290 0.99255 83
7 0.99255 0.99219 0.99182 0.99144 0.99106 0.99067 0.99027 82
8 0.99027 0.98986 0.98944 0.98902 0.98858 0.98814 0.98769 81
9 0.98769 0.98723 0.98676 0.98629 0.98580 0.98531 0.98481 80
10 0.98481 0.98430 0.98378 0.98325 0.98272 0.98218 0.98163 79
11 0.98163 0.98107 0.98050 0.97992 0.97934 0.97875 0.97815 78
12 0.97815 0.97754 0.97692 0.97630 0.97566 0.97502 0.97437 77
13 0.97437 0.97371 0.97304 0.97237 0.97169 0.97100 0.97030 76
14 0.97030 0.96959 0.96887 0.96815 0.96742 0.96667 0.96593 75
15 0.96593 0.96517 0.96440 0.96363 0.96285 0.96206 0.96126 74
16 0.96126 0.96046 0.95964 0.95882 0.95799 0.95715 0.95630 73
17 0.95630 0.95545 0.95459 0.95372 0.95284 0.95195 0.95106 72
18 0.95106 0.95015 0.94924 0.94832 0.94740 0.94646 0.94552 71
19 0.94552 0.94457 0.94361 0.94264 0.94167 0.94068 0.93969 70
20 0.93969 0.93869 0.93769 0.93667 0.93565 0.93462 0.93358 69
21 0.93358 0.93253 0.93148 0.93042 0.92935 0.92827 0.92718 68
22 0.92718 0.92609 0.92499 0.92388 0.92276 0.92164 0.92050 67
23 0.92050 0.91936 0.91822 0.91706 0.91590 0.91472 0.91355 66
24 0.91355 0.91236 0.91116 0.90996 0.90875 0.90753 0.90631 65
25 0.90631 0.90507 0.90383 0.90259 0.90133 0.90007 0.89879 64
26 0.89879 0.89752 0.89623 0.89493 0.89363 0.89232 0.89101 63
27 0.89101 0.88968 0.88835 0.88701 0.88566 0.88431 0.88295 62
28 0.88295 0.88158 0.88020 0.87882 0.87743 0.87603 0.87462 61
29 0.87462 0.87321 0.87178 0.87036 0.86892 0.86748 0.86603 60
30 0.86603 0.86457 0.86310 0.86163 0.86015 0.85866 0.85717 59
31 0.85717 0.85567 0.85416 0.85264 0.85112 0.84959 0.84805 58
32 0.84805 0.846.50 0.84495 0.84339 0.84182 0.84025 0.83867 57
33 0.83867 0.83708 0.83549 0.83389 0.83228 0.83066 0.82904 56
34 0.82904 0.82741 0.82577 0.82413 0.82248 0.82082 0.81915 55
35 0.81915 0.81748 0.81580 0.81412 0.81242 0.81072 0.80902 54
36 0.80902 0.80730 0.80558 0.80386 0.80212 0.80038 0.79864 53
37 0.79864 0.79688 0.79512 0.79335 0.79158 0.78980 0.78801 52
38 0.78801 0.78622 0.78442 0.78261 0.78079 0.77897 0.77715 51
39 0.77715 0.77531 0.77347 0.77162 0.76977 0.76791 0.76604 50
40 0.76604 0.76417 0.76229 0.76041 0.75851 0.75661 0.75471 49
41 0.75471 0.75280 0.75088 0.74896 0.74703 0.74509 0.74314 48
42 0.74314 0.74120 0.73924 0.73728 0.73531 0.73333 0.73135 47
43 0.73135 0.72937 0.72737 0.72537 0.72337 0.72136 0.71934 46
44 0.71934 0.71732 0.71529 0.71325 0.71121 0.70916 0.70711 45
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0'
Cosines
SINES I Degrees
·133·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
T.\NGENTS
Degrees Cotangellts
0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
·134·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
COTANGENTS
Degrees
0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
I Tangents
----
0 00 343.77371 171.88540 114.58865 85.93979 68.75009 57.28996 89
1 57.28996 49.10388 42.96408 38.18846 34.36777 31.24158 28.63625 88
2 28.63625 26.43160 24.54176 22.90377 21.47040 20.20555 19.08114 87
3 19.08114. 18.07498 17.16934 16.34986 15.60478 14.92442 14.30067 86
4 14.30067 13.72674 13.19688 12.70621 12.25051 11.82617 11.43005 85
5 11.43005 11.05943 10.71191 10.38540 10.07803 9.78817 9.51436 84
6 9.51436 9.25530 9.00983 8.77689 8.55555 8.34496 8.14435 83
7 8.14435 7.95302 7.77035 7.59575 7.42871 7.26873 7.11537 82
8 7.11537 6.96823 6.82694 6.69116 6.56055 6.43484 6.31375 81
9 ..
6.31375 6.19703 6.08444 5.97576 5.87080 5.76937 5.67128 80
10 5.67128 5.57638 5.48451 5.39552 5.30928 5.22566 5.14455 79
11 5.14455 5.06584 4.98940 4.91516 4.84300 4.77286 4.70463 78
12 4.70463 4.63825 4.57363 4.51071 4.44942 4.38969 4.33148 77
13 4.33148 4.27471 4.21933 4.16530 4.11256 4.06107 4.01078 76
14 4.01078 3.96165 3.91364 3.86671 3.82083 3.77595 3.73205 75
15 3.73205 3.68909 3.64705 3.60588 3.56557 3.52609 3.48741 74
16 3.48741 3.44951 3.41236 3.37594 3.34023 3.30521 3.27085 73
17 3.27085 3.23714 3.20406 3.17159 3.13972 3.10842 3.07768 72
18 3.07768 3.04749 3.01783 2.98869 2.96004 2.93189 2.90421 71
19 2.90421 2.87700 2.85023 2.82391 2.79802 2.77254 2.74748 70
20 2.74748 2.72281 2.69853 2.67462 2.65109 2.62791 2.60509 69
21 2.60509 2.58261 2.56046 2.53865 2.51715 2.49597 2.47509 68
22 2.47509 2.45451 2.43422 2.41421 2.39449 2.37504 2.35585 67
23 2.35585 2.33693 2.31826 2.29984 2.28167 2.26374 2.24604 66
24 2.24604 2.22857 2.21132 2.19430 2.17749 2.16090 2.14451 65
25 2.14451 2.12832 2.11233 2.09654 2.08094 2.06553 2.05030 64
26 2.05030 2.03526 2.02039 2.00569 1.99116 1.97680 1.96261 63
27 1.96261 1.94858 1.93470 1.92098 1.90741 1.89400 1.88073 62
28 1.88073 1.86760 1.85462 1.84177 1.82907 1.81649 1.80405 61
29 1.80405 1.79174 1.77955 1.76749 1.75556 1.74375 1.73205 60
30 1.73205 1.72047 1.70901 1.69766 1.68643 1.67530 1.66428 59
31 1.66428 1.65337 1.64256 1.63185 1.62125 1.61074 1.60033 58
32 1.60033 1.59002 1.57981 1.56969 1.55966 1.54972 1.53987 57
33 1.53987 1.53010 1.52043 1.51084. 1.50133 1.49190 1.48256 56
34 1.48256 1.47330 1.46411 1.45501 1.44598 1.43703 1.42815 55
35 1.42815 1.41934 1.41061 1.40195 1.39336 1.38484 1.37638 54
36 1.37638 1.36800 1.35968 1.35142 1.34323 1.33511 1.32704 53
37 1.32704 1.31904 1.31110 1.30323 1.29541 1.28764 1.27994 52
38 1.27994 1.27230 1.26471 1.25717 1.24969 1.24227 1.23490 51
39 1.23490 1.22758 1.22031 1.21310 1.20593 1.19882 1.19175 50
40 1.19175 1.18474 1.17777 1.17085 1.16398 1.15715 1.15037 49
41 1.15037 1.14363 1.13694 1.13029 1.12369 1.11713 1.11061 48
42 1.11061 1.10414 1.09770 1.09131 1.08496 1.07864 1.07237 47
43 1.07237 1.06613 1.05994 1.05378 1.04766 1.04158 1.03553 46
44 1.03553 1.02952 1.02355 1.01761 1.01170 1.00583 1.00000 45
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0'
Cotangents Degrees
TANGENTS I
·135·
AMERICAN TIGER BRAND
SECANTS
Degrees Cosecants
0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
·136·
WIRE ROPE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
COSECANTS'
Degrees Secants
0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
--
0 00 343.77516 171.88831 114.59301 85.94561 68.75736 57.29869 89
1 57.29869 49.11406 42.97571 38.20155 34.38232 31.25758 28.65371 88
2 28.65371 26.45051 24.56212 22.92559 21.49368 20.23028 19.10732 87
3 19.10732 18.10262 17.19843 16.38041 15.63679 14.95788 14.33559 86
4 14.33559 13.76312 13.23472 12.74550 12.29125 11.86837 11.47371 85
5 11.47371 11.10455 10.75849 10.43343 10.12752 9.83912 9.56677 84
6 9.56677 9.30917 9.06515 8.83367 8.61379 8.40466 8.20551 83
7 8.20551 8.01565 7.83443 7.66130 7.49571 7.33719 7.18530 82
8 7.18530 7.03962 6.89979 6.76547 6.63633 6.51208 6.39245 81
9 6.39245 6.27719 6.16607 6.05886 5.95536 5.85539 5.75877 80
- 5.66533 5.57493 5.48740 5.40263 5.32049 5.24084 79
10 5.75877
11 5.24084 5.16359 5.08863 5.01585 4.94517 4.87649 4.80973 78
12 4.80973 4.74482 4.68167 4.62023 4.56041 4.50216 4.44541 77
13 4.44541 4.39012 4.33622 4.28366 4.23239 4.18238 4.13357 76
14 4.13357 4-.08591 4.03938 3.99393 3.94952 3.90613 3.86370 75
15 3.86370 3.82223 3.78166 3.74198 3.70315 3.66515 3.62796 74
16 3.62796 3.59154 3.55587 3.52094 3.48671 3.45317 3.42030 73
17 3.42030 3.38808 3.35649 3.32551 3.29512 3.26531 3.23607 72
18 3.23607 3.20737 3.17920 3.15155 3.12440 3.09774 3.07155 71
19 3.07155 3.04584 3.02057 2.99574 2.97135 2.94737 2.92380 70
20 2.92380 2.90063 2.87785 2.85545 2.83342 2.81175 2.79043 69
21 2.79043 2.76945 2.74881 2.72850 2.70851 2.68884 2.66947 68
22 2.66947 2.65040 2.63162 2.61313 2.59491 2.57698 2.55930 67
23 2.55930 2.54190 2.52474 2.50784 2.49119 2.47477 2.45859 66
24 2.45859 2.44264 2.42692 2.41142 2.39614 2.38107 2.36620 65
25 2.36620 2.35154 2.33708 2.32282 2.30875 2.29487 2.28117 64
26 2.28117 2.26766 2.25432 2.24116 2.22817 2.21535 2.20269 63
27 2.20269 2.19019 2.17786 2.16568 2.15366 2.14178 2.13005 62
28 2.13005 2.11847 2.10704 2.09574 2.08458 2.07356 2.06267 61
29 2.06267 2.05191 2.04128 2.03077 2.02039 2.01014 2.00000 60
30 2.00000 1.98998 1.98008 1.97029 1.96062 1.95106 1.94160 59
31 1.94160 1.93226 1.92302 1.91388 1.90485 1.89591 1.88709 58
32 1.88708 1.87834 1.86970 1.86116 1.85271 1.84435 1.83608 57
33 1.83608 1.82790 1.81981 1.81180 1.80388 1.79604 1.78829 56
34 1.78829 1.78062 1.77303 1.76552 1.75808 1.75073 1.74345 55
35 1.74345 1.73624 1.72911 1.72205 1.71506 1.70815 1.70130 54
36 1.70130 1.69452 1.68782 1.68117 1.67460 1.66809 1.66164 53
37 1.66164 1.65526 1.64894 1.64268 1.63648 1.63035 1.62427 52
38 1.62427 1.61825 1.61229 1.60639 1.60054 1.59475 1.58902 51
39 1.58902 1.58333 1.57771 1.57213 1.56661 1.56114 1.55572 50
40 1.55572 1.55036 1.54504 1.53977 1.53455 1.52938 1.52425 49
41 1.52425 1.51918 1.51415 1.50916 1.50422 1.49933 1.49448 48
42 1.49448 1.48967 1.48491 1.48019 1.47551 1.47087 1.46628 47
43 1.46628 1.46173 1.45721 1.45274 1.44831 1.44391 1.43956 46
44 1.43956 1.43524 1.43096 1.42672 1.42251 1.41835 1.41421 45
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0'
Cosecants Degrees
: SECANTS
·137·
INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Abuse ....••••••••••••••••••••...••... 7, 116 Lubrication .............•............... 113
Acceleration 34 Manila Ropes 128
Aircraft Cables 27, 28 Marlin Clad Ropes 13, 24
Alignment of Sheaves 115 Mast Arm Rope 20
Amgal Wire Rope 7 Maximum Loads 63
Anchored Spans 39, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48 Metallic Areas of Ropes 2fl
Areas of Ropes 29 Metallic Areas of Wires 119
Areas of Wires 119 Metric System 124
Bending 32 Mild Plow Steel 7
Braided Slings 96 Moduli of Elasticity 30
Bridge Ropes 21 Monitor Steel 7
Bridge Strands 21 Mooring Lines 14, 23
Bronze Ropes 7 Multiples 125
Care of Wire Rope 109 Multiple Sheave Blocks 57
Car Friction 60 Non-Spinning Rope 13, 20
Clips 76 Ordering Wire Rope with Fittinj!;s Attachf)d .. 87
Coiling 68 Outer Wire Sizes 31
Constructions 10 Plow Steel 7
Cores 8 Preformed Wire Ropes 9
Corrosion-Resisting Aircraft C9.blrs Prestressed Strands and Ropes 9
and Ropes , 27 Reel Capacities 69
Cosines 132 Reserve Strenltths 31
Cosecants 136 Reversing Ends 113
Cotangents 134 Rollers 116
Counterweighted Spans .49 Running Rope 14. 22
Crane Rope 12, 17 Safety Factors , 6
Cubic Measure 123, 124 Sash Cord .........•..................... 19
Cutting Back 113 Secants 136
Decimal Equivalents 118 Seizings 113
Diameter Tolerances 64 Shackles 83
Drum Capacities , 69 Sheave Alignment 115
Drum Pressures 65 Sheave Blocks 57
Drum Sizes 32 Sheave Pressures 65
Dry Measure 123 Sheave Sizes 32
Elasticity 29 Sines 132
Elevator Ropes 18 Slings 88
Endless Splicing 102 Slopes 60
Engineering Units 125 Smooth Coil Track Strand 15, 25
Expansion, Coefficient of. 56 Sockets " 71
Eye Splicing 107 Socketing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
Fatigue 7 Spans 39
Fiber Cores 8 Specific Gravities 126
Fittings 70 Sphcing 102, 107
Flattened Strand Ropes 12, 19 Sprmg-Lay 14, 24
Flat Wire Ropes 15, 26 Square Measure 123, 124
Fleet Angles " 66 Stone Sawing Strand 20
Friction 60 Strand Centers 8
Galvanized Ropes 7 Strength of Materials 129
Galvanized Strands 14, 28 Strength of Ropes 16
Gauging 112 Stretch 29
Grades 7 Supporting Rollers 116
Grooves .....•........................... 64 Supporting Sheaves 116
Guys 36 Suspended Cables : 38
Guy Ropes 22 Tangents ' 134
Haulage Ropes 10, 16 Thimbles 77, 78, 79
Hawsers , 14, 23 Tiller Rope 13. 18
Hoisting Ropes 11-13, 16-20 Traction Steel 7
Hooks.............•..................... 80 Track Strands 15, 25
Horsepower 63 Trigonometric Functions 132
Ice Loads 56 Turnbuckles 84
Inclined Planes ' 60 , Uncoiling 68
Inclined Spans .43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52 Unreeling , 67
Improved Plow Steel 7 U. S. Government Tolerances 64
Iron Ropes , 7 Wear · 7
Lang Lay · 8 Weights of Materials 126
Lays 7 Weights and Measures 123
Level Spans 39, 44, 47. 49, 50, 51, 54 Weights of Ropes 16
Liquid Measure 1~3 Weight of Steel Wires 121
Linear Measure 123, 124 Winding 68
Links , 81 Wind Pressure 56
Locked Coil Track Cable 15, 25 Wire Cores ...••...••••.................... 8
·138·
ADUSS 55-1542-01
Printed in U.S.A.
Reprinted October, 1968
USS and TIGER BRAND are registered trademarks