Thesis Documents Final

Geo Map of Baliwag Bulacan
Geo Map of Baliwag, Bulacam
A Project Study Presented to the Dean
And Faculty of the College of Environmental Design and Engineering
Baliuag University
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Submitted by:
Bernardo, Jahn Jayvee D.
Daniel, Limuell B.
De Vera, Christian Allen B.
Ngo, Adrian Aaron F.
Paguio, Jefferson DV.
Teña, Kimberly M.
FEBRUARY 2018
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….......03
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………05
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………...05
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….06
SCOPE AND LIMITATION…………………………………………………………………. 06
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES…………………………………………..............08
Factors to Consider in Choosing Land Area for the Start of Soil mapping………...09
The Soil Mapping Process……………………………………………………………10
Laboratory Test (ASTM TEST METHOD)…………………………………………11
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES…………………………………………………………..15
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………….17
DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA…………...20

ASTM D7263 – 09……………………………………………………………………21
ASTM D6913 / D6913M - 17………………………………………………………...25
ASTM D4318 – 17…………………………………………………………………….48
2
INTRODUCTION
For engineering purposes, soil is defined as the uncemented aggregate of mineral grains
and decayed organic matter (solid particles) with liquid and gas in the empty spaces between the
solid particles. Soil is used as a construction material in various civil engineering projects, and it
supports structural foundations. (Braja M. Das, Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering).
As everything is rapidly changing, population is increasing and the needs for
development is always at stake nowadays, Having a Soil Map in every region will be a big help
not just for engineers but also for scientist and Agriculturist. Soil mapping was here years back
when soil maps are commonly used for agricultural consumption only.
Aerial photographs were used as the mapping base in most soil survey areas in the United
States during the 20th century. Conventional panchromatic (black and white) photography, color
photography, and infrared photography were used for remote sensing and as base maps for the
soil survey. Information on the applicability of each type of base map and how the older map
products were used is covered in the 1993 Soil Survey Manual (USDA Soil Survey Division
Staff, 1993).
But for now using a satellite based website one can determine many data that will be a
factor in making soil maps in a particular area. The use of technology can expand the coverage of
data that will be provided in soil mapping. Providing soil maps with not just soil layers but with
soil properties that are important in geotechnical aspect can be more convenient not just for
engineers but also for others studying soil properties in the area.
Baliuag is a rapidly progressing municipality in Bulacan because of continuous
construction of commercial establishment not just along Doña Remedios Hi-way, but also within
the town proper. The location of roads is one of the main factors that affects of the growth of
3
Baliuag. Kilometers away from Bustos bypass road make the municipality a very accessible
place.
But, even as the municipality is on the path of progress, most of its land is intended for
agricultural purposes as of now. A progressive town with the presence of large amount of
undeveloped land makes Baliuag one of the best candidate for the collection of soil mapping data
in the region.
Having an existing soil map for a given area is important and convenient for the town
because it will serve as basis for future land development and construction. It is also the basis of
future soil analysis in the same area. Years after making a credible data comparison of how
climate change affects the soil, not just about its physical characteristics, soil mapping is crucial
in land use plans.
The record of a person’s first use of soil as a construction material is lost in antiquity. In
true engineering terms, the understanding of geotechnical engineering as it is known today began
early in the 18th century (Skempton, 1985). For years, the art of geotechnical engineering was
based on only past experiences through a succession of experimentation without any real
scientific character. Based on those experimentations, many structures were built some of which
have crumbled, while others are still standing. (Braja M. Das, Fundamentals of Geotechnical
Engineering).
Soil map units are designed to efficiently deliver soil information to meet user needs for
management and land use decisions. Map units can appear as individual areas (i.e., polygons),
points, or lines on a map. A map unit is a collection of areas defined and named the same in
terms of their soil components, miscellaneous areas, or both. Each map unit differs in some
respect from all others in a survey area and is uniquely identified on a soil map. (USDA)
4
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of the present study is to start a Soil Map with Soil Analysis database that
will comply with the Geotechnical Engineering Standards. The objective of the Study are:
1. Classify the soil in Baliuag, Bulacan.
2. Collect information about soil location, nature, properties and potential use.
3. Record the soil information on maps and in supporting documents to show the spatial
distribution of every soil.
4. Generate soil properties in accordance with ASTM standards.
Significance of the Study
The Study will provide important details in many soil related aspects mostly in
agricultural engineering and geotechnical engineering. It will also help environmentalist in
providing data that will be use for future reference on the effects of climate change on soil
characteristics and properties.
It will also give privilege the to the Municipality of Baliuag to have a systematic analysis
of soil present in the area.
The study will give convenience to developers and engineers who will initiate land
development and urban planning in the area. It will give them preliminary assessment on how the
land will be used for future development.
For the researchers the study will be a preliminary step if ever they will choose the path
of geotechnical engineering as their future profession, having a more advance knowledge in the
field of Surveying and Soil Mechanics, which will be an give advantage in the field of
geotechnical engineering, in research and development activities in the Town, that soil map and
soil analysis available..
5
And, last, for the future students who choose to focus their study on soil mechanics, they
will have a concrete data that they can use for their future study. The study is just a start of
everything big for the future, data to be acquired will be used in many various fields of study,
Statement of the Problem
The absence of soil map in Baliuag is one of the factors that they need to be filled in
order to make them more progressive. Also, they need it for future land development and urban
planning.
The study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the classifications of soil present in Baliuag, Bulacan?
2. What are the nature and properties of soil in a given area and how will it differ to the
other in terms of their potential use?
3. What information is contained in a map showing spatial distribution of the soil present in
the town?
4. What soil properties are present based on ASTM Standards?
Scope and Limitation
The study focused on making a soil map and analysis for Baliuag, Bulacan.
The characteristics of hole will be: at least 1m by 1m area with 1.5m depth which will give
the researchers more convenient ways to observe the soil layers in the holes. The soil sample will
be 1.5m deep disturbed soil and the undisturbed soil will be taken after the 1.5m mark.
The study will follow the Manual of American Standard Test Method Engineering that
has been used for a long time in course of Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Civil Engineering
Program of Baliuag University.
The Laboratory Test is Limited in the following: Sieve Analysis, Void ratio, Porosity,
specific gravity and Moisture Content of undisturbed soil sample, in-situ density using sand cone
6
apparatus method and Atterberg Limits (Plastic Limit, Liquid Limit and Plastic Index of Soil).
The Standards will be used in soil classification will be based on AASHTO and USDA.
7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Relationship of Soil Mapping in Land Development
"Soil surveys are the foundation for land conservation activities as well as private and
commercial land development, Soil survey maps help to enable agricultural producers,
conservationists, engineering firms, county and city planners, and others to make informed
decisions concerning land use.” (NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE
(NRCS), Huron, S.D. – Janet Oertly)
“Soil Mapping and Process Modeling for Sustainable Land Use Management is the first
reference to address the use of soil mapping and modeling for sustainability from both a
theoretical and practical perspective. The use of more powerful statistical techniques are
increasing the accuracy of maps and reducing error estimation. Providing practical examples to
help illustrate the application of soil process modeling and maps.” (Soil Mapping and Process
Modeling for Sustainable Land Use Management, 1st Edition, by Paulo Pereira Eric, Brevik
Miriam Muñoz-Rojas and Bradley Miller)
Soil mapping is one of the first step in land development, it provides essential data that
will plays a big role in urban planning especially on road plans and drainage systems of a given
area. Having the proper data give an assessment on how soil behaves with continuous loads and
water discharge that will cause soil erosions in an area.
“Detailed and very detailed soil surveys have been carried out in selected areas of the
department of land development called “Land Development Village”. The selections of project
sites as well as the land use planning of the project areas are based on soil maps and reports. The
development of such local project sites require detailed soil information” (Soil Survey:
Perspectives and Strategies for the 21st Century, J. Alfred Zinck )
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The need for soil map in every municipality is being demanded for the coming years
because people are now more aware of the consequences of not having proper soil test and
assessment in the developed areas.
Factors to Consider in Choosing Land Area for the Start of Soil mapping
“Urban sprawl and haphazard, uneven growth have meant significant environmental
degradation in most regions. Shortsighted land use decisions have led to the destruction of
sensitive natural resources such as wetlands and woodlands, development patterns that
precipitate "natural" disasters because they encroach on and alter floodplains or fragile slopes,
and a growing dependence on scarce energy and other resources. Planning to protect and
preserve environmental values is intimately connected with planning to manage growth, counter
sprawl, promote sustainability, and revitalize distressed communities.” (uiowa.edu)
The chosen lands are almost rice fields, water embankment at rainy season but can be
drained on harvest season, but the fact that it was accessible due to existing private and public
roads is more interesting for land development.
According to Natural Resources Conservation Service, presence of natural drainage can
be a factor in choosing land for urban development, proper water embankment and disposal to
avoid flooding during natural disasters and also prevent soil erosion and landslides for areas
having high slopes.
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The Soil Mapping Process
Soil scientists record the characteristics of the pedons, associated plant communities,
geology, landforms, and other features that they study. They describe the kind and arrangement
of soil horizons and their color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of
rock fragments. After the soil scientists identify and describe the properties of landscape
components, thenatural bodies of soils, are used for naming map units. (Soil Survey Staff, 1999).
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area are collected
for laboratory analyses. Soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as
the field observed characteristics of the soil properties to determine the range of values for key
soil properties for each soil. They also use these data to determine the expected behavior of the
soils under different uses. (NRCS)
Traditional soil mapping is conducted with an auger and spade at intervals throughout the
landscape. The intervals between inspections can be according to a pre-determined grid (grid-
survey) or, more often, are based upon the judgment of the surveyor who uses their knowledge of
the inter-relationship between soil type and landscape, geology, vegetation, etc to determine
where to make inspections. Auger borings are supplemented by excavated profile pits at
determined points in the landscape.
Soil samples are in the laboratory with proper containment for undisturbed and disturbed
soil. During the laboratory testing, the first step is to propose the hypothesis and compare to the
experimental data whether the hypothesis is true or not. Lastly provide a proper conclusion for
the test result in order to compare it to other samples to provide proper data for mapping.
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Laboratory Test (ASTM TEST METHOD)
The geotechnical properties of a soil such as its grain size distribution, plasticity
compressibility and shear strength can be assessed by proper laboratory testing. In addition,
emphasis has been placed on the in situ determination of strength and deformation properties of
soil, because this process avoids disturbing samples during field explorations. (Geotechnical
Properties of Soil)
In any soil mass, the sizes of the grains vary greatly. To classify a soil properly, one must
know its grain-size distribution. The grain-size distribution of coarse-grained soil is generally
determined by means of sieve analysis. (Das, 2009).
Sieve Analysis is conducted by taking a measured amount of dry, well pulverized soil
and passing through a stack of progressively finer sieves with a pan at the bottom. The amount of
soil retained on each sieve is measured, and the cumulative percentage of soil passing through
each is determined. This percentage is generally referred to as percent finer. (Geotechnical
Properties of Soil)
ASTM added that Particle size distribution, also known as gradation, refers to the
proportions by dry mass of a soil distributed over specified particle-size ranges. Gradation is
used to classify soils for engineering and agricultural purposes, since particle size influences how
fast or slow water or other fluid moves through a soil. Two proposed new ASTM standards
provide test methods for determining particle size.
“Knowing the grain size distribution of a soil is important for a variety of reasons and for
a range of uses,” says Kendra Adams, senior quality assurance engineer, Fugro Consultants Inc.,
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and a D18 member. “Gradation results influence the design of earthen dams, levees and
landfills.”
Plastic and Liquid Limit Test. These test methods are used as an integral part of several
engineering classification systems to characterize the fine-grained fractions of soils and to
specify the fine-grained fraction of construction materials. The liquid limit, plastic limit, and
plasticity index of soils are also used extensively, either individually or together, with other soil
properties to correlate with engineering behavior such as compressibility, hydraulic conductivity
(permeability), compactibility, shrink-swell, and shear strength. (astm.org)
One of the significance of this test is stated in Global Road Technology, The Atterberg
limits of soils are very important in construction. Prior to construction works expansive soils
have to be stabilized to provide adequate support for roads and buildings. There are many
methods for stabilizing soil to gain required engineering specifications. These methods range
from mechanical to chemical stabilization, but the most affective are chemical methods.
Significance according to astm.org, these methods are sometimes used to evaluate the
weathering characteristics of clay-shale materials. When subjected to repeated wetting and
drying cycles, the liquid limits of these materials tend to increase. The amount of increase is
considered to be a measure of a shale's susceptibility to weathering.
Collection of Data: Forming a Data Base for Future Digital Soil Mapping. A number
of databases have been developed and extended to support the new data collection efforts, new
techniques in laboratory analysis, and continent-wide digital soil mapping undertaken by
geologist, Where feasible, these databases are being developing in compliance with, or will be
mapped to, rapidly developing international standards for the exchange of soil data.
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Keeping records of series names and updating definitions of series is a continuous
process. Changes should be made in ways that detract the least from the predictive value
associated with the earlier definitions and names. A centralized system for keeping records of
soil series names and definitions ensures that names and definitions of soil series meet the
rigorous standards needed in a national soil survey program. (nrcs-usda)
When the data is completed in a systematic database, it is the start of predictive soil
mapping using Digital Soil Mapping, which is “The creation and the population of a
geographically referenced soil database generated at a given resolution by using field and
laboratory observation methods coupled with environmental data through quantitative
relationships.” - The International Working Group on Digital Soil Mapping (WG-DSM) offsite
link image
Digital soil mapping (DSM) represents “the creation and population of spatial soil
information systems by the use of field and laboratory observational methods coupled with
spatial and non-spatial soil inference systems” (Digital Soil Mapping: An Introductory
Perspective 2007. Edited by P. Lagacherie, A. B. McBratney & M. Voltz, 2007 Elsevier 600
pages ISBN 0-444-52958-6). Soil science, geographic information science, quantitative methods
(statistics and geostatistics) and cartography are combined within the DSM framework. DSM
methods are used to estimate the spatial distribution of soil classes (e.g., soil series) and/or soil
properties (e.g., soil organic matter), and can be employed at various scales (from individual
fields to countries), and have been proven valuable for developing more quantitative, more
accurate, and more precise soil maps.
DSM over Conventional soil mapping. The use of geospatial techniques for mapping
soils is broadly covered by the term “digital soil mapping” (DSM). Digital soil mapping is
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defined as the creation of geographically referenced soil databases based on quantitative
relationships between spatially explicit environmental data and measurements made in the field
and laboratory (McBratney et al., 2003). Use of digital soil mapping techniques has progressed
as soil scientists have adopted the latest tools to assist in the mapping process. The process of
making an inference about a landscape segment (e.g., a soil map unit) from a few point-based
observations using the operative soil-forming factors is “modeling.” Whether the soil map is
produced using nothing but a bucket auger and an aerial photo or using geospatial software, the
process is a modeling operation. The use of DSM methods is increasing over time and will
eventually cease to be considered distinct, novel techniques.
“The emergence of DSM as a credible alternative to fulfill the increasing worldwide
demand in spatial soil data is conditioned to its ability to (i) increase spatial resolutions and
enlarge extents and (ii) deliver a relevant information. The former challenge requires developing
a specific spatial data infrastructure for Digital Soil Mapping, to grasp Digital Soil Mapping onto
existing soil survey programs and to develop soil spatial inference systems. The latter challenge
requires to map soil function and threats (and not only “primary” soil properties), to develop a
framework for the accuracy assessment of DSM products and to introduce the time dimension.”
(P. Lagacherie, Digital Soil Mapping: A State of the Art)
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REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Soil Mapping as a support to production of functional maps (Endre Dobos, Florence Carré,
Tomislav Hengl Hannes I. Reuter & Gergely Tóth)
"Emerging soil protection policies need timely and reliable soil information; Soil
information is ageing and still not completely available"
Numerous environmental and socio-economic models (risk assessment, scenario testing,
etc.) require soil parameters as inputs to estimate and forecast changes in our future life
conditions. However, the availability of soil data is limited on both national and European scales.
Soil information (i) is either missing at the appropriate scale, (ii) its meaning is not well
explained for reliable interpretation, or (iii) the quality of the data is questionable.
Soil mapping in general requires (i) a predefined model of soil formation, (ii) data on soil
properties and on other environmental variables that have significant impact on soil formation
and thus, on the spatial distribution of the soil properties. In this sense, traditional soil mapping
and digital soil mapping do not differ much. Both approaches need input data on soil and
covariates characterizing the environment where the soil formation takes place.
Soil mapping, be it conventional or digital, cannot do without a proper accuracy
assessment. There is no use in producing a soil map without providing information to the user
about the associated map quality. If the map accuracy is not specified, then users may be tempted
to use a map for purposes for which it was not developed and may take wrong decisions. In the
past, users have come to appreciate the quality of a soil map from acknowledging the reputation
of the institute that produced the map or from a general description contained in the legend to the
15
map, but at the present time, there is a need for more detailed and precise communication of the
accuracy of soil maps.
In the last decade, there has been a trend to complement traditional soil classification
with an appraisal of the different functions which different soils can perform in ecosystems and
landscapes (Blum, 1993; Karlen et al., 1997). By so doing, the emphasis shifts from the
properties of different soils, towards the functions of different soils, based on those properties. It
is argued that such an approach will allow soils to be more widely recognised by society (Karlen
et al., 1997), to provide society and governing institutions with options and trade-offs in land use
decision making (Miller et al., 1995) and to help clarify the role of soil science in the land use
decision making process (Bouma, 2001).
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METHODOLOGY
Unofficial Time Table for December, 2017 Data Gathering
December 16, 2017 Pit hole 1

Afternoon

Morning and Afternoon Pit hole 3








December 28,29, 2017 Evaluation of Data Gathering (Will add Pit Holes if
Necessary)
December 30, 2017 Year end Celebration Café Apolonio
17
Research Method:
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Significance
4. Scopes and Limitations
Setting for Standards for Testing and

Classification:
1. AASHTO
2. USCS
3. ASTM
Data Gathering (Random Sampling):

1. Plotting of Pit Points in the Map
2. Gathering of Soil Sample in the
Designated Area
Soil Testing (ASTM Procedure):
Soil Classification
USCS AASHTO
Output of the Study

1. Soil Map
2. Soil Database (Consisting of Soil
Properties)
18
CE Project (Dec. 2017 – Feb. 2018):
1. Data Gathering:
- 19 Pit Holes Random
Sampling
1. Consultation DPWH research

department for ASTM Standards
for Soil Testing
2. Soil Testing of Samples in the
CEDE Laboratory Room CS 101
1. Analysis of Laboratory Data
1. Consultation If Necessary
NAMRIA San Consultation BSWM
Fernando for Soil Condition of
Branch Baliwag
1. Consultation NAMRIA
Binondo Branch for GIS
Map and DATA Mapping for Production of Soil
Donation to: Map.
Municipality of
Baliwag
NAMRIA 1. Production of Soil Map in 1. Preparation for
accordance of data Collected Thesis Defense
BSWM
2. Defense
PhilGIS
AND 1. Revision IF WE
HOPEFULLY 2. Recommendation PASS
3. Revision
19
DATA ANALYSIS,
INTERPRETATION AND
PRESENTATION OF DATA
20
ASTM D7263 - 09
Standard Test Methods for
Laboratory Determination of
Density (Unit Weight) of Soil
Specimens
21
Mass of Soil Sample

Mass of Soil Sample with Candle
Mass of Candle
Volume of Soil Sample with Candle
Specific Gravity of Candle
Volume of Candle
Volume of Soil Sample
Mass of Oven Dried Sample
𝑚
𝛾=
𝑣
𝑚𝑑
𝑤= 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑤
𝛾
𝛾𝑑 =
1+𝑤
𝛾𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑤
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤
𝑒=
𝛾𝑑
𝑒
𝑛=
1+𝑒
CONCEPCION
22
Mass of Soil Sample 83.6g

Mass of Soil Sample with Candle 89.2g
Mass of Candle 5.6g
Volume of Soil Sample with Candle 50 ml/0.00005𝑚3
Specific Gravity of Candle 0.9
Volume of Candle 0.0000062𝑚3
Volume of Soil Sample 0.0000438𝑚3
Mass of Oven Dried Sample 58.7g
𝑚 0.0836 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1908.7 3
𝑣 0.0000438 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0836 − 0.0587
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 42.41%
𝑚𝑑 0.0587
𝛾 1908.7 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1340.4 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.424 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.02
𝛾𝑑 1340.4
𝑒 2.02
𝑛= = = 0.66
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.02
MAKINABANG
23

Mass of Candle 7.7g
𝑚 0.0672 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1659.3 3
𝑣 0.0000405 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0672 − 0.0515
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 30.5%
𝑚𝑑 0.0515
𝛾 1659.3 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1271.5 3
1+𝑤 1 + .305 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = =2
𝛾𝑑 1271.5
𝑒 2
𝑛= = = 0.67
1+𝑒 1+2
STA. BARBARA
24

Mass of Candle 5.6g
Mass of Oven Dried Sample 54g
𝑚 0.0803 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1833.3 3
𝑣 0.0000438 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0803 − 0.054
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 48.7%
𝑚𝑑 0.054
𝛾 1833.3 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1232.89 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.487 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.2
𝛾𝑑 1232.89
𝑒 2.2
𝑛= = = 0.69
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.2
SULIVAN
25

Mass of Candle 5.6g
𝑚 0.0756 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1726.02 3
𝑣 0.0000438 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0804 − 0.0505
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 59.2%
𝑚𝑑 0.0505
𝛾 1726.02 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1084.18 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.592 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.5
𝛾𝑑 1084.18
𝑒 2.5
𝑛= = = 0.71
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.5
TARCAN
26
Mass of Soil Sample 95g

Mass of Soil Sample with Candle 100g
Mass of Candle 5g
𝑚 0.095 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 2111 3
𝑣 0.0000445 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.095 − 0.080
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 18.75%
𝑚𝑑 0.080
𝛾 2111 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1777.68 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.1875 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 1.52
𝛾𝑑 1777.68
𝑒 1.52
𝑛= = = 0.6
1 + 𝑒 1 + 1.52
PAGALA
27

Mass of Candle 5.8g
𝑚 0.0855 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1759.3 3
𝑣 0.0000486 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0855 − 0.0597
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 30%
𝑚𝑑 0.0855
𝛾 1759.3 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1353.3 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.3 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = =2
𝛾𝑑 1353.3
𝑒 2
𝑛= = = 0.6
1+𝑒 1+2
STO. NIÑO
28

Mass of Candle 5.5g
𝑚 0.0702 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1599.1 3
𝑣 0.0000439 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0702 − 0.0487
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 0.44%
𝑚𝑑 0.0487
𝛾 1599.1 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1110.5 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.44 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.44
𝛾𝑑 1110.5
𝑒 2.44
𝑛= = = 0.71
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.44
SUBIC
29
Mass of Soil Sample 80g

Mass of Candle 7.5g
𝑚 0.080 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1918.47 3
𝑣 0.0000417 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.080 − 0.0505
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 58%
𝑚𝑑 0.0505
𝛾 1918.47 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1214.22 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.58 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.23
𝛾𝑑 1214.22
𝑒 1.92
𝑛= = = 0.69
1 + 𝑒 1 + 1.92
HINUKAY
30

Mass of Candle 7g
𝑚 0.0808 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1910.165 3
𝑣 0.0000423 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0808 − 0.058
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 39%
𝑚𝑑 0.058
𝛾 1910.165 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1374.22 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.39 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 1.99
𝛾𝑑 1374.22
𝑒 1.99
𝑛= = = 0.66
1 + 𝑒 1 + 1.99
CALANTIPAY
31

Mass of Candle 4.8g
𝑚 0.0756 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1726.02 3
𝑣 0.0000438 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0804 − 0.0505
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 59%
𝑚𝑑 0.0505
𝛾 1726.02 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1085.55 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.59 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.5
𝛾𝑑 1085.55
𝑒 2.5
𝑛= = = 0.71
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.5
MATANG TUBIG
32

Mass of Candle 6.8g
𝑚 0.0856 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1802.02 3
𝑣 0.0000475 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0856 − 0.0575
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 49%
𝑚𝑑 0.0575
𝛾 1726.02 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1158.4 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.49 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.34
𝛾𝑑 1158.4
𝑒 2.34
𝑛= = = 0.7
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.34
SAN ROQUE
33

Mass of Candle 5.9g
𝑚 0.0786 𝑘𝑔
𝛾= = = 1898.55 3
𝑣 0.0000414 𝑚
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑑 0.0786 − 0.0505
𝑤= 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 56%
𝑚𝑑 0.0505
𝛾 1898.55 𝑘𝑔
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1217.02 3
1+𝑤 1 + 0.56 𝑚
𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤 (2.71)(1000)
𝑒= = = 2.23
𝛾𝑑 1217.02
𝑒 2.23
𝑛= = = 0.7
1 + 𝑒 1 + 2.23
34
ASTM D6913 / D6913M - 17

Particle-Size Distribution
(Gradation) of Soils Using
Sieve Analysis
35
LOCATION CALANTIPAY
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
Diameter Mass of Sieve Mass of Sieve Soil Retained Soil Retained
Sieve Number Passing
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 77 77.0 11.7 88.3
#20 0.85 0 223 223.0 33.9 54.4
#40 0.43 0 114 114.0 17.3 37.1
#60 0.25 0 84 84.0 12.8 24.3
#200 0.075 0 46 46.0 7.0 17.3
Pan 0 114 114.0 17.3 0.0
TOTAL: 658 100.0
#4 Coarse #10 Medium #40 Fine #200 SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL SAND SAND SAND
100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
36
LOCATION CONCEPCION
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 109.7 109.7 14.2 85.8
#20 0.85 0 116.8 116.8 15.1 70.8
#40 0.43 0 99.7 99.7 12.9 57.9
#60 0.25 0 67.7 67.7 8.7 49.2
#200 0.075 0 61.6 61.6 7.9 41.2
Pan 0 319.4 319.4 41.2 0.0
TOTAL: 774.9 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
37
LOCATION HINUKAY
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 280 280.0 16.6 83.4
#20 0.85 0 297.4 297.4 17.6 65.8
#40 0.43 0 107.1 107.1 6.3 59.4
#60 0.25 0 85.3 85.3 5.1 54.4
#200 0.075 0 503.6 503.6 29.8 24.6
Pan 0 414.6 414.6 24.6 0.0
TOTAL: 1688 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
38
LOCATION MAKINABANG
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 79.7 79.7 11.0 89.0
#20 0.85 0 123.5 123.5 17.0 72.1
#40 0.43 0 119.5 119.5 16.4 55.7
#60 0.25 0 90.4 90.4 12.4 43.2
#200 0.075 0 52.1 52.1 7.2 36.1
Pan 0 262.6 262.6 36.1 0.0
TOTAL: 727.8 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
39
LOCATION MATANG TUBIG
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 108 108.0 13.4 86.6
#20 0.85 0 183 183.0 22.7 63.9
#40 0.43 0 158 158.0 19.6 44.4
#60 0.25 0 98 98.0 12.1 32.2
#200 0.075 0 79 79.0 9.8 22.4
Pan 0 181 181.0 22.4 0.0
TOTAL: 807 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
40
LOCATION PAGALA
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 35 35.0 6.3 93.8
#20 0.85 0 120 120.0 21.4 72.3
#40 0.43 0 100 100.0 17.9 54.5
#60 0.25 0 55 55.0 9.8 44.6
#200 0.075 0 40 40.0 7.1 37.5
Pan 0 210 210.0 37.5 0.0
TOTAL: 560 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
41
LOCATION SAN ROQUE
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 220 220.0 27.5 72.5
#20 0.85 0 230 230.0 28.8 43.8
#40 0.43 0 130 130.0 16.3 27.5
#60 0.25 0 120 120.0 15.0 12.5
#200 0.075 0 75 75.0 9.4 3.1
Pan 0 25 25.0 3.1 0.0
TOTAL: 800 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
42
LOCATION STA BARBARA
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 50.3 50.3 7.3 92.7
#20 0.85 0 130.8 130.8 18.9 73.8
#40 0.43 0 149.1 149.1 21.5 52.3
#60 0.25 0 112.2 112.2 16.2 36.1
#200 0.075 0 79.1 79.1 11.4 24.7
Pan 0 170.9 170.9 24.7 0.0
TOTAL: 692.4 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
43
LOCATION STO NIÑO
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 115 115.0 12.2 87.8
#20 0.85 0 170 170.0 18.0 69.8
#40 0.43 0 230 230.0 24.3 45.5
#60 0.25 0 100 100.0 10.6 34.9
#200 0.075 0 65 65.0 6.9 28.0
Pan 0 265 265.0 28.0 0.0
TOTAL: 945 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
44
LOCATION SUBIC
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 196 196.0 21.9 78.1
#20 0.85 0 86 86.0 9.6 68.5
#40 0.43 0 74 74.0 8.3 60.2
#60 0.25 0 80 80.0 8.9 51.2
#200 0.075 0 161 161.0 18.0 33.2
Pan 0 297 297.0 33.2 0.0
TOTAL: 894 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
45
LOCATION SULIVAN
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 52.7 52.7 9.0 91.0
#20 0.85 0 107.6 107.6 18.3 72.7
#40 0.43 0 85.4 85.4 14.5 58.2
#60 0.25 0 56 56.0 9.5 48.7
#200 0.075 0 56.7 56.7 9.6 39.0
Pan 0 229.5 229.5 39.0 0.0
TOTAL: 587.9 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
46
LOCATION TARCAN
TOTAL WEIGHT
Soil
(mm) (g) & Soil (g) (g) (%)
(%)
#4 4.75 0 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
#10 2.00 0 191 191.0 11.7 88.3
#20 0.85 0 211 211.0 12.9 75.3
#40 0.43 0 340 340.0 20.9 54.5
#60 0.25 0 233 233.0 14.3 40.2
#200 0.075 0 160 160.0 9.8 30.4
Pan 0 495 495.0 30.4 0.0
TOTAL: 1630 100.0

100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01
Cu = 0
Cc = 0
47
ASTM D4318 - 17
Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit,
and Plasticity Index of Soils
48
LOCATION CALANTIPAY
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

NO. OF BLOWS TRIAL 1: 13
TRIAL 2: 32
MOISTURE CONTENT TRIAL 1: 64.04%
TRIAL 2: 29.3%
45.3 ATTERBERG'S LIQUID LIMIT GRAPH

80
70
63.04
MOISTURE CONTENT, ω (%)
60
50
40
29.33
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

MOISTURE CONTENT TRIAL 1: 25%
TRIAL 2: 5.88%
TRIAL 3: 5%
PLASTIC LIMIT 11.96%
49
LOCATION CONCEPCION
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 29
TRIAL 2: 9.04%

80
70
60
50
40
30 24.24
20
9.04
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 5.26%
TRIAL 3: 11.11
50
LOCATION HINUKAY
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 30
TRIAL 2: 13.7%

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
13.66
9.28
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 6.34%
TRIAL 3: 6.9%
51
LOCATION MAKINABANG
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 30
TRIAL 2: 23.8%

80
70
60
50
40
27.93
30 23.8
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 18.78%
TRIAL 3: 17.47%
52
LOCATION MATANG TUBIG
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 31
TRIAL 2: 52.3%

80
70
60
52.34
50
40
32.56
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 12.5%
TRIAL 3: 11.75%
53
LOCATION PAGALA
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 26
TRIAL 2: 36.4%

80
70
60
50
40.14
40 36.42
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 12.5%
TRIAL 3: 18.31%
54
LOCATION SAN ROQUE
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 26
TRIAL 2: 15.9%

80
67.32
70
60
50
40
30
20 15.93
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 33.33%
TRIAL 3: 11.11%
PLASTIC LIMIT 27.1%
55
LOCATION STA BARBARA
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 26
TRIAL 2: 18.4%

80
70
60
50
37.66
40
30
18.42
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 11.11%
TRIAL 3: 10%
56
LOCATION STO NIÑO
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 28
TRIAL 2: 31.6%
29.6
ATTERBERG'S LIQUID LIMIT GRAPH
80
70
60
50
40
31.62
30
18.32
20
10
0 25
1 10 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 10%
TRIAL 3: 10%
57
LOCATION SUBIC
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 31
TRIAL 2: 57.1%

80
70
60 57.14
50
40
30
20.15
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 13.4%
TRIAL 3: 21.2%
58
LOCATION SULIVAN
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 27
TRIAL 2: 24.7%

80
70
60
50
40
29.95
30 24.71
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

MOISTURE CONTENT TRIAL 1: 25%
TRIAL 2: 10%
TRIAL 3: 12.5%
59
LOCATION TARCAN
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 35
TRIAL 2: 34.7%
ATTERBERG'S LIQUID LIMIT GRAPH

80
70
60
50
38.02 40.21
40 34.72
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS, N
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

TRIAL 2: 12.5%
TRIAL 3: 11.24%
60
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
LOCATION USCS AASHTO
CALANTIPAY Clayey Sand A-2-7
CONCEPCION Silty Sand A-4
HINUKAY N/A A-2-4
MAKINABANG Silty Sand A-4
MATANG TUBIG Clayey Sand A-2-7
PAGALA Poorly Graded Sand A-6
SAN ROQUE Clayey Sand A-2-7
STA. BARBARA Clayey Sand A-2-6
STO. NINO Clayey Sand A-2-6
SUBIC Clayey Sand A-2-6
SULIVAN Clayey Sand A-4
TARCAN Clayey Sand A-2-6
61
62

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Geo Map of Baliwag Bulacan

Geo Map of Baliwag, Bulacam

A Project Study Presented to the Dean

And Faculty of the College of Environmental Design and Engineering

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Bernardo, Jahn Jayvee D.

De Vera, Christian Allen B.

Ngo, Adrian Aaron F.

Paguio, Jefferson DV.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………05

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………...05

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….06

SCOPE AND LIMITATION…………………………………………………………………. 06

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES…………………………………………..............08

The Soil Mapping Process……………………………………………………………10

Laboratory Test (ASTM TEST METHOD)…………………………………………11

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES…………………………………………………………..15

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA…………...20

supports structural foundations. (Braja M. Das, Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering).

As everything is rapidly changing, population is increasing and the needs for

Baliuag is a rapidly progressing municipality in Bulacan because of continuous

in land use plans.

Objectives of the Study

1. Classify the soil in Baliuag, Bulacan.

distribution of every soil.

4. Generate soil properties in accordance with ASTM standards.

Significance of the Study

agricultural engineering and geotechnical engineering. It will also help environmentalist in

characteristics and properties.

of soil present in the area.

land will be used for future development.

soil analysis available..

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the classifications of soil present in Baliuag, Bulacan?

other in terms of their potential use?

4. What soil properties are present based on ASTM Standards?

Scope and Limitation

Program of Baliuag University.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Relationship of Soil Mapping in Land Development

decisions concerning land use.” (NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE

(NRCS), Huron, S.D. – Janet Oertly)

Miriam Muñoz-Rojas and Bradley Miller)

water discharge that will cause soil erosions in an area.

Perspectives and Strategies for the 21st Century, J. Alfred Zinck )

assessment in the developed areas.

sprawl, promote sustainability, and revitalize distressed communities.” (uiowa.edu)

roads is more interesting for land development.

According to Natural Resources Conservation Service, presence of natural drainage can

having high slopes.

The Soil Mapping Process

soils under different uses. (NRCS)

determined points in the landscape.

Laboratory Test (ASTM TEST METHOD)

determined by means of sieve analysis. (Das, 2009).

each is determined. This percentage is generally referred to as percent finer. (Geotechnical

provide test methods for determining particle size.