Thomas Noonan-The Monetary History of Kiev in The Pre-Mongol Period PDF
Thomas Noonan-The Monetary History of Kiev in The Pre-Mongol Period PDF
Thomas Noonan-The Monetary History of Kiev in The Pre-Mongol Period PDF
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The Monetary History of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol Period
THOMAS S. NOONAN
INTRODUCTION
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 385
1 According to the Primary Chronicle, the Derevlianians paid the princes of Kiev a tribu
one black marten skin apiece: The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (here
RPC-L), trans, and ed. Samuel H. Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Camb
Mass., 1953), p. 61, s.a. 883. We can also assume that most of the furs, wax, honey, an
reaching the lower Danube from Rus', i.e., from Kiev, were originally obtained there as
ute. Ibid, p. 86, s.a. 969.
2 RPC-L, p. 61, s.a. 885, and p. 84, s.a. 964.
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386 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 387
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388 THOMAS S. NOONAN
17 Kievan Chronicle, p. 295, s.a. 1171; Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 142, s.a. 1 170.
18 Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 216, s.a. 1202.
19 Kievan Chronicle, p. 153, s.a. 1 151.
20 Kievan Chronicle, p. 337, s.a. 1 174.
21 Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 156-57, s.a. 1 175.
22 As early as 996, the Primary Chronicle reported {RPC-L, p. 121, s.a. 996) that Grand
Prince Volodimer gave 300 hryvny to Kiev's poor and provided beggars and the destitute with
food and drink.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 389
*
* *
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390 THOMAS S. NOONAN
A few examples can illustrate these problems with our data base. For
many years it was believed that two hoards containing German deniers from
the reign of Henry II (1002-1024) had been found in Kiev.31 However, a
recent study maintains that no such hoards ever existed: the first hoard
resulted from a confusion with an earlier denier find in Kiev, and the second
was created through a misunderstanding of the data.32 Hence two denier
hoards from Kiev that had been referred to repeatedly for over a century are
now labeled fictitious. In 1900, a coin-treasure hoard including gold and
silver ingots became part of the collection of B. I. Khanenko. Korzukhina
gave the find-spot as Divocha hora, near the village of Sakhnivka, in the
Kaniv county.33 On the other hand, one of the leading contemporary spe-
cialists on early Kiev, P. P. Tolochko, indicates that this same hoard was in
fact found on the lands of the former St. Michael Golden-Domed
31 Appendix C, no. 2.
32 Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 420-22.
JJ Korzukñina, A/flúTy, p. ui,no. ill.
^ P. P. Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev (Kiev, 1983), p. 173, no. 25.
•" Appendix A, no. 2.
36 Appendix A, no. 9.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 39 1
nally held in the Coin Cabinet of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersbu
Some hoards have been preserved only in part, e.g., the very large d
hoard found in Kiev in 185 1.38 There is no way to determine if the s
ing portion is representative of the hoard as a whole. In other cases
contents of major hoards found long ago have still not been publish
full, e.g., the large 1913 dirham hoard from Kiev39 and the dirham
from Bondad in Oster county, Chernihiv province.40 The Khabrivka
allegedly found near Kiev was in private hands for over a half c
before being donated to museums in Poland; the preserved coins
suggest that part of the original hoard was lost.41 Many description
hoards refer vaguely to "some coins," "many coins," "Byzantine
"several ingots," etc. Finally, despite my best efforts, various finds
probably been inadvertently omitted or inaccurately reported. Noneth
the appendixes given here do summarize most of what we now know
the pertinent finds from Kiev.
I was initially inclined to limit my investigation here to only those
and ingots found in Kiev itself. This approach, taken in several recent
ies, does have merit. Yet I believe such a restricted geographical
would be misleading. Islamic, Byzantine, and West European coin
imported into Rus' from abroad. While we cannot determine with cer
whether the deposits of such coins found outside of Kiev represent
that were being brought to Kiev or had been taken from the city, it
reasonable to connect many of these finds with Kiev. In any event,
find-spots outside the city can arguably be associated with the mon
wealth of Kiev, whether as imports or exports. These regions in
nearly all of the current Kiev oblast' except the town of Perei
Khmel'nyts'kyi and adjacent areas, much of the former Kaniv and C
kasy counties now in Cherkasy oblast', and Oster county in Chernih
vince. In other words, I have excluded from these appendixes those pa
the middle Dnieper probably connected with the Old Rus' town
Liubech, Chernihiv, and Pereiaslav and all areas beyond them
approach may be overly inclusive, but it does ensure that the mo
wealth of what can be be called greater Kiev is considered.
37 Appendix A, no. 1 .
38 Appendix A, no. 4.
■" Appendix a, no. io.
40 Appendix A, no. 30.
^ ' Appendix a, no. j i .
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392 THOMAS S. NOONAN
Islamic Coins
Almost all the Islamic coins brought into Eastern Europe and the Baltic dur-
ing the Viking Age were silver dirhams. Almost no Islamic gold coins
(dinars) or copper coins (fulüs, sing, fais) reached these areas.42 Dirhams
first appeared in Eastern Europe during the late eighth century following the
establishment of more peaceful relations between Arabs and Khazars in the
Caucasus.43 Dirhams continued to flow into Eastern Europe, although some-
what erratically, from ca. 800 until the first quarter of the eleventh cen-
tury.44 During the period from ca. 905-970, the heyday of Islamic trade
with Eastern Europe, hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of dirhams
struck in the Sãmãnid mints of Central Asia were imported into Eastern
Europe. A substantial portion of these dirhams were then re-exported to the
lands around the Baltic. While a few dirhams were no doubt obtained as
the result of raids, bribes, payments to mercenaries, and other non-
commercial factors, the written sources leave no doubt that most dirhams
were brought to Eastern Europe through trade.45
42 On the fulus, see Thomas S. Noonan, "Medieval Islamic Copper Coins from European
Russia and Surrounding Regions: The Use of the Fais in the Early Islamic Trade with Eastern
Europe," Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (1974): 448-53.
43 Thomas S. Noonan, "When and How Dirhams First Reached Russia: A Numismatic Cri-
tique of the Pirenne Theory," Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 21 (1980): 401 -469;
idem, "Why Dirhams First Reached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Relations in the
Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with Eastern Europe," Archivum Eurasiae Medii
AeviA (1984): 151-282.
44 The influx of dirhams into Eastern Europe during this period is reviewed in Thomas S.
Noonan, "Dirhams from Early Medieval Russia," Journal of the Russian Numismatic Society
17 (Winter 1984/85): 8- 12.
45 Among the many Islamic sources that discuss this trade, special note should be taken of
Ibn Fadlãn, who described how Rüs merchants arriving in the Volga-Bulgar lands prayed that
(Islamic) merchants with many coins would buy all of their slaves and furs without haggling
(James E. McKeithen, "The Risãlah of Ibn Fadlãn: An Annotated Translation with Introduc-
tion" [Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1979], 132-33). Gardïzï and Ibn Rusta also report that
in the Volga-Bulgar lands the Rüs and Saqlãbs sold their pelts for dirhams brought from the
Islamic lands (A. P. Martinez, "Gardïzï's Two Chapters of the Turks," Archivum Eurasiae
Medii Aevi 2 (1982): 158-59; Ibn Rusteh, Les Atours Précieux, trans. Gaston Wiet (Cairo,
1955), p. 159.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 393
It was this Islamic trade with the Rus', conducted across the Khaza
Volga-Bulgar lands, that provided the dirhams that ended up in and
Kiev. The major movement of dirhams in Eastern Europe, howev
toward the upper Volga lands, the Novgorod region, and the Ba
other words, dirhams gravitated from the Khazar and Volga-Bulgar la
northern and central Rus' and westward into the lands around the Baltic
Sea. Kiev thus lay to the side of the routes by which most dirhams circu-
lated. It has been argued that there was a route leading from the Volga-
Bulgar lands to Kiev in the pre-Mongol era. Islamic sources of the tenth
century refer to a town of the Rüs called Kuyãbah which some identify as
Kiev.46 In the mid-twelfth century the Spanish traveller Abu Hamid al-
Garnâtï reportedly went from the Volga-Bulgar lands to the city of Kuiav
[the original has Man-Karmãn O.P.],47 which some also identify as Kiev.48
However, Korzukhina strongly challenged both these identifications.49
Given this controversy, we must be cautious about assuming the existence
of a direct Bulgar-Kiev route by which dirhams reached Kiev.
Elsewhere, I have argued that dirhams did not reach the Ukraine until the
820s.50 My argument was based on the principle that dirham hoards are a
far more reliable guide to the appearance of dirhams in a given region than
are stray finds. All the stray finds of dirhams were coins that could be
found in hoards (i.e., they came from dispersed hoards), whereas the
appearance of more than a few incidental dirhams in an area would inevi-
tably have produced hoards. I still maintain that hoards of dirhams are the
key indicator for dating the circulation of dirhams in any region of Eastern
Europe.
History has been very unkind to the dirham hoards found in Kiev itself.
The earliest recorded hoard, from 1706, was dispersed while in St. Peters-
burg. It contained around 2,380 silver "Assyrian" coins, which scholars
later believed were, in fact, dirhams.51 The next hoard, chronologically, was
also lost without a trace - there is no record of the contents of the jug full of
46 Hudud al-Àlam, "The Regions of the World": A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.-982 A.D.,
trans, and with commentary by V. Minorsky, 2d ed. (London, 1970), pp. 159, 434.
47 See O. Pritsak, "Eine altruische Bezeichrung für Kiev," Der Islam 32 (1955): 1-13
[O.P.].
48 O. G. Bol'shakov and A. L. Mongait, Pûtes hestvie Abu Khamida al-Garnati v vostochnuiu
i tsentral'nuiu Evropu (1 131 - 1 153 gg.) (Moscow, 1971), pp. 37; 74, fn. 104; 108-110.
49 G. F. Korzukhina, "Put' Abu Khamid al-Garnati iz Bulgara v Vengriiu," in Problemy
arkheologii, vol. 2: Sbornik statei v pamiaf professora M. I. Artamonova (Leningrad, 1978),
pp. 187-94.
50 Thomas S. Noonan, "When Did Dirhams First Reach the Ukraine?," Harvard Ukrainian
Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1978): 26-40.
51 Appendix A, no. 1 .
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394 THOMAS S. NOONAN
eleventh century and the hoard as a whole was probably deposited ca.
1020;58 (2) The 1913-1914 hoard from Bondari, about which little infor-
mation is available. It supposedly contained 420 dirhams, the most recent
of which dated to 951/52;59 (3) The 1916 hoard allegedly found near Kha-
brivka, which presents a real puzzle.60 The most recent dirham in it dates to
945/46, whereas its most recent coin is a denier of 1018-1035 or possibly
52 Appendix A, no. 2.
^ Appendix A, no. 3.
54 Appendix A, no. 4.
55 Appendix A, no. 6.
JU Appendix A, no. V.
D/ Appendix A, no. 16.
58 Appendix A, no. 28.
3y Appendix A, no. 30.
60 Appendix A, no. 3 1 .
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 395
hams in the Khabrivka hoard suggests that either the newer dirhams were
consciously removed or that the deniers originally constituted a separate
find or finds and were mixed with the dirhams after they had been
unearthed. There is good reason to argue, then, that the dirhams in the Kha-
brivka hoard were, in fact, deposited separately around 950, perhaps in the
vicinity of Kiev.
The three dirham hoards from greater Kiev support our hypothesis that
dirhams did not reach the Kiev region in any significant numbers until the
early tenth century. The Bondari and Khabrivka hoards indicate that the
importation of dirhams into this area did not continue after the mid-tenth
century. The Denysy hoard would seem to indicate that dirhams struck
between the mid-tenth and early eleventh centuries did reach the area, but
since the Denysy hoard is so large, it may well represent the accumulated
wealth of several decades rather than the circulation of dirhams in greater
Kiev ca. 1020.
The most startling conclusion to emerge from our analysis of the avail-
able evidence is that dirhams did not reach Kiev in any quantity until the
early tenth century. Contrary to the views of scholars like Kliuchevskii,
who linked Kiev's emergence as a major town to its early trade with the
Islamic world, there is no numismatic evidence for such a trade in the
eighth or ninth centuries.61 Kiev did not have any demonstrable ties to the
influx of dirhams into Eastern Europe during the ninth century. Such ties
only began in the early tenth century and they only lasted, with any regular-
ity, for about half a century.
One striking feature of the dirham hoards from Kiev and vicinity is their
very large size:
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396 THOMAS S. NOONAN
Four of the seven hoards for which some estimate of size is available
exceed 2,000 dirhams; also, if the clay pot found in 1851 contained several
thousand dirhams, then the "jug full" of coins uncovered in 1787 may have
been of similar size. The "large" 1889 hoard probably numbered at least
500 dirhams, if not more. Dirham hoards of a thousand or more coins are
not unknown in Eastern Europe, but a fairly large number of smaller
hoards, ca. 50-200 coins, were usually also found. Kiev and vicinity are
thus marked by a high concentration of very large dirham hoards. One can
argue that these hoards represent the accumulation of wealth in an emerging
capital rather than groups of dirhams taken here and there to facilitate
everyday trade. Kiev may thus have reaped the profits of the Islamic trade
without having had a major role in it.
Using the above estimates for "jug full" and "large," and assuming
that the 1706 and 1787 hoards did contain Islamic coins, we can project that
the nine hoards from the Kiev region probably contained in the neighbor-
hood of 17,000 dirhams. While this may not seem to be a huge sum, it
represents more dirhams than were found in all the ninth century hoards
from the entire Baltic. Large numbers of dirhams were thus imported into
Kiev and its vicinity over a relatively short time, specifically ca. 12,000 dir-
hams between ca. 905 and 955, or some 240 per year on average. The
equivalent of one fair-sized dirham hoard reached Kiev annually during the
first-half of the tenth century.
Based on the above analysis, I should like to put forward the following
hypothesis. Kiev's connection with the Islamic trade began only ca. 905,
when the route by which dirhams reached Eastern Europe shifted from the
Caspian/ Caucasus routes to a Central Asian route transversing the Volga-
Bulgar lands. While most of the dirhams imported into the middle Volga
were re-exported to central and northern Rus' or to the Baltic, for around a
half century or possibly longer, a significant number were diverted to Kiev
and vicinity. It is not clear whether these dirhams were the result of fairly
brief but intensive trade with Volga Bulgaria, of tribute collected from East
Slavic tribes in the form of silver dirhams, or of loot brought back from
various campaigns. Probably all three factors were operative to some
extent.
The first real influx of monetary wealth into Kiev and vicinity thus came
during the first half of the tenth century, when at least 12,000 dirhams were
imported into the area of Kiev. There is no monetary evidence for Kiev's
ties with the Orient before 900, and the ties beginning then seem to have
disappeared around 955, i.e., several decades before the silver crisis in the
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 397
Byzantine Coins
and vicinity is incomplete, and the number of coins in some finds must be
estimated, there are about 116 Byzantine coins from Kiev whose metal has
been noted. Of these, 91 (or 78.4 percent) were copper or bronze, 21 (or
18.1 percent) were gold, and only 4 (or 3.4 percent) were silver. This pat-
tern also prevails among the Byzantine finds from greater Kiev, where a
total of around 35 coins has been found: of these, 21 (or 60 percent) were
copper or bronze, 10 (or 28.6 percent) were gold, and only 4 (or 11.4 per-
cent) were silver miliaresia. So Byzantine coins reaching Kiev were most
likely to be the cheaper copper or bronze coins or, failing that, the far more
expensive gold coins.
A second major difference between the Byzantine and Islamic coins
from Kiev and vicinity concerns quantity. Whereas the nine dirham hoards
from Kiev totaled around 17,000 dirhams, the thirty-four Byzantine finds
from Kiev contained around 161 coins. Twenty-three finds from the greater
Kiev region yielded 38 Byzantine coins. In other words, fifty-seven finds
contain a total of only 200 or so Byzantine coins. Furthermore, among
these fifty-seven there are only three definite hoards: a hoard containing at
least nine copper coins was found in 1888;62 fifteen solidi were part of a
coin-treasure hoard discovered in 1899;63 and a hoard of 37 copper coins
was unearthed in 1908.64 No confirmed hoards of Byzantine coins ori-
ginated in greater Kiev. Compared with dirhams, only a minuscule number
of Byzantine coins ever reached Kiev.
A third and final comparison of the Byzantine and Islamic coins has to
do with the timespan during which they reached Kiev and vicinity. Islamic
dirhams, we know, were brought to Kiev primarily during the first half of
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398 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 399
West European silver coins or deniers first began to appear with regularit
in Eastern Europe during the last quarter of the tenth century, and they co
tinued to reach the Rus' lands until the early twelfth century.68 One rece
estimate puts the number of deniers from Rus' hoards at just und
37,000.69 Allowing for small and stray finds, we can estimate that there
information on some 40,000 deniers from Rus'. In other words, whil
imports of deniers to Rus' were far smaller than the import of dirhams
very significant quantity of West European silver coins did reach the Ru
lands. Deniers had a key role in Rus' trade with the Baltic, just as dirham
did in its Islamic trade.
In his study of denier finds from Rus', V. M. Potin gave the following
geographic breakdown:
Novgorod lands - 45 hoards and 83 separate finds
Polotsk (Polatsk) lands - 7 hoards and 5 separate finds
Smolensk lands - 6 hoards and 16 separate finds
Rostov-Suzdal' lands - 7 hoards and 44 separate finds
Riazan' lands - 3 hoards and 4 separate finds
Halych lands - 1 hoard and 2 separate finds
Volhynian lands - 7 hoards and 2 separate finds
Kiev and Pereiaslav lands - 5 hoards and 4 separate finds
Chernihiv lands - 4 hoards and 4 separate finds
68 The most recent full study of these coins is by V. M. Potin, Drevniaia Rus i evropeiskie
gosudarstva v X-XIII vv.: lstoriko-numizmaticheskii ocherk (Leningrad, 1968).
õy Bernd Kluge, "Das angelsächsische Element in den slawischen Münzfunden des 10. bis
12. Jahrhunderts. Aspekte einer Analyze," in Viking- Age Coinage in the Northern Lands: The
Sixth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, ed. M. A. S. Blackburn and D. M.
Metcalf (Oxford, 1981), p. 281.
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400 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 40 1
goods and thus did not require coinage.77 Coinage is not requisite for trade,
as the many barter arrangements in Eastern Europe in our own time demon-
strate.
Rus' Coins
During the late tenth and early eleventh centuries (989-1019), several Rus'
princes (Volodimer, Sviatopolk, and Iaroslav) struck their own coins, usu-
ally referred to as either sribnyky (silver coins) or zolotnyky (gold coins).
Recently Sotnikova and Spasskii studied all the 341 examples of these coins
known today. Of these 341 coins, eleven were gold and 330 were silver.
All the zolotnyky as well as the sribnyky of Volodimer and Sviatopolk were
struck in Kiev.78 The sribnyky of Volodimer (245) and Sviatopolk (68)
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402 THOMAS S. NOONAN
The few coins struck by the earliest Christian princes of Kiev played no
real role, then, in the monetary history of the city. In fact, they were quite
probably never intended to have an economic function. Rather, these
copper and billon coins were designed to magnify the prestige of the
princes of Kiev who struck them.
Silver Ingots
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 403
find it. This is evident in a study of the silver ingots of the so-calle
type. Ingots of precious metal were already present in Eastern Europ
the ninth century. For instance, the Uglich hoard of 1879 from the
Volga contained 205 whole dirhams, the most recent of which d
829/30, plus 909 dirham fragments and five silver bars which w
respectively, 149g, 114.6g, 111.6g, 96.5g, and 63. lg.82 The 1867 Iagos
hoard from the former Viatka gubernia comprised about 1,500 dirham
most recent of which dated to 842/43, and a silver bar weighing 76.
Silver ingots were also found in several tenth-century coin-treasure h
The Kopiïvka hoard, deposited in Vinnytsia oblast' of the Ukrain
tained, among other things, 500 dirhams, the most recent of which d
954/55, and two silver ingots shaped like sticks.84 The 1907 Tatarski
ish hoard from the former Kazan' gubernia consisted of 957 dirhams
between 875 and 984/85, as well as two round silver ingots weighing
and 88.4g.85 The 1883 hoard from Borshchivka in Volhynia gub
which dates to the second half of the tenth century, contained 42 s
ingots weighing from 25g to 108g.86 Finally, silver ingots of various
were found in a number of eleventh-century hoards. The 1920
Ladoga hoard, deposited ca. 1010, contained two long silver
(118.6g. and 101.6g).87 The 1912 Denysy hoard, deposited ca
included a long silver ingot that weighed either 117.9g or 139g.88 Th
hoard from Veliko-Seletskoe, deposited ca. 1025, had a long silve
weighing 245. 9g.89 The 1898 Strazhevichi hoard, deposited ca. 1040,
tained four long silver ingots of unknown weight.90 The 1903 hoard
Strazhevichi, deposited ca. 1045, included two long silver ingots weig
201. 7g and 101. 6g, a gold ingot of 78. 8g, and four round silver ing
37.2g, 19.5g, 12.2g, and 10. lg.91 The 1903 Veliko-Seletskoe
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404 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 405
98 Spassky, Monetary System, p. 65; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 101, dates the he
ingots of the Kiev type to the twelfth and first half of the thirteenth centuries.
w Appendix D, no. 16.
inn m T f i t •• <•> s' n
- wovoe v ar/cneoiogu, p. jo /.
1U1 Appendix D, no. 29.
102 Appendix D, no. 34.
103 Appendix D, no. 21.
lü4 Appendix D, no. 27.
lu:> Appendix D, no. 23.
106 Appendix A, no. 28.
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406 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 407
The great monetary wealth of Kiev from ca. 1 100 to 1240 raises
important questions. Not all can be explored here, but two importan
can be broached. First, how do we explain the huge concentration o
tary wealth connected with Kiev in the century and a half bef
Mongol conquest? Did Kiev at this time import silver to balance its
tic and international trade? Or was the accumulation of monetary w
the product of Kiev's political and religious position, i.e., was this w
produced by taxes, loot, gifts, the revenue from estates, contributio
other sources not connected with Kiev's trade? Were precious
imported into Kiev to satisfy the demands of the city's jewelers an
rich patrons?
Second, what was the source of the silver used to cast hundreds of
ingots? One is tempted to speculate that the paucity of deniers from Kiev
and a smaller number of dirhams than might be expected is explained by the
melting down of these coins to provide the raw material for ingots. In addi-
tion, the casting of large numbers of silver ingots in Kiev and other southern
centers might represent, in part, an influx of new silver obtained from the
Novgorod lands, silver which Novgorod had originally obtained from the
Baltic in the form of ingots.110 This alternative brings us back to the trade
issue, and suggests that Novgorod and the north of Rus' might have had to
balance their trade with Kiev by the payment of silver ingots. Specifically,
silver and furs from northern Rus' may well have paid for imports of Kiev's
manufactured goods and Black Sea wine shipped via Kiev.
These and related questions indicate that the monetary history of Kiev in
the century and a half before the Mongol conquest was complex indeed.
Kiev at this time was a very wealthy city with an active external trade, a
dynamic domestic economy, and considerable political and ecclesiastical
power. Kiev's monetary wealth reflects this period of prosperity, if only
imperfectly.
Conclusion
The analysis here of the five types of monetary wealth found in pre-Mongol
Kiev indicates that three types of metallic wealth - Byzantine coins, West
European deniers, and Rus' coins - had only a negligible role. These coins
can thus be discounted in the examination of Kiev's monetary history.
Consequently, the real question is, what do the hoards of dirhams and finds
of ingots tell us about this history?
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408 THOMAS S. NOONAN
1 ' ' This commerce was discussed in my paper "The Flourishing of Kiev's Inter
Domestic Trade, ca. 1 100- 1240," presented at the Third Conference on the Uk
omy, October 1985; the conference papers are being published by the Ukrainian R
tute of Harvard University.
1 12 The development of Kiev's craft production during the eleventh century was
my paper on "The Transformation of Kiev into a Major European Commercial a
Center During the Pre-Mongol Era," presented at the convention of the American
for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, November 1986.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 409
available in Kiev and vicinity thus declined sharply at the very tim
Kiev's crafts were growing in number and their production was ex
rapidly. Kiev might not have required large quantities of silver
domestic crafts, at least not in the eleventh century. Or, what
likely, much if not most of the silver reaching Kiev remained in circ
so that a large part was eventually reexported elsewhere or was
down. In Kiev's developed economy, silver was often invested and/o
to good use rather than buried. This would explain, for instance, wh
ingots of the Kiev type were deposited outside of Kiev than in
itself. Nevertheless, it is no coincidence that very large quantities
reached Kiev and vicinity during the very period when the city's cra
prospering and its commerce was thriving.
In sum, then, all three interpretations of hoarding contribute to an
standing of Kiev's monetary history in the pre-Mongol era, althou
in itself is sufficient to explain it adequately.
The hoards of dirhams and ingots found in and around Kiev refl
city's central political and religious position, its growing craft pro
and its extensive commerce. It would appear that the initial gro
Kiev's political position as well as its internal economy took place b
ca. 900 and 955, when a large number of dirhams were imported to t
Although we do not know for certain how these dirhams were obtai
can guess that they were probably imported initially into Volga Bu
Given Kiev's active Byzantine trade at this time and the strong Bul
of the Rüs merchants of the upper Volga, trade between Kiev
Volga-Bulgars is not a fully satisfactory explanation. In any eve
import of dirhams was clearly a reflection of Kiev's emergence as a
center.
University of Minnesota
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410 THOMAS S. NOONAN
Bauer, "Die Silber-" = N. Bauer, "Die Silber- und Goldbarren des russischen M
telalters: Eine archäologische Studie," Numismatische Zeitschrift 62
(1929): 77- 120.
Bauer, "Die Silber-" 1931 = N. Bauer, "Die Silber- und Goldbarren des russisch
Mittelalters: Eine archäologische Studie," Numismatische Zeitschrif
(1931):61-100.
Irin, Topografiia = A. A. Il' in, Topografia kladov serebrianykh i zolotykh slitkov
[Trudy Numizmaticheskoi komissii 1] (Petersburg, 1921).
Karger, Kiev = M. K. Karger, Drevnii Kiev: Ocherki pò istorii material' noi kuVtury
drevnerusskogo gor oda, vol. 1 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1958).
Korzukhina, Klady = G. F. Korzukhina, Russkie klady IX-XIII vv. (Moscow and
Leningrad, 1954).
Kotlar, "Obrót" = N. F. Kotlar (M. F. Kotliar), "Obrót arabskich dirhemów na
terytorium Ukrainy," Wiadomosci Numizmatyczne 14 (1970): 19-29.
Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih = M. F. Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih na tery torii Ukrainy doby
feodalizmu (Kiev, 1971).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh = V. V. Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh monet na ter-
ritorii SSSR [Arkheologiia SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, E4-4]
(Moscow, 1962).
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh = V. V. Kropotkin, Novye nakhodki
vizantiiskikh monet na territorii SSSR," Vizantiiskii vremennik 26
(1965): 166-89.
Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh" = V. V. Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki sasanidskikh i
kuficheskikh monet v Vostochnoi Evrope," Numizmatika i èpigrafika 9
(1971): 76-97.
Markov, Topografiia = A. K. Markov, comp., Topografiia kladov vostochnykh
monet (sasanidskikh i kuficheskikh) (St. Petersburg, 1910).
Motsia, "Monety" = O. P. Motsia, "Monety z davn'orus'kykh pokhovan'
Seredn'oho Podniprov'ia," Arkheolohiia 45 (1984): 75-80.
Novoe v arkheologii = Novoe v arkheologii Kieva (Kiev, 1981).
Potin, "Topografiia" = V. M. Potin, "Topografiia nakhodok zapadnoevropeiskikh
monet X-XIII vv. na territorii drevnei Rusi," Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermi-
tazha 9 (1967): 106-188.
Sotnikova and Spasski, Tysiacheletie = M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasskii,
Tysiacheletie drevneishikh monet Rossii: Svodnyi katalog russkikh monet X-XI
vekov (Leningrad, 1983). [There is also an English translation: M. P. Sotnikova
and I. G. Spasski, Russian Coins of the X-XI Centuries A.D.: Recent Research
and a Corpus in Commemoration of the Millenary of the Earliest Russian
Coinage, trans. H. B. Wells (BAR International Series 136) (Oxford, 1982)].
Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," = M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasskii,
"Russkie klady slitkov i monet v Ermitazhe," in Russkaia numizmatika XI -XX
vekov: Materialy i issledovaniia (Leningrad, 1979), 48-167.
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev = P. P. Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev (Kiev, 1983).
Tolochko, "Topohrafiia" = P. P. Tolochko, "Topohrafiia skarbiv monetnykh
hryven u Kyievi," Arkheolohiia 20 (1966): 123-34.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 1
1 . Kiev. 1 706. A hoard of some 2,380 silver coins was found during the construc-
tion of a new Pêchers 'k fortress. Hetmán Mazepa sent the coins in a sack to St.
Petersburg, where they were registered, as Assyrian coins, in the records of the
Malorossiiskii prikaz. After 1715, no more information about these coins is
recorded. The coins were later transfered to the Academy of Sciences, where
they reportedly served as the basis for the Numismatic Cabinet of the Asiatic
Museum. The hoard seems to have been dispersed in the Asiatic Museum, and
no detailed record of its contents has been preserved. P. S. Savel'ev believed
that these coins were Islamic dirhams.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 116-17; Markov, Topografia, pp. 13-14, no. 73; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 1.
2. Kiev. 1787. In May 1787, students from the Kiev Ecclesiastical Academy found
a jug full of "ancient" silver coins and treasure on the slopes of Mykhailova
hora along the Khreshchatyk. The hoard was dispersed completely and no
detailed record of its contents exists. Korzukhina believed the coins could have
been Islamic and Byzantine.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 90, no. 29.
3. Kiev. 1845. A hoard of around 200 Oriental copper coins from various dynasties
was found in a clay pot near the St. Cyril Monastery. The oldest coin was an
'Abbãsid fais struck in Bukhara in 765/66 under al-Mansür while the most
recent was a Chaghatayid fais struck in Bukhara in 1253/54 under Mengii
Khan. Since this hoard was deposited some 250 years after dirham imports into
Eastern Europe ceased, it most likely forms part of the monetary history of
Kiev in the early Mongol era, i.e., it was probably brought to Kiev by a Mongol
who had gathered coins in Central Asia.
Thomas S. Noonan, "Medieval Islamic Copper Coins from European Russia
and Surrounding Regions: The Use of the Fais in Early Islamic Trade with
Eastern Europe," Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (1974):
448-49; Karger, Kiev, p. 118; Markov, Topografia, p. 13, no. 72; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 2.
4. Kiev. 1851. A coin-treasure hoard in a clay pot was found on a hill near the
Pustynno-Mykils'kyi Monastery, not far from the Dnieper, on May 30, while
digging for a new fortress was underway. The monetary part of the hoard
apparently consisted of perhaps 2,000-3,000 dirhams, most of which were
dispersed and disappeared without a trace. However, small parts of the hoard
obtained by various museums and private collectors were identified, thus pro-
viding some idea of the original composition of the hoard. Unfortunately, those
dirhams that were preserved have not been identified in detail.
A. Dirhams Obtained by P. S. Savel'ev (60 or 61)
VAbbãsid (9)
4 Madïnat al-Salãm, 770/71, 776/77, 800/01, 877/78 or 887/88
1 al-Muhammidiyyah, 775/76 (?)
1 al-Abbãsiyyah, 778/79
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412 THOMAS S. NOONAN
Aside from the Umayyad, Abbãsid, and Tãhirid dirhams, there were "many
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 3
other' ' coins in this group. Presumably, most of these coins were Sãmãnid.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 118-20; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 83, no. 12; Mark
Topografia, p. 13, no. 68, and p. 14, no. 74; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
no. 3.
5. Kiev. 1854. During the planning of a square in the old city (now Plo
Heroïv Perekopu), five coins from various times were found. One of thes
apparently a Sãmãnid dirham.
Karger, Kiev, p. 120; Markov, Topografiia, p. 14, no. 75; Tolochko, Dre
Kiev, pp. 164-65, no. 4.
6. Kiev. 1863. A coin-treasure hoard in a clay pot was found in the Podil sect
the city on October 27, during the digging of a grave in the Iordan (St. Dem
ter) Church. The monetary part of the hoard consisted of 191 or 192 dir
dating between 892/93 and 935/36. Eight or nine of the dirhams were pi
and two had tabs. One dirham was sent to the Hermitage and the rest w
preserved in the Coin Cabinet of Kiev University. After the 1917 revolu
the latter were transferred to the Kiev Historical Museum.
I. Sãmãnid (US)*
82 al-Shãsh, 895/96, 898/99-900, 901/02-908/09, 910/11-912/13, 914/15,
920/21 -924/25, 927/28-933, 934/35, 935/36, indeterminable years
76 Samarqand, 898/99, 900, 905/06-909/10, 911/12, 913/14-916/17,
918/19-930/31, 932/33, 933/34-935/36
3 Naysäbür, 986/87, 922/23-931/32, year indeterminable
4 Balkh, 904/05, 914/15, 927/28, 928/29 (?)
7 Andarãbah, 910/11, 904/05 and 915/16 (?), 916/17, 917/18, 920/21
1 Pendjikhir(?), 911/12 [This appears to be a misreading of the mint name by
Markov.]
IMarw, 913/14
II. Tãhirid (I)
1 Faris, 905/06
7. Kiev. 1879. On the former lands of Marr in the Podil section of the city (now
55-59 Frunze Street) was found an'Abbasid dirham struck in al-Küfah, 759/60,
with a tab attached. The coin was part of a necklace from a grave. The
accounts of Karger and Kotliar also report that an 'Abbãsid dirham struck in al-
Küfah in 759/60 was found in Kiev during 1876 in grave 125 located on the
former lands of Marr. It is not clear if this is the same coin.
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414 THOMAS S. NOONAN
9. Kiev. 1889. A large hoard of dirhams was found while digging near a bath in the
Podil. Most of the coins disappeared without a trace; a few were acquired by
D. N. Chudovskii.
Karger, Kiev, p. 121; Markov, Topografia, p. 13, no. 71; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 165, no. 8.
10. Kiev. 1899. On August 28, a gold coin-treasure hoard in a red clay amphora
was found while digging in the yard of L. I. Brodskii along Kateryns'ka Street.
Of the 20 gold coins in the hoard, 16 were preserved: 15 Byzantine solidi and
one dinar struck by Yahyã I, the Hammüdid ruler of Malaga in Spain, during
1033/34. The most recent solidus dated to 1057-1059. Two gold ingots also
formed part of this hoard.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30; Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih, pp. 43-44, fn.
42, no. 103; Markov, Topografia, p. 138, no. 11.
11. Kiev. 1900. Dirhams were found in grave 108 uncovered during construction
work in the former Furman yard at the corner of Reitars 'ka and Malo-
Volodymyrs'ka (now Chkalova) streets. Six dirhams were preserved: one was
struck in al-Shãsh, 900; four were struck under the Sãmãnid Amïr Nasr ibn
Ahmad, 914-943, one in Samarqand, 919; one was a barbarian imitation. The
finders claimed that there were originally some 40 coins in the grave, most of
which disappeared.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 169-72, no. 108; Motsia, "Monety," p. 78, no. IV.
12. Kiev. 1908. Two dirhams were supposedly found in grave 109 located within
an excavated wooden dwelling adjacent to the Desiatynna Church.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 172-74, no. 109.
13. Kiev. 1909. A dirham from a necklace and possibly dirhams of the late
eighth -early ninth century were found in the excavations of grave 14 in the
yard of the Desiatynna Church. One coin was a worn Sãmãnid dirham struck
between 892/93 and 907/08.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 142-43, no. 14.
14. Kiev. 1909. Two Sãmãnid dirhams, both struck in al-Shãsh in 911/12, were
found in grave 110 in the yard of the Desiatynna Church. One dirham had an
attached tab, and the other had two holes as well as a cross with three crossbars
scratched on it.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 5
Karger, Kiev, pp. 121-22; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 83, no. 13; E. A. Pakhomov,
Monetnye klady Azerbaidzhana i drugikh respublik, kraev i oblasti Kavkaza,
vol. 2 (Baku, 1938), pp. 70-71, no. 612; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 9.
17. Kiev. 1927. In laying underground pipes, four dirhams were found. All were
Äbbasid dirhams struck in Samarqand in 809/10.
Karger, Kiev, p. 122; Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 89, no. 140; Kotlar,
"Obrót," p. 22, no. 15.
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416 THOMAS S. NOONAN
23. Near the village ofSavyn. Kozelets' raion. Chernihiv oblast '. ca. 1868. Islamic
coins of the tenth and eleventh centuries were found in sandy burial mounds.
The coins included Äbbasid dirhams of 81 1/12-941/42.
Markov, Topografiia, p. 51, no. 293.
24. Kiev county. Kiev gubernia. Before 1890. An Äbbasid dirham of 799/800 was
found on the former lands of Count Dobrynskii.
Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih, p. 41, fn. 23, no. 4; Markov, Topografiia, p. 14, no. 76.
25. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1898. An'Abbasid dirham struck
in Samarqand in 81 1/12 was found at Kniazha hora.
Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 90, no. 152.
26. Oster. Kozelets raion. Chernihiv oblast9. ca. 1911. An indeterminable dirham
was found at a fortified site near the city.
Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 91, no. 156.
27. Bilohorodka. Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. 1909-1914. A tenth-century dirham was
found in one of the graves near the Malyi Khram.
Motsia, "Monety," p. 78, no. III.
28. Denysy. Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi raion. Kiev oblast'. 1912. A huge coin-
treasure hoard was found in a clay pot. Among the 5,400 silver coins, the earli-
est dated to pre-750 and the most recent to 1002-1026. Given the large number
of coins, it is not surprising to find different figures for certain types of coins in
the hoard.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 7
I. U may y ad ( 1 )
1 Mint and date indeterminable
WAbbãsidÇl)
1 al-Muhammadiyyah, 805/06
2 al-Kufah, 912/13, 941/42
2 Madïnat al-Salãm, 930/31, 941/42
1 al-Basrah, 932/33
1 mint indeterminable, 908-932
III. Amir al-Umara ( 1 )
lal-Mawsil, 940/41
IV. Sãmãnid (379)
75 Samarqand, 900/01, 917/18, 930/31, 933, 936/37, 939/40, 940/41, 914-943
(4), 943/44, 947/48, 948/49, 949/50, 950/51, 951/52, 943-954 (4), 954/55,
955/56, 958/59, 960/61 (2), 962/63, 964/65, 965 (2), 965/66 (5), 966/67 (2),
968/69, 969/70 (2), 973/74, 974/75, 976/77, 977/78, 961-976 (5), 977/78 (6),
979/80 (2), 981/82, 984/85 (3), 985/86, 988/89 (4), 989/90 (2), 995/96,
976-997(6)
90 al-Shãsh, 901/02, 895/96 or 904/05, 923/24, 925/26, 926/27, 928/29, 930/31,
933, 934/35 (2), 935/36 (2), 936/37 (2), 940/41, 941/42, 914-943 (4), 946/47,
952/53 (2), 953/54, 943-954 (3), 954/55, 955/56, 960/61 (4), 962/63, 965 (3),
965/66 (3), 966/67, 968/69 (2), 970/71 (2), 971/72 (2), 972/73, 973/74 (2),
974/75 (2), 975/76 (2), 961-976 (14), 977/78, 979/80 (2), 981/82 (2), 982/83
(2), 983/84 (2), 984/85, 985/86 (4), 986/87, 987/88, 990/91, 976-997 (5)
1 Andarãbah, 915/16
7 Balkh, 935/36, 955/56, 954-961, 962/63, 961 -976 (3)
24 Mint indeterminable, 897/98, 906/07, 931/32, 950/51 (2), 957/58, 958/59,
959/60 (2), 962/63, 965, 965/66 (2), 966/67, 967/68, 970/71, 974/75, 978/79,
979/80 (2), 985/86, 988/89 (2), 1003/04.
1 16 Mint and date indeterminable, 907-914 (2), 914-943 (10), 943-954 (15),
954-961 (9), 961 -976 (54), 976-997 (26)
42 Bukhara, 947/48 (2), 951/52, 953/54, 957/58, 958/59 (3), 959/60, 960/61 (5),
954-961 (3), 962/63 (4), 963/64 (2), 964/65 (2), 965 (5), 965/66, 66/67, 969/70,
971/72, 961 -976 (2), 975/76-979/80 (2), 986/87 (3), 988/89
3 Ämul, 966/67 (2), 967/68
12 Rasht, 970/71 (2), 971/72 (2), 974/75 (2), 975/76, 976/77 (3), 961 -976 (2)
9 Naysãbur, 983/84, 984/85, 985/86, 986/87, 987/88, 976-997 (4)
V. Imitations (6)
6 Sãmãnid prototype
VI. Símjüñd(ll)
17 Naysãbur, 987/88 (6), 989/90, 990/9 1 ,, 994/95 (3), 995/96, 980s-990s (5)
VII. Bänijürid (2)
2 Andarãbah, 907/08, 909/10
VIII. Amirs of Andarãbah (2)
2 Andarãbah, 970/7 1 , 975/76
IX. ilek-Khãnid (4)
2 Taraz, 1003/04 (2)
2 Mint and date indeterminable (2)
X. Buwayhid (159)
1 al-Mawsil, 944/45
1 Rãmhurmuz, 960/61
13 Araajãn, 977/78 (2), 959/60, 970/71, 971/72, 974/75, 975/76, 970s (3),
978/79, 981/82, ca. 980
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418 THOMAS S. NOONAN
1 Qumm, 970/71
2 Mäh al-KDfah, 965/66, 977/78
7 al-Muhammadiyyah, 960s -970s, 980/81
1 Jannãbã, 956/57
1 al-STrajãn, 976/77
8 Astarãbãdh, 980/81, 980s (2), 981/82, 9
12 Ämul, 980/81, 981/82 (3), 982/83, 983
(2)
1 al-Basrah (?), 980s
5 Sãriyyah, 979/80, 982/83, 985/86, 980s (2)
4 Madïnat al-Salãm, 981/82, 980s (3)
2 Wasit, 979/80 (2)
14 Jurjän, 980/81, 981/82, 982/83 (2), 980s (6), 983/84, 985/86, 987/88, 991/92
1 Qaswin, 981/82
1 Hamadhãn, 982/83
1 Firrïm, 980s
1 Hausam (?), 985/86
18 Mint indeterminable, 949/50, 940s, 965 or 974/75, 967/68, 974/75 (2),
975/76, 982/83, 983/84 (3), 984/85, 985/86, 986/87 (2), 989/90 (3)
61 Mint and date indeterminable, ca. 950, 960s -970s (35), 980s (25)
2 Isbahãn, 980s (2)
I Süq al-Ahwãz, 981/82
XL Ziyãrid (74)
7 Astarãbãdh, 972/73 (2), 973/74, 975/76, 970s (3)
I 1 Ämul, 968/69, 969/70, 971/72 (2), 973/74, 974/75, 975/76, 970s (3), 979/80
17 Jurjãn, 968/69 (2), 970/71 (2), 972/73, 973/74, 974/75 (2), 975/76, 976/77
(3), 970s (4), 977/78
7 Sãriyyah, 969/70, 972/73, 976/77 (2), 970s, 977/78, 978/79
6 Mint indeterminable, 910/11,969/10, 974/75, 975/76, 978/79 (2)
26 Mint and date indeterminable, 970s (26)
XII. HamdãnidO)
1 Hirns, 945/46
1 al-Mawsil, 949/50
1 Nasîbïn, 958/59
XIII. Marwãnid (4)
1 Mayyãfãriqín, 1008/09
3 Mint and date indeterminable, 1000s (3)
XIV. Sallãrid(i)
1 Ardabïl, 965/66
XV. Bãwandid (5)
5 Firrïm, 966/67, 969/70, 975/76, 979/80, 970s
XVl.Vqaylid (l)
1 al-Mawsil, 1000/01
XVII. Julandid (2)
Huzû, 949/50, 950/51
B. West European (41)
Czech, Danish, English, and German deniers dating from 919-936 to
1002-1026
C. Imitation Deniers (15)
D. Byzantine (4)
3 miliaresia of John Tzimisces (969-976) and 1 of Basil II and Constantine
VIII (976- 1025)
E. Imitation Byzantine (1 - copper)
F. India (2)
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 9
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420 THOMAS S. NOONAN
4 English
1 Scandinavian
1 French
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 42 1
1. Kiev. 1824. Byzantine coins were found in the churchyard of the Desi
Church.
4. Kiev. 1853. A Bronze Byzantine coin (no date given) was found on
Velykopidval'na Street during the removal of walls.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 165; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 19.
5. Kiev. 1876. A solidus of Basil II and Constantine VIII (976- 1025) was found at
the former Bessarabian Square.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 167; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 10.
6. Kiev. 1878. Several copper Byzantine coins, probably anonymous, were found at
the Kudriavets' during excavations for treasure.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 168.
7. Kiev. 1882. An anonymous copper Byzantine coin of the ninth -eleventh centu-
ries was found in the Podil section on Kozhumiaky Street.
Kropotkin Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 169; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 3, reports coins of John Tzimisces (969-976) there also.
8. Kiev. 1882. A copper coin of Constantine VII (919-921) was found in grave 94
in the former yard of T. V. Kybal'chych on Velyka Dorohozhyts'ka (now
Mel'nykiv) Street, no. 40.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 41 (170); Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 9.
9. Kiev. Before 1883. A solidus of Constantine VII and Romanus II (945-959) was
found near St. Sophia Cathedral.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 166; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 4.
10. Kiev. 1883. A Kherson-Byzantine coin of Basil I (877-886) was found along
Malo-Volodymyrs'ka Street in the former yard of M. F. Biliashivs'kyi.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 171.
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422 THOMAS S. NOONAN
13. Kiev. Early 1890s. Two miliaresia of Romanus I, Constantine VII, Stephen, and
Constantine (931-944) were found in the excavation of grave 124 on Frunze
Street.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 175; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 15.
14. Kiev. 1893. A coin of Constantine VII and Romanus II (945-959) was found
during sewer construction.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," pp. 173-74, no. 42 (517).
15. Kiev. 1894. A silver coin, apparently Byzantine, was found on the Kyselivka.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 174; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 5, reports coins of the ninth -tenth century from Zamkova hora.
16. Kiev. No later than 1899. Five Byzantine coins and treasure were found in the
former Kravtsov yard along Heroïv Revoliutsii Street.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 43 (518).
17. Kiev. 1899. (See appendix A, no. 10) Among gold coins in a coin-treasure
hoard were 15 solidi: 1 Nicephorus II Phocas (963-969); 7 Basil II and Con-
stantine VIII (976-1025); 2 Romanus III (1028-1034); 1 Constantine IX
Monomakh (1042- 1055); 4 Isaac I Comnenus (1057-1059).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 176; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 6, says 12 gold coins.
18. Kiev. Before 1907. A Byzantine copper coin and an unspecified Byzantine coin
were found. No dates are given.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, nos. 185 and 186.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 423
20. Kiev. 1908. During archaeological excavations of grave 122 at the Desi
Church, a gilded silver "barbarian" imitation of a solidus of Basil I and
stantine (869-879) or Basil II and Constantine VIII (976-1025) was foun
The coin had a tab.
21. Kiev. 1908-1914. During archaeological excavations at the site of the Desia-
tynna Church, several anonymous Byzantine copper coins of the
tenth -eleventh centuries were found.
22. Kiev. 1920s. A miliaresion of John Tzimisces (969-976) was found on the left
bank of the Dnieper.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 44 (519).
23. Kiev. 1937. During archaeological excavations at the St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery, a copper coin of Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118) was
found in dwelling 3.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 180; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 20, lists two Byzantine coins from the 1934- 1938 excavations.
24. Kiev. 1939. An unspecified number of copper coins were found at the
Luk'ianivka. They included: Constantine VII (913-959); the period from
John Tzimisces to Romanus III (969-1034); Theodora (1055-1056); Isaac I
Comnenus (1057-1059); a worn coin of either Constantine X Ducas
(1059-1067) or Michael VII Ducas (1071 - 1078). The majority of these coins
were evidently anonymous.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 45 (520).
25. Kiev. 1949. During archaeological excavations at the St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery, a copper Byzantine coin of the eighth century was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 181; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 18.
26. Kiev. 1950. During archaeological excavations near the corner of Volos'ka
Street and Heroiv Trypillia Street in the Podil, a copper coin of Alexius I Com-
nenus (1081 - 1 1 18) was found.
28. Kiev. 1959 (?). During the digging of a ditch in the Mykil'ska sloboda, on the
left bank of the Dnieper, a solidus of Romanus I and Christopher (919-944)
was found, probably in a burial mound.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 187.
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424 THOMAS S. NOONAN
30. Kiev. 1972-1973. Two coins of Constantine VIII (1025-1028) were found in
excavations in the Podil.
31. Kiev. 1973. Two Byzantine copper coins were found during the excavations in
the Zhytnyi rynok in the Podil: one, poorly preserved, was probably of the
tenth -eleventh centuries; one was an anonymous coin of the tenth -eleventh
centuries.
Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 416- 17; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 17.
32. Kiev. 1974 or 1975. A Byzantine coin of the eleventh -twelfth century was
found in excavations at 17 Volos'ka Street, in the Podil.
33. Kiev. 1981-1982. An anonymous Byzantine coin of the tenth -eleventh centu-
ries was found by chance during archaeological excavations at 9-11 Poliny
Osypenko Street.
la. E. Borovs'kyi (Borovskii) and M. A. Sahaidak (Sagaidak), "Arkheologi-
cheskie issledovaniia verkhnego Kieva v 1978-1982 gg.," in Arkheologi-
cheskie issledovaniia Kieva 1978-1983 gg. (Kiev, 1985), p. 50.
34. Kiev. Date ? Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, nos. 8, 11, and 13, reports a
ninth-century Byzantine coin from "Iaroslav's City," 6 Byzantine coins of the
ninth -tenth centuries from Starokyïvs'ka hora, and 6 Byzantine coins from the
yard of the former Brotherhood Monastery, now Red Square.
35. Vyshhorod. Kiev raion. 1824. A nomisma (?) of Theodora (1055-1056) was
found.
36. Kaniv. Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1837. Many Byzantine copper coins of various
types were found near the town.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 179, no. 78 (548).
37. Trylisy. Fastiv. Kiev oblast'. 1866. A gold coin, probably a Byzantine nomisma
of the eleventh -thirteenth centuries, was found in a nomadic grave inside a
burial mound.
38. Trypillia. Obukhiv raion. Kiev oblast'. 1874. Along the Dnieper and near the
village a Kherson-Byzantine copper coin of Romanus I (919-944) was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 191.
39. Bezridna. Kiev county. Before 1876. A Byzantine copper coin of the late
tenth -early eleventh century was found.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 33 (509).
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 425
40. Former Kaniv county. Now in Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1885. A coin of
Tzimisces (969-976) was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 277.
41. Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast1. 1S87. A coin-treasure hoar
found which included two gold coins of Nicephorus III Botaneiates
(1078-1081).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 279.
43. Sakhnivka. Korsun -Shevchenkivs kyi raion. Cherkasy oblast1. 1900. A coin-
treasure hoard was found in two pots near the site. It included two gold coins:
1 Manuel I Comnenus (1 143- 1 180) and 1 lost.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 281.
45. Hamarnia. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast1. 1890s. A nomisma of Basil II and
Constantine VIII (976- 1025) was found in the village.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 179, no. 77 (547).
46. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast1. 1906. During excavations, a copper Byzantine coin of
the late tenth -early eleventh century was found along the shore of the Dnieper.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 37 (513).
50. Somewhere in the middle Dnieper. Before 1914. A pendant made from a Byzan-
tine copper coin was obtained from the Khvoika collection.
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426 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 427
1. Kiev. 1835. A German coin of Henry III (1039- 1056) was found along
Boloto Street in what is now the area of the Square of the October Revo
Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, no. 373; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165
where the coin is dated to 1080.
2. Kiev. Before 1895. Two hoards "with German coins dating to the reign of Henry
II (1002- 1024)" were found.
Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, nos. 374-75; Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 420-22,
where it is argued that the first hoard resulted from a confusion with the 1835
find and that the second hoard did not exist.
4. Kiev. 1940. Two deniers of the late tenth -eleventh centuries were found in the
5. Kiev. 1978. Four deniers from the first half of the eleventh century were found
during archaeological excavations at 36-38 Reitars 'ka Street: 2 English, Cnut
I, pointed helmet type (1017-1022), from different mints; 1 English, indeter-
minable, perhaps Edward the Confessor (1042-1066); 1 poorly preserved,
perhaps German, Henry II (1014- 1024).
Borovs'kyi and Sahaidak, "Arkheologicheskie issledovaniia verkhnego
Kieva," p. 42; Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 419-20; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
165, no. 3.
6. Cherkasy. Before 1900. A hoard of deniers was found around Cherkasy. Only 21
vendki of the eleventh century are known from this hoard.
7. Oster county. Chernihiv gubernia. Before 1917. A hoard of West European coins
of the tenth -eleventh centuries was found. No further details are available.
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428 THOMAS S. NOONAN
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 429
1. Kiev. 1787. (See appendix A, no. 2) Three or four silver ingots of the Kiev type
were part of a coin-treasure hoard found along the slopes of the Khreshchatyk.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 90, no. 29, where the hoard is dated to the
eleventh -early twelfth centuries; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 34;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 33.
2. Kiev. 1826. Four silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 162.2g each were found
in the ruins of the Desiatynna Church.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 68; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 42; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 1; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 1.
3. Kiev. 1838. Three (or five) silver ingots of the Kiev type were found in the
former yard of Kororov/Trubetskoi. They weighed 164.2g, 155.7g, and
153.7g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 80; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 43; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 3; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 3.
4. Kiev. By 1846. A. S. Annenkov donated a silver ingot of the Kiev type, perhaps
part of a chance find from Kiev. According to Korzukhina, this ingot and the
one from "Kiev. 1847" may be part of one hoard found in 1842.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 106-107, no. 65B and p. 108, no. 65, where the hoard
is dated between the 1 170s and 1240.
5. Kiev. 1847. A silver ingot of the Kiev type weighing 153.6g was part of a treas-
ure hoard found by the Desiatynna Church in the former garden of Annenkov.
IFin, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 69; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 44; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 107, no. 65V, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 4; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173,
no. 4.
6. Kiev. 1851. Six (or three) ingots of the Kiev type were found in the former yard
of Korol'ov or Annenkov.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 81; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 65; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 5; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 5.
7. Kiev. 1854. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were found with treasure in the
former Prysutstvenni mistsia (15 Volodymyrs'ka Street).
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 83; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 66; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 114, no. 88, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 18; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 17.
8. Kiev. 1857. Six silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing between 160.9g and
152.6g were part of a hoard found in the former yard of Klimovich.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 110, no. 76, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
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430 THOMAS S. NOONAN
9. Kiev. 1862. Three ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found near the
former home of Klimovich.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. Ill, no. 77, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 7; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 7.
10. Kiev. Pre-1868. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was part of a treasure hoard
found in excavations on the land of the Desiatynna Church. Tolochko reports
that two or several ingots of the Kiev type were found in the yard of the Desia-
tynna Church in 1837.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 108, no. 66, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 2; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 2.
11. Kiev. 1876. Fourteen silver ingots of the Kiev type were found along with treas-
ure in a clay pot by the Desiatynna Church in the former yard of Leskov.
II 'in, Topografia, p. 24, no. 71; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 68; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 111-12, no. 80, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 8; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 8.
12. Kiev. 1880. A rich treasure hoard including 34 silver ingots of the Kiev type
was found while digging a canal in the former yard of Kuhlyn on Velyka
Zhytomyrs'ka Street. The ingots weighed: 164.1g, 160.4g (2), 158.5g (2),
158.4g (2) 157.4g, 156.7g, 156.5g, 156.4g, 156.3g, 156.1g, 156g, 155.4g,
154.9g, 154.3g, 154.2g, 153.8g (2), 153.7g, 153.5g, 153.1g, 152.8g, 151.8g,
151.2g, 150.8g, 148.9g (2), 147.9g, 146.5g, 144.2g, 144.1g, and 141.8g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 84; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 45: Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 115, no. 90, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 19; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 18.
13. Kiev. 1882. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 166.9g and 160.7g
were found by the Desiatynna Church in the former yard of Ageev.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 24, no. 72; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 46; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130-31, no. 9; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 9.
14. Kiev. 1885. Nine silver ingots of the Kiev type were part of a treasure hoard
found in the former yard of Sikors'kyi. They weighed: 162. lg, 160.7g, 159.2g
(2), 158.2g, 156.8g, 155.7g, 153.3g, and 150.5g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 85; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 47; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 117-18, no. 98, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 20; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,
p. 173, no. 19.
15. Kiev. 1888. Three ingots of the Kiev type were found by the St. Michael
Golden-Domed Monastery.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 43 1
16. Kiev. 1888. A hoard of ingots of the Kiev type was found along the Khres
tyk ravine.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 82; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 35;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 34.
17. Kiev. Pre-1889. Several ingots of the Kiev type were found by the Desiatynna
Church in the former yard of Prince Trubetskoi.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 70; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 69; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 17; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 16.
18. Kiev. 1889. A silver ingot of the Kiev type and silver objects were found along
Reitars 'ka Street.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 86; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 67; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 117, no. 97, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," pp. 131-32, no. 22; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,
p. 173, no. 21.
19. Kiev. 1889. (See appendix B, no. 12) Seven (or nine) silver ingots of the Kiev
type were part of a coin-treasure hoard found in the former yard of
Hrebenovs'kyi. They weighed: 167.9g, 162.6g, 162.5g, 161.8g, 159.7g,
157.3g,andl56g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 87 (7 ingots); Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 101, no. 39
(7 ingots); Korzukhina, Klady, p. 118-19, no. 99, where the hoard is dated
between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 21; Sotni-
kova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p. 55, no. 17 (6 ingots); Tolochko, Drev-
nii Kiev, p. 173, no. 20.
20. Kiev. 1898. One silver ingot (or two) of the Kiev type weighing 163.2g (and
154.6g) was/ were found on the Andreev slope.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 20, no. 88; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 48; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 10; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 10.
21. Kiev. 1899. (See appendix A, no. 10 and appendix B, no. 17) Two gold ingots
of undetermined form weighing 94. 7g and 141.4g were part of a coin-treasure
hoard found in the former yard of Brodskii.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 90; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 90, no. 19; Korzu-
khina, Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30, where the hoard is dated to the
eleventh -early twelfth centuries; Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p.
53, no. 2; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 41.
22. Kiev. 1899. Three silver ingots of the Kiev type were found in a copper vessel
discovered somewhere in the Podil.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 89; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 70; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 36; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 35.
23. Kiev. 1900. (See appendix B, no. 43) A piece of a gold ingot of the Novgorod
type weighing 20g and eight silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing between
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432 THOMAS S. NOONAN
IF in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 91; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 90, no. 20, and p.
101, no. 40; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 131, no. 127, gives Divocha hora, near
Sakhnivka, Kaniv county, Kiev province, as the find spot and dates the hoard to
between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 25 and
Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 25, gives the yard of the former St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery as the find spot.
24. Kiev. 1900. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found in the
former yard of the Technical School on Mykhailivs'ka Square.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 114-15, no. 89, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 26; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 173, no. 24.
25. Kiev. 1903. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 160.5g and 157.6g
were found with treasure by the St. Michael Golden-Domed Monastery.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 77; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 49; Korzu-
khina, Klady, pp. 120-22, no. 103, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 27; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,
pp. 173-74, no. 26.
26. Kiev. 1903. An ingot of the Kiev type was found on the Zamkova
hora/Kyselivka along with coins of Volodimer Ol'gerdovich.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 27, no. 92; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 37;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 36.
27. Kiev. 1906. Two gold ingots (or one cut into two parts) and two silver ingots of
the Kiev type weighing 161.8g and 160g were part of a treasure hoard of the
twelfth -thirteenth centuries from the courtyard of the St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 78; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 90, no. 21, and p.
101, no. 41; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 122, no. 105, where only one gold ingot is
mentioned and the hoard is dated between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,
"Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 28; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 27, where 3
pieces from gold ingots and two ingots of the Kiev type are mentioned.
28. Kiev. 1906. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were part of a large treasure
hoard found along Trysviatytel's'ka Street.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 124-25, no. 108, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 29; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 174, no. 28.
29. Kiev. 1907. A treasure hoard including 53 silver ingots of the Kiev type and 3
ingots of the Novgorod type weighing 192.9g (2) and 128g was found in the St.
Michael Golden-Domed Monastery. The Kiev type ingots weighed: 164.5g,
164.2g, 164. lg, 163.9g, 163.7g, 163. lg (2), 163g, 162.9g, 162.8g, 162.7g,
162.5g, 162.4g, 162.1g, 162g (2), 161.9g (2), 161.7g (2), 161.6g, 161.4g,
161.2g (3), 161. lg, 160.6g (2), 160.5g, 160.2g (2), 160.1g, 160g (2), 159.9g,
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 433
159.7g (2), 159.3g, 159.2g (3), 159.1g, 158.9g, 158.8g, 158.6g, 158.5g, 15
158.1g, 158g, 157.2g, 156.7g, 154.2g, and 152.2g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 79; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 105, no. 63 an
119, no. 108; Bauer, "Die Silber-," 1931, p. 64, no. 116; Korzukhina, K
p. 125, no. 106, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and 1240; T
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 30; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 2
30. Kiev. 1908. An ingot of the Kiev type weighing 159.4 g was found along
treasure in excavations by the Desiatynna Church.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 73; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 50; T
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 11 and Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 11, lists
ingot of the Novgorod type found near the kapyshche in 1908.
31. Kiev. 1908. A copper tile, apparently a copper ingot of the Novgorod typ
found in excavations. In 1908 two such copper ingots were also found in
former yard of the Frol Monastery and a third was found in a yard
Kostiantynivs'ka Street. Finally, an ingot cast from lead and weighing
was found on the grounds of the St. Sofia Cathedral ca. 1908-1909.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 27, no. 93; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 119, no. 105;
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, nos. 38-39; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174
37-38.
32. Kiev. 1909. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was found in the yard of the Desia-
tynna Church.
Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 12; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no.
12.
33. Kiev. 1911. Six ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found in excava-
tions at the Desiatynna Church. They weighed: 165.8g, 159.8g, 159.5g,
156.5g, 155.9g,andl46.3g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 74; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 51; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 109, no. 69, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 13; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 13.
34. Kiev. 1914. Four electrum ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found
during work at the Desiatynna Church.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 75; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 71, where
one silver ingot of the Kiev type is noted; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 1 1 1, no. 78,
where the hoard is dated to between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,
"Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 14; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 14.
35. Kiev. 1936. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was part of a hoard found near the
Desiatynna Church in the former yard of Petrovs'kyi.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 108, no. 67, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, nos. 15 and 16, and Drevnii Kiev,
p. 173, no. 15, lists two ingots of the Kiev type.
36. Kiev. 1938. An ingot of the Kiev type was part of a small hoard found at 14
Strilets'ka Street.
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434 THOMAS S. NOONAN
37. Kiev. 1940. Fifteen silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing between 160g and
150g were part of a hoard found in the yard of the St. Michael Golden-Domed
Monastery.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 122, no. 104, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 31; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 174, no. 30.
38. Kiev. 1949. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was found in the yard of the St.
Michael Golden-Domed Monastery.
Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 32; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no.
31.
39. Kiev. 1949. Three silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 159.9g, 159.7g, and
157.6g as well as three silver monetary ingots having the shape of a small
three-edged stick (weighing 196.3g, 195.3g, and a small piece) were part of a
treasure hoard found along Heroïv Revoliutsii Street, formerly
Trysviatytel's'ka.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 125, no. 109, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," pp. 133-34, no. 33; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 32.
40. Near Kutkova. P eriaslavV -Riazan county. Riazari gubernia. 1673. At least 39
silver ingots were part of a treasure hoard found along a tributary of the Oka
(?). The description of these ingots is imprecise, but Korzukhina believed they
were most likely of the Kiev type from the twelfth century.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 142-43, no. 161, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240.
41. Staiky. Kakharlyk raion. Kiev oblast'. 1819. Twelve silver ingots of the Kiev
type were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 104; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 72.
43. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Pre-1840. Ingots were found along with
Roman coins. The ingots may date to the pre-Kievan era.
IF in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 1 10.
44. Khotyn. Rivne raion. Rivne oblast'. 1852. Several silver ingots of the Kiev type
were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 16, no. 20; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 108, no. 83.
45. Sofiis'ka koloniia. Rivne county. Volhynia gubernia. 1866. A hoard containing
one silver ingot of the Kiev type and twelve silver ingots of the "West Rus' "
type were found.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 435
Il'in, Topografia, p. 16, no. 22; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 105, no. 64.
48. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1877. Three silver ingots
of the Kiev type were found weighing 166.8g, 161.4g, and 152g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 1 1 1; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 52.
49. Chernihiv. 1878. A hoard of 9 silver ingots of the Kiev type was found near the
Savior Cathedral.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 53, no. 225; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 108, no. 85.
50. Richyka. Near Chernihiv. Pre-1884. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were
found weighing 160g and 157.8g.
Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 55.
51. VasyVkiv (formerly Vasyliv). Kiev oblast'. 1885. Several gold ingots were part
of a treasure hoard found along the Stuhna River.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 99; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 21, no. 23; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 133, no. 134, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240.
52. Vilkhovets' . Zvenyhorodka raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1888. Four silver ingots of
the Novgorod type and one silver ingot of the Kiev type were found with silver
jewelry.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 101; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 77; Korzu-
khina, Klady, pp. 132-33, no. 133, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240.
53. Trypilla. Obukhiv raion. Kiev oblast'. Pre-1889. Several ingots of the Kiev type
were found together with other things.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 106; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 74.
54. Vasyl'kiv (formerly Vasyliv). Kiev oblast'. 1889. Three silver ingots of the Kiev
type were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 95; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 73.
55. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1889. Four silver ingots
of the Kiev type weighing 159g, 158.5g, 157.5g, and 156.6g were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 1 12; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 53.
56. Horodok. Rivne raion. Rivne oblast'. 1890. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was
found with jewelry.
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436 THOMAS S. NOONAN
61. Zadrutsie. Lukaü volosf . Rahachoü county. Mahiloü gubernia. 1893. Twenty-
one of 92 silver ingots of the Kiev type were preserved. Bauer gives the weight
of 87: 164.8g, 163.7g, 163.3g, 163.2g, 162.6g, 162.2g, 162.1g, 161.9g, 161.8g
(2), 161.6g, 161.4g (3), 161.2g, 161. lg, 161g (2), 160.8g, 160.7g, 160.5g,
160.2g, 160g, 159.8g (3), 159.3g, 159.2g (2), 158.9g (2), 158.8g, 158.7g
158.6g, 158.4g, 158.2g, 158.1g, 157.8g (3), 157.7g, 157.3g (3), 157g (3),
156.9g (2), 156.8g (3), 156.6g, 156.4g, 156.1g, 156g, 155.9g. 155.8g, 155.7g
155.3g (2), 155.2g, 155g, 154.9g (2), 154.8g (2), 154.7g (2), 154.6g (2),
154.5g, 154.2g, 153.6g, 153.1g (2), 153g, 152.9g, 152.5g, 152.2g, 151.2g,
150.5g, 147.7g (2), 146.5g, 146.1g, and 135.4g. Four damaged ingots weighed:
153g(2), 152.2g,andl45.5g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 36, no. 149; Bauer, "Die Silber-," pp. 103-104, no. 57;
Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p. 55, no. 18.
62. Smila. Kiev gubernia. Pre-1894. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was found.
Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 81.
63. Pyliava. Kaniv county. Kiev gubernia. 1895. Six silver ingots were found along
with several silver bracelets.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 92, no. 34, where the hoard is dated to the
eleventh -early twelfth centuries.
64. ViVshanytsia. VasyVkiv county. Kiev gubernia. 1895. A silver ingot of the Kiev
type was found.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 437
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 96; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 76.
65. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1896. A silver ingo
Kiev type was part of a treasure hoard found in a clay pot.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 129, no. 120, where the hoard is dated betwe
1170s and 1240.
66. Mysholovka. Kiev county. 1896. Eleven ingots, evidently of the Chernihiv type,
were found along with silver jewelry. They weighed: 200.4g, 199.8g, 199.6g,
199.3g, 199.2g, 198.6g, 198.4g, 198.1g, 197.3g, 196.2g, and 194.1g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 108; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 114, no. 93; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 133, no. 136, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240.
67. Zhadkiva. Korets' raion. Rivna oblast'. 1896. Fifteen silver ingots of the Kiev
type were found. The weights of nine were: 165.8g, 165g, 164.1g, 159.6g,
159.2g, 158.5g (2), 155.6g, and 154.4g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 16, no. 17; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 54.
68. Viitivtsi. Pereiaslav county. Poltava gubernia. 1898. Twenty-nine silver ingots
of the Kiev type were part of a hoard which also included gold and silver
jewelry. The ingots weighed: 200.5g (2), 198.4g (2), 162.1g, 160g (3), 157.8g
(11), 156.7g (7), 153.6g (2), and 108.6g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 42, no. 179; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 104, no. 59, and p.
1 16, no. 97, and p. 1 19, no. 103; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 136, no. 145, where the
hoard is dated between the 1 170s and 1240.
69. P e kari/ Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1899. Several ingots were
found - most were of very good silver but one, of the Kiev type and weighing
179.2g, was of low quality. Several were of the Kiev type and one was a heavy
ingot of the Kiev type.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 115; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 80, and p.
118, no. 100.
70. Sakhnivka. Korsun' -Shevchenkivs' kyi raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1899. Silver
ingots were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 117.
71. Velyka Snitynka. Fastiv raion. Kiev oblast'. 1900. Five silver ingots of the Kiev
type (?) weighing 202.9g, 200.9g, 197. lg, 169.8g, and a cut ingot of 123.7g
were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 98; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 104, no. 60, and p.
116, no. 96.
72. Sharky. Rokytne raion. Kiev oblast'. 1901. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was
found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 97; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 75.
73. Pyshka. Korsun' -Shevchenkivs' kyi raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1901. A gold bar
weighing ca. 64g, perhaps part of an ingot, was found in a burial mound along
with other objects.
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438 THOMAS S. NOONAN
75. Tver' . 1906. Ninety-five (or 96) regular silver ingots of the Kiev type were
found as part of a treasure hoard. They weighed: 167.4g, 166.5g, 166. lg,
165.4g, 165.1g, 165g, 164.8g, 164.7g, 164.6g, 164.4g, 164.2g (2), 164g, 163.9g
(3), 163.7g (2), 163.6g (2), 163.5g, 163.4g, 163.3g, 163.2g (3), 163.1g (2),
163g, 162.8g, 162.6g (3), 162.5g (3), 162.4g, 162.2g, 162. lg (3), 162g (2),
161.9g (4), 161.8g (3), 161.7g (3), 161.6g, 161.5g (2), 161.4g, 161.3g, 161.2g,
161. lg (2), 160.9g, 160.8g (2), 160.7g, 160.6g, 160.5g, 160.3g, 160.2g (2),
160g (2), 159.8g, 159.6g, 159.5g, 159.4g, 159.2g, 159.1g (2), 159g (2), 158.8g,
158.7g, 158.5g, 158.2g, 157.9g, 157.6g, 157.5g, 157.4g (2), 156.4g, 156g,
155.9g (2), 155.3g, and 154.9g. The hoard also included eight heavy ingots of
the Kiev type weighing: 215.7g, 201.1g, 199.8g, 198.9g, 198.8g, 193.2g,
192.8g,andl91.8g.
Il'in, Topografiia, pp. 47-49, no. 206, mentions 106 ingots of the Kiev type:
98 weighed between 168g and 154.9g, 7 weighed between 215.6g and 189g,
and 1 weighed 87.6g; Bauer, "Die Silber-," pp. 104-105, no. 62, and p. 118,
no. 102, and p. 119, no. 104; Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 147-48, no. 170, says
138 total ingots divided as follows: 96 of the Kiev type weighing between
167.4g and 154.9g; 1 ingot weighing 154.6g; 8 ingots of the Kiev type weigh-
ing between 215.7g and 191. 8g; 1 light ingot of the Kiev type weighing 87.7g;
12 ingots of the Novgorod type; 1 ingot of the Novgorod type; 14 ingots of the
"West Russian" type; 4 unidentified ingots; and 1 bar. Korzukhina dates the
hoard between the 1170s and 1240; Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady,"
pp. 55-56, no. 19.
77. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Pre-1917. An ingot of the Novgorod
type was found.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 30, no. 1 16.
78. Zhytomyr. Pre-1921. Two ingots of the Kiev type were found.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 15, no. 14; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 82.
79. Chernihiv. 1923. A silver ingot of the Kiev type weighing 160g was part of a
hoard found in excavations around the Savior Cathedral.
Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 56; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 138, no. 150,
where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s and 1240.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 439
80. MyropiV. Zhytomyr oblast'. 1938. A silver ingot of the Kiev type we
149.8g was part of a hoard.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 134, no. 137, where the hoard is dated between
1170s and 1240.
81. Find spots and dates unknown. The Hermitage collection includes 14 silver
ingots of the Kiev type weighing between 168.7g and 152.4g of unknown
origin.
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440 THOMAS S. NOONAN
5. Kiev. 1876. A hoard of about 120 sribnyky of Volodimer, type 1, was found in
the courtyard of L. N. Kushnerev.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 5.
8. Lipliave. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblasf (formerly Kaniv county. Poltava guber-
nia). 1913-1914. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 3, was found in during
archaeological excavations.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 8.
9. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblasf (formerly Cherkasy county. Kiev guber-
nia). 1914. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 3, was found at the Kniazha hora
townsite.
10. Velykyi Lystven . Horodnia raion. Chernihiv oblast'. 1892. A sribnyk of Volo-
dimer, type 1 , was unearthed.
11. Vyshen'ky. Kozelets' raion. Chernihiv oblast'. Ca. 1882.. A sribnyk of Volodi-
mer, type 4, was found along the banks of the Dnieper.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 11.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 44 1
12. Nizhyn. Chernihiv oblast' . 1852. A hoard of around 200 sribnyky was
including Volodimer (types 2-4), Sviatopolk, and both types with the nam
Peter.
13. Shores of the Dnieper lagoon. Forty versts from Kinburn. Kherson
Pre-1863. Shepherds found a hoard containing 33 Byzantine gold coins a
zolotnyky of Volodimer.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 13.
15. Pinsk. Brest oblast'. Belorussian SSR. 1804. A nobleman gave Tsar Alexan
20 gold Byzantine coins from his lands. This hoard (?) apparently includ
zolotnyky of Volodimer as well.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 15.
17. Votnia. Bykhaü raion. Mahiloü oblast'. Belorussian SSR. 1873. Four sri
of Volodimer, type 1 , were found during the excavations of burial mounds
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 17.
18. Mitkovka. Klimovo raion. Briask oblast'. Russian SFSR. Early 1950s. Thir
sribnyky of Volodimer (types 1 and 2), Sviatopolk, and with the name
were found during unauthorized archaeological excavations of burial mound
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, pp. 56-57, no. 18.
19. Lipino. Kursk raion and oblast'. Russian SFSR. 1948. A fragment of a sr
of Volodimer, type 1, was found during the archaeological excavation
burial mounds.
20. Naginshchina. Slantsy raion. Leningrad oblast' {formerly Gdov county. St.
Petersburg gubernia). Russian SFSR. 1895. Included in a hoard of 1,018 silver
coins deposited ca. 1055 was a sribnyk of Iaroslav with a Latin letter in the
legend (a so-called Scandinavian imitation of Iaroslav' s silver coins).
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 20.
21. Molodi. Pskov raion and oblast'. Russian SFSR. 1878. A fragment of a sribnyk
of Volodimer, type 1 , was found in a hoard of 3kg of coin fragments.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 21.
22. Former Rostov county. Russian SFSR. 1823. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 4,
was found.
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442 THOMAS S. NOONAN
24. Raadi. Tartu raion (the former village of Rasthof near the city of Dorpat).
Estonian SSR. 1838. A sribnyk of Iaroslav was found.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 24.
25. Island of Saaremaa (Oesel). Estonian SSR. After 1893. A sribnyk of Iaroslav
found on the island was given to 1. 1. Tolstoi.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 25.
30. Romsdal. Nasbo parish. Near Molde. Norway. 1891. A sribnyk of Iaroslav with
the Latin letter "R" in the legend was found in a coin hoard deposited around
1025.
31. Exact find site unknown. Sweden. 1858. A sribnyk of Iaroslav with a Latin letter
"R" in the legend was found in the holdings of the Royal Coin Cabinet in
Stockholm.
32. Visby. Island of Gotland. Sweden. 1938. A sribnyk of Iaroslav was found in a
denier hoard preserved in the local museum.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 32.
34. Sigsarve. Heide parish. Island of Gotland. Sweden. 1918. A sribnyk of Volodi-
mer, type 1, was found in a denier hoard deposited around 1055-1060.
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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 443
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