KKKW4014 Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Find Information On The Current Solid Waste Management Practices in Various Countries
KKKW4014 Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Find Information On The Current Solid Waste Management Practices in Various Countries
KKKW4014 Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Find Information On The Current Solid Waste Management Practices in Various Countries
1.Singapore
Over the past two to three decades, rapid industrialization and economic
development have caused a tremendous increase in solid waste generation. The
yearly disposed solid waste increased from 0.74 million tonnes in 1972 to 2.80
million tonnes in 2000. Solid waste management in Singapore has traditionally
been undertaken by the Ministry of Environment (ENV), with the participation of
some private sectors in recent years. The hierarchy of solid waste management in
Singapore is waste minimization (reduce, reuse and recycle or so-called 3 Rs),
followed by incineration and landfill. As land is extremely scarce and only one
newly constructed offshore landfill site is available, solid waste incineration has
been identified as the most preferred disposal method. Waste minimization, the
utilization of incineration ashes, industrial waste management are regarded to be
the major challenges in the future.
Reference:
Renbi Bai,Mardina Sutanto, The practice and challenges of solid waste
management in Singapore, Waste Management
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00014-4
2.USA
Waste Management in the United States - Statistics & Facts
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates all
waste material under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Solid waste can include garbage and sludge from wastewater and water supply
treatment plants, as well as other discarded materials from industrial operations.
The RCRA includes provisions on the disposal of solid and hazardous waste
materials. This legislation encourages individual states to create comprehensive
plans to manage nonhazardous and municipal wastes. The western region in the
country currently has the highest number of landfills 186346. These landfills must
comply with federal regulations in preventing contamination as well as providing
monitoring systems for groundwater contamination and landfill gases. The
management company must also assure funding for environmental protection
throughout the entire life cycle of a landfill. Under environmental regulations in
the country, the amount of municipal solid waste that has been recovered has
consistently increased over the last several decades.
In the past few decades, solid waste management systems in Europe have
involved complex and multifaceted trade-offs among a plethora of technological
alternatives, economic instruments, and regulatory frameworks. These changes
resulted in various environmental, economic, social, and regulatory impacts in
waste management practices which not only complicate regional policy analysis,
but also reshape the paradigm of global sustainable development. Systems
analysis, a discipline that harmonizes these integrated solid waste management
strategies, has been uniquely providing interdisciplinary support for decision
making in this area. Systems engineering models and system assessment tools,
both of which enrich the analytical framework of waste management, were
designed specifically to handle particular types of problems. Though how to
smooth out the barriers toward achieving appropriate systems synthesis and
integration of these models and tools to aid in the solid waste management
schemes prevalent in European countries still remains somewhat uncertain. This
paper conducts a thorough literature review of models and tools illuminating
possible overlapped boundaries in waste management practices in European
countries and encompassing the pros and cons of waste management practices in
each member state of the European Union. Whereas the Southern European
Union (EU) countries need to develop further measures to implement more
integrated solid waste management and reach EU directives, the Central EU
countries need models and tools with which to rationalize their technological
choices and management strategies
Reference:
Solid waste management in European countries: A review of systems analysis
techniques
Review Journal :
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/S2014/SHWPCE/Papers/SW-
Collection-Mgmt/Pires2011-IntegratedSWM-Europe-Review.pd
4.Indonesia
Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries with the highest population (about 220
millions) and growth rate of 1.2% per year (World Bank , 2009). The population
growth brings about the increasing amount of the waste which becomes a
problem faced by the government. Some factors influencing the quality of the
service such as, lack of policies/strategies and financial support, low involvement
of private sectors, inefficiency, and low community awareness led to The low
Level of Service (LoS) of municipal waste management (MWM).
Reference:
Bello IA, Ismail MNB, Kabbashi NA (2016) Solid Waste Management in Africa: A
Review. Int J Waste Resour 6:216.
https://doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000216e
8.Australia
Solid Waste Management
Waste production is an inevitable consequence of any activity and our services
are aimed at delivering benefit across all aspects of its management. Pacific
Environment can advise on how to minimise waste generation at the front end
through to properly managing its disposal where no other beneficial reuse option
exists.
If not considered holistically, from the point of generation to the legacy issues
following disposal, poor waste management impacts both municipal communities
and industry with high costs that must be passed on to the ratepayer or consumer
and will also pose unacceptable environmental risk. Our services can provide
solutions to these issues at any stage in the waste management life cycle.
The cost of a landfill may be in the order of several thousands to several hundreds
of thousands of dollars per waste cell. The establishment of a new major landfill
facility can be millions of dollars. The life of a landfill may be greater than 40 years
and the active production of leachate and landfill gas may continue for up to 50
years post closure, which therefore extends across generations. Poor practices
that allow contamination to escape the landfill and enter the environment may
pose health problems well into the future. Poor management practices that can
lead to the premature filling of waste cells and therefore the cost of constructing
new cells, or the early closure of the landfill requiring the development of a new
landfill facility altogether. These costs will have to be passed on to future
businesses and communities.
Waste Management Services
Pacific Environment provides services across all aspects of waste management,
from assisting industry with special waste needs to working with local councils to
improve municipal solid waste management. Our experience includes:
Advice to maximise resource recovery and minimise environmental and
economic risk, including energy from waste, compost systems, carbon foot
printing and life cycle assessment.
Contaminated material remediation and management, validation and
disposal advice
Waste auditing kerbside to landfill and reviewing client waste audit data
Landfill planning including tendering and procurement advice,
environmental management plans, impact assessment and design.
Landfill monitoring and risk management including specialist expertise in
gas, leachate, groundwater, odour, dust and toxicology
Landfill closure and rehabilitation plans, including specialist expertise in
alternative cap designs such as phytocapping, consideration of special end
uses and ecological settings
Reference:
Pacific Environment Service (by ERM GroupCompany)
https://www.pacific-environment.com/solutions/services/solid-waste-
management/