Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road: Evaluation
Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road: Evaluation
Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road: Evaluation
MOL#: DPY 05
Ref: 59780.03 June 2005
DAGENHAM PRIORYCOMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL,
SCHOOL ROAD,
LONDON BOROUGH OF BARKING AND DAGENHAM
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT
Prepared for:
London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Dept of Education Arts and Libraries
Civic Centre
Dagenham
RM10 7BN
By:
Wessex Archaeology in London
Unit 113
The Chandlery
50 Westminster Bridge Road
London
SE1 7QY
REF 59780.03
June 2005
8 THE ARCHIVE...........................................................................................................................19
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................20
i
11 APPENDIX 2: OASIS SUMMARY...........................................................................................27
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Site Location Maps and Trench Layout Plan Showing Archaeological
Features and Locations of Sections
Figure 2. Sections from Trenches 1 & 2
Figure 3. Sections from Trenches 4 & 5
Figure 4. Trench 6: Plan and Section
Figure 5. Section from Trench 7
ii
DAGENHAM PRIORY COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL,
SCHOOL ROAD,
LONDON BOROUGH OF BARKING AND
DAGENHAM ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
DAGENHAM PRIORY COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL
SCHOOL ROAD,
LONDON BOROUGH OF BARKING AND DAGENHAM
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT
1 INTRODUCTION
5
1.3.3 The total area of the Site is approximately 0.76 hectares.
1.3.4 The underlying geology of the area comprises Eocene London Clay overlain
by recent and Pleistocene floodplain gravels (BGS, 1976).
1.3.5 Topographically, the Site lies between 4.22m and 2.99m above Ordnance
Datum, (aOD), on a slight northeast facing slope overlooking the Wantz
Stream, a tributary of the Beam River. At the northern end of the Site, just
the south of the basketball court (Figure 1), a pronounced bank/ridge was
present running, east – west, for some 55m. This bank defines a lower lying
terrace immediately to the south of the basket ball court. The bank to the
west however, was created recently through the re-deposition of material
during the construction of the basketball court.
1.3.6 A similar terrace lies some 20m to the north of the Site, at the southern edge
of Old Dagenham Park and probably represents the northern edge of the
terrace seen within the Site. This terrace ran towards the Wantz Stream,
which flows from north – south, some 660m to the east of the Site.
6
the 13th century parish church of Saints Peter and Paul, and the east - west
lane which was later to become Crown Street. The original village and
Crown Street was absorbed into a housing estate in the 1960’s. The rest of
Dagenham appears to have been rural throughout the period, although
Chapman and Andre’s map shows a small settlement at Broad Street as well
as a number of buildings, and a series of lanes and /or streams immediately
adjacent to the Site. Most of the area to the south of Dagenham village
retained it’s rural character until the 20th century, when the Ford motor works
and accompanying housing was constructed. Although mainly given over to
agriculture the area was the site of a number of manor houses and moated
sites. These included East Hall Manor House in Old Dagenham Park,
Gallance Manor, “on the east side of Broad Street”, and a “moated site” at
Rainham Road, Dagenham. A 13th century windmill is also attested in the
area and lay to the north of the Site, on the banks of the Wantz Stream
(Museum of London, 2000, 235, 245. Map sheets 11 and 12).
3 PROJECT METHODS
3.1 Health and Safety
3.1.1 Health and Safety considerations were of paramount importance in
conducting all fieldwork. Safe working practices overrode archaeological
considerations at all times.
3.1.2 All work was carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work
Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1992 and all
other relevant Health and Safety legislation, regulations and codes of practice
in force at the time.
3.1.3 Wessex Archaeology prepared a Health and Safety Risk Assessment. This
was reviewed as the project progressed.
3.1.4 As part of the Project Briefing, all staff were made aware of their
responsibilities and site-specific hazards (identified under the Risk
Assessment).
7
3.2 Methodological Standards
3.2.1 The evaluation and the preparation of this report was undertaken in
accordance with the methodology set out in a Written Scheme of
Investigation prepared by Wessex Archaeology (Wessex Archaeology, 2005,
report 59780.01) which was approved in advance by GLAAS.
3.2.2 Prior to the commencement of fieldwork, arrangements were be made with
the Museum of London for deposition of the archive and finds, and a
Museum of London Site code was allotted (DPY 05).
3.2.3 All field work was undertaken and this report has been prepared in
accordance with the guidance given in the Institute of Field Archaeologist's
Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluation (as amended 2001),
Standards and Practices in Archaeological Fieldwork in London (GLAAS,
1998, Archaeological Guidance Paper 3). Archaeological Reports. (Ibid.
Archaeological Guidance Paper 4), and Evaluations (Ibid. Archaeological
Guidance Paper 5).
3.3 Fieldwork
3.3.1 The fieldwork strategy is described in detail in the Written Scheme of
Investigation (Wessex, Op., Cit. 2-7). In summary the evaluation comprised
the machine excavation of, six 20m x 2m trenches and one 30m x 2m trench
which together encompassed some 300m² or 4% of the proposed
development area.
3.3.2 Trenches were located on the ground by digital survey using a Total Station
Theodolite and manually from known points and features present on
Ordnance Survey (OS) maps (e.g. boundaries or buildings).
3.3.3 In each trench the overburden was stripped using a mechanical excavator
(JCB) fitted with a toothless ditching bucket under the constant supervision
of an archaeologist.
3.3.4 All spoil was scanned for finds.
3.3.5 Machining continued to the top of archaeological deposits or the underlying
natural strata.
3.3.6 Once archaeological deposits were exposed they were cleaned by hand.
3.3.7 Further excavation of archaeological features and deposits was undertaken by
hand. Hand excavation of features was sufficient only to date and
characterise the deposits.
3.3.8 All exposed archaeological deposits were recorded utilising Wessex
Archaeology's standardised context recording system.
3.3.9 A complete drawn and photographic record of excavated archaeological
features and deposits was compiled. This included both plans and sections,
drawn to appropriate scales (1:20 or 1:50 for plans, 1:10 or 1:20 for sections).
3.3.10 The heights of all principal features were calculated in metres above
Ordnance Datum (aOD), plans/sections were annotated with OD heights.
3.3.11 A photographic record was compiled including digital images, colour
transparencies and black and white negatives (on 35mm film).
8
3.3.12 The trenches were backfilled with the agreement of the Archaeological
Advisor of GLAAS following a site sign-off meeting on 2nd June 2005.
3.5.1 Where archaeological deposits were encountered which were deemed likely
to contain information relating to diet, economy, health, environmental
regime or site formation processes they were sampled.
3.5.2 The sampling strategy adhered to the spirit, principles, practices and
procedures outlined by English Heritage in; Environmental Archaeology: A
guide to the theory and practice of methods from sampling and recovery
(2002).
3.5.3 Bulk samples were taken, where deemed appropriate from securely sealed
archaeological features for the recovery of plant macrofossils, small animal
bones and small artefacts.
3.5.4 Bulk samples were processed by flotation and scanned, to assess the
environmental potential of deposits.
3.5.5 Residues and sieved fractions were recorded and retained as part of the
project archive.
9
4 DESCRIPTION AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The following section narrates the archaeological sequence on the Site by
period and feature type. Contexts representing the deposition, re-deposition
or re-working of material, signifying use/disuse are enclosed in round
parentheses ie. (00). Those representing the actions of construction,
reconstruction or truncation are enclosed in square brackets ie. [00].
4.1.2 The results of the evaluation are presented below, a more detailed context
description is contained in Appendix 1. Fully cross-referenced site records
are contained in the site archive.
4.1.3 In summary, on the basis of the stratigraphy and the dating evidence
recovered, the Site seems to represent one or more phases of ditched
enclosure, defined to the north by a former tributary of the Wantz Stream.
Concordances between the trenches, their sequences and their archaeological
deposits can, at this stage, only be speculative and the following
interpretative narrative is offered with the appropriate caveats.
10
comprised of a deposit of homogenous, friable, yellowish brown sandy silt
with few inclusions.
4.2.5 In Trench 2 this putative flood event overlay a possible pit [203] of unknown
date and function (Figure 2).
4.2.6 The flooding event could not be physically traced further to the south and
appeared to have been limited to a low lying terrace, defined to the south by
a pronounced bank, which ran east - west (Figure 1).
Summary of Sequence
4.4.1 The area to the south of the east – west bank lay between 3.80m aOD at the
top of the bank and 4.22m aOD at the southern edge of the Site. This area
was characterised by a different depositional sequence of archaeological
deposits and features than that of the northern part of the Site.
4.4.2 This part of the Site was characterised by one or more phases of ditched
enclosure which largely defined and enclosed the remnants of a deposit of
mid grey brown, sandy silt (407, 504, 602) with frequent flat small stones
included in its matrix. These deposits either pre-dated or were contemporary
with the construction and initial use of the excavated ditches (see section
4.6). In turn these ditches were largely sealed by an homogenous layer of silt
(601, 701) possibly representing a flooding event.
11
4.5 Middle Bronze Age ? Land surface
4.5.1 In Trenches 4, 5 and 6, the gravels and sands of the natural geology were
overlain by a well sorted, mid grey brown, sandy silt (407, 504, 602) which
lay between 3.69m and 3.90m aOD. This deposit contained frequent rootlets
and small, flat laid angular and sub angular flint pebbles through out, as well
as a single fragment of a Mid to Late Bronze Age ceramic loom weight
which was recovered within the body of this deposit (407).
4.5.2 This horizon which, varied in thickness from 0.15m (Trench 6) to 0.25m
(Trench 5) sloped down slightly from 3.80m aOD in the west (Trench 4) to
3.66m aOD in the east (Trench 5). Its southern edge was not found, but must
lay between the western end of Trench 6, where it was recorded at a height of
3.70m aOD, and Trench 7 where it did not appear in the archaeological
sequence (Figures 3, 4 & 5).
4.5.3 At the western end of Trench 4 quantities of well preserved Late Bronze Age
- Early Iron Age pottery were discovered lying on the interface of (407) and
the overlying modern topsoil (400). The pottery was unabraded and must
have been buried shortly after deposition.
4.5.4 In Trench 5 a marked concentration of small, extremely fragmented, pieces
of pottery (less than 10mm in size) was recorded within the upper interface
of (504). This situation was mirrored to the south, in Trench 6 on the upper
interface of (602) and in the basal 50mm of overlying silt (601) (Figure 4).
12
ditches were similar in size and contain similar fills, suggests that they are
the same ditch (Figure 1).
4.6.6 To the east of the terminus of [607] lay a circular posthole [610]. This was
0.50m in diameter with steep sides leading to a flat base. It contained a single
fill [611] which contained flecks of flint tempered pottery. It is tempting to
assume that posthole [610] was associated with ditch(es) [607, 403].
4.6.7 A putative gully [615] was also observed in section at the western edge of
Trench 6 beneath possible flood horizon (601).
4.6.8 To the east of Trench 6, at the southern edge of Trench 5, a small posthole
[506] was observed cutting through land surface [504]. It was filled with a
charcoal rich fill (505) which contained fragments of burnt bone (see section
6).
13
between Trenches 4 and 6 adds weight to the suggestion that this ditch and
Ditch [603] were in fact different sections of the same feature. (Figures 1, 3
& 4).
4.8.3 Ditch [405] did not produce any dating evidence. However its alignment,
respecting that of ditch [607] [403] strongly suggests that it was part of a
later incarnation of the earlier enclosure.
4.8.4 At the southern edge of the Site, a ditch [705] and post hole [702] were
observed, once the section had weathered, cutting into the silty deposits of
(701).
4.8.5 Ditch [705] was filled with a greenish brown sandy silt (705) which
contained no dating material. It was 0.80m wide with steeply sloping sides
leading to a rounded base (Figures 1 & 5).
5 THE FINDS
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The evaluation produced a small quantity of artefacts, deriving from four of
the seven evaluation trenches excavated (Trenches 2, 4, 5 and 6). The
assemblage includes material of prehistoric and Post-medieval date. All finds
have been quantified by material type within each context, and this
information is summarised in Table 1.
5.2 Pottery
5.2.1 Pottery provides the only close dating for the Site. The majority of the
pottery is of later prehistoric date and consists of two context groups, the
possible relic topsoil (407) (mostly at the interface of (407) with the
overlying topsoil (400)) and ditch fill (608). Sherds from both contexts are in
flint-tempered fabrics, including finer, well sorted, variants from ditch fill
14
(608). These fabrics can be identified as characteristic of the post Deverel-
Rimbury ceramic tradition of the Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age in
southern England. Fill (608) included no diagnostic sherds, but (407) appears
to contain sherds from a single vessel, a coarseware jar.
5.2.2 The four remaining sherds (from Layer (400), Trench 5 Topsoil, and
Unstratified) are Post-medieval redwares and stonewares.
6 ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Four bulk samples were taken from features deemed to be securely sealed
within the evaluation trenches. These comprised two fills from pit [205], a
100% sample from posthole [506] and a bulk sample from the cleaned back,
unexcavated section of ditch [607].
6.1.2 The samples were processed for the recovery and assessment of;
15
• Charred plant remains
• Charcoal
6.2 Methods
6.2.1 The bulk samples were processed by standard flotation methods; the flot
retained on a 0.5 mm mesh and the residues fractionated into 5.6 mm, 2 mm
and 1 mm fractions and dried. The coarse fractions (>5.6 mm) were sorted,
weighed and discarded.
6.2.2 The flots were scanned under a x10 – x30 stereo-binocular microscope and
presence of charred remains quantified (Table 2), in order to present data to
record the preservation and nature of the charred plant and charcoal remains
and assess their potential to address the project and subsidiary aims.
6.3 Results
Charcoal
6.3.5 Charcoal was noted from the flots of the bulk samples and is recorded in
Table 2. All the samples produced both larger and smaller fragments of
charcoal. Many of the fragments were poorly preserved and subject to iron
staining and other calcretions, and it could not be distinguished whether twig
or roundwood was present.
16
6.4 Palaeo-Environmental Summary
6.4.1 Environmental remains were sparse, indicating that the excavated features
were possibly not near the foci of domestic burning activity, or that such
events did not occur here, or that taphonomic processes have affected
preservation. Nevertheless, the presence of burnt bone and onion couch grass
is reminiscent of cremation-related material, and may indicate that pyres and
/ or cremation burials may exist in the wider vicinity. Which at this period
(Bronze Age / Iron Age), can be isolated and widespread.
Flot Residue
Feature Context Sample Size flot Grain Chaff Weed Other Charcoal Other Charcoal
Type/No. No. No. litres size uncharred charred >5.6mm >5.6mm
. ml
Trench 2
10
Pit [203] 205 1 10 40 - - c - A - -
5
206 2 2 20 B - -
Trench 5
40
Posthole 505 3 6 100 - - - A C burnt -
[506] bone
Trench 6
15
Ditch [607] 609 4 11 55 - - c C C -
KEY: A** = exceptional, A* = 30+ items, A = ≥10 items, B = 9 - 5 items, C = < 5 items,
(h) = hazelnuts, smb = small mammal bones; Moll-t = terrestrial molluscs Moll-f = freshwater
molluscs;
Analysis, C = charcoal, P = plant, M = molluscs
NOTE:
1Flot is total, but flot in superscript = ml of rooty material.
2Unburned seed in lower case to Odistinguish from charred remains
17
7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
7.1.1 The evaluation of the Site has demonstrated the existence two distinct areas
of archaeological preservation. The northern extent of the Site, in the area of
the present day terrace is characterised by the silted up remnants of a relict
stream or palaeo-channel [106] [112] and its floodplain with at leats two
ditches in association respecting its alignment.
7.1.2 This palaeo channel [106, 112] is almost certainly a silted up tributary of the
Wantz Stream.
7.1.3 The flood plain of this palaeo channel was limited to the south by a distinct
bank which ran east–west to the south of the basketball court The evaluation
revealed that this was at least partly man made. Below this bank, in the areas
adjacent to the channel/ stream, a number of ditches and pits as well as
evidence of silty flood deposits was revealed.
7.1.4 To the south of this bank, the evaluation produced evidence of a Late Bronze
Age –Early Iron Age landscape, which has suffered only minor post
depositional damage or alteration.
7.1.7 The size of the pottery sherds from both the land surface and the fill of ditch
[607] / [403] were medium or large. This and the fact that most of the pottery
had not been abraded by water action, showed that they had been buried
shortly after the original vessels had been broken. It can also be assumed that
they had not been moved very far, e.g. by water action or ploughing, from
the point where they were first deposited.
7.1.8 Both fills from ditch [607] / [403] and the top of the relict landsurface (407)
produced quantities of ceramic bars that have been identified as fragments of
briquetage (see above). The size and the condition of these suggest that they
had not been carried far from where they were used. Finds of briquetage are
quite rare and they almost certainly originally came from either a nearby, as
yet undiscovered, pottery kiln or were used in Bronze Age salt production.
7.1.9 It is tempting to see the briquetage fragments, ditches, episodes of silting
along with the environment evidence which suggests that onion couch grass
was collected on Site and used as tinder, as evidence of Bronze Age - Early
Iron Age salterns in the area.
7.1.10 The ditched enclosure and parts of the buried landsurface to the west of the
ditches were overlain by a layer of clean silt, the result of flooding, which
appeared to have been restricted to the south west corner of the Site.
18
7.1.11 This flooding episode was cut by northwest – southeast ditch [603] that ran
parallel to and some 2m to the east the earlier ditch [607] / [403].
7.1.12 This feature produced no dating evidence but the fact that followed the same
alignment as ditch [403] / [607] would suggest that the either the earlier ditch
was still at least partly visible or that the same property / field boundaries
were in use.
8 THE ARCHIVE
8.1 The completed project archive will be prepared in accordance with the
Guidelines for the preparation of excavation archives for long term storage
(UKIC 1990).
8.2 The resulting archive will be microfiched to the standards accepted by the
National Monuments Record (NMR).
8.3 One copy will be deposited with the Greater London Sites and Monuments
Record (SMR); a further copy will be deposited with the NMR. Two copies
will be deposited with GLAAS, one with the Museum of London and two
copies will be deposited with the Barking and Dagenham Local Archives.
8.4 The archive, including the finds, from the project, subject to the wishes of the
landowner, will be deposited with the Museum of London.
19
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barford, P.M., 1988 Salt production equipment’ in Bond, D., Excavation at the North Ring,
Mucking, Essex: A Late Bronze Age Enclosure, East Anglian
Archaeology. 43, 39-41
English Heritage 1998 London Region, Standards and Practices in Archaeological Fieldwork
(GLAAS) in London. Archaeological Guidance. Paper 3.
English Heritage 2002 Environmental Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of
methods from sampling and recovery
Institute of Field 1999 Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluations
Archaeologists
Robinson, M. 1988 The significance of the tubers of Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv,
from site 4, Cremation IS/II, In G. Lambrick, (ed.), The Rollright
Stones; megaliths, monuments and settlements in the prehistoric
landscape, HBMC Archaeological Report 6, London English Heritage,
102
Swan, V., 1984 The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain, RCHM Supp. Series 5
Wessex Archaeology 2005 Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road, London
Borough of Barking and Dagenham, Project design for Archaeological
Evaluation
20
10 APPENDIX 1: TRENCH SUMMARY TABLES
Trench 1
Orientation: North - South
Size: (L/W/D) 20.m x 2m x 1.20m
21
Trench 2
Orientation: East – west
Size: (L/W/D) 21m x 2m x 0.55m
Trench 3
Orientation: North - South
Size: (L/W/D) 21.40m x 2m x 0.70 m
22
Trench 4
Orientation: East – west
Size: (L/W/D) 29.50m x 2.0m x 0.60m
23
Trench 5
Orientation: North – South
Size: (L/W/D) 20m x 2.0m x 0.60m
24
Trench 6
Orientation:
Size: (L/W/D) 21m x 2.0m x 060m
25
Trench 7
Orientation: North – South
Size: (L/W/D) 20m x 2.0m x 1.00m
26
11 APPENDIX 2: OASIS SUMMARY
27
OASIS DATA COLLECTION FORM
Project details
Project name Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road: evaluation
Seven evaluation trenches were excavated to the north and west of the school
buildings. At the north end of the site a palaeo channel was limited by a partly man
made bank to its south. Below the bank, adjacent to the channel, were a number of
ditches and pits. More archaeological deposits and features and evidence of a Late
Bronze Age - Early Iron Age buried landscape were recorded to the south of the
Short description of
bank, where a possible relict land surface produced much late Bronze Age - Early
the project Iron Age pottery. Two parallel north - south ditches of a Late Bronze Age - Early
Iron Age enclosure were recorded at the west side of the site. A clean, silty flood
deposit overlay the enclosure and parts of the relict land surface. Quantities of
ceramic bars were found in the ditches and on top of the land surface, possibly
indicative of the site of a kiln nearby.
Position in the
After full determination (eg. As a condition)
planning process
Project location
Country England
GREATER LONDON BARKING AND DAGENHAM DAGENHAM
Site location Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road, London Borough of
Barking and Dagenham
28
Study area 300.00 Square metres
Project creators
Name of Organisation Wessex Archaeology
Project design
Wessex Archaeology
originator
Project
R. Thorpe
director/manager
Project archives
Physical Archive
Museum of London
recipient
Paper Archive
Museum of London
recipient
Project bibliography
Publication type Grey literature (unpublished document/manuscript)
Title Dagenham Priory Comprehensive School, School Road: evaluation
Date 2005
Place of issue or
London
publication
29
Trench 1 - Section
S N
continued below
103
106 100
111 (Natural) 101 104
111 (Natural) 105
102 107
S N
continued above continued below
100
107
112 110
108
109
S N
continued above
2.99mOD
Trench 2 - Section
E W
201 202
100 2.97mOD
(Natural) 207
207 (Natural)
204
110 205 206
203
0 2m
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400
407 407
402
401 405 401 406 (Natural)
406 (Natural)
407 407
403
E W
continued above
3.90mOD
401 400
407
406 (Natural)
Trench 5 - Section
N S
continued below
500
501 510
507 (Natural)
508 502 511
503
509
N S
continued above
3.80mOD
500
505 504
504
507 (Natural)
507 (Natural)
506
0 2m
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Trench 6 - Section
W E
600 602 continued below
601
W E
continued above continued below
602
601 600
612 601
602 602
613 (Natural) 613 (Natural)
604 609
603
607
608
W E
continued above
4.10mOD
600
602
0 2m
613 (Natural) Section:
0 5 10m
Plan:
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700
701
707 (Natural)
S N
continued above continued below
700
704 703
706
702 701 705
707 (Natural)
S N
continued above
4.09mOD
700
701
707
(Natural)
0 2m
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Wessex Scale: 1:25 @ A3 Illustrator: MR
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