Article 1

Can technology improve lives in urban slums? 6 examples suggest yes it can
This information provided by Smart Cities Council Compassionate Cities.
"Cities and towns have an immense role to play in ending poverty and building inclusive
societies that promote participation by all," UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said as
member nations gathered in Quito, Ecuador last week for the Habitat III conference
focused on housing and sustainable urban development. The conference adopted
what's being called the New Urban Agenda promoting equitable, accessible and
inclusive cities and focusing attention on the growing number of people living in slums
around the world a number approaching one billion. Some of the effort will be policy
driven as leaders deal with the impact of urbanization on all human settlements. But
there are many ways that combining compassion and technology can make a difference
too. Read some examples below. Philip Bane

In Nairobi, Kenya, an estimated 2.5 million people live in slums. The needs are great,
and technology is helping meet them.

Mobile banking improves access to water: Before the M-Pesa mobile banking
system was introduced in Nairobi, water was scarce for people living in the slums on
the city's outskirts. They'd often have to wait in long lines at the bank and then hunt
around to find water they could buy. But the introduction of M-Pesa several years ago
changed that, according to a Newsweek report. Because people could pay for water
service with their phones, the local water company was willing to connect the
neighborhood to its system. This new initiative has really changed our lives, Joab
Omondi told Newsweek. Our water cannot be disconnected again, as it used to be.
We can now request and pay our bills through our own mobile phones instead of
queuing at the banking halls.
Mobile computer lab boosts digital literacy: With four solar panels on its roof and
an inside refurbished with computer desks, monitors, printers, servers, scanners and
the like, this bus isn't taking young people to and from school. It's taking them across
the digital divide. The Craft Silicon Foundation uses the rolling computer classroom is
give young slum residents a chance to improve their economic future. One of them is
Ruth Wanjiru, who says in a Daily Nation article that she started the classes after
completing high school. Her parents run a small grocery kiosk to take care of Ruth and
her six siblings. "My parents business does not generate enough money to take me to
college. Before, I would spend most of my time at home or doing menial jobs that paid
little, she says. Now Wanjiru runs a small cyber caf and photocopy business.
Magic Bus platform curbs commuter pain: Four students at Indiana's Earlham
College won the Hult Prize that comes with a million dollars for their Magic Bus
concept designed to help the 2.5 million residents of Nairobi slums who rely on the
city's erratic bus system. There are 20,000 private buses called Matatus in Nairobi
but waiting for one can take up to two hours and if it's overcrowded you may not get a
seat anyway. Plus fares range from 50 cents to $1.50 per trip. "The loss of productivity
is staggering and a daily wage worker can lose half of their daily income," Iman
 Cooper, one of the Earlham students, said in a CNN Money report. The million dollar
idea was Magic Bus, a SMS-based platform that lets riders pre-book their bus ticket
using a basic mobile phone and M-Pesa. It also enables them to learn how far away
their bus is. According to Cooper, the Nairobi pilot was encouraging, with more than
2,000 riders trying it and one in four reporting it saved them an hour per trip. "For some
workers, this led to increasing their income by $1 a day," she added.
Below are a few more examples of technology changing lives in of slum dwellers in
other parts of the world.

Digital app creates Vision Ambassadors in Rio

An estimated 2.5 billion people live with uncorrected poor vision and the economic and
social consequences that result, according to the World Economic Forum. The Instituto
Ver e Vivers Vision Ambassador program works in Rio's favelas to train people as
primary providers of vision care. They use a digital app on their mobile phones to read
prescriptions and are able to propose and sell low-cost eye glasses to neighbors and
friends who otherwise couldn't afford them. The majority of the Vision Ambassadors are
women, according to a Triple Pundit article. Extra income they make from the program
helps them improve their financial independence at the same time they're improving the
health and prosperity of their neighbors.
Lighting up slums and shanties in India
A sunlight-capturing device invented by the Kolkata, India-based Renewable Energy
College uses a special dome and reflective cylinder to send light into poorly lit rooms
during the day. At night it relies on solar-powered batteries to light LED bulbs in the
homes. A pilot project has distributed a few thousand of the micro solar domes in the
slums of Mumbai, New Delhi and elsewhere, The Economic Times reports. The
government's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has committed funds to the two-
year pilot and more are under consideration. The devices are being distributed through
state agencies and NGOs working in slums.
Data collection and GPS empower slum residents
A network of grassroots organizations -- Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI) is
promoting community based data collection in slums around the world so that residents
are not overlooked in the provision of basic services or development of housing
alternatives. SDI introduced a standardized data collection method that residents
complete with help from community activists, detailing current conditions, number of
residents, history, community life, etc. Residents are taught to use digital GPS devices
to document facilities in their neighborhoods, according to research by Diana Mitlin on
the D+C Development and Cooperation website. Thousands of slum profiles have
been created to date, making it possible for urban planners to better assess city-wide
living conditions and slum residents to more effectively lobby to get their needs met
Article 2
The top 10 implementation challenges for smart cities in India

Having recognised that cities are the engines of growth and are drawing a million
people every minute from rural areas, the Government has introduced the Smart City
Challenge, handing over the onus of planned urbanisation to the states. In the
approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core
infrastructure and offer quality of life to citizens, a clean and sustainable environment
and application of smart solutions. Those states that measure up to the guidelines and
nominate cities could get funding of Rs 100 crore per year per city for the next five
years. The funding is a golden chance for states to rejuvenate their urban areas but the
Smart Cities Mission still has its own challenges to face. Here are the top 10:
1. Retrofitting existing legacy city infrastructure to make it smart: There are a
number of latent issues to consider when reviewing a smart city strategy. The most
important is to determine the existing citys weak areas that need utmost consideration,
e.g. 100-per-cent distribution of water supply and sanitation. The integration of formerly
isolated legacy systems to achieve citywide efficiencies can be a significant challenge.
2. Financing smart cities: The High Power Expert Committee (HPEC) on Investment
Estimates in Urban Infrastructure has assessed a per-capita investment cost (PCIC) of
Rs 43,386 for a 20-year period. Using an average figure of 1 million people in each of
the 100 smart cities, the total estimate of investment requirements for the smart city
comes to Rs 7 lakh crore over 20 years (with an annual escalation of 10 per cent from
2009-20 to 2014-15). This translates into an annual requirement of Rs 35,000 crore.
One needs to see how these projects will be financed as the majority of project need
would move through complete private investment or through PPPs (public-private
partnership).
3. Availability of master plan or city development plan: Most of our cities dont have
master plans or a city development plan, which is the key to smart city planning and
implementation and encapsulates all a city needs to improve and provide better
opportunities to its citizens. Unfortunately 70-80 per cent of Indian cities dont have one.
4. Financial sustainability of ULBs: Most ULBs are not financially self-sustainable and
tariff levels fixed by the ULBs for providing services often do not mirror the cost of
supplying the same. Even if additional investments are recovered in a phased manner,
inadequate cost recovery will lead to continued financial losses.
5. Technical constraints of ULBs: Most ULBs have limited technical capacity to
ensure timely and cost-effective implementation and subsequent operations and
maintenance owing to limited recruitment over a number of years along with inability of
the ULBs to attract best of talent at market competitive compensation rates.
6. Three-tier governance: Successful implementation of smart city solutions needs
effective horizontal and vertical coordination between various institutions providing
various municipal amenities as well as effective coordination between central
government (MoUD), state government and local government agencies on various
issues related to financing and sharing of best practices and service delivery processes.
7. Providing clearances in a timely manner: For timely completion of the project, all
clearances should use online processes and be cleared in a time-bound manner. A
regulatory body should be set up for all utility services so that a level playing field is
made available to the private sector and tariffs are set in a manner that balances
financial sustainability with quality.
8. Dealing with a multivendor environment: Another major challenge in the Indian
smart city space is that (usually) software infrastructure in cities contains components
supplied by different vendors. Hence, the ability to handle complex combinations of
smart city solutions developed by multiple technology vendors becomes very significant.
9. Capacity building programme: Building capacity for 100 smart cities is not an easy
task and most ambitious projects are delayed owing to lack of quality manpower, both at
the centre and state levels. In terms of funds, only around 5 per cent of the central
allocation may be allocated for capacity building programs that focus on training,
contextual research, knowledge exchange and a rich database. Investments in capacity
building programs have a multiplier effect as they help in time-bound completion of
projects and in designing programs, developing faculty, building databases as well as
designing tool kits and decision support systems. As all these have a lag time, capacity
building needs to be strengthened right at the beginning.
10. Reliability of utility services: For any smart city in the world, the focus is on
reliability of utility services, whether it is electricity, water, telephone or broadband
services. Smart cities should have universal access to electricity 247; this is not
possible with the existing supply and distribution system. Cities need to shift towards
renewable sources and focus on green buildings and green transport to reduce the
need for electricity.
Article 3
Assistant Profesor (SS) Department of Accounting & Finance, CoMES, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies , Dehradun

Introduction:
The rapid growth of Indian economy has placed a stress on physical infrastructure,
Social Infrastructure and Institutional Infrastructure because all these 3 major areas
already suffer from a deficit. Smart city could be a possible solution to all these
problems. Smart city is mainly concerned with smart governance, smart energy,
smart environment, smart people, smart transportation, smart IT and
communications, smart buildings and smart living at large. Smart is not just
about technology-enabled, but also about power, water, transportation, solid waste
management and sanitation. A smart city's core infrastructure is information technology,
where a network of sensors, cameras, wireless devices, data centers forms the key
infrastructure providing all important services. Shri Narendra Modi Ji Flagship smart city
projects were inspired by Gujarat International Finance Tec-city (GIFT) in the state of
Gujarat, which is a smart city still under construction influenced by the Chinese city,
developing Smart City Projects:
Under the flagship Safe City project, the Union Ministry proposes USD 333 million to
make seven big cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore and
Hyderabad) to center Shanghai. The Union Cabinet recently cleared the Smart Cities
Mission under which 100 smart cities would be built. With the urban population set to
rise in the upcoming years India faces the challenge of mass urbanization. While the
smart city is an area of opportunity for infrastructure companies and developers, it's a
long-term project that will need no less than 20 years. In India, given its demographics
and diversity, unique challenges and opportunities exist for developing "smarter" cities
which attract increased investment, employ innovative technology, create
environmentally sustainable solutions, grow operational efficiencies and amend the lives
of urban citizens. Many countries have shown interest already including Japan, which is
keen on developing Varanasi as a smart city, and Singapore, which has indicated
Andhra Pradesh's new capital as its choice. France, UK and the US are keen as well, it
is learnt.
Issues concerned with on technological progress rather than manpower. Ministry of
Urban Development plans to invest more than USD 20 billion in the metro rail projects in
coming years. The proposed 534 km, Mumbai- Ahmedabad high speed rail project will
have an investment of around USD 10.5 billion. The Government of India has approved
a USD 4.13 billion plan to spur electric and hybrid vehicle production by laying out an
ambitious target of 6 million vehicles by 2020. Electric vehicle charging stations in all
urban areas and along all state and national highways by 2027. India has invested $1.2
billion so far and hopes to attract more funding from private investors and from abroad.
Developing a new or green field Smart City with target population of 5 to 10 lakhs is
likely to require financial investment ranging between INR 75,000 and 150,000 crores
and may require 8 10 years for implementation
Financing Smart City Projects in India:
India is planning for 100 new smart cities and will also develop modern satellite towns
around existing cities under the smart city program. Investments of around USD 1.2
trillion will be needed over the succeeding 20 years across areas like shipping, energy
and public security to build smart cities in India. Robust capital markets, innovative
business models, a sound tax environment, public-private partnerships, and world class
investment-grade projects. These are the building blocks for the financial infrastructure
on which a smart city thrives. The risk-return profile of a Smart City investment in India
is unique: For both Government and investors, strong and continued master planning is
the key to the dynamic management of both potential risks and opportunities. It is
expected that a large part of the financing for Smart Cities will have to come from the
Private sector with the States/Cities and the Central Government is only supplementing
that effort.
To attract financing, policymakers should increase risk mitigation efforts to make their
Smart City competitive not just with other Indian urban centers but with comparable
global investment opportunities. Tools available toward this goal include planning, credit
enhancements, tax incentives, concession agreements, and upgraded reporting and
data management systems. Above all else, policymakers should turn to assure a
consistent, predictable, transparent business climate for both domestic and global
investors with regular, meaningful industry dialogue. USD 1.2 billion allocated for smart
cities and FDI norms relaxed USD 83 million allocated for Digital India Initiative. PPP
Model to be used to upgrade infrastructure in 500 urban areas. Smart City projects to
create 10-15% rise in employment. Government of India and World Bank signed USD
236 million agreement for reducing disaster risks in coastal villages of Tamil Nadu and
Pondicherry. The Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd has planned to invest USD 26
billion in the next five years (2012-17).
Debt Markets
The need for infrastructure development in India is unquestionably vast. However, the
sector faces a number of fundamental challenges, including the need for new; long-term
investors participate in funding projects. To date, debt financing in India has been
largely led by banks, whichwith significant infrastructure assets already on the
booksare fast approaching their debt limits. As a consequence, the marketplace looks
to pension funds and life insurance companies who are well capitalized and seeking
long-term returns. U.S. life insurance and pension funds are enthusiastic about
extending their presence in India.
Municipal bond markets have also remained underdeveloped in India and have a long
way to go. The Municipal Corporation of Ahmedabad has been a trailblazer, but
comparable structures are rare. In the past two years, Government of India has
proposed several structures intended to mobilize debt financing, including a regulatory
framework from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for a non-bank finance company
(NBFC) which issues bonds, and one regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board
of India (SEBI) for a trust structure which issues listed shares in a style similar to a
mutual fund. Both the NBFC and Mutual Fund IDF route are designated to free banks
from the aforementioned asset-liability mismatch and allow for increasing lending.
Public Private Partnerships
Smart City initiatives often engage in various types of Public Private Partnerships
(PPPs) as infrastructure, particularly benefits from a formal alignment of government
and industry capacities, technology, assets, and capital. The key to a successful PPP is
the ability for both parties to prosper within the agreement, which is frequently seen with
partnerships that have strong governance, realistic objectives, dedicated income
streams, and manageable degree of risk equitably shared between the parties.
There are two parts of the development of a smart city: infrastructure (communication,
electricity, roads, sanitation, water assets among others) and real estate. In India, the
foreign ownership and investment regulations for infrastructure and real estate are
different. The Government should consider classifying most Smart City development as
infrastructure to start with, such that for a smart city development, the same
ownership, financing and taxation regulations apply to both the parts of the
development. The nature of the concession agreement between the government and
the developer is another key area to PPP success. India has sufficient experience in
entering into such agreements for airports and roads. The concession agreement
between the government and developers must deliver a well-defined scope of the
project and proper tolling agreements if the smart city is to be developed on a Build-
Operate-Transfer (BOT) basis along with private sector actors. To reduce the
coordination burden between many stakeholders, a Smart Citys concession
agreements should consider both infrastructure and real estate development on a
composite (part of the same development) basis rather than separately.

Viability Gap Funding (VGF):Government of India has launched a Viability Gap

Funding (VGF) Scheme to raise the fiscal viability of competitively bid infrastructure
projects which are warranted by economic returns, but do not exceed the standard
threshold of financial returns. Under the scheme, the government provides grant
assistance up to 20% of the capital cost of the project, with an additional grant of up to
20% of the project costs can also be provided by the sponsoring authority. The
contractual documents, delineating the risks, liability and performance standards have
been devised and 10 year tax holiday is available to private companies investing in
Indian infrastructure. The government of India has also set up independent regulatory
authorities to balance the interest of all stakeholders.

Challenges for Smart City Projects in India:The High Power Expert Committee on
Investment Estimates in Urban Infrastructure has assessed a Per Capita Investment
Cost (PCIC) of $685 for a 20 yr period. The total estimate of investment requirements
for the smart city comes to $113 billion over 20 years (with an annual escalation of 10
percent from 2009-10 to 2014-15) Land acquisition, foreign direct investment and other
questions still remain unresolved. The prospect of heavy sums of private sector finance,
either domestic or foreign will be a challenge. These concerns mean many projects may
not be commercially viable at the starting time. The failure of a PPP is often due to due
to lack of realistic objectives, financial management, project governance, and equality in
risk management.
The establishments that help cities manage electricity, water, waste, traffic flows,
municipal operations, and city services are becoming increasingly complex and can be
expensive. Although the return on investment may be attractive, complexities often
make it challenging for cities to kick-start their Smart City projects.
To develop smart cities in India, there is a need to address challenges relating to
political alliance, financing and stakeholder management. Greater alignment between
and within government agencies will be required. A conducive policy and investment
environment for private investors is imperative. It will also have to be ensured that all
stakeholders have been included in the decision-making process. Clear lines of
accountability will have to be established.
Building new cities and upgrading existing ones are fraught with challenges pertaining
to integrated master planning, political alignment, financing and stakeholder
management. An enabling policy framework and better alignment of government
agencies between and within all levels will be required.
Successful implementation of smart city solutions needs effective horizontal and vertical
coordination between various institutions involving institutions providing various
municipal amenities as well as effective coordination between central government
(MoUD), state government as well as local government agencies on various issues
related to financing, sharing of best practices and sharing of service delivery processes.
It is easier to build new ones rather than transform old ones into smart cities. But
upgrading cities are also as imperative and it takes anything from two to three decades
to do so. In such cases the work has to be undertaken area wise. It is always work in
progress as you can always keep upgrading.
Other challenges for India include merging technology with law enforcement. There is
no point in installing high tech traffic signals if its implementation cannot be enforced.
India will also have to find ways of encouraging private investment for infrastructure
required for a smart city.

Conclusion:Indias smart city program hopes to revolutionize city life and improve the
quality of life for Indias urban population. Smart City would require smart economy,
bright people, smart organization, smart communication, smart engineering, smart
transit, fresh environment and bright living. Nevertheless, with mass migration leading to
basic publications, like water shortages and overcrowding, the rate at which these cities
will be developed will be the key. Several initiatives are being led by the Government of
India to convert 100 Cities into Smart Cities. Government to Actively Use PPP Route
and Encourage FDI for Effective Implementation of Smart Cities Project in India. The
government is concentrating on encouraging Public Private Partnership (PPP) for
successful implementation of the smart city project in India. Financial and IT services
sectors are on the priority list of the government to garner investments from leading
companies such as Cisco, EMC, GE, IBM, Bajaj, etc. in coming years. Few of the major
companies that are currently involved in project planning of these cities include Halcrow,
Synoate, Knight Frank and AECOM India. The real challenge before the Government is
to build inclusive smart cities for all its residents, regardless of whether they are rich or
poor. Creating a smart city isnt just about creating the physical infrastructure roads,
clean water, power, and transport. It is desired that public private partnerships (PPP)
will deliver, but the mechanism appears to require a lot of plucking in order for it to work,
a fact recognized in the recent Budget. The big challenge will be to create self-
sustaining cities, which create jobs, use resources wisely and also train people. The
idea should be to make cities work for the masses. India has to now take an important
decision in the context of creating smart cities. It has to determine if it desires to opt for
making new cities or upgrade existing ones.
Article - 4
Technical progression at global scale has put more pressure on developing countries to
improve their infrastructure and progress in other important areas for prosperity. Indian
Prime Minister Mr. Modi has vision to make smart cities in India to enhance the living of
populace. The Prime Minister Narendra Modi wants to build 100 smart cities in India
therefore .government has made "comprehensive plan" for the management of urban
green spaces. The NDA Government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi is committed
to develop smarts cities across India. In his election campaign in May 2014, Mr.
Narendra Modi made promise to construct 100 smart cities all over India. This focus of
his urban programme intends to help fast development of remote cities and major urban
centres to become the attractions of overseas investment and jobs.
In various news report and documents it is demonstrated that the guidelines to recognize
a city as the smart city will be prepared by the department of industrial policy and
promotion. The standards for being recognised as a smart city must have three of the five
infrastructure requirements such as energy management, water management, transport
and travel, safety and security and solid waste management. Prime Minister Narendra
Modi had strongly raised the issue of unemployed youths migrating from their home
States to technologically developed cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Ahmedabad,
Chennai and Bangalore to improve their lifestyle and gain prosperity which is causing
huge economic problems. Such migration is greatly putting burden on the public facilities
available in these cities as well as there is an issue of getting jobs to needy people. News
reports revealed that India will need about 500 new cities to hold the huge arrival of
population from rural or semi developed areas to the urban area. Visualizing the need for
speedy urbanisation, the Government has made the vision to build hundred smart cities
to make India manufacturing centre and for the rapid economic development.
The concept behind developing the smart cities is to create highly advanced urban
regions in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and
market viability. When reviewing earlier literature, it has been found that the urbanization
of the universal population is executed but a major trend which started centuries ago and
will persist in the future. Presently, people are facing new challenges as the urban
population becomes richer, enthusiastic to travel and more demanding in terms of
happiness such as the lessening or control of pollution due to increasing activity,
balancing the ease of individual transport and its consequences on traffic blockage, the
need for security while preserving privacy, the need for instant information on any
situation all within the land of a reduced taxation system.
There is an effective plan to develop smart cities. Essential services to the people living
in these cities will be given through information technology. In developing smart cities,
government players and other parties have to face many challenges. Main requirement
is on part of residents, entrepreneurs and visitors who are required to be vigorously
involved in energy saving and execution of new technologies and also to make residential,
commercial and public spaces sustainable with the help of technology. If this magnificent
project to develop of smart cities becomes triumphant, it will bring positive change and
assist in growth of Indian economy.
Prime Minister Mr. Modi has realized that making cities smarter and safer is a necessity
to defeat the saturation threshold due to urban population development. The unparalleled
rate of this urban growth creates a need to manage and recognize such challenges.
Information and communication technology is an enabler in Smart City projects; the
execution of the necessary layers related to ICT services is usually determined by drivers
behind the project and those who begin it.
Many stakeholders are involved in a Smart City development and each project is also
stimulated by array of drivers:

1. Construct or invent a new economic model (the economic driver)

2. Reduce energy consumption (the eco-sustainability driver)
3. Improve the quality of life in a city environment (the social driver)

Regardless of numerous factors that must be taken into consideration, Smart Cities offers
feasible business prospect to the environment such as utilities, real estate companies
and public sector which are active in today's projects.
To fulfil this vision, the Smart Cities task is offering to city people, workers and visitors,
the most current and viable telecom and non-telecom services and systems. As part of
setting up Smart City services, a variety of business models and approaches to provide,
supply, operate and manage the Smart City services will be explored. Prime Minister
Narendra Modi has the determined smart cities project which he wants to execute in order
to provide great facilities to people. He wants chosen cities, after their identification, to
take up some easily doable items and a few smart solutions rather than taking up a mega
wish list as it was earlier visualized in the draft concept note. Numerous reports indicated
that the PM also wants such cities to recognize people living below poverty line and
jobless so that targets for poverty mitigation and unemployment can be acknowledged.
In BJP vision document, it is determined by the government that Delhi will be developed
into a "global city" and the country's first 'smart city' will be established to facilitate it with
all modern facilities. Basically in smart cities plan, education, employment and
entertainment are considered to be the major factors which compelled people to move
about from rural areas to metropolitan centres. Opportunities of education, employment
and entertainment are available mostly in urban and semi-urban centres therefore many
people migrate to such areas to make their life more comfortable.
Principles of smart cities: News reports have revealed that there are five principles that
can serve as an agenda for a U.S.-India partnership on smart cities which are mentioned
below:
1. A smart city should be economically-driven, not technology-driven:
In the advanced technology environment, technical approach to build smart city without
a comprehensible map of a city's future direction, may not be very successful in bringing
transformation in community. It has been established that without viable business and
economic plan, cities cannot maximize growth and offer high class facilities. It entails that
initial step is to generate self-awareness. Each Indian smart city should develop or renew
a strategic plan for expansion and planners must have clear goals toward job expansion
and output, financial inclusion, and sustainability and flexibility. The plan should be such
that measure strengths and weaknesses, and generate strategies that leverage exclusive
industry specializations, modernism, education and skills development, land and
infrastructure, and governance and public services. For example, Edmonton, Canada is
a main player in this area who used technology programs all through the six strategic
plans contained in its City Vision 2040 attempt to devise and accomplish the long-term
monetary strategy of city.
Such a wide-ranging planning approach addresses a major fault in the existing market.
The typical programme is for private firms to approach cities with accessible solutions.
However, both cities and firms often find this yields unproductive results, even though
both agree the solutions could progress their cities. According to the November 2014
report from McKinsey on granular growth opportunities in India, it is recognized the 29
states and their cities are experiencing dissimilar growth paths. This indicates that
technology solutions are not feasible and will differ in each marketplace. It is imperative
to devise powerful economic vision on cities and understand the demands of products
and solutions. According to demands, leaders must adopt policies.
This is not an insignificant proposal for Indian cities which do not have effective civic
infrastructure to build such a contemporary planning outline. The Modi government along
with the huge U.S. industry may capable of offering resources, technical support, and
private sector expertise to the smart cities, particularly in more influential states, to make
certain that a vision and plan exists to direct technology investments and infrastructure.

2. Each smart city should have a chief innovation officer to guide and coordinate
investments:
Some cities have selected smart city managers whether known as chief technology,
innovation, information, or sustainability officers tasked with deploying new technology
across departments while bringing in privatesector technology and knowledge especially
regarding physical development. These persons normally report directly to city, state, or
senior regional leaders, and their directives often involve working along with other
agency's management or information technology managers. Single contact and expert
for government also ensures that multiple smart city projects and investments are
coordinated, aligned with the city's financial plan, and gives precision for the private
sector. The Indian government must think issuing a competitive challenge of funding for
which cities would be relevant to hire a chief smart city officer.
3. Smart city development should facilitate India's own technology and innovation
capabilities:
It has been seen that primary ambition might be to open up India's cities to investors and
industry leaders at global scale which should lead to the expansion of India's native
innovation and technology commune. The establishment of state-of-the-art smart cities
throughout India is an opportunity to develop a group of India-based innovation firms and
private enterprises, rooted locally or countrywide. Such firms could work along with U.S.
based businesses and specialists or be subcontracted by government to assist design,
build, operate, and maintain the smart city systems that get shaped. There are large
numbers of youths in India, the smart cities initiative could also provide more training and
job opportunities for young adults, many of whom naturally incline toward technology-
based jobs.
With such approach, smart cities should not be considered as a one-time investment to
improve city system. Instead, there should be stages to provide new services and
facilitate the appearance of new innovation, industries and jobs.
4. The smart city partnership should result in new state or national enabling frameworks
to scale innovation and foreign investment:

Modi's major aim is to work to accomplish economies of scale from this primary smart city
investment through the best approaches in one city and then he can effortlessly
transferred to and replicated in other cities. In 2014, new specifications from the
International Standards Organization established a new set of city performance indicators
for smart cities and a universal approach for measuring them. Next to the national
government, states in India could be accountable to guarantee these standards are
constantly applied in order to measure smart city efficiency and compare Indian cities.
Implementation of these new standards will assist to speed up the absorption of
progressive investments and develop the size of the market.
5. India should ensure that its smart city partnership is a model of transparency and citizen
engagement:
The smart city proposal also has the potential to improve India's reputation for dishonesty
and discrimination. While these are massive challenges to beat, smart city technologies
deep-seated in principles of transparent government and engaged voters.
Main features of Modi's '100 Smart City' Project: According news reports, following are
key attributes of smart city which is the dream project of Mr. Modi

o Automatic traffic signal: In case of heavy traffics routes will be automatically

diverted.
o Better Public transport facility: To decrease traffic on roads, there will be
enhancement in existing public transport system.
o Quick accident relief: In case of accident or problem in vehicle, people will get
help in just one call. They can also take help through CCTV too.
o Smart Traffic system: This system is already implemented in Bangalore city.
Taking guidance from London's Smart Traffic System, people will get the
information regarding heavy traffic in advance.
o Data Centre: The main characteristic of Smart City projects will be Data Centre. It
will have detailed information about the city.
o Face Identification System to snitch criminals: Getting inspiration from Paris, the
Smart City will develop the facility of Face Identification System in place to nab
criminal. The photos and DNA of criminals and suspects will be entered in
computer and information and this will also be shared with other cities. After the
 scanning face, an alert message will be sent to police control room and this
message will be forwarded to adjacent police station so criminals can be nabbed
without difficulty. This system will assist to control growing crime on the road.
o Control Room: There will be an incorporated control room for crime, health,
services and traffic for better synchronization to offer quick help to persons. It is
recommended that Indian leaders must have to provide roadmap of smart city
through a simple language and discover innovative techniques to stimulate public
interest. Experts state that effectual marketing may assist to educate populace
about new smart city enhancements and their concrete costs and benefits.
Briefly, greater precision in new technologies and infrastructure will guarantee
that transformations involve is to benefit the commune.
In September 2014, when Mr. Modi met President Barack Obama, they agreed
that U.S. industries will work as major partners with India to develop three of
those cities Ajmer (Rajasthan), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), and
Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). The speed of urbanization, together with pressures
from climate change and economic stress, has created demands for new, more
competent ways of operating. Thus, ambitions to make "smarter" cities with the
use of information and digital infrastructure to deal with the energy and water use
in buildings to the creation of intelligent transport networks to reduce
overcrowding is highly identified. With reference to Prime Minister Narendra
Modi, Gujarat Model of Development which has been unique, it is anticipated that
the project for developing 100 super cities will be highly successful.
At last, it can be said that new strategy of Modi has created enthusiasm amongst
industry directors and urban leaders to enhance the status of cities in coming
years. But it depends on the honest approach of leaders and business players
who can develop good city policy that can bring desired outcomes such as more
sustainable, more prolific and better-governed cities. Both smart and
conventional cities require strong and efficient local institutions to do well.
Article - 5
The Smart Cities Concept Information Technology Essay
In chapter Smart cities is defined the concept of smart cities and how it contributes to
the development and improvement of socio-economic activities of society. To achieve
smart cities first were defined some specific elements. This chapter highlight some
models of implemented smart solutions in the world and in the end was made a case
study about the preparation of employees of a city for smart solutions. This aims to
investigate the implications of smart solutions for sustainable city development and to
gauge the readiness of employees for smart solutions. These solutions concentrate on
the core area of the city administration, education, health, transportation, etc. With this
purpose in view the framework for a case study is built up employing a quantitative and
qualitative research for a mid-sized Romanian city. Exploratory research techniques
combined with applying a survey methodology have been used for studying the
preparation of employees for the smart solutions.

SMART CITIES CONCEPT

The concept of the smart city has been introduced to highlight the importance of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the last 20 years (Schaffers,
2012).
In literature the term smart city is used to specify a city's ability to respond as promptly
as possible to the needs of citizens.
Quality of life and city development are profoundly influenced by the core systems
(Figure 14) of a city: transport, government services and education, public safety and
health (Choenni, 2001). So, we must to start analyze and development of city for these
four areas.
Figure The core system of a smart city
Research has focused to study these four areas - education, health, transport, public
administration - which are identified having high priority. For these areas was highlight
the use of new technologies of employers.
Literature review highlights that various aspects referring to improve life in a city are
mentioned in connection to the terms of smart city like: transportation, education, public
administration, health care, security/safe, green, efficient and sustainable, energy etc.
In literature (Choenni, 2001), (Dirks, 2010), (Giffinger, 2007) is shown that the most
important area for start to transform a city in a smart one is the transportation system.
This area has in view to use the modern transport technologies. Smart transportation
systems are the best example of the harmony between development of city and modern
technologies.
The term smart city is also used in literature (Begawan, 2010), (Caragliu, 2009),
(Choenni, 2001), (Schaffers, 2012) regarding the education of its inhabitants. A smart
city has therefore smart inhabitants in terms of their educational grade. The intelligent
systems represent an important part of future educational process. The intelligent
systems will affect the way in which the information is received, used, understand and
learned by users.
If the inhabitants will be educate, they will know to work for city development and they
will have in view the limits of natural resources. An intelligent educational (Dirks, 2010)
system is based on three elements: interconnection (a resource sharing technology
education), instrumentation (accumulation of necessary data) and intelligence (making
decisions that enhance the learning process).
In other literature (Dirks, 2009) the term smart city is referred to the relation between the
city government or public administration and its citizen. Good governance as an aspect
of a smart administration often also referred to the usage of new channels of
communication for the citizens, e.g. "e-governance" or "e-democracy" (Dirks, 2009).
The health system is the other area which is highlight like a good solution for a smart
city and this implies to use modern technologies to better results (Choenni, 2001). The
smart health systems have in view to improve the quality of life for patients, allowing
timely diagnosis and therapies and, reducing health care costs, reduce time for access
to hospital.
The term smart city has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Since the end of the
last century many cities have initiated smart city initiatives.
A useful definition to start to call a city "smart" is when "investments in human and
social capital and traditional (transportation) and modern (ICT) infrastructure fuel
sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of
natural resources, through participatory government" (Caragliu, 2009).
From the countries which implemented smart cities from the entire world have identified
three distinct levels (Spiro, 2006), (Schaffers, 2012) (Figure 15):
The first step for the smart city is based on the physical telecommunications network
infrastructure, comprised of the wiring, the wireless, together with any servers and
routers required for operating the infrastructure.
The second layer constitutes applications that facilitate operations in the city, like traffic
control, etc. Such applications will be provided by many vendors, using the provided
infrastructure.
The third step is based by ubiquitous or connectivity of all.
In the last five years, many new ideas have been developed in terms of urban life. One
of the most successful concepts is ubiquitous city. This idea was born in South Korea,
and wants to be a new model of sustainable economy based on more efficient use of
communication solutions, transportation and natural resources. This city manages
information technology ubiquitous.
Figure The steps for a smart city
In order to create a complete U-city, we will need to create new smart solutions for
water management, traffic and even health care.
This model city was and is being investigated and implemented in European Union
cities such as Oulu city in Finland. All information systems from the city are linked and
everything is connected to an information system through technologies such as wireless
networks.
The concept of ubiquitous city or U-city has been developed into a huge international
research and is also known as Smart Cities in other countries. This city is a smart city
model based on the use of computer systems to exchange data such as cloud
computing, open date.
The first level of this new model of urban life is one in which houses, streets, offices and
transport communicate with each other can be accessible from anywhere.
The first U-city was implemented in South Korea (e.g. New Songdo) and Japan (e.g.
Osaka) and delivers information anytime, anywhere to anybody, using interconnected
information systems and ubiquitous ICT solutions over the city (Bourdeau, 2008).
Figure U-city (Pollalis, 2006)
There are lots of advantages to this new system: energy and all natural resources are
spent more efficiently and synchronization tasks much easier to accomplish.
U-city is based on ubiquitous computing and IT solutions to improve the quality of life
.These cities use information and communication technology to connect the activities
which taking place in a city. In Oulu city in Finland was implemented a UBI - urban
interaction program, coordinated by the University of Oulu. This solution is based on
hotspots - public interactive screens that facilities effective communication between
citizens and government.
All over the world we can identify a lot of smart city (Table 2) in different level of
development and is evident that this concept is used to define an urban evolutions
based by modern technologies.
Table Smart cities over the world

Short Description
Helsinki
Helsinki as a Smart city cluster, including also the Helsinki region, in particular focusing
on mobile and wireless technologies and applications.
Lisbon
Lisbon's ambition as a smart city is to improve the city's liveliness and quality of life,
namely through the active involvement of citizens in the city's governance model. Lisbon
aims to become an international hub for world scale companies, benefiting from the
bridge Lisbon represents between Europe, Africa and America.
Manchester
Manchester using modern technologies to promote community engagement, capacity
building and social capital
New Sondgo
To use ubiquitous computing in the city is the first objective.
Osaka
Osaka is based by ubiquitous information systems in city area.
Oulu
In the last years Oulu becoming the city of technology and an innovation city. Aim to
become the most highly developed city in Finland and Northern Europe.
Barcelona
Barcelona had in view to implement of ICT to pursue social and urban growth. Smart
City concept was used as a strategic tool and the pillars are infrastructures, open data,
innovation service, human capital.
The international practice shows that the evolution of smart city is based on:
Ubiquitous computing;
Wireless;
Readiness for change, because ICT evolution implied to be ready to use new
solutions every time.
The analysis highlight that a smart city is more than technology and infrastructure it is a
universe of smart applications and platforms which are empowering citizens in
innovative ventures. The strong idea is that a smart city is a strategy and an objective
for every urban area and in some part of the world is a reality (Jungwoo, 2011).
According to recent studies (Anthopoulos, 2010), (Begawan, 2010), (Bourdeau, 2008)
and (Giffinger, 2007) major advantage is related to improving quality of life.
All the cities who implemented smart solutions had in view to improvement of citizen
everyday life. In the last years by implementing smart solutions in different countries
from European Union was made:
Increasing the employment rate of employment for men and women aged between 20
and 64 years, while employing a larger number of young people, older and low-skilled
people, coupled with a better integration of legal immigrants;
Improving the conditions for research and development in order to increase investment
levels and stimulate research, development and innovation of new indicators;
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared, increasing the share of renewable
in final energy consumption and achieve increased energy efficiency;
Improving education levels by reducing dropout rates and increasing the proportion of
persons aged 30-34 years with university degrees or equivalent qualifications;
Promoting social inclusion by reducing poverty and eliminating the risk of
poverty.
The planet development literature uses the concept smart/smarter to refer at
intelligence which is being infused into the systems and processes that make the world
work. We think that smart/smarter means to infused intelligence into things which no
one would recognize as computers: cars, appliances, roadways, power grids, clothes,
even natural systems such as agriculture and waterways.
To build a smart planet must to go from three mean ideas:
Instrument the world's systems;
Interconnect the world's systems;
Make the world's systems intelligent.
It is essential for developing a city to have a strategy for a smarter city. This strategy will
help determine where and when to invest, will articulate key milestones and returns on
investment and can help define an integration/optimization calendar across all systems.
A question of our day is how do the cities smarter and what are the step and principles
outlined above in the most cost-effective and productive fashion? The answer is to
focus initially on four high-impact areas of improvement (Dirks, 2010):
Reduce congestion in transport systems - a smart system for traffic;
Improve government services and public safety - a smart system for government
services;
Improve education systems - a smart system for education;
Enable appropriate access to healthcare data for better quality of care, early
disease detection and prevention - a smart system for health.
Quality of life and the attractiveness of a city are profoundly influenced by the core
systems of a city: transport, government services and education, public safety and
health (Dirks, 2010).
Research has focused to study areas - education, health, transport, public
administration - which are identified having high priority. For this areas were highlight
the relationship between sustainable development of city and intelligent systems.
Educational system today is the result of remarkable progress made as a result of using
information and communication technologies. Society changes caused by the
transmission, storage, processing and access to information and knowledge put their
imprint on educational system development. Educational system aims to become
intelligence through intelligent systems, modern information and communication
technologies. These solutions make daily activities more easily and efficiently.
The existences of an intelligent educational system - focuses on the efficient use of
existing infrastructure and modernize it where is necessary - considered crucial during
an economic crisis when funds are needed for education.
The intelligent systems represent an important part of future educational process. Them
will affect the way in which the information is received, used, understand and learned by
users. If the students will be educate, they will know to work for a sustainable city and
they will have in view the limits of natural resources.
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are the best example of the harmony between
sustainability and telecommunications. ITS unclogs highways by directing drivers to the
least congested route, which decreases use of natural resources for fuel and reduces
pollution emitted by idling cars (Harley, 2004). Similarly, intelligent traffic management
system including passenger information displays, which allow passengers to make the
most efficient decisions about their transit routes; intelligent system for the collection of
all fees related to motor vehicles; and commuter pattern monitoring through digitized
transit passes, which allows for enhanced knowledge about travel activities, like multi-
stop trips. All of these technologies provide important improvements to transportation
city. Through intelligent transportation systems people are increasing their own
productivity. They can place phone calls and send emails from the road; as this author
previously observed, telecommunications will make the automobile commute into a
productive part of the workday (Moss, 2006).With efficiency heightened and pollution
reduced, intelligent transportation systems are a solution for a sustainable future.
The smarter approach to healthcare is one that uses information to create real insight
into patient care and organizational performance. Healthcare providers, researchers
and directors can work smarter by creating comprehensive, holistic views of patient
data. They can get real time visibility into how their operations are running. And they
can use wider ranging sample data to achieve more medical breakthroughs.
Applications for an intelligent health system:
Intelligent system for data integration and its focus on the patient, so that each person
have their own information and have access to a team of specialists who can work
across the network. Electronic medical record - eliminating paper records made to
reduce medical errors and improve efficiency
Intelligent system that connects doctors, patients and insurance companies
Electronic Bulletin of medical
Programming visit / consultation to electronic medical
University Hospital Motol in Prague - one of the largest health institutions in the Czech
Republic completed the first implementation of Grid Medical Archive Solution Europe: a
system that provides secure storage and archiving solution for the patients' medical
records least 10 years.
Sainte-Justine Hospital in Quebec are using automatic procedures for gathering,
managing and updating critical data for research, often scattered in different
departments.
Spain Public Health Service has implemented a regional integrated system that allows
patients to go to several health centers in the region, with the certainty that that doctor
has access to the complete and updated patient data, thus making treatment faster and
more accurately.
City governments, which comprise much of the employment and transactions in major
urban areas, produce far less paperwork waste with the advent of e-government
solutions, intranets and information phone numbers. The intelligent systems allow
citizens to pay parking tickets online, processing documents within the government,
public procurement tender for access to government services, business forms online,
find lost property information, and instantly complete other processes that formerly took
months.
Our society is characterized by urbanization - a large number of people live in our days
in urban area; technological progress - in every day we can see new solutions for
communication, transmission and storage of data; environmental changes - every
activity in our day is characterized by the important impact on natural resources how in
fact are limited; economical growth - the gross domestic product of our world is
substitute by the big cities how bring the people together and stimulate creativity and
efficiency.
The entire elements who characterized our society drive us to implement a good
manage of infrastructure, of resources and to carer to existing and future needs of
citizens.
It can take a lot of time for a city to become really smart. Sometime, the transformation
is difficult to do because the mentality of citizens, or other time the evolutions can be
stop by the natural disasters. But, to reduce costs, improve efficiencies, and deliver the
quality of life citizens expect the implementing of smart city.
The urbanization without precedent of our cities and the technological progress on the
hand, and on the other hand for a sustainable progress and for economic growth we
need smart solutions for water, energy, transportation, healthcare, education, and safety
or we can say we need smart solution for new cities.
Figure Smart city advantages
The most significant advantages (Figure 17) are improved of citizen transportation, the
access to city resources (libraries and public buildings, malls, networks etc.) and the
opportunities for the employment and local growth (Dirks, 2009).
All these advantages highlight the need of implementations smart solutions in our
country.