Smart Cities - Citizens
Smart Cities - Citizens
Smart Cities - Citizens
IT FOR CITIZENS?
www.juniperresearch.com
SMART CITIES – WHAT’S IN IT FOR CITIZENS?
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Contents
Study Background .................................................................................2
Smart Cities will Deliver 15 Working Days ..........................................3
Why do We Need Smart Cities?............................................................4
How do These Factors Affect Me Today?............................................5
Global City Performance 2017 ..............................................................6
Mobility ...................................................................................................7
Case Study: San Francisco...................................................................7
Healthcare...............................................................................................7
Case Study: Seoul .................................................................................7
Public Safety ..........................................................................................7
Case Study: New York City ...................................................................7
Productivity ............................................................................................7
Case Study: London ..............................................................................7
Appendix: Study Methodology .............................................................7
SMART CITIES – WHAT’S IN IT FOR CITIZENS?
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Study Background they might deliver positive citizen outcomes in terms of time and
quality of life. These indices are:
Many smart city studies have been conducted with the aim of projecting
technology spend, or service revenue for businesses. However, Juniper Mobility: urban transport systems, including public and private
Research and Intel believe that these studies do not sufficiently account transport. Also includes non-motorised transport solutions.
for the most important part of the city itself: its citizens.
Healthcare: healthcare service delivery for citizens, including
As such, Juniper has conducted a study of smart cities across the globe access to services and performance.
with the aim of uncovering the measurable time rewards to citizens:
Public safety: city safety as measured by crime levels, mortality
Time: how can smart cities’ technology and strategies be used to and law enforcement services’ efforts to combat these
‘give back’ time to citizens? Free time is a scarce commodity in the challenges.
modern world and has a powerful impact on an individual’s ability to
Productivity: city policies and technologies in use aimed at
reduce stress, maintain happiness and health.
promoting citizen productivity, democratisation of services and
Juniper examined cities in terms of their progress, and future wealth distribution.
potential, across 4 key indices, with the goal of evaluating how
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Meanwhile, many cities suffer from a large inequality gap; the favelas of
Why do We Need Smart Cities? Rio de Janeiro provide a notable example of vast differences in quality of
life across cities.
The Emergence of ‘Megacities’ & Overcrowding Smart cities are those that recognise these challenges and adopt their
planning and strategy to address them. This requires smart policies to
The 20th and 21st century haven given birth to some 37 ensure wealth is not distributed unevenly, alongside technology as an
‘megacities’ (cities with populations greater than 10 million individuals), enabler.
including Tokyo, Mexico City, New York City and Rio de Janeiro.
Quality of Life Addressing urban mobility is one of the key aims of smart cities, not least
because of the substantial benefits realised in reducing congestion.
One of the main drivers for urban migration has been the
Intelligent traffic systems are key here, alongside smart investment and a
promise of a higher quality of life, driven by increased personal wealth and
policy to reduce motor vehicle use.
a greater number of life-opportunities. As a result, cities are under
pressure to present themselves as more favourable places to live and
work, competing to attract the best talent and investment.
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How do These Factors Affect Me Today? Even an annual figure as ‘low’ as 2% means that most individuals are
likely to suffer violent crime at some point during their lives.
It is difficult to understand the need for smart cities when presented with
abstracts that cannot easily be associated with the global population. As Violent crime resulting in personal injury can often mean time lost in
such, we have contextualised today’s need for smart cities into a number hospital or rehabilitative care. Additionally, there are psychological
of problem statements. consequences to consider; anxiety and stress can be damaging to an
individual’s well-being. Indeed, a 2015 study by the Office for National
“Heavy Congestion in Cities can Result In Drivers Statistics found that 20% more non-victims of violent crime reported
Spending More than 70 hours per Year in feeling that their life was worthwhile in comparison to those that had
Gridlock” been victims.
In many cities, the average peak-time vehicle speed is a crawling 4mph “Hospital Overcrowding in Cities can Result in
(6kmh); Patients Waiting Longer Than 4 Hours for a Bed”
The stress of the morning commute has been shown to be hazardous to Many cities across the globe report very high hospital bed occupancy
citizens’ health; a study by the British Cardiac Patients Association in rates (over 85%). This can result in exorbitant wait times for in-patients,
2004 found that emergency call-outs for life-threatening heart attacks resulting in time wasted and additional stress for both patients and
and strokes peak between 8am and 11am; caregivers. In a healthcare scenario, this exacerbates the likelihood of
mistakes being made.
WHO estimates that 3 million deaths every year are attributable to small
particulate matter pollution, a large portion of which is generated by Furthermore, studies have indicated that overcrowding in hospitals can
vehicle emissions. High levels of congestions result in higher levels of increase the risk of patients contracting an infection during their stay; in
harmful pollutants in the air. some cases this risk is increased by over 10%. This means that patients
in hospital for non-life-threatening conditions may be exposed to
“Cities Suffering from High Rates of Violent
environments that could prove fatal for them.
Crime are Statistically Likely to Impact the
Majority of the Population”
The study has ranked the top 20 global smart cities according to their performance and project deployments
across the 4 indices studied, alongside their published strategies and key goals for future city development.
The leading cities in this index were found to be Singapore, Singapore, New York and Chicago ranked highly in this
Seoul and London. Both Singapore and Seoul were notable index. In the case of New York, the city has worked hard over the last 25
in terms of their focus on addressing healthcare service provision for years to address what was an epidemic of violent crime. This was
elderly citizens through a range of technologies, including digital service kickstarted by a data-driven approach and has since developed into one
platforms as well as remote monitoring devices. If one considers the fact where predictive modelling is a key asset both for law enforcement as well
that, on average, the number of annual visits to a physician increases as the fire department; a strategy replicated by Chicago. Singapore
substantially as one ages, it is clear that these strategies form a crucial meanwhile, has trialled smart video surveillance to detect criminal activity.
part of ensuring that the overall healthcare system is not overburdened; in
turn, improving overall healthcare outcomes. Meanwhile, London has Safety Trailers:
applied a broad strategy that combines innovation (such as bicycle share
Wuxi, Yinchuan and Hangzhou were noted to have deployed
schemes), telehealth and a strategy to reduce healthcare inequality in the
smart initiatives (smart video surveillance forms part of
city.
Yinchuan and Hangzhou’s public safety initiative for example), but have
Healthcare Trailers: not yet reached a level of integration between emergency services to
achieve the optimum response; an important factor in reducing response
Hangzhou, Rio de Janeiro and Bhubaneswar were found to times and positive outcomes. Meanwhile, these cities have either not
have continued challenges that could be addressed through clearly outlined, or have a limited strategy to deal with major safety issues
technology and smarter policy. Rio and Bhubaneswar continue to have such as road traffic incidents and threats posed by cybercrime. This latter
relatively low levels of hospital bed availability, which could be addressed point is particularly pertinent to Chinese cities, owing to the country’s high
through better preventative healthcare measures; first by improving level of smart grid investment and consequent connection of critical
citizens’ level of access to digital services as well as wider roll-outs of infrastructure to the Internet.
telehealth and local connected clinics. Meanwhile, all 3 cities suffer from
very poor air quality levels, with proven negative impacts on citizens’ Productivity Winners:
health.
The ability to not only encourage digital innovation to
address city challenges, but also the ability for citizens to
access digital services and city information was judged by Juniper to be
critical in improving citizens’ productivity. In that regard Singapore, London
and Chicago were found to be leaders, each with large open data stores
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Juniper’s study uncovered several highlights that it felt are worth noting. On a macro level, the study found that North American and West
These include factors that allow a city to execute its vision, or simply key European cities are typically more advanced in terms of transparency as
projects and strategies that Juniper felt were innovative and could serve as well as their openness in adopting processes that rely on inter-city best
a blueprint for other cities to emulate. practices and learnings. This means that information regarding smart city
projects and cities’ overall vision is far more readily available; meanwhile,
Singapore's 'One Nation' Initiative and its position as a city-state makes it these cities actively seek expertise from a wide range of actors, including
unique in its ability to execute its smart city vision. Its transformation, over third party entities and citizens themselves. Cities in Far East & China on
the remarkably short time after its split from Malaysia, to the world's the other hand, are more opaque in terms of their approach. Additionally,
leading smart city, provides an example from which other cities can learn. these cities have to contend with a lower proportion of citizens who are
connected and able to benefit from smart city services. This means that
The positioning of the 5 US cities provides an interesting contrast. Overall,
the impact of roll-outs is not yet as significant as in other regions; indeed,
New York, San Francisco and Chicago were found to have a broader,
for many cities in the Indian Subcontinent as well as the Far East & China,
more in-depth smart city vision and are further along in terms of execution.
emphasis is placed first on connecting citizens with a view to rolling out
It is likely that pressures created by their standing as population-dense
wider smart city solutions at a later point.
metro areas, alongside inherent talent in IT services, has spurred their
smart city journey earlier. Meanwhile, cities such as San Diego and
Portland can be considered as close to the ‘tipping point’ where smart city
solutions are sought after. This means that the bulk of projects have
initially been geared to solving key pressing issues, such as urban
mobility. Focus on developing innovation, such as through the release of
open data for example, has received less attention.
The study found that cities in Asia and the Indian Subcontinent are able to
rapidly execute their vision, particularly smaller cities. This is due to strong
national support for smart cities in the face of tremendous urban
population growth. These regions are often able to find a more cohesive
vision for the development of their smart cities on account of a more
top-down approach to the market. Juniper anticipates that a similar ranking
in future would skew more in favour of these regions.
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“Imagine a world where all cities are smart and able to thrive as part of a cohesive effort
between municipalities, businesses and citizens.
Many cities are now becoming smarter, adopting strategies to address a growing need to
improve their ‘liveability’. Here, we look at leading cities in this regard, exploring how
efforts to improve mobility, public safety, public healthcare and productivity are being
confronted as they transition to a smarter, more connected environment.”
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Mobility: Congestion, and delays moving from A to B, cost time, money and can make for a stressful experience.
Mobility
Study Hypothesis: Smart cities will benefit citizens in terms of time, money and improve their quality of life.
City open data can be harnessed to enable both city agencies and third
parties to develop innovation around that data. In the case of mobility,
daily commute times can be reduced by up to 15% by highlighting
Juniper has found that smart mobility projects have the potential to ‘give optimum routes for any given time of day, while suggesting the most
back’ 59.5 hours per year per citizen; these are broken down as follows: efficient transport mode.
ITS (Intelligent Traffic Systems) technology can be used to dynamically Cashless payments are likely to impact some 360 billion journeys per year.
adjust traffic light phasing, with the aim of minimising red light delays and On average, passengers will save 25 seconds every time they make a
smoothing overall traffic flow. Meanwhile, parking space availability can be payment.
used to inform drivers where the nearest available space is, minimising the
time spent ‘cruising’ for spaces.
Healthcare: inefficient healthcare systems mean services are complex to navigate and can sometimes result in poor
outcomes for patients.
Healthcare
Study Hypothesis: Smart cities will improve patient access and result in better quality healthcare delivery.
The study found that digital health services can play a big role in
creating efficiencies, with benefits felt at both the citizen level as well as
on the caregiving side; these are indicated below.
The average citizen visits the doctor 5 times a year; more when they are
elderly or suffer from a chronic condition. Apps that analyse data
received from ‘quantified self’ devices, as well as remote physician
appointments by video link, can serve to reduce, or even eliminate,
The research found that in instances where telemedicine services had physical visits to the physician.
been deployed, overall patient hospital re-admission rates were reduced
by between 20% and 40%. The net effect of a global roll-out would be to
dramatically reduce the number of instances where wait times for
hospital beds exceed 4 hours.
Individuals suffering from chronic conditions will often have to visit their
physician multiple times per year; even now, over one-third of the world’s
population is in need of long-term healthcare management. In this case,
remote monitoring devices can help reduce the need for physical
diagnoses, while helping to better manage long-term conditions.
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Public Safety: high levels of crime can negatively impact citizens’ happiness, or worse, if those crimes are violent.
Public Safety Emergency services often struggle to reach victims in clogged city streets.
Study Hypothesis: Smart cities will reduce violent crime and reduce emergency service response delays.
Imagine a world where smart cities give back: tool for CCTV surveillance analysis; detection of unusual activity in
real-time can serve to reduce response times to crime. Machine learning
can also be used to predict where fires or flooding might happen.
Meanwhile, the study found that where cities integrated their emergency
services with the municipal traffic control system, the prioritisation of
Juniper estimates that improvements in public safety; in particular emergency services vehicles and re-routing of civilian traffic could reduce
emergency response, can have substantial time-benefits for citizens. In arrival times by nearly 50%.
addition to this, the study found that the intangible benefits of smart cities
would result in 4 million citizens leading happier lives every year. This
would, for example, be achieved via an assumed 10% reduction in violent
crime, as well as a 15% improvement in emergency response times; with
both benefits serving to reduce the impact of stressful life events. A In medical terms, the ‘golden hour’ refers to the period of time after a
breakdown of the benefits are outlined below. life-threatening incident where treatment is most likely to save lives. Note
that this ‘hour’ is not always an hour, depending on the severity of the
circumstances; nonetheless, in all instances, the side-effect of faster
emergency response times is an increase in average life expectancy. This
effect has a global impact, in the context of violent crime, road traffic
incidents and chronic conditions such as heart disease.
Machine learning can be leveraged to generate predictions around where
crime is likely to occur on any given day. This allows law enforcement to The research found that in critical situations, every minute without CPR or
target patrols in such areas, helping reduce crime more efficiently. The defibrillation reduces survival chances by 10%; therefore, the study’s
study estimated that such software could lead to the prevention of 3 million modest 15% improvement in response times highlights that fact that every
violent crimes. In addition to this, machine learning can be deployed as a minute counts.
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Productivity: high levels of inequality in cities often restrict opportunities to wealthier citizens. Additionally, the
Productivity complex labyrinth of city regulations and red tape present laborious, costly challenges for entrepreneurs.
Study Hypothesis: Smart cities will democratise citizen opportunities and improve regulatory regulation.
Study Appendix
Appendix: Study Methodology
Methodology: How did we get the numbers?
Data Collection
The first stage of this study involved the assessment of cities across the globe, in terms of their vision, strategy and deployments. Given the wide range of cities
analysed, this is used as a basis for further projections in terms of the potential of smart cities, in response to the question: “If cities across the globe today
were to universally adopt, and deploy, smart city strategies, technology and services, what would they mean for citizens?”
Initial Indicators
Thus the initial phase of the study revolved around data collection, where critical ‘top level’ information was sought, for each respective city in the study. These
‘initial indicator’ datapoints serve as overarching datapoints used across the analysis of each respective index.
Index-Specific Indicators
The next phase was to examine each index individually across each city. Readers will note that several indicators overlap across indices, as Juniper believes
that these are important to more than one index.
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Mobility
Healthcare
Public Safety
Productivity
Scenario Modelling were not adjusted according to regional or national differences for the
purposes of making projections.
Following data collection, scenarios were modelled across each index to
examine potential citizen benefits. These benefits are examined in terms Global Smart City Index
of:
Following data collection:
Historical roll-outs smart initiatives (as per those indicated as
‘time-benefit’ metrics) in the data; Raw scores were first ranked according top-performing (20) to
lowest-performing city (1).
Projected impacts of smart initiatives.
Weights were assigned to each ranked variable under the index to arrive
The benefits, as measured in terms of their impact across the cities at a score.
analysed for this study, are translated using weighted averages to a
per capita metric. The global city population is then used to make a This methodology was also used to calculate a score in terms of the
projection for the overall potential of smart cities. cities’ overall smart city vision, using the ‘initial indicators’ data.
Assumptions in the Model The scores were added together to form the final score per index and
overall.
The projections are based upon smart city service take-up being at, or
close to, 100%. This take-up is reduced where, for example, a service
might only impact the adult population.
Where city-specific data was not available, regional or national data was
used, with assumptions related to the city in question used to calculate a
city-specific datapoint.