Underground Construction (Tunneling)

U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
John L. Henshaw, Assistant Secretary
OSHA 3115-06R
2003

This informational booklet provides a general overview of a particular topic related to OSHA
standards. It does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities in OSHA standards or the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Because interpretations and enforcement policy
may change over time, you should consult current OSHA administrative interpretations and
decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the Courts for
additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements.

This publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without
permission. Source credit is requested but not required.

This information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202)
693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: (877) 889-5627.

Contents

Introduction

Construction operations covered by the OSHA standard

Employers and employees covered by the OSHA standard

Requirements of the OSHA standard

The need for a "competent person"

Training requirements

Notification and communication requirements

Site control procedures

Check-in/check-out procedures
Control of access and egress
Ground support of portal and subsidence areas
Ground support of underground areas
Ground support of shafts
 Fire prevention and control

Ventilation requirements

Illumination requirements

Special air monitoring requirements

Test for oxygen first
Testing for methane and other flammable gases
Hydrogen sulfide levels

Special conditions for drilling and blasting underground

Special requirements for using cranes and hoists underground

Potential hazards that require special precautions

Gassy or potentially gassy operations

Emergency procedures

Recordkeeping requirements

OSHA assistance
Safety and health management system guidelines
State programs
OSHA consultation services
The OSHA Voluntary Protection Program (VPP)
Strategic Partnership Programs
The OSHA Alliance Program
OSHA training and education
Information available electronically
OSHA publications
Contacting OSHA

OSHA Regional Offices

Introduction

The construction of underground tunnels, shafts, chambers, and passageways are essential yet
dangerous activities. Working under reduced light conditions, difficult or limited access and
egress, with the potential for exposure to air contaminants and the hazards of fire and explosion,
underground construction workers face many dangers. To help employers protect the safety and
health of underground construction workers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) has prepared a number of guidance documents, including the underground construction
regulations, found in Part 1926, section 800 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (29
CFR 1926.800).
OSHA regulations relating to underground construction were originally adopted in 1971 and
revised over the years to add new protective measures and enhance worker safety. This
publication summarizes OSHA's regulations related to underground construction. As such, it
should be used as a guide but not as a substitute for the complete text of 29 CFR 1926.800.

Construction operations covered by the OSHA standard

The OSHA underground construction regulation (29 CFR 1926.800) applies to the construction
of underground tunnels, shafts, chambers, and passageways. It also applies to cut-and cover
excavations connected to ongoing underground construction as well as those that create
conditions characteristic of underground construction. These hazards include reduced natural
ventilation and light, difficult and limited access and egress, exposure to air contaminants, fire,
flooding, and explosion. The regulation does not apply to excavation and trenching operations
for above ground structures that are not physically connected to an underground construction
operation or to underground electrical transmission and distribution lines.

OSHA has developed the following definitions for construction activities that fall within the
underground construction field:

A tunnel is "an excavation beneath the surface of the ground, the longer axis of which makes an
angle not greater than 20 degrees to the horizontal."

A shaft is "(1) a passage made from the surface of the ground to a point underground, the longer
axis of which makes an angle greater than 20 degrees to the horizontal; or (2) a pit in which there
are employees, and it is foreseeable that they may enter (or do enter) the horizontal excavation;
or (3) a pit that has typical underground construction hazards and is connected to a horizontal
excavation."

Employers and employees covered by the OSHA standard

In general, OSHA authority extends to all private sector employers with one or more employees,
as well as to civilian employees in federal agencies. As such, OSHA coverage applies to
employers and employees in the construction industry. Workers not covered by OSHA include
the self-employed; public employees of state and local governments; employees whose working
conditions are regulated by other federal agencies, such as mine workers and atomic energy
workers; and immediate family members of farming operations that do not employ outside
workers.

States can administer their own occupational safety and health programs through plans approved
by the Department of Labor under section 18(b) of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Act of 1970, but they must enforce standards that are at least as effective as federal requirements.
In 2003, 26 states operated their own safety and health programs under approved programs. (See
OSHA's website at www.osha.gov for a list of those states.) Of these, 23 states cover both private
and public employees while three states cover only public sector employees.
State safety and health standards under approved plans must either be identical to or at least as
effective as federal OSHA standards.

Requirements of the OSHA standard

The underground construction standard covers many topics of concern to those who work in the
challenging environment of underground construction. A sampling of items covered by the
standard includes requirements for safe access and egress routes, employee training in hazard
recognition, a "check-in/check-out" procedure, and emergency procedures. This booklet
summarizes all requirements of the standard.

The standard provides some flexibility in methods to control workplace hazards in underground
construction as long as appropriate precautions are taken to protect workers in a variety of
situations. OSHA requires that a "competent person" be responsible for carrying out several
requirements of the underground construction regulations. Situations that require intervention by
a "competent person" are identified in the following sections.

The need for a "competent person"

The definition of a "competent person" in 29 CFR 1926.32 (f) is as follows:

One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or
working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has
authorization to take prompt correctivemeasures to eliminate them.

Under Subpart S, Underground Construction, caissons, cofferdams, and compressed air, a

competent person is responsible for inspecting and evaluating workplace conditions, including
air monitoring and the presence of air contaminants, ground stability, and the drilling, hauling
and hoisting of equipment, to identify and correct any deficiencies.

Training requirements

All employees involved in underground construction must be trained to recognize and respond to
hazards associated with this type of work. Training should be tailored to the specific
requirements of the jobsite and include any unique issues or requirements.

The following topics should be part of an underground construction employee training program:

Air monitoring and ventilation

Illumination

Communications
 Flood control

Personal protective equipment

Emergency procedures, including evacuation plans

Check-in/check-out procedures

Explosives

Fire prevention and protection

Mechanical equipment

Notification and communication requirements

Any time an employer receives a notification of a hazardous condition, all oncoming shifts must
be notified of occurrences or conditions that either have affected or might affect their safety.
Examples of this type of situation include equipment failures, earth or rockslides, cave-ins,
flooding, fires, explosions, or release of gas.

The employer must also maintain open lines of communication with other employers at the
worksite to ensure a rapid and complete exchange of information concerning events or situations
that may impact worker safety.

Employers must maintain lines of communication with employees during underground

construction activities. To ensure effective communications are always available, communication
systems must be tested upon initial entry of each shift to the underground and as often as
necessary at a later time to ensure they are in working order. Powered communication systems
must operate on an independent power supply and be installed so that the use of or disruption of
any single communication device or signal location will not disrupt the operation of the system
in any other location.

If natural unassisted voice communication is ineffective at any time, a power-assisted means

must be used to ensure communication between the work face, the bottom of the shaft, and the
surface. In the case of an individual employee working alone underground in a hazardous
location who is out of range of natural unassisted voice communication and not able to be
observed by other employees, the employer must provide an effective means of obtaining
assistance in the event of an emergency.

All shafts being developed or used for personnel access or hoisting require two effective means
of communication. In addition, hoist operators must have a closed-circuit voice communication
system connected to each landing station, with speaker microphones located so that the operator
can communicate with individual stations while the hoist is in use. (See the section on cranes and
hoists later in this booklet for more specific information.)

Site control procedures

Check-in/check-out procedures
The employer must maintain a check-in/check-out procedure to ensure that above ground
personnel maintain an accurate accounting of the number of persons underground and to prevent
unauthorized persons from gaining access to the site. This is especially important in the event of
an emergency but is a common sense requirement at all times.

The only time this procedure is not required is when an underground construction project
designed for human occupancy is completed to the point that permanent environmental controls
are effective and any remaining construction activity does not have the potential to create an
environmental hazard or structural failure in the construction area.

Any time an employee is working underground, at least one designated person must be on duty
above ground. This person is responsible for calling for immediate assistance and keeping an
accurate count of employees who remain underground in the event of an emergency.

Control of access and egress

In addition to establishing a check-in/check-out procedure, the employer must ensure safe access
to and egress from all workstations at the construction site to protect employees from potential
hazards, such as being struck by excavators, haulage machines, or other moving equipment.

To help control access, all unused openings, including chutes and man ways, must be tightly
covered, bulk headed, barricaded, or fenced off, and posted with warning signs that read, "Keep
Out" or similar language.

Ground support of portal and subsidence areas

Portal openings and access areas must be guarded by shoring, fencing, head walls, shotcreting or
equivalent protection to ensure that employees and equipment have a safe means to access these
areas. Subsidence areas must be similarly guarded by shoring, filling in, or placing barricades
and warning signs to prevent entry. Adjacent areas must be scaled or secured to prevent loose
soil, rock, or fractured materials from endangering portal, subsidence, and access areas.

Ground support of underground areas

A competent person must inspect the roof, face, and walls of the work areas at the beginning of
each shift and as often as necessary to ensure ground stability. The competent person tasked with
such inspection responsibilities must be protected from loose ground by location, ground
support, or equivalent means. The ground conditions along all haulage ways and travel ways
must also be inspected as frequently as necessary to ensure safe passage and loose ground
considered to be hazardous to employees must be scaled, supported, or taken down.

A competent person must determine how often rock bolts need to be tested to ensure that they
meet the necessary torque, taking into consideration ground conditions, distance from vibration
sources, and the specific bolt system in use. Only torque wrenches should be used when torsion-
dependent bolts are used for ground support.

Employees involved in installing ground support systems must be adequately protected from the
hazards of loose ground. The bottoms of any support sets installed must have sufficient
anchorage to prevent ground pressures from dislodging the support base. Lateral bracing
(including collar bracing, tie rods, or spreaders) must be provided between immediately adjacent
sets to increase stability.

Any dislodged or damaged ground supports that create a hazardous condition must be promptly
repaired or replaced. The new supports must be installed before removing the damaged supports.
Some type of support, such as a shield, must be used to maintain a safe travel way for employees
working in dead-end areas ahead of any support replacement operations.

Ground support of shafts

Shafts and wells more than 5 feet in depth (1.53 m) entered by employees must be supported by
steel casing, concrete pipe, timber, solid rock, or other suitable material. The full depth of the
shaft must be supported except where it penetrates into solid rock that will not change as a result
of exposure. Where the potential for shear exists, where the shaft passes through earth into solid
rock in either direction, or where the shaft ends in solid rock, the casing or bracing must extend
at least 5 feet (1.53 m) into the solid rock.

The casing or bracing must also extend 42 ( 3) inches above ground level unless a standard
railing is installed, the adjacent ground slopes away from the shaft collar, and barriers exist to
prevent mobile equipment operating near the shaft from jumping over the bracing. If these
conditions are met, the casing or bracing may be reduced to 12 inches above ground.

Fire prevention and control

In addition to the basic fire prevention and control guidance set forth in 29 CFR 1926 Subpart F,
underground construction operations are subject to several specific requirements.

Open flames and fires are prohibited in underground construction areas except as permitted for
welding, cutting, or other hot work operations. Smoking is prohibited unless an area is free of
fire and explosion hazards. Signage prohibiting smoking and open flames should be placed
throughout work areas. Fire extinguishers of at least 4A:40B:C rating or equivalent extinguishing
means must be available at the head and tail pulleys of underground belt conveyers.

All underground structures and those within 100 feet (30.48 m) of an opening to the underground
must be constructed of materials with a fire resistance rating of at least one hour. Also, no
flammable or combustible material may be stored above ground within 100 feet (30.48 m) of any
access point to an underground operation. If space limitations make this unfeasible, the material
must be positioned as far as possible from the entrance with a fire resistant barrier that has at
least a one-hour rating between the material and the opening. Alternative precautionary measures
may be adopted from industry practices used under similar working conditions or measures
recommended under industry consensus standards. A site hazard analysis may be helpful to
determine the effectiveness of precautionary measures. Any spill of flammable or combustible
material must be cleaned up immediately.

Gasoline may not be underground at any time for any purpose due to its volatile qualities.
Internal combustion engines (except diesel-powered engines on mobile equipment) are
prohibited underground. Acetylene, liquefied petroleum gas, and methyl acetylene propadiene
stabilized gas may be used underground for welding, cutting, and other hot work if all
requirements of OSHA regulations pertaining to such activities are met. (See 29 CFR 1926
Subpart J and 29 CFR 1926.800(j)(k)(m)(n) for a complete explanation of these requirements.)
Only enough fuel gas and oxygen cylinders for welding, cutting, or hot work during a 24-hour
period are allowed underground. Noncombustible barriers must be installed below such activities
if they are performed in or over a shaft or rise.

Oil, grease, and diesel fuel stored underground must be kept in tightly sealed containers in fire-
resistant areas at least 300 feet (91.44 m) from underground explosive magazines, and at least
100 feet (30.48 m) from shaft stations and steeply inclined passageways. Storage areas must be
positioned or diked to ensure that if a container breaks open, any fluids will not flow out of the
storage area. Any hydraulically-actuated underground machinery must use fire-resistant
hydraulic fluids unless it is protected by a fire suppression system or multi-purpose fire
extinguisher rated at least 4A:40B:C and of sufficient capacity for the type and size of equipment
involved.

Several specific requirements apply to the use of diesel fuel in underground construction
operations, as follows:

A surface level tank holding diesel fuel to be pumped to an underground storage site must
have a maximum capacity no greater than the amount of fuel required to supply
underground equipment for 24 hours.

A surface level tank must be connected to the underground fueling station by an

acceptable pipe or hose system controlled at the surface by a valve and at the bottom by a
hose nozzle.

The transfer pipe must remain empty at all times except when transferring diesel fuel.

All hoisting operations in the shaft must be suspended during refueling operations if the
supply piping in the shaft is not protected from potential damage.

Ventilation requirements

Fresh air must be supplied to all underground work areas in sufficient amounts to prevent any
dangerous or harmful accumulation of dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. If natural ventilation
does not provide the necessary air quality through sufficient air volume and air flow, the
employer must provide mechanical ventilation to ensure that each employee working
underground has at least 200 cubic feet (5.7m3) of fresh air per minute.
When performing work that is likely to produce dust, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases (such as
blasting or rock drilling), the linear velocity of air flow in the tunnel bore, shafts, and all other
underground work areas must be at least 30 feet (9.15 m) per minute. When such operations are
complete, the ventilation systems must exhaust smoke and fumes to the outside atmosphere
before resuming work in all affected areas. When drilling rock or concrete, dust control measures
such as wet drilling, vacuum collectors, and water mix spray systems must be used to maintain
dust levels within limits set in 29 CFR 1926.55, which includes gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and
mists.

The direction of mechanical airflow must be reversible but ventilation doors must be designed
and installed to remain closed when in use, regardless of the direction of the airflow. If the
ventilation system has been shut down and all employees are removed from the underground
area, only competent persons authorized to test for air contaminants may be allowed
underground until the ventilation system has been restored and all affected areas have tested at
acceptable limits for air contaminants.

Illumination requirements

As in all construction operations, OSHA requires that proper illumination be provided during
tunneling operations (see 29 CFR 1926.56 for details). When explosives are handled, only
acceptable portable lighting equipment may be used within 50 feet of any underground heading.

For general tunneling operations, a minimum illumination intensity of 5 foot-candles must be

maintained, although 10 footcandles must be provided for shaft heading during drilling,
mucking, and scaling.

Special air monitoring requirements

The employer must assign a "competent person" to perform air monitoring. If this individual
determines that air contaminants may present a danger to life at any time, the employer must
immediately take all necessary precautions and post a notice at all entrances to the underground
site about the hazardous condition.

In performing air monitoring duties, the competent person must take into consideration the
location of the jobsite (its proximity to fuel tanks, sewers, gas lines, etc.); the geology of the site,
including soil type and permeability; the history of the site and the construction operation
(changes in levels of substances monitored over time); and work practices at the jobsite (use of
diesel engines, explosives, and fuel gas; hot work, welding, and cutting; and thephysical
reactions of employees to working underground.

Test for oxygen first

The competent person charged with air monitoring must test for oxygen content before testing
for air contaminants. All underground work areas must be tested as often as necessary to verify
that the atmosphere at normal atmospheric pressure remains within the acceptable parameters of
19.5 and 22 percent oxygen.

After verifying oxygen levels, the competent person must test all underground work areas for
carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other toxic gases, dusts, vapors, mists,
and fumes as often as necessary to ensure that levels remain within permissible exposure limits
(see 29 CFR 1926.55 for detailed information on these limits).

Testing for methane and other flammable gases

The competent person must also test all underground work areas for methane and other
flammable gases to determine whether the operation must be classified as potentially gassy or
gassy. If the atmosphere meets the criteria for these designations, the precautions listed in the
section discussing gassy or potentially gassy operations later in this booklet must be followed.
Other precautions to take when testing for methane or other flammable gases include:

If 20 percent or more of the lower explosive limit for methane or other flammable gases
is detected in any underground work area or in the air return, all employees must be
evacuated to a safe location above ground (except those employees required to eliminate
the hazard). Electrical power (except for acceptable pumping and ventilation equipment)
must be cut off to the area until concentrations reach less than 20 percent of the lower
explosive limit.

If 10 percent or more of the lower explosive limit for methane gas or other flammable
gases is detected near any welding, cutting, or other hot work, the work must be
suspended until the concentration is reduced to below 10 percent of the lower explosive
limit.

When 5 percent or more of the lower explosive limit for methane or other flammable
gases is detected in an underground work area or in the air return, steps should be taken
to increase ventilation air volume or otherwise control the gas concentration (unless all
requirements of operating under potentially gassy or gassy operations are met).

Hydrogen sulfide levels

When air monitoring reveals the presence of 5 ppm or more of hydrogen sulfide, the affected
underground areas must be tested at the beginning and midpoint of each shift until the
concentration is measured at less than 5 ppm for three consecutive days.

Employees must be notified if hydrogen sulfide is detected in amounts exceeding 10 ppm and a
continuous sampling and indicating monitor must be used to keep track of levels. If the
concentration of hydrogen sulfide reaches 20 ppm, the monitor must be designed to provide both
visual and audible alarms to warn that additional measures (respirator use, increased ventilation,
evacuation) may be appropriate.

Special conditions for drilling and blasting underground

Before initiating any drilling operation underground, a"competent person" must inspect all
drilling and associated equipment as well as the drilling area and correct any hazards. Employees
are not allowed on a drill mast when a drill bit is in operation or a drill machine is being moved.
Also, when moving a drill machine, all associated equipment and tools must be secured and the
mast placed in a safe position.

Working on or around jumbo decks involves special safety precautions, including the following:

Locate all receptacles or racks to store drill steel on jumbos.

Warn employees working below jumbo decks when drilling is about to begin.

The top deck of a jumbo must have a mechanical way to lift unwieldy or heavy items.

Only employees assisting the operator may ride on the jumbo unless it is equipped with
seating for each passenger and protection from crushing or catching hazards.

Jumbo decks more than 10 feet high must be equipped with guardrails on all open sides
unless an adjacent surface provides fall protection. Jumbo decks and stair treads must be
slipresistant, secured, and maintained to prevent slip, trip, and fall hazards.

Jumbos must be chocked so they will not move when employees are working on them.

Whenever an underground blasting operation in a shaft is complete, a "competent person" must

check the air quality and make sure that no walls, ladders, timbers, blocking, and wedges have
been loosened as a result of the activity. If repairs are required, only employees involved in
repair activity may be in or below affected areas until repairs are complete.

All blasting wires must be kept clear of electrical lines, pipes, rails and other conductive material
(except earth), to prevent explosions or exposure of employees to electric current.

Special requirements for using cranes and hoists underground

The OSHA standard has provisions for the use of cranes or hoists that are unique to underground
construction. In addition to provisions that apply to all construction activities using cranes or
hoists (29 CFR 1926.550 and 29 CFR 1926.552), cranes used in underground construction must
be equipped with a limit switch to prevent overtravel at the top and bottom of the hoist way. The
limit switch should only be used when operational controls malfunction. Hoist controls must be
arranged so the operator can reach all controls and the emergency power cutoff without reaching
beyond his/her normal operating position.

Underground hoists must be designed to allow powering of the hoist drum in both directions and
so that brakes are automatically applied upon power release or failure. The hoist operator must
have a closed-circuit voice communication system with speaker microphones to communicate
with individual landing stations. Also, hoists must be equipped with landing level indicators
(marking the hoist rope is not adequate) and fire extinguishers (rated at least 2A:10B:C) in each
hoist house.

Before using a hoist that has been out of operation for a complete shift or after repair or service,
the operator must test run the equipment and correct any unsafe conditions before use.
Inspections and load testing to 100 percent of capacity must be performed at least annually and
after any repairs or alterations affecting the structural integrity of the hoist.

For material hoists, wire rope used in load lines must support at least five times the maximum
intended load or the factor recommended by the rope manufacturer, whichever is greater.
Personnel hoists must have at least two means to stop the load, each able to stop and hold 150
percent of the hoists' rated line pull. For personnel hoisting, a broken-rope safety, safety catch, or
arrestment device are not adequate means of stopping.

Other aspects of hoist safety that apply to underground construction include:

Employees may not ride on top of any cage, skip, or bucket unless inspecting or
maintaining the system and wearing a safety belt or harness.

Personnel and materials must be hoisted separately (except small tools and supplies
secured in a nonhazardous manner).

When sinking shafts 75 feet (22.86 m) or less, cages, skips, and buckets that may swing,
bump, or snag against shaft sides must be guided by fenders, rails, ropes, or a
combination. If the shaft is more than 75 feet, hoisted objects must be rope- or railguided
for the full length of travel.

Additional safety requirements for personnel hoists in underground operations include:

The operator must be able to see and hear signals at the operator's station.

All cages must be equipped with a steel-plate protective canopy that slopes to the outside
and can be pushed up for emergency egress and have a locking door that opens only
inward.

The sides of personnel cages must be enclosed by 1/2 inch wire mesh to a height of at
least 6 feet (1.83 m). If the cage is being used as a work platform and is not in motion, the
sides may be reduced to 42 inches (1.07 m).

During sinking operations in shafts where guides and safeties are not used, the personnel
platform may not exceed 200 feet (60.96 m) per minute and governors must be used
during personnel hoisting. The speed may increase to 600 feet (182.88 m) per minute
when guides and safeties are used and greater speeds when shafts are complete.
Potential hazards that require special precautions

Gassy or potentially gassy operations

Gassy or potentially gassy operations present specific hazards to underground construction
workers. It is essential that employers understand the terms "gassy" and "potentially gassy" and
to know what precautions to take when dealing with such environments. Operations that meet the
criteria for this hazardous classification must be equipped with ventilation systems constructed
with fireresistant materials; have acceptable electrical systems, including fan motors; and have
above ground controls to reverse the air flow. When using a mine-type ventilation system with an
offset main fan on the surface, the system must be equipped with explosion doors or a weak-wall
with an area at least equivalent to the crosssectional area of the airway.

Gassy operations occur under the following conditions:

When air monitoring discloses 10 percent or more of the lower explosive limit for
methane or other flammable gases measured at 12 inches (304.8 mm) 0.25 inch (6.35
mm) from the roof, face, floor, or walls in any underground work area for three
consecutive days; or

There has been an ignition of methane or other flammable gases emanating from the
strata that indicates the presence of such gases; or

The underground construction operation is connected to an underground work area

classified as gassy and subject to a continuous course of air that contains the flammable
gas concentration.

The underground construction standard requires that gassy operations meet several special
requirements, including both personnel and equipment safety concerns. These requirements
include:

Entrances to a gassy operation must be marked with prominently posted signage that
identifies the area as gassy.

Maintain a fire watch when performing hot work (welding, cutting, heating) in a gassy
area and for a sufficient period after completing the work to ensure no possibility of fire
remains. (See 29 CFR 1926.352(e))

Use only acceptable equipment in well-maintained condition. Any mobile diesel-powered

equipment must either be approved by MSHA and meet the requirements of 30 CFR part
36 (formerly Schedule 31) or the employer must demonstrate that the equipment is fully
equivalent to MSHA-approved equipment and operated according to these regulations.

Smoking is prohibited in all gassy operations; the employer must collect all possible
sources of ignition (matches, lighters, etc.) from any person entering a gassy operation
area.
 All operations in the affected area must stop when an operation is classified as gassy until
full compliance with gassy operation requirements is confirmed or the operation is
downgraded to a potentially gassy operation (see the following section). The only
exceptions are operations to control the gas concentration, installation of above ground
equipment to reverse the airflow, or actions to comply with gassy operation requirements.

Gassy operations can be downgraded to potentially gassy when air monitoring results remain
below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit for methane or other flammable gases for three
consecutive days.

Potentially gassy operations, such as an unexpected pocket of gas, occur when the following
conditions exist:

Air monitoring shows 10 percent or more of the lower explosive limit for methane or
other flammable gases measured at 12 inches (304.8 mm) 0.25 inch (6.35 mm) from the
roof, face, floor or walls in any underground work area for more than a 24-hour period.

The history of the geographical area, geological formation, or past experience indicates
that 10 percent or more of the lower explosive limit for methane or other flammable
gases is likely to be encountered in such underground operations.

Both gassy and potentially gassy operations require special air monitoring actions under the
guidance of a "competent person," including testing for oxygen and flammable gas content in the
affected underground work areas and adjacent work areas at the beginning and midpoint of each
work shift. A manual flammable gas monitor should be used for gas testing and a manual
electrical shut down control must be provided near the heading for the gas monitor.

The use of rapid excavation machines requires continuous automatic flammable gas monitoring
to monitor the air at the heading, on the rib, and in the return air duct. If 20 percent or more of
the lower explosive limit for methane or other flammable gases is encountered, the continuous
monitor alert should signal the heading and shut down electrical power in the affected
underground work area (except for required pumping and ventilation equipment).

Local gas tests must be conducted before and throughout welding, cutting or other hot work. In
underground operations driven by drill-and-blast methods, the air in the affected area must be
continuously tested for flammable gas when employees are working in the area as well as before
reentering after blasting operations.

Emergency procedures

Whenever an employee is working underground at least one designated person must be on duty
above ground, responsible for maintaining an accurate count of the number of employees
underground and summoning emergency aid if needed. Every employee working underground
must have a portable hand lamp or cap lamp for emergency use unless natural light or an
emergency lighting system provides adequate illumination for escape. Employers must provide
self-rescuers approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in
all underground work areas where employees might be trapped by smoke or gas. (See CFR
1926.103 for more information.)

If 25 or more employees work underground at one time, the employer must provide at least two
5-person rescue teams, one at the jobsite or within 30 minutes travel time from the entry point to
the site and the other team within two hours travel time. If less than 25 employees work
underground, the employer must have one 5-person rescue team at the jobsite or within 30
minutes travel time. In both situations, advance arrangements can be made for local rescue
services to meet this requirement. Rescue team members must be trained in rescue procedures,
the use and limitations of breathing apparatus, and the use of firefighting equipment with
qualifications reviewed annually. When flammable or noxious gases are anticipated at a jobsite,
rescue teams must practice using self-contained breathing apparatus once a month. The rescue
teams must be available through the duration of a construction project.

If a shaft is used as the means of egress, the employer must arrange for a readily available power-
assisted hoisting capability in case of emergency, unless the regular hoisting means will function
in the event of a power failure.

Recordkeeping requirements

Records of all air quality tests must be maintained above ground at the worksite and be available
on request to the Secretary of Labor or his or her representative. The record must include the
location, date, time, substance and amount monitored. Records of exposures to toxic substances
must be kept for 30 years. (See 29 CFR 1910.1020 for more detailed information on access to
employee exposure and medical records.) All other air quality test records must be retained until
the project is complete.

Inspection certification records for all hoist equipment indicating the date of the most recent
inspection and load-test, the signature of the person performing the inspection and test, and a
serial number or other identifier for the hoist must be maintained on file until the project is
complete.

OSHA assistance

OSHA can provide extensive help through a variety of programs, including technical assistance
about effective safety and health programs, state plans, workplace consultations, voluntary
protection programs, strategic partnerships, and training and education, and more. An overall
commitment to workplace safety and health can add value to your business, to your workplace,
and to your life.

Safety and health management system guidelines

Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the
extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and their related costs. To assist
employers and employees in developing effective safety and health programs, OSHA published
recommended Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54 (16):
3904-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines can be applied to all places of
employment covered by OSHA.

The guidelines identify four general elements critical to the development of a successful safety
and health management system:

Management leadership and employee involvement.

Worksite analysis.

Hazard prevention and control.

Safety and health training.

The guidelines recommend specific actions, under each of these general elements, to achieve an
effective safety and health program. The Federal Register notice is available online
atwww.osha.gov.

State programs

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) encourages states to develop and
operate their own job safety and health plans. OSHA approves and monitors these plans. There
are currently 26 state plans: 23 cover both private and public (state and local government)
employment; 3 states, Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, cover the public sector only.
States and territories with their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and health plans must
adopt standards identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal standards.

OSHA consultation services

Consultation assistance is available on request to employers who want help in establishing and
maintaining a safe and healthful workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at
no cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more hazardous
operations, the consultation service is delivered by state governments employing professional
safety and health consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes an appraisal of all-mechanical
systems, work practices, and occupational safety and health hazards of the workplace and all
aspects of the employer's present job safety and health program. In addition, the service offers
assistance to employers in developing and implementing an effective safety and health program.
No penalties are proposed or citations issued for hazards identified by the consultant. OSHA
provides consultation assistance to the employer with the assurance that his or her name and firm
and any information about the workplace will not be routinely reported to OSHA enforcement
staff.

Under the consultation program, certain exemplary employers may request participation in
OSHA's Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for
participation in SHARP includes receiving a comprehensive consultation visit, demonstrating
exemplary achievements in workplace safety and health by abating all identified hazards, and
developing an excellent safety and health program.

Employers accepted into SHARP may receive an exemption from programmed inspections (not
complaint or accident investigation inspections) for one year. For more information concerning
consultation assistance, call 800-321-OSHA or visit www.osha.gov.

The OSHA Voluntary Protection Program (VPP)

Voluntary Protection Programs and onsite consultation services, when coupled with an effective
enforcement program, expand worker protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act. The
three levels of VPP, Star, Merit, and Demonstration, are designed to recognize outstanding
achievements by companies that have successfully incorporated comprehensive safety and health
programs into their total management system. The VPP motivates others to achieve excellent
safety and health results and establish a cooperative relationship between employers, employees,
and OSHA.

For additional information on VPP and how to apply, contact the OSHA regional offices listed at
the end of this publication or call 800-321-OSHA or visit www.osha.gov.

Strategic Partnership Programs

OSHA's Strategic Partnership Program, the newest member of OSHA's cooperative programs,
helps encourage, assist, and recognize the efforts of partners to eliminate serious workplace
hazards and achieve a high level of worker safety and health. Whereas OSHA's Consultation
Program and VPP entail one-on-one relationships between OSHA and individual work sites,
most strategic partnerships seek to have a broader impact by building cooperative relationships
with groups of employers and employees. These partnerships are voluntary, cooperative
relationships between OSHA, employers, employee representatives, and others (e.g., trade
unions, trade and professional associations, universities, and other government agencies).

For more information on this and other cooperative programs, contact your nearest OSHA office,
call 800-321-OSHA, or visitwww.osha.gov.

The OSHA Alliance Program

Alliances enable organizations committed to workplace safety and health to collaborate with
OSHA to prevent injuries and illnesses in the workplace. OSHA and its allies work together to
reach out to, educate, and lead the nation's employers and their employees in improving and
advancing workplace safety and health.

Alliances are open to all, including trade or professional organizations, businesses, labor
organizations, educational institutions, and government agencies. In some cases, organizations
may be building on existing relationships with OSHA through other cooperative programs.
There are few formal program requirements for alliances, which are less structured than other
cooperative agreements, and the agreements do not include an enforcement component.
However, OSHA and the participating organizations must define, implement, and meet a set of
short- and long-term goals that fall into three categories: training and education; outreach and
communication; and promotion of the national dialogue on workplace safety and health.

OSHA training and education

OSHA area offices offer a variety of information services, such as compliance assistance,
technical advice, publications, audiovisual aids and speakers for special engagements. OSHA's
Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides basic and advanced courses in safety and health
for federal and state compliance officers, state consultants, federal agency personnel, and private
sector employers, employees, and their representatives.

The OSHA Training Institute also has established OSHA Training Institute Education Centers to
address the increased demand for its courses from the private sector and from other federal
agencies. These centers are nonprofit colleges, universities, and other organizations that have
been selected after a competition for participation in the program.

OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations, through grants, to conduct workplace
training and education in subjects where OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace training.
Grants are awarded annually. Grant recipients are expected to contribute 20 percent of the total
grant cost.

For more information on grants, training, and education, contact the OSHA Training Institute,
Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (847) 297-4810. For
further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest OSHA office.

Information available electronically

OSHA has a variety of materials and tools available on its website at www.osha.gov. These
include e-Tools such as Expert Advisors, Electronic Compliance Assistance Tools (e-cats),
Technical Links; regulations, directives, publications; videos, and other information for
employers and employees. OSHA's software programs and compliance assistance tools walk you
through challenging safety and health issues and common problems to find the best solutions for
your workplace.

OSHA publications

OSHA has an extensive publications program. For a listing of free or sales items, visit OSHA's
website at www.osha.gov or contact the OSHA Publications Office, U.S. Department of Labor,
200 Constitution Avenue NW, N-3101, Washington, DC 20210. Telephone (202) 693-1888 or fax
to (202) 693-2498.

Contacting OSHA
To report an emergency, file a complaint, or seek OSHA advice, assistance, or products, call
(800) 321-OSHA or contact the nearest OSHA regional or area office listed at the end of this
publication. The teletypewriter (TTY) number is (877) 889-5627.

You can also file a complaint online and obtain more information on OSHA federal and state
programs by visiting OSHA's website atwww.osha.gov.

For more information on grants, training, and education, contact the OSHA Training Institute,
Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (847) 297-4810, or
see Outreach on OSHA's website at www.osha.gov.

OSHA Regional Offices