Short Notes From Spectrum History-Part-I PDF
Short Notes From Spectrum History-Part-I PDF
Short Notes From Spectrum History-Part-I PDF
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RAJESH NAYAK
WWW.IASABHIYAN.COM
Revolt in bengal
Forced by the planters to take advance money and enter into fraudulent contracts
which were then used against the peasants
1870s and 1880s, large parts of Eastern Bengal witnessed agrarian unrest caused
by oppressive practices of the zamindars
The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance. There was very little
violence
Young Indian intellectuals support-Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R.C. Dutt and the
Indian Association under Surendranath Banerjee.
Deccan Riots
In 1874, the growing tension between the moneylenders, and the peasants
resulted in a social boycott movement organised by the ryots against the outsider
moneylenders.
The Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act was passed in 1879 in order to maintain
peace and harmony.
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LATER MOVEMENTS
The Kisan Sabha Movement
Taken by the active members of Home Rule League in UP - Gauri Shankar Misra,
Indra Narain Dwivedi supported by Madan Mohan Malviya.
The UP Kisan Sabha, set up in 1918, had established 450 branches in 173 tehsils
of the province by mid-1919.
Nehru made several visits to the rural areas and developed close contacts with the
Kisan Sabha Movement.
Late 1920 an alternative Awadh Kisan Sabha at Pratapgarh with the efforts of
Jawahar lal Nehru, Mata Badal Pande, Baba Ram Chandra, Dev Narayan Pande,
and Kedar Nath bringing under its umbrella over 330 Kisan Sabhas.
The Sabha exhorted peasants to refuse to till bedakhali land; not to offer har and
begar ( forms of unpaid labour), boycott those who did not accept these conditions
and to solve their disputes through panchayats.
Eka Movement
Towards the end of 1921, peasant discontent surfaced again in the districts of
Hardoi, Bahraich and Sitapur
Congress and Khilafat leaders provided the initial thrust to the peasant grievances
and the movement grew under the name Eka or unity movement.
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With grass-root leadership not in favour of non- violence taking over the
movement, the authorities succeeded in bringing it to an end.
Mappila Revolt
Muslim tenants inhabiting the surging where most of the landlords were Hindus.
Worse in August 1921 when the arrest of a respected priest leader, Ali Musaliar
Bardoli Satyagraha
Surat district had witnessed intense politicisation after the coming of Gandhi on the
national political scene.
Sparked off in January 1926 when the authorities decided to increase the land
revenue by 30 per cent.
Under Patel, the Bardoli peasants resolved to refuse payments of the revised
assessment
K.M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from the Bombay Legislative Council in
support of the movement.
The Civil Disobedience Movement which took the form of no-rent, no-revenue
movement in many areas.
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Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the president and N.G. Ranga as the general
secretary.
Andhra
At many places, the summer schools of economics and politics were held and addressed
by leaders like P.C. Joshi, Ajoy Ghosh and R.D. Bhardwaj.
Bihar
The Provincial Kisan Sabha developed a rift with the Congress over the bakasht
land issue because of an unfavorable government resolution which was not acceptable
to the sabha.
Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha, the Kirti Kisan Party, the Congress and the Akalis.
A new direction to the movement was given by the Punjab Kisan Committee in 1937.
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The main targets of the movement were the landlords of western Punjab who dominated
the unionist ministry.
The immediate issues taken up were resettlement of land revenue in Amritsar and Lahore
and increase in water rates in canal colonies of Multan and Montgomery where feudal
levies were being demanded by the private contractors.
The AIKS was split on communist and non-communist lines and many veteran leaders
like Sahianand, Indulal Yagnik and N.G. Ranga left the sabha.
But the Kisan Sabha continued to work among the people and helped outstandingly
during the famine of 1943.
POST-WAR PHASE
Tebhaga Movement
The central slogan was nij khamare dhan tolo which means sharecroppers taking the
paddy to their own threshing floor and not to the jotedars house, as before, so as to
enforce tebhaga.
The storm centre of the movement was north Bengal, principally among Rajbanshis, a
low caste of tribal origin.
The movement dissipated soon, because of the League, ministrys sop of the Bargardari
Bill, an intensified repression, the popularisation of the Hindu Mahasabhas agitation for
a separate Bengal and renewed riots in Calcutta which ended the prospects of
sympathetic support from the urban sections.
Telangana Movement
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Total lack of political and civil liberties, grossest forms of forced exploitation by
deshmukhs, jagirdars, doras i.e. Landlords in forms of forced labour i.e. Vethi and illegal
exactions.
July 1946 -deshmukhs thug murdered a village militant in jangaon taluq of nalgonda.
The peasants organised themselves into village sanghams, and attacked using lathis,
stone slings and chilli powder.
The peasants brought about a rout of the razaqars, the nizams storm troopers.
Vethi and forced labour disappeared, agricultural wages were raised, illegally seized
lands were restored, steps were taken to fix ceilings and redistribute lands, measures to
improve irrigation and fight cholera.
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