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MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
(1707-1947)
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Alamgir Aurangzeb
(1658-1707)
Last of the Great Mughal rulers who died in 1707
Later Mughals
POLITICAL
CONDITION
• After
the
death
of
Mughal
emperor
Aurangzeb
in
1707
disintegration
of
Mughal
empire
gained
sharp
momentum
• Bahadur
Shah
emerged
victorious
among
the
sons
of
Aurangzeb
for
the
throne
• Was
an
able
ruler.
Tried
to
gain
control
over
the
Rajputs
by
replacing
Jai
Singh
by
his
younger
brother
Vijay
Singh
at
Amber.
He
forced
Ajit
Singh
of
Marwar
to
submit
to
Mughal
authority.
• Policy
towards
Maratha
sardars
(chiefs)
was
half
hearted
reconciliation
as
Bahadur
Shah
granted
sardeshmukhi
of
the
Deccan
but
did
not
grant
chauth
to
them.
Therefor
the
Maratha
chiefs
were
dissatisfied
and
Decccan
was
in
disorder.
• Bahadur
Shah
made
peace
with
the
Sikhs
by
granting
granting
high
mansab
to
Guru
Gobind
Singh
(10th
Guru).But
after
the
death
of
Guru
Gobind
Singh
Sikhs
again
raised
the
banner
of
revolt
under
Banda
Bahadur.
The
revolt
was
crushed
to
a
minimum
by
Bahadur
Shah
himself
who
captured
the
strong
fort
Lohgarh
at
the
foothills
of
Himalayas
for
a
brief
period.
• Bahadur
made
peace
with
Chhatarsal,
the
Bundela
chief
who
remained
loyal
to
him
and
the
Jat
chief
Churaman
joined
him
in
his
campaign
against
Banda
Bahadur.
• Bahadur
Shah
was
about
to
settle
the
empire
from
disarray
and
further
loss
but
his
unfortunate
death
in
1712
plunged
the
empire
once
again
into
a
civil
war.
• Jahandar
Shah
succeeded
the
throne
after
the
death
of
Bahadur
Shah,
supported
by
powerful
noble
Zulfiqar
Khan
• He
reversed
the
policies
of
Aurangzeb,
e.g.
abolished
Jizyah
tax
• Jai
Singh
of
Amber
was
given
the
title
Mirza
Raja
Sawai
and
appointed
governor
of
Malwa
• Zulfiqar
Khan
made
peace
with
Churaman
and
Chhattarsal
of
Bundela
• He
encouraged
the
practice
of
ijarah
or
revenue
farming
• In
1713
Farrukhsiyar,
defeated
Jahandar
Shah
and
succeeded
the
throne
Farrukhsiyar the Mughal emperor, ruled from 1713-‐1719
issued farman in 1717 granting the British East India Company concessions and exemption
from custom duties and right to issue dastaks to trade in Bengal
• Saiyid
brothers,
Abdullah
Khan(wazir)
and
Husain
Ali
Khan
Burhow
(mirbakshi),
were
the
‘king
makers’
who
helped
Farrukhsiyar
in
his
capturing
of
throne
• Farrukhsiyar
was
killed
in
1719
by
Saiyid
brothers,
and
Muhammad
Shah
was
made
the
Emperor
of
India
• Saiyid
brothers
reached
an
agreement
with
King
Shahu
by
granting
him
the
swarajya(of
Shivaji)
and
the
right
to
collect
chauth
• Nizam
ul
Mulk
and
Muhammad
Shah
killed
and
overthrew
Saiyid
brothers
• Muhammad
Shah
was
fickle
minded
and
reigned
from
1719-‐1748,
but
due
to
lack
of
confidence
on
Nizam
ul
Mulk
his
wazir,
latter
moved
to
south
and
founded
the
state
of
Hyderabad
in
Deccan
in
1724
• In
1739,
Nadir
Shah,
the
king
of
Persia,
invaded
India
and
plundered
Delhi
and
took
away
the
Koh
i
noor
diamond,
peacock
throne
of
Shahjahan
• In
Ahmad
Shah
Abdali,
one
of
the
generals
of
Nadir
Shah,
in
North
India
from
1748-‐
1767
defeated
the
mighty
Marathas
in
the
crucial
Third
battle
of
Panipat
in
1761
• RESULTS
• Mughal
empire
ceased
to
exist
in
totality
and
decimated
to
the
areas
around
Delhi
without
control
over
its
provinces
• In
the
provinces
many
independent
states
arose,
e.g.
Hyderabad,
Bengal,
Awadh,
Punjab
etc.
• Shah
Alam
II
who
ascended
the
throne
in
1759,
wandered
from
place
to
place,
joined
hands
with
Shuja
ud
Daulah
of
Awadh
and
Mir
Qasim
of
Bengal
and
declared
war
upon
East
India
Company
and
was
defeated
in
the
Battle
of
Buxar
in
1764.
He
lived
as
a
pensioner
of
East
India
Company
in
Allahabad
according
to
the
Treaty
of
Allahabad
in1765
• In
1772,
he(Shah
Alam
II)
left
the
British
shelter
and
returned
to
Delhi
under
Maratha
protection
• Mughal
dynasty
was
came
to
an
end
in
1857
when
the
last
emperor
Bahadur
Shah
II
(
also
Bahadur
Shah
Jafar)
was
sent
in
to
exile
to
Rangoon,Burma
after
the
suppression
of
the
Revolt
of
1857
where
he
died
in
1862
at
the
age
of
87
years
EXERCISE 1
1. Aurangzeb died in
A) 1717 B) 1707 C) 1703 D) 1705
2. Guru Govind Singh was succeeded by
A) Guru Angad B) Guru Ram Das Banda Bahadur D) Ranjit Singh
3. Who among the following were known as the ‘king makers’?
A) Ali brothers B) Husain C) Khan brothers D) Saiyid
brothers brothers
4. Who among the following Mughal rulers joined hands against East India
Company in the battle of Buxar in 1764?
A) Shah Alam I B) Shah Alam II C) Farrukhsiyar D) Jahandar
Shah
5. Nadir Shah plundered Delhi in
A) 1761 B) 1739 C) 1768 D) 1745
2. Indian States
On
the
debris
of
the
Mughal
Empire
and
its
political
system
arose
a
number
of
independent
and
semi-‐
independent
powers
like
Bengal,
Awadh,
Maratha,
Hyderabad,
Mysore
etc.
Hyderabad
and
the
Carnatic
• Founded
by
Nizam-‐ul-‐Mulk
Asaf
Jah
in
1724
Nizam-‐ul-‐Mulk
Asaf
Jah
• Played
a
leading
role
to
overthrow
the
Saiyid
brothers
in
Mughal
Empire
• Was
the
viceroy
of
Deccan
for
some
time
and
became
wazir
of
the
Empire
• During
emperor
Muhammad
Shah
frustrated
with
his
poor
administrative
policies
founded
the
independent
state
of
Hyderabad
• He
followed
a
tolerant
policy
towards
Hindus,
for
e.g.
Puran
Chand,
a
Hindu
was
his
Dewan
• In
the
Carnatic
Nawab
Sadatullah
Khan
was
the
ruler
and
he
made
his
nephew
Dost
Ali
as
his
successor
without
any
approval
of
Nizam,
who
was
his
superior
Bengal
• Taking
advantage
of
the
weak
Mughal
authority,
Murshid
Quli
Khan
made
Bengal
virtually
independent.
• Murshid
Quli
Khan
was
the
man
of
exceptional
quality
who
was
made
the
Governor
of
Bengal
in
1717,
though
he
was
ruler
from
1700
• Alivardi
Khan,
his
nephew
succeeded
him
by
killing
Shuja-‐uddin
Murshid
Quli
Khan
I
Shuja-‐uddin
(1727-‐1739)
I
Alivardi
Khan
(1739-‐1756)
I
Siraj
ud
daulah(
1756-‐1757)
• Alivardi
Khan
reorganised
the
finances
of
Bengal
by
transferring
large
parts
of
jagir
lands
into
khalisah
lands
• He
granted
agricultural
loans
(taccavi)
to
the
poor
cultivators
• Murshid
Quli
Khan
gave
equal
opportunities
to
both
Hindus
and
Muslims
• Alivardi
Khan
did
not
permit
English
and
French
to
fortify
their
factories
in
Calcutta
and
Chandernagore
• Nawabs
of
Bengal
neglected
the
maintenance
of
strong
army
and
did
not
put
down
the
tendency
of
the
colonialists
to
increase
their
military
strength
• Failed
to
check
the
growing
corruption
in
the
officials
• Company’s
rule
started
in
India
with
victory
of
the
English
under
Robert
Clive
in
the
Battle
of
Plassey
with
young
Nawab
Siraj
ud-‐daulah
in
1757
Awadh
• Saadat
Khan
Burhan-‐ul-‐Mulk
was
the
founder
of
the
state.
• Appointed
Governor
of
Awadh
in
1722
• Carried
out
a
fresh
revenue
settlement
in
1723
but
continued
with
the
jagir
system
• Saadat
Khan
was
succeeded
by
his
nephew
Safdar
Jung,
was
also
the
wazir
of
the
Mughal
Empire
and
granted
with
the
province
of
Allahabad
Saadat
Khan
Burhan-‐ul-‐Mulk
(1722-‐1739)
I
Safdar
Jung
(1739-‐1754)
• Safdar
Jung
made
alliance
with
Maratha
to
save
the
state
from
Maratha
incursions.
• Came
into
an
agreement
with
Peshwa
by
which
Peshwa
was
to
help
the
Mughal
Empire
against
Ahmad
Shah
Abdali
and
Indian
elements
like
Pathans
and
Rajput
rebels
• Adopted
the
policy
of
impartiality
in
the
employment
of
Hindus
and
Muslim,
highest
post
in
his
Government
was
held
by
a
Hindu,
Maharaja
Nawab
Rai
• Lucknow
became
an
important
city
of
Awadh
and
soon
rivalled
the
Delhi
in
its
patronage
of
arts
and
literature
• Chhota
Imambara,
Bara
Imambara
at
Lucknow
are
the
examples
of
architectural
splendour.
MYSORE
• The
state
was
nominally
a
part
of
the
Mughal
Empire
• Chikka
Krishna
Raj
was
the
king
• Two
ministers
Nanjaraj
(Sarbadhikari)
and
Devraj
seized
power
• Haidar
Ali
born
in
1721,
started
as
a
petty
officer
in
the
Mysore
army
Haidar
Ali
• Recognised
the
advantages
of
western
military
training
and
applied
to
the
troops
under
his
command
• In
1755,
established
a
modern
arsenal
at
Dindigul
with
the
help
of
French
troops
• 1761
overthrew
Nanjaraj
and
established
control
over
Mysore
• Controlled
the
Poligars
(warrior
chieftains
and
zamindars),
and
conquered
the
adjoining
territories
of
Bidnur,
Sunda,
Sera,
Canara,
and
Malabar
• Introduced
Mughal
revenue
system
in
the
conquered
area
• Engaged
in
war
with
Nizam
of
Hyderabad,
Maratha
sardars
and
British
and
repeated
defeated
the
British
force,
died
in
1785
TIPU
SULTAN
• Succeeded
his
father
Haider
Ali
in
1785
and
continued
the
Second
Anglo-‐Mysore
War.
• He
was
an
innovator
introduced
new
calendar,
system
of
coinage,
new
scales
of
weights
and
measures.
• Took
keen
interest
in
French
Revolution
(1789),
planted
a
‘Tree
of
Liberty’
at
Seringapatnam
and
became
a
member
of
Jacobin
Club
• Made
an
attempt
to
reduce
the
hereditary
possessions
of
the
poligars
and
eliminate
the
intermediaries
between
state
and
the
cultivators.
• But
the
revenue
was
as
high
as
one
third
of
the
produce
• He
also
made
an
effort
to
build
a
modern
navy,
for
he
established
two
dockyards
• British
found
Mysore
state
as
“well
cultivated,
populous
with
industrious
inhabitants,
cities
newly
founded
and
commerce
extending”
ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
Battle
of
Seringapatnam,1799
Name of the Year Fought between Consequences
war
1st Anglo Mysore 1767-69 Haidar Ali and The Haidar Ali almost captured
War British Madras,
2nd Anglo Mysore 1780-84 British and Haidar Treaty of Mangalore
War Ali, after his death (1784) was signed between
his son Tipu Sultan them and Tipu Sultan made
the Commissioner of Madras
to go to Mangalore. The treaty
was advantageous to Tipu
3rd Anglo Mysore 1790-92 Tipu Sultan and the Defeat of Tipu and surrender
War British of half of his territory to the
British by the Treaty of
Seringapatnam in 1792
4th Anglo Mysore 1799 Tipu and British Tipu Sultan was defeated and
War (Battle of under Earl of killed; the kingdom was
Serngapatnam) Mornington restored to the Wodeyar
Dynasty, with one British
Commissioner to advise him.
Thus Mysore became the
Princely State with British
subsidiary alliance
General
David
Baird,
Hero
of
Seringapatnam,
1799
• Sir
John
Shore,
Governor-‐General
from
1793-‐1798
wrote
“the
peasantry
of
his
(Tipu
Sultan)
dominions
are
protected
and
their
labour
encouraged
and
rewarded
• Tipu
Sultan
was
the
only
ruler
to
understand
the
need
for
economic
and
military
strength.
• With
an
intention
to
start
modern
industries
in
India
he
brought
foreign
workmen
and
state
support
to
many
industries
in
Mysore
state
• He
sent
emissaries
to
France,
Turkey,
Iran
and
Pegu
(Burma)
• He
gave
money
for
the
construction
of
image
of
goddess
at
Shringeri
temple
after
it
was
looted
by
Maratha
horsemen
• Also
gave
support
in
Sri
Ranganatha
Swami
temple
in
Mysore
Sri
Ranganatha
Swami
Temple
at
Mysore,
Karnataka
KERALA
th
• At
the
beginning
of
the
18
century
Kerala
was
divided
up
among
a
large
number
of
feudal
chiefs
and
rajas
• Prominent
being
Calicut
under
Zamorin,
Chirakkal,
Cochin
and
Travancore
• Martanda
Varma
was
the
king
of
Travancore
• By
1763,
all
the
petty
principalities
of
Kerala
were
absorbed
in
the
big
states
of
Cochin,
Travancore
and
Calicut
• In
1766,
Haidar
Ali
invaded
Kerala
and
annexed
some
parts
of
the
northern
Kerala
• Trivandrum
was
the
capital
of
Travancore
was
the
centre
of
Malayam
and
Sanskrit
literature,
Rama
Varma,
the
son
and
successor
of
Martanda
Varma
was
a
renowned
poet,
scholar,
musician,,
actor
and
was
fluent
in
many
European
languages
RAJPUTS
JATS
• Ajit
Singh
was
the
ruler
of
Marwar,
• Jats
were
the
caste
of
agriculturists
was
killed
by
his
own
son
lived
in
the
area
around
Delhi,
Agra
• Raja
Sawai
Jai
Singh
of
Amber
and
Mathura.
(1681-‐1743),
was
a
distinguished
• The
Jat
state
of
Bharatpur
was
set
statesman,
founded
the
city
of
up
by
Churaman
and
Badan
Singh
Jaipur
and
made
it
a
great
seat
of
• Jat
power
reached
its
glory
under
science
and
art.
Suraj
Mal,
who
ruled
from
1756-‐
• Jai
Singh
was
a
great
astronomer
1763
and
erected
observatories
at
Delhi,
Jaipur,
Ujjain,
Varanasi
and
Rohilkhand
Mathura
• Ali
Muhammad
Khan
carved
out
• He
had
Euclid’s
‘Elements
of
a
separate
principality
following
Geometry
translated
into
Sanskrit,
the
fall
of
Mughal
control
after
and
Napier’s
work
on
the
the
invasion
on
of
Nadir
construction
and
use
of
logarithms
Shah(1739)
Jantar Mantar, the astronomical observatory built by Sawai Raja Jai Singh at Delhi
SIKHS
• Founded
by
Guru
Nanak
in
the
end
of
the
15th
century,
the
Sikh
religion
spread
among
the
Jat
peasantry
and
other
lower
castes
of
Punjab.
SIKH GURUS
No. Name Time Significant
perio works
d
1 st Guru Nanak 1469- • Founded
1539 Sikhism
Started
Guru ka
Langar
2 nd Guru Angad 1539- • Started
1552 Gurumuk
hi script
3 rd Guru Amar Das 1552- • Advocated
1574 many
social
reforms
prevalent
at that time
like sati,
Purdah etc.
4 th Guru Ram Das 1574-
1581
5 th Guru Arjan 1581- • Compiled
1606 Guru
Granth
Sahib
• Tortured
and
executed
by Mughal
emperor
Jahangir
• Hailed as
the first
martyr of
the Sikhs
6 th Guru Har Govind 1606- • Started the
1644 transformat
ion of Sikhs
into a
militant
organizatio
n
7 th Guru Har Rai 1644- • Waged war
1661 against
Shah
Jahan and
Aurangzeb
• Sheltered
Dara
Shikoh
• Persecuted
by
Aurangze
b
8 th Guru Har Kishan 1661-
1664
9 th Guru Tegh Bahadur 1665- • Tortured
1675 and
executed
by the
order of
Aurangze
b
10 t Guru Govind Singh 1675- • Under him
h 1708 the Sikhs
became a
political
and military
force
• Founded
Khalsa in
1699
• Passed the
Guruship of
the Sikhs
to Guru
Granth
Sahib
• From
1699
Guru
Gobind
Singh
waged
constant
war
against
the
Mughals
under
Aurangzeb.
But
after
his
death
in
1707
joined
Bahadur
Shah’s
camp
as
a
noble
of
the
rank
of
5000
sawar
• Guru
Govind
Singh
was
succeeded
by
Banda
Bahadur.
• Banda
Bahadur
was
captured
and
put
to
death
in
1715
during
the
reign
of
Mughal
emperor
Farrukhsiyar
• After
the
departure
of
Ahmad
Shah
Abdali,
the
Sikhs
filled
the
political
vacuum.
• Between
1765-‐1800
they
gained
control
of
the
Punjab
and
Jammu
• Sikhs
were
organized
into
12
confederacies
or
misls
RANJIT
SINGH
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• In
the
end
of
18th
century,
Ranjit
Singh
the
chief
of
the
Sukerchakia
misl,
rose
to
prominence
• He
captured
Lahore
in
1799
and
Amritsar
on
1802
• Built
up
a
powerful
army
comprising
not
only
Sikhs
but
Biharis,
Oriyas,
Gurkhas,
Pathans
Dogra,
Punjabi
Muslims
etc.
• He
was
tolerant
in
his
religious
matters
• He
was
popularly
known
as
Sher-‐i-‐
Punjab
• Har
Mandir
Sahib
or
the
Golden
temple
was
renovated
and
built
by
him
• Took
possession
of
Koh-‐i-‐Noor
from
Shuja
Shah
Durrani
of
Afghanistan
• Treaty
of
Amritsar
was
signed
between
British
East
India
Company
and
Maharaja
Ranjit
Singh
in
1809
whereby
British
forbade
Ranjit
Singh
to
cross
the
Sutlej
river.
• Ranjit
Singh
did
not
involve
in
any
confrontation
with
the
British
and
saved
thus
Sikh
Empire
from
British
annexation,
but
he
did
not
save
the
empire
altogether
because
foreign
threat
remained
and
British
threat
passed
on
to
his
son
and
successors
EXERCISE 2
INDIAN STATES
1. Nizam ul Mulk Asaf Jah was the founder of
A) Deccan state B) Hyderabad Carnatic State D) Mysore state
State
2. Who of the following was the wazir of Mughal Empire who effectively removed the
influence of Saiyid brothers?
A) Safdar Jung B) Nizam ul Mulk C) Alivardi Khan D) Dost Ali
Asaf Jah
3.Founder of the state of Awadh was
A) Burhan ul Mulk B) Wazid Ali Shah C) Saadat Khan D) Safdar Jung
4. Who among the following came into an agreement with Peshwa by which Peshwa
was to help the Mughal Empire against Ahmad Shah Abdali?
A) Murshid Quli B) Safdar Jung C) Saadat D) None of the
Khan Khan above
5. Which of the following places became the centre of art and literature during the
disintegration of Mughal Empire
A) Lucknow B) Pune C) Patna D) Ahmedabad
6. Who established a modern arsenal at Dindigul?
a) Haidar Ali b)Tipu Sultan c) Raja Martand d) Zamorin
Varma
7. Who among the following rulers was a keen astronomer
a) Churaman b) Ajit Singh c) Sawai Raja Jai d) None of the
Singh above
8. Which Sikh Guru was captured and executed by Mughal Emperor Jahangir?
a) Guru Arjan b) Guru Har Rai c) Guru Amar Das d) Guru Ram Das
9. Suraj Mal was the king representing the
a) Rajputs b) Jats c) Tomaras d) Gahadavalas
10. Who among the following planted a ‘Tree of Liberty in India’
a)Sawai Raja Jai b) Haidar Ali c) Tipu Sultan d) Lord Wellesly
Singh
11. Who among the following was succeeded by Guru Gobind Singh
a) Ranjit Singh b) Duleep Singh c) Banda Bahadur d) Kharak Singh
12. The Treaty of Amritsar was signed in
a) 1802 b) 1805 c) 1809 d) 1815
MARATHA CONFEDERACY
• Most important challenge to the decaying Mughal Empire came from
the Maratha kingdom
• Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji had been a prisoner in the hands of
Aurangzeb since 1689, he was released in 1707 after the death of
Aurangzeb
• There was a conflict between Shahu living in Satara and his aunt Tara
Bai of Kolhapur who carried out struggle against Mughal since 1700 in
the name of her son Shivaji II
• Arising from the conflict between Shahu and his rival at Kolhapur, a
new system of Maratha government was evolved under the leadership
of Balaji Viswanath, the Peshwa of king Shahu
• Peshwa (chief minister) or mukh pradhan Balaji Viswanath gradually
consolidated Shahu’s hold and on his own Maratha sardars
MARATHAS UNDER PESHWA
BALAJI VISWANATH (1713-1720)
• Made Poona the seat of Maratha power
• He got the right to collect chauth and sadeshmukhi from the six
Mughal provinces in Deccan which are Khandesh, Berar, Bidar,
Bijapur, Golkunda and Aurangabad.
• He also assisted the plan to dislodge the Saiyid brothers
• Rejuvenated the Maratha power with his farsightedness
BAJI RAO (1720—1740)
• In the north he conquered Malwa in 1728 and Gujarat in 1731
• Captured the area of Bundelkhand and put up a strong fight
against the Nizam of Hyderabad. Defeated Nizam ul Mulk of
Hyderabad in the battle of Palkhed, near Nasik in 1728
• Secured the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from the
Mughal provinces in Deccan.
• In 1733 campaigned against Siddis and expelled them from the
mainland
• Defeated the Portugese to gain control over the areasof Salsette
and Bassein
• Raided Delhi in 1737and stationed his army at Mehrauli
• Joined hands with other Maratha chiefs to form a strong
Maratha Confederacy who were notably
1. Bhonsle of Nagpur (Raghuji Bhonsle)
2. Holkar of Indore (Malhar Rao Holkar)
3. Gaekwad of Baroda or Vadodara (Pillaji Gakewad)
4. Scindhia of Gwalior (Ranoji Scindhia)
BALAJI BAJI RAO (1740-1761)
• After the death of Shahuji in 1748, the power of the Peshwa
increased to manifold and Peshwa became the virtual ruler
of the Maratha Confederacy
• He was a great warrior and commander like his father
• Undertook many campaigns in the north and south India
and established Maratha suzerainty over Malwa, Gujarat
and Bundelkhand.
• Attacked Nawab Alivardi Khan of Bengal and forced him to
surrender Orissa and forced him to pay an annual payment
of chauth of Bengal
• In 1752 Peshwa also established Maratha control over Delhi
• In 1758, this control extended to Sirhind and Lahore
• In south he defeated Nizam of Hyderabad in the year 1760
and won control over Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and some parts
of Bidar, fort of Daulatabad and several other forts
• In 1761, Marathas were defeated in the Third
Battle of Panipat by Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah
Abdali.
CAUSES AND RESULTS
i. Previously Marathas defeated Najib-ud-daulah the
Ruhela (Rohilla) chief and Shuja-ud-Daulah of
Awadh, therefore they did not side with the Marathas in the
3rd battle of Panipat
ii. Ahmad Shah Abdali was enraged as his son Timur Shah
being ousted from Punjab by Balaji Baji Rao in 1758
iii. Marathas were advised by Jat chief Suraj Mal to wage
guerrilla war with Ahmad Shah Abdali which they did not
resort to instead Peshwa balaji Baji Rao sent a strong army
in charge of his cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau and Vishwas
Rao. Both succumbed to death in the fierce and decisive
battle of 1761
iv. Receiving the news Peshwa Balaji Baji died in 1761
v. Marathas who were fast emerging as the emerging power
in India after the mighty Mughals were decimated and
shattered severely in this defeat
vi. Ahmad Shah Abdali could not carry forward his victory
and did not stay in India. 3rd battle of Panipat thus Paved
the way for British supremacy in India
• REASONS FOR MARATHA DEFEAT
1. Faulty strategy of war adopted by the Marathas
2. Lack of solidarity by the Indian rulers
3. Marathas through their regular incursions in the
territories of other rulers annoyed other Indian rulers
4. Could not garner the support of the Indian rulers like
Sikhs, Jats, Rajputs, Rohillas, later Mughals and thus
left alone to fight the fierce battle with Ahmad Shah
Abdali
5. It showed and exposed the complete lack of national
feeling in Indian rulers
Mahadji Scindhia – Youngest son of Ranoji Rao Schindhia of Gwalior took
part in the 3rd Battle of Panipat, received leg injuries, along with Peshwa
Madhav Rao I and Nana Phadanvis helped in the Maratha resurrection and
Mughal emperor Shah Alam to restore suzerainty
Mahadji Scindhia
Malhar Rao Holkar- Based at Indore was a lieutenant of Maratha
Confederacy did not take active part in the 3rd Battle of Panipat
Nana Phadnavis (1742-1800), was an influential minister and statesman of
the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa administration in Pune called as
‘Maratha Machiavelli’
Nana Phadnis, the Maratha Machiavelli
MADHAV RAO I (1761-1772)
• Madhav Rao I was the fourth Peshwa of the Maratha
Empire. During his tenure, the Maratha empire
recovered from the losses they suffered during the
Panipat Campaign, a phenomenon known as the
"Maratha Resurrection"
• Had difference of opinion with his uncle Raghunatha
Rao
• Both had differences in their choice of Maratha sardars
also like Madhavrao usually preferred the company of
Gopalrao Patwardhan, Tryambakrao Mama Pethe, Nana
Phadnavis and Ramshastri. On the other hand Raghunatah Rao
had the preference towards Sakharambapu, Gulabrao and
Gangoba Tatya.
NARAYAN RAO (1772-1773)
• Was the Peshwa until his murder in 1773
• Married to Gangabai Sathe and gave birth to Sawai
Madhav Rao also known as Madhav Rao II
• He was succeeded by his uncle Raghunatha Rao
• But soon Raghunatha Rao was deposed and by the
courtiers and Maratha sardars
MADHAV RAO II (1773-1796)
• Became Peshwa from his infancy
• Supported by Maratha sardars like Nana Phadnavis
BAJI RAO II (1796-1818)
• Last Peshwa of the Maratha empire
• Became puppet in the hands of the nobles at Pune which
prompted him to flee and sign a treaty with British, Treaty
of Bassein in 1802
• Sent to Kanpur by the British with annual pension of
rupees 8 lakh
NANA SAHIB
• Adopted son of Last Peshwa Baji Rao II
• Originally known as Dhondu Pant
• Not accepted by the British as the Peshwa, by the policy
of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ by Lord Dalhousie, which led to
the discontinuation of the pension to Nana Sahib
• This resulted in the disenchantment of Nana Sahib who
finally Took part in the Revolt of 1857
ANGLO-MARATHA WARS
War Year Brief description
1st Anglo Maratha War 1775–1782 • English were defeated by Marathas under
Peshwa and his confidants
• Treaty of Surat (1775) Between Raghunatha
Rao a claimant of the Peshwaship according
to which Bassein and Salsette were given to
British and Poona to be given to Peshwa
with the help of British
• Treaty of Surat (1775) led to the 1st Anglo-‐
Maratha war
• Treaty of Purandhar (1776) Guided by
Warren Hastings signed between East India
Company’s Supreme Council at Calcutta and
Peshwa of Maratha Empire according to
which British were able to secure Salsette in
the condition where British to abandon the
cause of Raghoba or Raghunatha Rao.This
annulled the Treaty of Surat (1775).
• Nana Phadanvis supported the cause of
infant Peshwa Sawai Madhav Rao or
Madhav Rao II and violated the treaty by
granting a port to the French in the West
coast of India
• The war ended in the Treaty of Salbai (1782)
• According to which
i. Company retained Salsette and Broach
ii. Maratha to defeat the Haider Ali of
Mysore
iii. French were not to be given chance to
set up port or trade in Maratha territory
iv. Acknowledge Madhav Rao II as the
Peshwa
v. British recognised the territorial claims of
Mahadji Scindhia of Gwalior in the South of
Jumna(Yamuna) river
2nd Anglo Maratha 1803-‐1805 • English again supported the cause of
War Raghunatha Rao claiming to be Peshwa
• Son of Raghunatha Rao, Baji Rao II fought
with Yaswantrao Holkar of Indore in the
Battle of Poona and signed a treaty called
Treaty of Bassein(1802) under which
Peshwa Baji Rao II entered into a subsidiary
alliance with East India Company for mutual
protection of each others’ territory in which
six battalions of English troops to stay at
Peshwa’s protection in return Company was
to be paid with an annual subsidy of Rs. 26
lakhs
• Divided the Maratha powers and never let
to unite against the British and Holkar and
the Scindhias were against the terms of the
treaty as it forsook the sovereignty of the
Maratha and Peshwa in full
3rd Anglo Maratha 1817-‐1818 • Final and decisive conflict between the two
War
powers
• Peshwa
Baji
Rao
II,
Holkar
of
Indore
and
Bhonsle
of
Nagpur
were
fought
against
the
British
but
the
Scindhia
of
Gwalior
remained
neutral
by
British
diplomacy
though
he
lost
control
of
Rajasthan
• Peshwa
was
arrested
the
and
sent
to
Kanpur
with
an
annual
pension
of
rupees
8
lakh
• Most
of
the
Maratha
territory
was
annexed
by
the
British
and
became
the
part
of
Bombay
Presidency
• Bhonsle
were
defeated
in
the
Battle
of
Sitalbuldi
(1817)
• Holkar
were
defeated
in
the
Battle
of
Mahidpur
(1817)
EXERCISE
1. Shahuji was released after the death of
A) Aurangzeb B) Bahadur Shah C) Farrukhsiyar D) Shah Alam
2. Tarabai, the aunt of Shahu lived in
A) Khandesh B) Satara C) Kolhapur D) Poona
3. First Peshwa was
A) Balaji Baji Rao B) Balaji C) Baji Rao I D) Madhav Rao
Vishwanath
4. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
A) Bhonsle – B) Gaekwad – C) Peshwa – D) Holkar - Gwalior
Nagpur Vadodara Poona
5. Who among the following died in the 3rd Battle of Panipat?
A) Sadashiv Rao B) Balaji Baji Rao C) Malhar Rao D) Mahadji
Bhauji Holkar Scindhia
6. 3rd Battle of Panipat took place in
A) 1761 B) 1764 C) 1775 D) 1776
7. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
A) Malhar Rao B) Mahadji C) Nana Phadanvis D) Raghunath Rao
Holkar – Indore Scindhia -Gwalior – Poona - Vadodara
8. Who among the following was known as Indian Machiavelli by Grant Duff?
A) Malhar Rao B) Nana Phadanvis C) Baji Rao I D) Sawai Madhav
Holkar Rao
9. Treaty of Purandhar took place in
A) 1775 B) 1776 C) 1782 D) 1818
10. Treaty of Salbai took place in
A) 1775 B) 1776 C) 1782 D) 1818
11. Who among the following is known as the Peshwa of Maratha resurrection after the 3rd
Battle of Panipat?
A) Madhav Rao I B) Raghunath Rao C) Madhav Rao II D) Nana Sahib
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE
• Increasing oppressions of the officials, greed, rapacity of nobles, marches and
counter marches for control of the land made the life of the common people
deplorable.
• Indian agriculture was technically backward and stagnant. Peasants tried to
compensate this by working very hard. But hardly could reap the harvest due
to the state, zamindars, the jagirdars and revenue farmers, who tried to
extract maximum amount from them.
• Indian villages were self sufficient and imported little from outside the items of
handicrafts and agricultural produce.
• Constant warfare and disruption of law and order in many areas in the 18th
century harmed country’s internal and external trade.
• Even the road between two cities, Delhi and Agra was made unsafe by the
marauders
• Foreign trade disrupted with expansion of sea trade, overland trade through
Afghanistan and Persia was disrupted
• Many prosperous cities, centres of flourishing industry, were sacked and
devastated.
NADIR SHAH
Delhi was plundered by Nadir Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty.
Emperor Nadir Shah, the Shah of Persia(1736-47) invaded Mughal Empire,
attacked Delhi in 1739 defeating the Mughals at the battle of Karnal and
eventually captured the Mughal capital Delhi in the aftermath of the battle.
The whole city was plundered and ransacked ruthlessly.
• Indian artisans still enjoyed the fame all the world over for their skill. India was
still manufacturers of cotton, dye-stuffs, minerals and metallic products like
arms, saltpetre and oils.
• Centres of Textile industries were
1. Dacca and Murshidabad in Bengal,
2. Patna in Bihar
3. Surat, broach, Ahmedabad in Gujrat
4. Chanderi in M.P.
5. Jaunpur, Varanasi, Agra and Lucknow in U.P.
6. Multan and Lahore in Punjab
7. Masulipatnam, Chiacole and Vishakhapatnam in Andhra
8. Bangalore in Karnataka
9. Madurai and Coimbatore in Tamilnadu
10. Kashmir as a centre for woollen materials
• Ship building industry in Andhra, Maharashtra and Bengal
EDUCATION
Education in India was not fully neglected in 18th century. Knowledge imparted was
mostly literature, philosophy etc. and the studies relating to physical science, natural
science, maths, geography
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
• Caste was the principal feature of the Hindus. Caste was a major
divisive force and element of disintegration in 18th century in India.
• Custom of early marriages were prevalent in almost all over the
country.
• Dowry was prevalent in Bengal and Rajputana.
• Custom of Sati was prevalent in some parts of the country. Sawai
Raja Jai Singh and Maratha General Prashuram Bhau
tried to promote widow remarriage but failed
• The most branches of the arts declined fast which were patronized
by the kings, princes and nobles
• Imambara of Lucknow showed proficiency in technique and
decadence in architectural taste
Bara Imambara at Lucknow
• A noteworthy feature of the 18th century was the spread of Urdu
language and fast growth in the Urdu poetry. Some brilliant poets of
Urdu were Mir, Sauda, Nazir and in the 19th century great genius
Mirza Ghalib
• Hindi language was also developing throughout the country
• Revival of Malayalam literature under Travancore rulers, Martanda
Varma and Rama Varma. Kunchan Nambiar was also a
famous poet of Kerala. Kerala also witnessed the development of
kathakali literature, dance and
• Tayaumanvar (1706-44) was one of the best exponents of sittar
poetry in Tamil who protested against the abuses of temple rule.
• Dayaram was one of the great lyricists of Gujarat.
• Warris Shah wrote the famous romantic epic Heer Ranjha.
• Sindhi literature flourished during 18th century, Shah Abdul Latif
composed Risalo. Sachal and Sami were the great poets of Sindhi
literatue at time.
• The main weakness of Indian culture lay in the field of science. This
weakness in science was largely responsible for the total
subjugation of the country
• In religious sphere the spread of Bhakti movement among the
Hindus and Muslims continued to grow. And there were an
environment of religious tolerance
COLONIAL ADVENTS AND
BRITISH CONQUESTS OF INDIA
• In 1492 Columbus discovered America
• In 1498, Vasco da Gama of Portugal discovered
a new sea trade route to India from Europe
Trading settlements
Portugese (Portugal) Dutch (Holland)
• Portugese navigator Vasco Da • Dutch East India Company was
Gama reached Calicut, India on formed 1602
20 May, 1498
th • Established trading depots in
• Hindu king Zamorin gave him a Surat,
warm welcome Broach
• In 1502, Vasco Da Gama again Cambay
came to India Ahmedabad
Trading posts of the Portugese were • Cochin in Kerala,
Cochin • Nagapatam in Madras,
Goa Masulipatnam in Andhra,
Diu • Chinsurah in Bengal,
Daman • Patna in Bihar
• Under the viceroyalty of Alfonso • Agra in Uttar Pradesh
d’Albuquerque who captured • In 1658 they conquered Sri Lanka
Goa in 1510, the Portugese from Portugese
established their domination over • Dutch lost their influence because
the entire the Asian coast of the growing interference from
• the Dutch Government in the
internal affairs of the Company
ENGLISH
• In 1600 British East India Company was formed
• They were granted a royal charter and the exclusive privilege to trade in East
by Queen Elizabeth on 31st December 1600
• In 1608 they decided to start a factory in Surat
• In 1613, they were given the permission to set up the factory at Surat
• Sent Captain Hawkins to Jahangir’s court to obtain royal favours and
the company was granted firman to set up factories in India
• In 1615, British ambassador Sir Thomas Roe succeeded in getting the
farman to set up factories and trade in all parts of the Mughal Empire
• In 1662, the Portugese gave the island of Bombay to King Charles II of
England as dowry for marrying Portugese princess
• Factories by English East India Company
a) Surat
b) Broach
c) Ahmedabad
d) Agra
e) Masulipatnam (1611), first factory in South
f) Bangalore (1642)
g) Fort St. George was set up at Madras
h) Bombay in 1668 as dowry gift to Charles II, King of England after
marrying Portugese Princess Catharine Braganza became the part of
the British settlement
i) 1633, In Orissa first factory in Eastern India
j) In 1651, given permission to trade in Hooghly ,Bengal
• In 1686, war broke out between English and Mughal due to certain hostilities
in trade, but they misjudged the strength of the Mughals and they were driven
out form their factories from Hooghly, Masulipatnam, and Surat. Fort at
Bombay was seized. But through petition and submissions they were granted
to permission to trade in India under the protection of Indian rulers.
• In 1698,the company was founded(by Job Charnock) the city of Calcutta by
acquiring the zamindari of Sutanuti, Govindapur and Kalikata, also built Fort
William in Calcutta
• In 1717 Company secured in firman from Mughal Emperor
Farrukhsiyar confirming the privilege granted in 1691and extending them to
Gujarat and Deccan
• Charter act of 1600 granted the East India Company the exclusive privilege of
trading east of Cape of Good Hope for a period of 15 years
French
• French East India Company was founded in 1664
• Firmly established at Chandernagore near Calcutta
• In 1742, war broke out between England and France in Europe which soon
spread to India. In 1748 the war though ended in Europe but the rivalry
between two powers did not end in India
• French settlements in India
a) Chandernagore in Bengal
b) Pondicherry by Francis Martin in 1674
c) Mahe
d) Golconda
e) Karikal
• With coming of Dupleix in 1742 as the Governor of Pondicherry, the French
Company got entangled in conflicts with the English East India Company over
several issues.
EXERCISE 4
1. Which of the following were not important centres of textile in India in 18th century?
A) Ahmedabad B) Patna C) Dacca D) Delhi
2. Who among the following was an exponent of Malayalam literature in India?
A) Martanda B) Raja Ravi C) K D Raya D) Tayaumanvar
Varma Varma
3. Alphonso d’Albuquerque was a _________ viceroy
A) English B) Dutch C) Portugese D) French
4. Which of the following was not a French settlement in India?
A) Daman B) Golconda C) Chandernagore D) Pondicherry
5. In which year did Farrukhsiyar gave the royal farman to the English ?
A) 1709 B) 1717 C) 1715 D) 1720
British Conquests
CARNATIC WARS
• FIRST CARNATIC WAR (1746-48)
• Causes
a) Austrian War of succession in Europe as both English and the French
wanted to place their own royal candidates on the throne of Austria.
b) Both fought over the expansion of colonies in America
c) In the wake of declining Mughal Empire both wanted to have control over
the Indian trade
DUPLEIX
• French under Dupleix, the Governor of Pondicherry. English captured the
French ships in Indian waters. Dupleix pleaded for help from French governor
of Mauritius, La Bourdonnais. French fleet tried to capture Madras but failed in
1748 the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle (1748) ended the Austrian War of
Succession (1740-1748) and the war ended with the no further hope of
Dupleix to extend his dream to capture India from growing English dominion.
Under the treaty Madras was handed back to the English much to the disgust
Dupleix
• SECOND CARNATIC WAR (1748-1754)
Both English and he French under Dupleix engaged in rivalry over the contest
of succession of Indian states Carnatic and Hyderabad.
• Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah died in 1748, succeeded by his son Nasir
Jang, but his claim was contested by his nephew Muzaffar Jang, grandson
of the late Nizam.
Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah
• In the Carnatic the right of Nawab Anwar-ud-din was disputed by his brother-
in-law Chanda Sahib.
• Under such circumstances the French sided with Muzaffar Jang and Chanda
Sahib while the English supported the claims of Nasir Jang and Anwar-ud-din.
• French defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din at the battle of Ambur near Vellore in
August 1749. Nasir Jung also killed in an encounter in 1750.
RESULT
i. Thus Muzaffar Jung became the Subahdar of Deccan
ii. As a reward Dupleix was appointed Governor of all Mughal territories
iii. Nizam of Hyderabad surrendered some districts of Northern Circars to
French
iv. French army under Bussy was kept at Hyderbad at the request of new
Subahdar
v. Chanda Sahib was made the Nawab of Carnatic in 1751
• Muzaffar Jung was killed in an accident in 1751 and French under Bussy
placed Nizam ul Mulk Salamat Jang on the throne.
• The English chalked out a plan to place Muhammad Ali, son of late Nawab
Anwar-ud-din for the nawabship of Carnatic
• Muhammad Ali was surrounded by French at Trichinopalli, to break the
siege Clive attacked Arcot, the capital of Carnatic which Chanda Sahib the
Nawab could not repulse.
• Dupleix was not assisted by the main officials of the French East India
Company
Incurred heavy loss and French Government blamed Dupleix and La
Bourdonnais for the loss
• In 1754, Second Carnatic War ended in the Treaty of Pondicherry
• Dupleix was sent to French and in his place Godehu was sent to India
as the French Governor General
• Muhammd Ali was accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic
3. THIRD CARNATIC WAR (1756-63)
• Anglo-French rivalry again started in India as the reflection of
Seven Years War in Europe(1756-1763)
• French Government sent Comte de Lally in 1758
• In the meantime English defeated Siraj-ud-daulah the nawab of Bengal
in the battle of Plassey in 1757. The spread beyond southern India and
into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of
Chandernagore in 1757
• Comte de Lally in captured St. David in 1758 attacked Tanjore
• However, the war was decided in the south India, where the British
successfully defended Madras, and Sir Eyre de Coote decisively
defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle
of Wandiwash in 1760.
• After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British
in 1761
RESULTS
i. The conflict proved decisive Pondicherry and Mahe were
seized by the English
ii. Treaty of Paris in 1763, ended the Anglo-French rivalry in India, and
French were decimated and rise of English was all pervasive
CAUSES OF SUCCESS OF ENGLISH OVER FRENCH
• Naval superiority of British
• Impact of the European politics, in Europe position of
England was much superior to France which percolated to
India also
• English Government was proactive in the developments
taking place in India than the French Government
• Financial position of English was stronger than the English
• Position of the British was further strengthened by their
conquest of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey (1757)
• Apart from Bengal British had control over the important
areas like Madras, Bombay, which added tremendous
strategic advantage to the British
• Lack of coordination between French Government and
Dupleix. Dupleix wanted to establish French control on
India but the French Government recalled him after the
Second Carnatic War.
EXERCISE
1. Which of the following conflict had the direct impact of the Austrian War of Succession?
A) Anglo-Afghan B) Carnatic War C) Anglo- Mysore D) Anglo- Maratha
War War War
2. Dupleix was the governor of
A) Goa B) Mahe C) Karikal D) Pondicherry
3. Treaty of Aix la Chapelle was signed in
A) 1739 B) 1745 C) 1748 D) 1752
4. Treaty of Pondicherry signed in
A) 1754 B) 1758 C) 1760 D) 1762
5. After which war the dream of Dupleix to establish French empire in Indian ended?
A) First Anglo- B) Second Anglo- C) Third Anglo- D) Battle of
French war French war French war Wandiwash
6. Who took part actively in the Anglo-French rivalry in India?
A) Robert Clive B) Charles C) Henry D) Major Evance
Metcalfe Lawrence Bell
7. Battle of Wandiwash took place in
A) 1756 B) 1758 C) 1760 D) 765
8. During Anglo-French rivalry in India Comte de Lally was defeated by
A) Robert Clive B) Warren C) Eyre de Coote D) Dupleix
Hastings
9. Which of the following cannot be considered as the reason for French defeat in India?
A) Naval B) Lack of support C) Victory of the D) Victory of the
Superiority of the by the French British in the Battle British in the Battle
English Government of Plassey of Buxar
10.Treaty of Paris signed in
A) 1757 B) 1761 C) 1763 D) 1764
BENGAL
• Alivardi Khan seized power in 1740 from Sarfaraz Khan, son of Shuja ud-din
• During Alivardi Khan’s reign in Bengal Marathas made persistent incursion to
Bengal for plunder. Thus he concluded a treaty with Marathas in 1751, by
which he was to give an annual chauth of Rs 12 lakh to the Marathas
• Nawab Alivardi Khan died in 1756
• His grandson Siraz-ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal in 1756
• His Nawabship was not acceptable to his nearest political rivals, nawab of
Purnea, Shaukat Jang and his aunt Ghasiti Begum
• British engaged in the Carnatic conflicts with French went for the fortification
and reinforcement of armoury in Fort William near at Calcutta
• Siraj-ud-daulah anticipating the political circumstances tried to check the
military advancement of the British seized the Fort in 15th June 1756.
• The British forces surrendered and escaped to Fulta and conspired against
the Siraj-ud-daulah taking Mir Jafar to their side, also strong army arrived at
Calcutta from Madras under Robert Clive and Admiral Watson
• Battle of Plassey took place in 1757 where Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated
and killed.
Memorial of the Battle of Plassey at the site (present day West Bengal)
• Mir Jafar and Rai Durlabh commanders of the strong contingent
treacherously did not take part in the battle
• Mir Madan and Mohan Lal died in the battle
RESULTS
v Mir Jafar Was made the nawab of Bengal as a reward by the British.
v British acquired jagir of 24 Parganas
v Treasury of Bengal was empty paying British, and state of anarchy
started prevailing in Bengal
This led to the replacing of Mir Jafar with Mir Qasim as the new nawab of
Bengal in 1760
Mir Qasim
Mir Qasim
• Was the son-in-law of Mir Jafar
• Handed over the Zamindari of Burdwan, Medinipur and Chittagong
• Shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr
• Tried to protect the interest of Indian merchants and artisans by employing
same tax to both British goods and the Indian
• Mir Jafar was pensioned off to Calcutta
• Tried to modernize the army in European style and enhanced the pre existing
cesses
• Soon Mir Qasim came in conflict with the Company because of the legal
restrictions imposed on internal trade
• There was a steep decrease in the nawab’s income due to the concessions
enjoyed by the English officials
• This led Mir Qasim to abolish all trade duties and placed Indian traders in the
same footing as the English traders
• English attacked Mir Qasim in Patna and defeated him in several battles and
reinstated Mir Jafar as the nawab of Bengal
• Mir Qasim ran away and joined hands with Shuja-ud-daulah, the
Nawab of Awadh and Mughal Empire Shah Alam II and fought with
the English the battle of Buxar in 1764
RESULTS
i. Victory of the British over combined forces of India
ii. Decisive battle resulting in the establishmenst of British sovereignty in
Bengal
iii. Exposed the hollowness of Mughal Empire and Indian military facility
iv. A sequence of bribe, economic plunder and anarchy began in Bengal
v. Clive was made the Governor of Bengal and concluded the treaty with
Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and Mughal Empire
Shah Alam II called the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765
vi. According to the Treaty of Allahabad of 1765
• The British got the right to free trade in Awadh and they were
allowed to keep army at Awadh at Nawab’s expense
• Shah Alam II was given the districts of Kora and Allahabad and
also given the annual pension of 26 lakh rupees
• Shah Alam II in return gave the British the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar
and Orissa
ANGLO- MYSORE WARS
Name of the Year Fought between Consequences
war
1st Anglo Mysore 1767-69 Haidar Ali and The Haidar Ali almost captured
War British Madras,
2nd Anglo Mysore 1780-84 British and Haidar Treaty of Mangalore
War Ali, after his death (1784) was signed between
his son Tipu Sultan them and Tipu Sultan made
the Commissioner of Madras
to go to Mangalore. The treaty
was advantageous to Tipu
3rd Anglo Mysore 1790-92 Tipu Sultan and the Defeat of Tipu and surrender
War British of half of his territory to the
British by the Treaty of
Seringapatnam in 1792
4th Anglo Mysore 1799 Tipu and British Tipu Sultanwas defeated and
War (Battle of under Earl of killed, the kingdom was
Serngapatnam) Mornington restored to the Wodeyar
Dynasty, with one British
Commissioner to advise him.
Thus Mysore became the
Princely State with British
subsidiary alliance
Map showing the Mysore state under Tipu and Seringapatnam
PUNJAB AFTER RANJIT SINGH AND ANGLO-SIKH WARS
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• Treaty of Amritsar (1809) it was pact between the English East India
Company under Charles T. Metcalfe and founder of the state of Punjab Ranjit
Singh, according to which territory of Punjab would not exceed the cis-Sutlej
river and English would not either cross the river Sutlej.
• 1839 – Death of Ranjit Singh followed a period of confusion and disorder
in the state and was succeeded by unpopular son Kharak Singh. Followed by
Nainihal Singh who was murdered later. Lastly, the youngest son Duleep
Singh was put on the throne of Sikh empire with Rani Jindan acting as the
regent.
• In 1843 Sind was annexed by English,
Anglo Sikh wars
1 st Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)
• After the death of Ranjit Singh English started deploying forces near
north western border near Indus at Ferozpur
• Appointment of Major Broadfoot in 1843 in Ludhiana for dealing with
the Sikha affairs worsened Anglo-Sikh relation.
• Increase in English establishment made the Sikh offensive they
crossed the river Sutlej and a series of battles in Mudki, Ferozeshah,
Buddewal and Aliwal was inconclusive.
• Lastly, in 1846 the battle of Sobraon was decisive resulting in the
mass slaughter of the Sikh forces due to treachery by Lal Singh and
Teja Singh
• English crossed Sutlej and occupied Lahore and a Treaty was
concluded in 1846, with Duleep Singh being recognised as the
Maharaja of Punjab with Rani Jindan as his regent or wazir and
many other clauses as follows
1. No claim in the south of Sutlej by the Punjab Maharaja
2. Perpetual ceding of sovereignty of all forts right of doab
to the English
3. Company demanded a war indemnity of rupees 1.5
crore failing which all hills forts to be ceded to the
English
4. Maharaja to disband all mutinous troops of Lahore army
5. Maharaja agreed never to retain, in his service, any
British subject nor any European or American state
without the consent of British Government.
2 nd Anglo- Sikh War (1848-49)
ASSEMBLY OF SIKH FORCES BEFORE THE 2ND ANGLO-SIKH
WAR AT GUJRANWALA
• After few months disillusioned Rani Jindan and Lal Singh understood
the real intention of the British.
• British Regent remained in Lahore in the name of assisting the minor
Maharaj Duleep Singh as desired by Lord Hardinge. This led to
usurpation of all powers of Maharaja by the British which was
resented by Rani Jindan as a result mother and child was seperated
by unscrupulous British interest
Duleep Singh
• Lord Hardinge was succeeded by Lord Dalhousie, who was
a great imperialist and did not believe in the policy of ‘half measures’
and hinted on full annexation of Punjab
• Revolt in Multan by Mul Raj, Governor of Multan in 1848, gave the
British the opportunity to invade Punjab and British intervention
resulted in mass anarchy.
• Lord Dalhousie in 1848 took time until the localised uprising took the
shape of Sikh rebellion
• Dalhousie wrote, ‘the task before me is the utter destruction and
prostration of the Sikh power’
• Battles were fought in Ramnagar, Multan which surrendered in
January, 1849 which followed Sikh defeat at Chillianwala.
• The final decisive battle fought in 1849 at Gujarat
• This was followed by the annexation of whole Punjab under Lord
Dalhousie
EXERCISE
1. Alivardi Khan seized power from
A) Shuja-ud-din B) Sarfaraz Khan C) Murshid Quli D) None of the
Khan above
2. Which Nawab of Bengal granted chauth to Maratha due to persistent incursions by
them
A) Alivardi Khan B) Sarfaraz Khan C) Shuja-ud-din D) Murshid Quli
Khan
3. Siraz-ud Daulah seized Fort William in
A) 1754 B) 1755 C) 1756 D) 1757
4. Who among the following were fought for Nawab Siraz-ud Daulah at the Battle of
Plassey?
A) Mirmadan B) Rai Durlabh C) Mir Zafar D) Shaukat Zang
5. Who transferred the capital of Bengal to Monghyr?
A) Alivardi Khan B) Mir Zafar C) Mir Qasim D) None of the
above
6. Who among the following did not take part in the Battle of Buxar?
A) Mir Qasim B) Nawab Of C) Shah Alam D) Zulfiqar Khan
Awadh
7. Treaty of Amritsar (1809) was signed between Maharaj Ranjit Singh and ………
A) Lord Hardinge B) Charles T C) Lord Dalhousie D) Henry Lawrence
Metcalfe
8. First Anglo-Sikh War took place under the Governor General?
A) Lord Warren B) Lord Hardinge C) Lord William D) Lord Dalhousie
Hastings Bentinck
9. Treaty of Lahore signed in
A) 1809 B) 1818 C) 1846 D) 1860
10. Second Anglo-Sikh war ended in
A) 1846 B) 1849 C) 1856 D) 1860
11. Who among the following was the last Maharaja of Sikh Empire?
A) Ranjit Singh B) Kharak Singh C) Naonihal Singh D) Dalip Singh
12. Rani Jindan Kaur was the mother of
A) Lal Singh B) Mul Raj C) Kharak Singh D) Duleep Singh
13. Who planted the tree of liberty in India commemorating the French Revolution of
1789?
A) Haidar Ali B) Tipu Sultan C) Nana Phadanvis D) Nana Sahib
14. Battle of Seringapatnam took place in?
A) 1789 B) 1796 C) 1799 D) 1800
15. Treaty of Seringapatnam was signed in
A) 1789 B) 1792 C) 1796 D) 1799
Robert Clive
• After the English victory at the battle of Buxar in 1764, Robert Clive was
again sent to India as the Governor and Commander in Chief of the British
possessions in Bengal
1. With Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah he concluded Treaty
of Allahabad in 1765, according to which Nawab had to surrender
Allahabad and Kora to Emperor Shah Alam
2. By the Second Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the fugitive Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam was taken under Company’s protection and was
to reside in Allahabad
3. Settlement in Bengal – Started Dual System in Bengal, by which
the real power rested with Company but the responsibility for
administration rested on the shoulders of the Nawab of Bengal
4. According to firman of Shah Alam, Diwani of Bengal was granted to the
British, but English under Robert Clive did not take Diwani functions
from the emperor rather appointed deputy Diwans (Reza Khan and
Shitab Rai also the Nizamat (military, defence and foreign affairs of the
province) , but the real power was with the British only
EVIL EFFECTS OF DUAL SYSTEM
• Administrative breakdown owing to impotence of Nizamat,
administration, law and order virtually broke down. Nawab had no
power to enforce law and justice
• Decline in agriculture due to bidding in the revenue collection, over
assessment of the produce led to the decline of agriculture
• Disruption in trade and commerce due to competition with the foreign
traders
• Moral degradation
GOVERNOR GENERALS IN BRITISH INDIA
WARREN HASTING (1772-85)
Warren Hastings, 1ST Governor General
• Administrative reforms: Introduced quiquennial settlement
of land revenue in 1772 farming out lands to the highest
bidder, he reversed to open settlement
• Abolished ‘Dual Government’ in 1772
• Became the Governor General in 1773 with the passing of
the Regulating Act of 1773. Thus he became the first
Governor General of India.
• Made appointments of collectors and other revenue
officers
• Judicial Reforms:
1. Started Diwani and Faujdari Adalat at the district
level and sadar Diwani and Nizamat Adalat of Calcutta, an
appellate court.
2. Hindu and Muslim laws were defined
3. Translation of Manusmriti done
4. Jones and Cole Brooke published a Digest of Hindu Law
in 1791
5. Supreme Court was established in Calcutta and Lord
Elijah Impey was the first Chief Justice
• Commercial Reforms: Custom houses in zamindaris were
suppressed and there forth maintained in Calcutta,
Hughli, Murshidabad, Dacca, and Patna.
Establishment of Board of Trade in Calcutta in 1774
• Regulating Act, 1773 was passed and it vested the
administration of British territories in India in the
hands of Governor-General assisted by a Council of four
members
• Trial of Maharaja Nandkumar, 1775
Maharaj of Nand Kumar was tried in charge of forgery
under him and critics described it as ‘a judicial murder’
EXTERNAL RELATIONS UNDER WARREN HASTINGS
• Relation with Emperor Shah Alam: Shah Alam was residing
at Allahabad after the Treaty of Allahabad(1765, Marathas
under Mahadji Schindhia and Jaswant Rao Holkar expelled
Rohellas from doab and captured Delhi in 1771 and handed
over Delhi to Emperor Shah Alam who in return gave
Allahabad and Kora to the Marathas. Warren Hastings as a
result discontinued the annual tribute of Rs. 26 lakh to
Shah Alam.
• Relation with Awadh: Warren Hastings handed over
Allahabad and Kora to nawab of Awadh by the Treaty of
Benares (1773) with an intention of separating the
Maratha Awadh combination and fight Maratha-Rohilla
combination.
• Rohilla War, 1774 with the help of Company’s troop nawab
of Awadh invaded the Rohilkhand and annexed it in 1774,
and Rohilla leader Hafiz Rehmat Khan died in action.
Rohilkhand became the part of Awadh since then.
(Cover page of a book titled ‘Hastings and the Rohilla War’)
• First Anglo-Maratha War (1776-1782) Signed Treaty of
Surat (1775) and Treaty of Purandhar (1776), described
earlier.
• Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)Haidar Ali with a common
understanding with Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad went on
war with Company in the south India, also garnering French
support, but in the midway Haidar Ali died in 1782, American
War of Independence, 1783, French power went back to Europe
leaving Tipu Sultan alone in the battle with British. War
ended in a draw with a Treaty of Mangalore signed in 1784.
• Chait Singh and Awadh: Chait Singh was the Raja of Benares,
who was actually a feudatory of Awadh. Company under Warren
Hastings having been under financial crisis to fight war
against Marathas and Mysore, made Chait Singh the vassal of
the Company and demanded annual payment from him.
• Under Warren Hastings
v James Augustus Hickey started a weekly
paper called Bengal Gazette or Calcutta
General Advisor in 1780.
v 1784, foundation of Asiatic Society of
Bengal
v Fatwa-i-Alamgiri was translated
v Wilkins translated Gita and Hitopadesa in
English
v Siar-ul-Mukhterin was written by Syed
Ghulam Hussain
LORD CORNWALLIS (1786-93)
Lord Cornwallis
• Judicial Reforms: Faujadari Adalats presided over by
Indian Judges abolished and in their place four circuit
courts were established presided by European covenanted
servants. The Sadar Nizamat Adalat also replaced.
• Cornwallis Code based on separation of powers, was
introduced. He is known as the father of civil services
in India
• Collectors were divested of judicial and magisterial
powers; he was only the head of revenue administration.
• Police reforms: New police system was introduced through
regulation of 1791
• Permanent Settlement, 1793
1. With an intention to devise satisfactory solution
to the revenue system in Bengal Permanent Settlement was
introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal.
2. Under this Zamindars were recognized owners of
the landand a ten year’s settlement was made with them in
1790.
3. In 1793 the ten year system was declared
permanent and the zamindars and the legitimate successors
were allowed to hold their estates at that much assessed
rate for ever. The state demand was made 89% of the the
rental, leaving 11% with the zamindars as their share of
the responsibility and trouble.
RESULTS
a) It became an engine of exploitation and
oppression which created feudalism at the top
and serfdom at the bottom
b) State’s demand remained constant even though
new areas came under cultivation and with
passage of time it remained constant till 1954!
c) Company sacrificed the interest of the peasants
d) State demand was very high with 89% of the rent
thus led to high degree of oppression while
collection from the ryots.
• Third Anglo-Mysore war(1790-92) took place during his
time which concluded with the Treaty of
Seringapatnam(1792)
v Sanskrit College founded at Benares in 1791
Sir John Shore (1793-1798)
v He was famous for his policy of non-
interference
v Played an important role in the introduction of
Permanent Settlement of 1793
v Battle of Kharda was fought between Nizam and
Marathas in 1795 when Nizam was defeated.
LORD WELLESLEY (1798-1805)
• Described him as Bengal tiger
• Created the Madras Presidency after the annexation of the
Tanjore and Carnatic
• Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance. The states that
signed the alliance were, first to accept was Hyderabad
(1798), [Treaty of Hyderbad, 1798], soon followed by Mysore
under Wodeyar after the fall of Tipu Sultan,Tanjore, Awadh,
Jodhpur,Jaipur,Mecheri, Bundi, Bharatpur, Berar,
• Subsidiary Alliance was a Trojan horse tactics in empire
building. It disarmed Indian states and led to the acceptance
of British protectorate over them. The state had to surrender
external relations of all kinds.
• 1799, Fourth Anglo-Mysore fought with Tipu Sultan who died
while fighting.
• Signed the Treaty of Bassein with Maratha in 1802 and fought
2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1780-82) in which Scindhia, Bhonsle and
Holkar were defeated.
• Lord Lake captured Delhi and Agra and the Mughal emperor was
put under Company’s protection.
• Tuhfat-ul-Mutahiddin was written by raja Ram Mohun Roy
• Lord Wellesley is credited with meeting and liquidating the
French danger to India and consolidated the British stronghold
in India, and secured India from any external danger like
French.
George Barlow (1805-1807)
• Sepoy Mutiny at Vellore in 1806
• Tried towards restoration of peace with Scindhia and
Holkar
• Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)ended
Lord Minto- I (1807-13)
• Signed the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 with Ranjit Singh
and English
• Sent the mission of Malcom to Persia and that of
Elphinstone to Kabul in 1808
• Charter Act of 1813 was passed during his tenure
LORD HASTINGS (1813-1822)
• He was successful in Gorkha war or the Anglo-Nepalese war
• Signed treaty of Sagauli in 1816after defeating Gorkha
leader Amar Singh
• Abolished Peshwaship and annexed his territories in
Bombay Presidency after the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1818).
Treaty of Poona (1817) with Peshwa.
• Introduction of Ryotwari settlementin Madras Presidency
by Governor, Thomas Munro.
• Adopted the policy of intervention and war. He considered
Rajputs as the neutral allies.
• Pindari war (1817-18)
• Mahalwari (village community) system of land revenuewas
made in North-West Province by James Thomson.
Lord Amherst (1823-28)
• Received by the Mughal emperor Akbar II on terms of
equality in 1827.
• Acquired territories in Malay Peninsula and signed treaty
with Siam.
• First Burmese War(1824-26) and Treaty of Yandaboin 1826
with lower Burmaor Pegu by which British merchants were
allowed to settle in southern coast of Burma and Rangoon.
Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
• First Governor General of India as designated by
Government of India Act, 1833.
• Was a benevolent person.
• Banned practice of Sati in 1829, supressed Thugi in 1830
(military operation led by William Sleeman).
• Female infanticide was banned by him
• Created the province of Agra in 1834.
• English language in higher courts and Persian language in
the lower courts. English language was made the official
language of India in 1835.
• Regulation of 1833 on land revenue settlement by Mertins
Bird (called the father of land revenue settlement in the
north done.
• Inquiry into the titles of Inam lands.
• 1830, annexation of Chachar took place.
• 1831, rebellion of Titu Mir and Kols took place.
• 1831, annexation of Mysore.
• Treaty of perpetual friendship with Maharaja Ranjit
Singh.
• Abolished provincial circuit courts; a separate Sadr
Diwani Adalat was set up in Allahabad and Sadr Nizamat
Adalat at Delhi.
• Education reforms: Appointed Macaulay as president of
Committee of Public Instruction.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36)
• Abolished restrictions on press.
• Called as the ‘liberator of press’
Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
• Tripartite treaty was signed between the East India
Company, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja.
• 1st Afghan War (1836-42) started.
Lord Ellenborough (1842-44)
• End of Afghan War and annexation of Sind to British
Empire(1843)
• Charles Napier was replaced by Major Outram as the
Resident in Sind.
• Slavery abolished.
• Forced Scindhia of Gwalior to sign a humiliating treaty.
Lord Hardinge-I (1844-1848)
• He suppressed the practice of human sacrifices by the
Khonds.
• Prohibition of female infanticide.
• Knowledge of English was preferred in employment.
• 1st Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Lahore in 1846.
LORD DALHOUSIE (1848-1856)
• Introduced the policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ or ‘Law of
Escheat’ which postulated that Indian states having no
natural heir would be annexed to the British Empire. The
Indian states thus annexed were Satara (1848), Jaipur and
Sambhalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi
(1853), Nagpur (1854).
• Introduced Woods Dispatch known as the Magna Carta of
English education in India prepared by Charles Wood,
President of the Board of Control in 1854. It suggested a
scheme of education from the primary to the university
level.
• The Despatch recommended the establishment of Anglo-
vernacular schools in districts, government colleges in
important towns and introduction of vernacular language
as medium of instruction.
• Boosted up the development of railways. Laid the first
railway line in 1853 from Bombay to Thane and second from
Calcutta to Raniganj.
• Introduction of telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra in
1853, though first experimental line was started in 1850,
between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour.
• Organised separate Public Works Department by divesting
the military board of its power.
• Shimla was made the summer capital and army headquarter.
• Hindu Remarriage Act was passed in 1856
• Annexed Awadh in 1856 on excuse of misgovernment when
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah refused to abdicate.
• In 1853, recruitment of covenanted civil service started
through competitive examinations.
• Post Office Act was passed in 1854.
• Santhal uprising took place in 1855.
• Abolition of the title of Nawab of Carnatic.
• Whole Punjab was annexed in 1849 following the 2nd Anglo-
Sikh war.
• Lower Burma was annexed after second Burmese war1853).
LORD CANNING (1856- 62)
• Revolt of 1857
• He was the last Governor General and the first Viceroy.
• Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and passing of the India
Act of 1858. This Act ended the rule of East India
Company in India.
• Doctrine of Lapse started by Lord Dalhousie was withdrawn
in 1859.
• Foundation of universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
in 1857.
• Indigo revolt in Bengal in 1859-60.
• White Mutiny by the European troops of East India Company
in 1859.
• After suppression of the Revolt of 1857 Bahadur Shah was
sent to Rangoon.
• Enactment of Indian Penal Code(1858) and Code of
Criminal Procedure(1859)
• 1861, Indian Council Act
• Indian High Courts Act, 1861.
EXERCISE
1. Dual system of government was introduced in
A) Bombay B) Bengal C) Madras D) Delhi
2. Dual system of government was introduced by
A) Warren B) Robert Clive C) D)
Hastings
3. Permanent Settlement was introduced under Lord Cornwallis with the active
participation of
A) George Barlow B) John Shore C) Henry D) Charles
Lawrence Metcalfe
4. Who among the following was associated with the ‘Trial of Maharaja Nand Kumar’?
A) Warren B) Lord Wellesley C) Lord Cornwallis D) George Barlow
Hastings
5.Treaty of Mangalore (1785) was signed between
A) Tipu Sultan and B) Tipu Sultan and C) Haider Ali and D) Tipu Sultan and
Warren Hastings Lord Wellesley Warren Hastings Lord Cornwallis
6. Sanskrit College was founded by Jonathon Duncun in 1791 at
A) Calcutta B) Benares C) Patna D) Nadia
7. Subsidiary Alliance was aggressively followed by
A) Lord Cornwallis B) Sir George C) Lord Wellesley D) Lord Minto
Barlow
8. Thugee suppression was done by
A) Sir Charles T B) Charles Napier C) Lord D) William
Metcalfe Ellenborough Sleeman
9. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Permanent Settlement of
1793?
A) The system of revenue collection was free from any intermediaries.
B) It was introduced under Lord Cornwallis in 1793
C) Under this Zamindars were recognized owners of the land and a ten year’s
settlement
D) 89% of the rent was with British Government and 11% was fixed for the
zamindars under the arrangement of revenue collection
10. First Indian state to be annexed under ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ introduced by Lord
Dalhousie was
A) Jhansi B) Nagpur C) Satara D) Udaipur
ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC POLICIES OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
(1757-1857)
REGULATING ACT, 1773
Background: In early 1770s the East India Company faced financial
bankruptcy and in 1772 applied to the British Government for a loan which
gave the British Parliament the opportunity to enquire about the affairs of the
Company and regulate them.
Regulating Act of 1773
1. Limited the influence of Court of Proprietors of the Company and
provided for election of Court of Directors for a period of 4 years.
2. It required the Directors to lay before the British Treasury in London
correspondence regarding India dealing with revenues and submit to
the Secretary of State all information dealing with civil and military
administration.
3. It also provide for appointment of a Governor-General assisted by four
councillors to manage the affairs of Bengal Presidency and
Presidencies of Bombay and Madras.
PITT’S INDIA ACT, 1784
1. It further extended the British Parliament’s control over management of
the East India Company.
2. In England the Board of Control (Commissioners for the affairs of India)
was instituted headed by the Chancellor of Exchequer to further tighten
the affairs of the Company
3. Number of members in the Governor-General’s Council was reduced
from 4 to 3 out of which one member was to be the Commander in
Chief of Company’s forces in India.
CHARTER ACT, 1813
1. It deprived the Company’s monopoly of trade with India except the
trade with China and the trade in tea.
CHARTER ACT, 1833
1. The Company was asked to close its commercial business as
early as possible.
2. Brought legislative centralization by drastically depriving the
Governments of Bombay and Madras of power of legislation. This
arrangement continued till the Act of 1858.
CHARTER ACT, 1853
1. It was the last Charter act passed for the East India Company.
2. It reduced the number of the board of Directors in England from 24
to 18, out of which six were appointed by the crown.
3. The Charter act of 1853 provided for appointment of a separate
Governor for the Presidency of Bengal, distinct from the Governor
General.
4. Power to constitute a new presidency was laid down.
5. There was an expansion in the members of the Governor-
General’s Council.
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Revenue and financial policies
Land revenues had been the the traditional source of income of the stste in
India. British administration gave maximum care to the land revenue matters.
British principally adopted three types of land tenures:
• Zamindari tenure or the permanent Zamindari Settlement or
Permanent Settlement (1793) discussed in connection with Lord
Cornwallis section earlier.
Under this the ownership of the land was made hereditary and
transferable and peasants lost their right of land.
• Mahalwari settlement (1833), introduced in Punjab, the Central
Provinces and parts of north western provinces (present U.P. under
which the basic unit of revenue was village community or mahal. It
removed the middlemen between government and the village
community, but its benefit was largely appropriated by the government.
• Ryotwari Settlement: it was mainly introduced in Madras, Berar,
Bombay and Assam. Under the system the peasant was recognised as
the proprietor of land. Absence of zamindars or intermediaries was
noteworthy of the system. Fragmentation of land occurred under this
scheme of revenue collection. Also the demand of the government was
exorbitantly high ranged from 45% to 55% of the agricultural produce.
• Disruption of traditional economy:
1. Exploitative policies crippled Indian economy
2. Decline of artisans and craftsmen, due steep competition with
the British goods resulting from the industrial goods and British
unscrupulous trade practices.
3. India had a strong textile industry of its own which declined
during the 19th century. Centres of textile were muslins in Dacca,
Shahbad, and Krishananagar in Bengal, Chanderi, Benares,
Arni, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Lucknow (chikan), Nagpur,
Murshidabad, and Malda etc. Kashmir, Punjab and Rajasthan
were famous for their woollen garments.
4. Cess and restrictions imposed on the Indian produce led to the
decline in Indian textile products.
5. Rise of British paramountcy and decline of Indian rulers led to
the low or no incentive towards arts and handicrafts production.
6. Industrial revolution in England.
7. New transport and communication brought by the British
administration led to increase in the connection to the hinterland
and dissemination of the foreign made finished products in every
nook and corner of India.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL POLICIES
• Abolition of Sati, 1829
• Evangelical works by the Christian missionaries’ right from the beginning of
foreign penetration was a feature of the colonialism.
• Abolition of infanticide under Lord William Bentinck
• Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 with the facilitation of Iswar Chandra
Vidyasagar.
• Codification of Hindu traditions
• Hindu Marriage Act
EXERCISE
1. Abolition of sati was in
A) 1818 B) 1825 C) 1829 D) 1834
2. Widow Remarriage Act was passed in
A) 1829 B) 1834 C) 1840 D) 1856
3. Charter acts were passed with an interval of
A) Ten years B) Twenty years C) Thirty years D) Forty years
4. Which of the following pairs is WRONGLY matched?
A) Regulating Act- B) Pitt’s India Act- C) Charter Act D) Charter Act-
1773 1784 1813 1843
5. The Company was to have a Board of Directors, first laid down in
A) Regulating Act, B)Pitt’s India Act- C) Charter act of D) Charter Act of
1773 1784 1813 1833
6. Which Act provided for appointment of a separate Governor for the Presidency
of Bengal ?
A) Regulating Act- B) Pitt’s India Act- C) Charter Act D) Charter Act-
1773 1784 1813 1853
7. The system of revenue collection where absence of middlemen or the
intermediaries was noteworthy was
A) Permanent B) Mahalwari C) Ryotwari D) None of these
Settlement Settlement Settlement
8. Mahalwari Settlement was introduced in
A) Bengal B) Central and C) Madras and D) Assam
parts of north- Bombay
western Province
9. Sir Thomas Munro was associated with
A) Permanent B) Mahalwari C) Ryotwari D) None of these
Settlement Settlement Settlement
10. Under which Act the Company was asked to close its commercial business as
early as possible?
A) Regulating Act- B) Pitt’s India Act- C) Charter Act D) Charter Act-
1773 1784 1813 1833
REVOLT OF 1857
GENERAL CAUSES
It was in reality the product of the character and policies of colonial rule, of the
accumulated grievances of the people against the Company’s administration and of
their dislike for the foreign regime.
1. Most important cause of the revolt was the economic exploitation of the
country by the British and the complete destruction of its traditional economic
fabric.
2. Peasant proprietors, subjected to exorbitant land revenue demand, lost their
lands to traders and money lenders and found themselves hopelessly
involved in debt.
3. Economic decline of the peasantry found expression in twelve major and
numerous minor famines from 1770-1857
4. Corruption in the administration and police
5. Exclusion of the upper classes of Indian society, in particularly in the north
6. Unpopularity of the foreign rule that did not mix with the Indian masses like
previous cases happened in India.
7. Events like First Afghan War (1838-42), Punjab Wars (1845-49),
and in Crimean War (1854-56) where British army suffered major
reverse encouraged the people against the British as those events would
have shattered the invincibility of the British regime.
8. British policies against the Indian Princely States and mode of annexations
like with slightest mistake British could deem fit like ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ by
Lord Dalhousie employed in case of Jhansi, refusal to pay the annual
tribute to Nana Sahib living in Kanpur.
9. Lord Dalhousie announced in 1849, that last Mughal emperor Bahadur
Shah Zafar has to abandon the Red Fort and live in a humbler residence
near Qutb at the outskirts of Delhi.
10. Policy like ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ disillusioned the Indian Princes also
fomented popular uprising against the foreign regime.
11. Annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie on the pretext of wrong governance
in 1856 was widely resented in India in general and Awadh in particular.
12. Work of the Christian evangelists and their violent attack on Hinduism and its
customs and practices. Propaganda of Christianity in schools and laws
favouring conversion of Hindus to Christianity were some of the religious
causes leading to the outbreak of the revolt.
13. Social causes like making Sati practices, female infanticides illegal and
legalising widow remarriage amd the people to become averse to the Brish
action and presence in India and fomented the great Revolt of 1857.
14. Grievances of the sepoys, like wide gulf between the officers and the sepoys
who were often treated with contempt by their British officers. Differences in
payments and perks and facilities were also rampant during that period.
15. Announcement like discontinuation of Foreign Service allowance (batta).
Dissatisfaction in the sepoys leading to the outbreak of rebellion had previous
history, for e.g. sepoy mutiny in Bengal in 1764, mutiny by the
sepoys at Vellore in 1806, mutiny at Barrackpore in 1824 etc.
16. According to Sayyid Ahmad Khan in his Causes of the Indian
Mutiny as follows: ‘At length, the Indians fell into the habit of thinking that all
laws were passed with a view to degrade and ruin them and to deprive them
and their compatriots of their religions.’
17. Revolt of 1857 came as a culmination of popular discontent with
British policies and imperialist exploitation.
IMMEDIATE CAUSE
• Introduction of greased cartridges and new Enfield rifles in the army. Its
cartridges had to bitten off before the cartridge was loaded into the rifle.
Grease was in some instances composed of beef and pig fat. Use of beef and
pig fat would endanger their religion and it was believed by the sepoys that
Government was trying deliberately to convert them to Christianity thus a time
to rebel had come.
BEGINNING AND CENTRES OF THE REVOLT
• The Revolt began at Meerut, 58 km from Delhi, on 10 May 1857
gathering force rapidly; it cut across Northern India like a sword. Extended
from Punjab in the north and Narmada in the south to Bihar in the east and
Rajputana in the west.
• Even before the outbreak at Meerut, Mangal Pandey had become a martyr at
Barrackpore who was hanged in 29th March 1857.
• At Meerut when the sepoys refused to accept greased cartridges were tried
and fettered and imprisoned in 9th May, 1857. Next day 10th May 1857 the
incident sparked off a general mutiny among Indian soldiers, they released
their imprisoned comrades, killed officers and unfurled the banner of revolt.
• Delhi: The rebels set for Delhi and proclaimed the aged and powerless
Bahadur Shah the Emperor of India. Delhi soon became the centre of the
great Revolt of 1857.
Mangal Pandey was the first sepoy to become the martyr at
Meerut
Centres of the Revolt
• Awadh (Lucknow): Rebellion broke out in Lucknow on 4th June. Henry
Lawrence, the British resident, the European residents took shelter in the
Residency. The Residency was besieged by the sepoys and Henry was killed
during the siege.
• Kanpur: Kanpur was lost to the British on 5th June 1857. Nana sahib was
proclaimed as the Peshwa. General Hugh Wheeler, commanding the station,
surrendered on june27. At kanpuur Nana Sahib was joined his able and
experienced Lieutenant, Tantia Tope. Sir Campbell occupied Kanpur on
December6. Tantia Tope escaped and joined the Rani of Jhansi.
• Jhansi: In the beginning of June 1857 troops under Rani of Jhansi, widow of
late Raja Gangadhar Rao mutinied. Tantia Tope joined the Rani. Hugh
Roserecaptured Jhansi in April 1858.
• At Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan had proclaimed himself the Nawab
Nazim.
• In Bihar a local zamindar, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur raised the banner
of revolt.
• At Benares a rebellion was had been organised which was suppressed
mercilessly by Colonel Neill.
• Faizabad: Maulavi Ahmadullah
• Delhi: General Bakht Khan
Rani of Jhansi Bahadur Shah Zafar
Nana Sahib Tatya Tope
COURSE OF THE REVOLT
2nd February 1857 Mutiny of the 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur.
10th May 1857 Mutiny of sepoys at Meerut
11-30 May 1857 Outbreaks in Delhi, Ferozepur, Bombay, Aligarh,
Etawah, Bulandshahar, Nasirabad, Bareilly,
Moradabad, Shahjahanpur, and other stations in U.P.
June 1857 • Mutinies at Gwalior, Bharatpur, Jhansi,
Allahabad, Faizabad, Sultanpur, Lucknow etc.
• The civil rebellion spreads through the Indo-
Gangetic plain, Rajputana, Central India and
some parts of Bengal.
July 1857 Mutinies at Indore, Mhow, Saugar, and certain places in
Punjab like Jhelum, Sialkot etc.
August 1857 Civil rebellion spreads throughout Saugar and
Nerbudda districts
September 1857 The English recapture Delhi, further outbreaks in
Central India
October 1857 Revolt spreads to Kotah district
November 1857 The rebels defeat General Windham outside Kanpur
December 1857 • Sir Colin Campbell wins the battle at Kanpur
• Tantia Tope escapes
March 1858 Lucknow recaptured by British
April 1858 Jhansi falls to English. Fresh rising in Bihar led by
Kunwar Singh.
May 1858 • The English recapture Bareilly, Jagdishpur and
Kalpi
• Indian rebels begin guerrilla warfare in
Rohilkhand
July-December 1858 English authority re-established in India
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE REVOLT OF 1857
1. Though spread over a vast areas territory and widely popular among the
people the Revolt of 1857 could not reach all sections of the Indian
society.
2. Most zamindars and rulers did not support the revolt and selfish to
the core e.g. Schindhia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of
Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur and other Rajput rulers, the Nawab of
Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala, Nabha, Jind and other Sikh chieftains of Punjab,
the Maharaja of Kashmir, the Ranas of Nepals helped the British to suppress
the Revolt. Lord Canning remarked them as ‘acted as the breakwaters to the
storm which would have otherwise swept us in one great wave.’
3. Absence of the able leaders and generals in the rebels, British commanders
like Hugh Rose, Colin Campbell, Havelock, and Outram were far
more efficient and strategically advanced than Indian rebel leaders like Nana
Sahib, Tantia Tope or Bahadur Shah.
4. The Revolt was poorly organised.
5. Lack of centralized action by the rebels
6. Absence of modern means of warfare was absent with rebels
7. Superior resources with British. Presence modern means of transport
(Railways) and communications (Post and Telegraphs) in the hand of the
British helped the British to suppress the Revolt and mobilize the war
resources into the centres of the revolt.
8. Educated Indians did not support the Revolt.
9. General disunity in the Indian led to the failure of the Revolt.
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT OF 1857
REVOLT OF 1857 WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST MILESTONE IN
THE PATH TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE THOUGH UNORGANISED
AND LACKING ALL INDIA NATIONALISM
• Though suppressed had shaken the British rule from its very
foundation.
• Control of Indian administration was passed from the East India
Company to the Crown by The Government of India Act, 1858.
• The Indian Army was responsible for the crisis and thus it was
thoroughly reorganized and built on the policy of ‘division and
counterpoise’.
• The Revolt of 1857 ended an era and sowed the seeds of new era.
• V D Savarkar treated the The Revolt of 1857 as ‘First War of
Independence’.
EXERCISE
1. The Revolt of 1857 started in
A) Delhi B) Lucknow C) Meerut D) Jagadishpur
2. Begum Hazrat Mahal leaded the Revolt in
A) Jagdishpur B) Jhansi C) Kanpur D) Lucknow
3. The revolt of 1857 broke out on
A) 10th May B) 30th June C) 11th July D) 12th August
4. Bakht Khan took charge of the Revolt in
A) Delhi B) Kanpur C) Jagdishpur D) Meerut
5. Which of the following acted as the ‘breakwaters in the storm’ according to Lord
Canning?
A) Educated B) Indian rulers C) Sanyasis D) Sepoys
intelligentsia and zamindars
6. Who was the Governor-General of India when the great Revolt of 1857 took place
A) Lord Dalhousie B) Lord C) Lord Canning D) Lord Wellesley
Ellenborough
7. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Revolt of 1857
A) British B) Economic C) English D) Evangelical
imperialism exploitation by the education in the works by the
British policies British India Christian
missionaries
8. Who among the following fought with Rani of Jhansi during the Revolt of 1857
A) Tatya Tope B) Kunwar Singh C) Jaswant Rao D) Bahadur Shah
Holkar II
9. Which ruler among the following did not take part in the Revolt of 1857
A) Holkars of B) Kunwar Singh C) Nawab Wajid D) Bakht Khan
Indore Ali Shah
10. Which of the following pairs is NOT rightly matched?
A) Bakht Khan- B) Tatya Tope - C) Kunwar Singh - D) Khan Bahadur
Delhi Kanpur Meerut Khan - Bareilly
BRITISH INDIA SINCE 1858
ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES AFTER 1858
Government of India Act, 1858
1. Also known as Queen’s Proclamation. This royal
proclamation was publicly read in all district towns of
India on 1 November 1858.
2. British Crown assumed sovereignty over India from East
India Company.
3. By this Act powers of the Crown were to be exercised by
the Secretary of State for India, assisted by a council
of 15 members (known as Council of India). Council was
composed of exclusively of people from England.
4. The Secretary of State, who was responsible to the
British Parliament, governed India through the Governor-
General, assisted by an Executive Council of high
officials of the Government.
5. The Governor –General of India was called Viceroy of
India with Lord Canning becoming the first Viceroy of
India.
6. All treaties and agreements made with them under the
authority of East India Company were accepted. Further it
expressed faiths in the rights, dignity and status of
Native Princes.
Backgound:
• Central Legislative Council was suffering from many
defects. It had immense powers and all the problems were
put before the Council for deliberation.
• Therefore the need for inclusion of Indian elements in to
the Governor-General’s Executive Council became imminent
and the Act was passed.
Indian Councils Act, 1861
1. Introduced a grain of popular element in in the
Governor-General’s Executive Council certain
additional non-official members. Members increased
to five for convenient transaction of the process.
2. Number of additional members was to be between
minimum of 6 and maximum of 12. Their function was
strictly limited to legislation and not finance and
administration.
3. Number of additional members in the provinces was
fixed from four to eight.
4. There was no difference between the Central and
Provincial subjects.
Estimate of Indian Council Act of 1861
• It may be regarded as the beginning of
representative system in modern India.
• It laid the foundation of decentralization of
power.
Administrative Measures of the British Government
• Policy of rewards and punishment to Indian States:
1. Policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ withdrawn
2. Feeling of cooperation and friendship was seen
in Queen’s Proclamation
3. Rulers and Zamindars who acted as the
‘breakwaters in the storm’ were rewarded e.g.
princes of Gwalior, Jhind, Nizam of Hyderabad,
Nabha, Rana of Nepal were restored with their
estates and many titles accorded to them.
• Policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ followed by sowing the seeds
of separatism between the two systems Hindus and Muslims.
After the Revolt of 1857 Muslims were favoured by the
British.
• Suppression of the vernacular press
v 1821, Bengali quarterly ‘Samvad
Kaumudi’(Bengali) and in 1822 ‘Mirat-ul-
Akhbar’(Urdu)
v 1823 Press Act passed
v Charles Metcalfe is regarded as the
liberator of Indian Press.
v Newspapers during the Revolt of 1857,
Sultan-al-Akhbar, Tilism-e-Lucknow, Saraj-
al-Akhbar, Delhi-Urdu-Akhbar, Akhbar-al
Jafar
v Press Registration Act, 1867, the liberty
of press which had been given by Metcalfe
(1835) was finished.
Lord Lytton infamous for his Vernacular Press Act, 1878
v Vernacular Press Act, 1878, by Lord Lytton
was a repressive measure on the growth and
development of press in native
(vernacular) languages.
1. The Act empowered the District
Magistrates to enter into a bond
undertaking thereby not to
excite and public
dissatisfaction against the
government.
2. Doubtful materials could be
printed only after passing
through the censor and getting
permission from the Government
3. Magistrate’s decision was final
and no appeal could be made in
the court of law.
4. The Magistrate could give a
warning to the vernacular
newspapers and could also
forfeit their security.
5. The Act was applicable only to
the Vernacular newspapers and
English newspapers were exempted
from it
Reactions on the Vernacular Press Act, 1878
v Criticized by various associations like Bombay
Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and Calcutta
Missionary Conference severely criticized the Act. It was
regarded as strangulating act.
v Amrita Bazar Patrika which was published in Bengali
previously now came to be published in English.
v Resulted in the growth of political consciousness
Competitive Examinations
Satyendranath Tagore, ICS 1863
v Through the Act of 1860, the age limit for open
competition was reduced from 23 to 22 years and 1
year probation in England.
v In 1866 the age was further reduced to 21 years and
2 years probation in England
v Satyendranath Tagore, elder brother of Rabindranath
Tagore was the first Indian to be qualified in
Indian Civil Service in 1863. Followed by
Surendranath Banerjea, Biharilal Gupta,
Romesh Chandra Dutt (R.C.Dutt).
v In 1877 the maximum age of appearing in Indian
Civil Services was lowered from 21 to 19 years.
v In 1879 Lord Lytton proposed a plan for Statutory
Civil Services, below the status of Covenanted
Civil Service.
EXERCISE
1. British Crown assumed sovereignty over India from East India Company by the
Act of
A) 1858 B) 1861 C) 1893 D) 1909
2. First Viceroy of British India was?
A) Lord Dalhousie B) Lord Canning C) Lord Minto D) Lord Hardinge
3. Vernacular Press Act was promulgated under
A) Lord Ripon B) Lord Lytton C) Lord William D) Lord Minto
Bentinck
4. Satyendranath Tagore was first selected in the ICS in which year?
A) 1861 B) 1863 C) 1877 D) 1879
5. Introduction of the Indian members in the Viceroy’s Executive Council for the first time
occurred in by
A) Government of B) Indian Council C) Indian Council D) None of the
India Act of 1858 Act of 1861 Act of 1893 above
SOME MAJOR ARMED UPRISINGS
Name Year Area Leaders
Sanyasi Revolt Around and Bengal
after 1770
Chuar and Ho risings 1768 Rajas,Midnapur, Ho tribesman
Dhalbhumgarh, of
Kailapal , Chhotanagpur
Barabhum
(Bengal)
Kol Rising 1831 Ranchi, Kol rebels
Singhbhum ,
Palamau and
Hajarbagh
Santhal risings 1855-56 Chhotanagpur, Sidhu,
Singhbhum, Kanhu
Hazaribagh,
Manbhum,
Ahom Revolt 1828 Assam Gmdhar
Konwar
Khasi Rising 1833 Sylhet and Garo Garo,
hills Khamptis and
Singhpos
Pagalpanthis 1830-1840 Bengal Karam Shah
and his son
Tipu
Farazis 1838-1857 Bengal Haji
Shariatullah of
faridpur, and
his son Dudu
Mian
Bhil Rising 1817-1818 Western India
along western
Ghats,
Khandesh
Koli Rising 1829-1839 Western Ghats Koli tribes
areas lived in the
neighbourhood
of Bhils
The Cutch Rebellion 1819-1831 Cutch Rao Bharmal
Kathiawar areas and pro-
Jhareja chiefs
Waghera Rising 1818-1820 Areas around Against the
Vadodara in exactions of
Gujarat. the Gaekwads
and British
Surat Salt Agitation 1844-48 Surat , Gujarat Against the
increase in
duty of salt by
British
Ramosi Rising 1822 Tribes of the Chittur Singh
Western Ghats,
Satara,
Maharashtra
Kolhapur and Savantvadi 1844 Kolhapur, Godkaris
Revolts Maharashtra under
unemployment
and hardships
Revolt of the Raja of 1794 Vizianagarm Raja of
Vizianagaram Vizianagaram
due to high
demand
present from
the Raja
Diwani Velu Tampi’s Revolt 1805 Travancore Diwan of
Travancore
due to
exorbitantly
high demand
of Lord
Wellesley
Wahabi Movement
• Second half of the 19th century there was a spurt in the
socio-political consciousness among the Muslims.
• Wahabi emerged as a challenge to the British rule and was
revivalist with its activities socialist.
• Aimed at reforming the Muslim society and rejuvenate it.
• Convert the Dar-ul-Harb (non Islamic territory) into Dar-ul-
Islam (Islamic territory)
• Originally the Movement was started in Arabia by Ibn-Aba-
e-Wahid.
• The movement gained prominence because of the
degeneration and loss of political centre stage in India.
• Shah Wali-Ullah was the first Muslim leader in India.
Followed by Shah Abdul Aziz and Saiyid Ahmad
Raebarelvi.
• Saiyid termed it as holy war and toured all important cities
and places of Indian. He chose Sittana and north-western
province as the centre of his activities with branches in
Dhaka and Peshawar.
• In 1831 after the death of ‘Raebarelvi’ Ali brothers of
Patna Vinayet Ali and Inayet Ali . Bihar, Delhi, Punjab
were the centres of the armed resistance.
• British feared joining hands with Afghans and Russians and
came with extensive military measure to against the
Wahabis.
• Wahabi Movement came to an end by 1870
Kuka Movement
• Namdhari Mission or Kuka Movement played important role in
arousing feelings of patriotism and revolution in Punjab
• Chief inspiration came from Bhai Ram Singh (1824-1885) a disciple of
Balak Singh.
• Divisive policies by British in Punjab like removing ban on cow slaughter, ill
treatment to the state of Punjab after the death of Maharaj Ranjit
Singh, Rani Jindan Kaur, Diwan Mulraj, and Maharaja Dalip
Singh.
• Attacked the slaughterhouse of cows at Ludhiana as it was creating rifts
between the two communities Muslims and Sikhs. 68 people sacrificed their
lives and it became a source of inspiration.
• Bhai Ram Singh was deported to Burma and died in 1885.
Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)
• Around Chhotanagpur plateau, Rajmahal hills, Manbhum,
Singhbhum, Ranchi, Hazaribagh now in Jharkhand state,
Bhagalpur (Bihar).
• Revenue settlements of the British and atrocities by the zamindars,
moneylenders and clearing of the forest areas for railways and indigo
plantations fomented them to take arms against the British.
• Leaders: Sidhu Kanhu, Chand and Bhareo, Chulu santhal,
• Santhal rebellion was suppressed under Captain Fagan and leaders
like Sidhu, Kanhu died in the action in 1856.
Vasudev Balwant Phadke (1845-1883)
• Wanted to overthrow British dominion by means of armed rebellion after
the Revolt of 1857.
• Phadke was moved by the plight of the farmer community during British
Raj in the famine of 1876-1877 in western India.
• While siding with the Peshwa his grandfather Ananta Rao Phadke fought
against the British in 1818 in the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War.
• Vasudev committed to stir up an armed rebellion and destroy the British
power in India. And pleaded various people for support, like educated,
Ramosis community, moneylenders and other strata of the society and
raising of money to further the cause of armed rebellion.
• He was arrested in 1879 with the help of Nizam, and exiled to Aden where
he died in 1883.
EXERCISE
1. Sanyasi Revolt took place in
A) Maharashtra B) Awadh C) Bengal D) Assam
2. Santhal rebellion took place in
A) 1831-33 B) 1855-56 C) 1857-59 D) 1880-81
3. Which of the following pair is NOT correctly matched?
A) Kuka Revolt- B) Santhal C) Ramosi rising- D) Waghera rising-
Punjab Rebellion- Kerala Vadodara
Chhotanagpur
region
4. Revolt by Velu Tampi took place at
A) Hyderabad B) Travancore C) Awadh D) Kolhapur
5. Chuar and Ho rising took place in
A) 18th century B) 19th century C) 20th century D) None of the
above
6. Bhai Namdhari Singh was associated with
A) Kuki Movement B) Kuka C) Ramosi rising D) Koli rising
Movement
7. Bhai Namdhari Singh was the disciple of
A) Dayananand B) Bhai C) Kharak Singh D) Balak Singh
Saraswati Paramanand
8.Santhal rebellion was suppressed by
A) Captain Outram B) Captain Fagan C) John Napier D) Sleeman
9. Who among the following was NOT associated with Wahabi Movement in India?
A) Shah Waliullah B) Ibn-Aba-e- C) Vinayet Ali D) Inayet Ali
Wahid.
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Basudev Balwant Phadke?
A) He wanted to B) He was deeply C) He was D) he died while in
overthrow the British moved by the captured and 1883 exile
rule through armed plight of the sent into exile to
rebellion before the farmers during Aden
Revolt of 1857 the famine
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL AWAKENING
RAMMOHUN ROY (1774-1833)
• Stimulated by the Western ideas and Western values but refused to break
away from Hinduism. He represented a synthesis of the thought of East and
west.
• He was a scholar Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, English, French, Latin, Greek and
Hebrew.
• In 1809 he wrote in Persian his famous work Gift to Monotheists.
• Started Atmiya Sabha
• Was the founder of Brahmo Sabha in 1828 and later named Brahmo Samaj.
Wanted to purge the Hinduism from its evil practices followed in the name of
religion.
• Recognised as the pioneer of modern India.
• Vigorously opposed idol worship, and believed in shapeless, invisible,
omnipresent god.
• In 1820 he published Precepts of Jesus in which he wanted to separate
the moral messages of Christianity from the miracles.
• Abolition of Sati in 1829 was due to persistent effort of Raja Ram Mohun
Roy
• Propagators of modern education in Bengal/India. In 1817,
founded Hindu College with David Hare
• In 1825, he established Vedanta College.
• Wanted to weed out the corrupt practices of contemporary Hindu society, like
caste practices.
• According to him one of the aims of the religious reform is political uplift.
• Was a pioneer in Indian journalism and published journals in Bengali, Persian
Hindi and English
• Initiator of public agitation on political questions in the country.
DEROZIO AND YOUNG BENGAL
• Radical trend in Bengali intellectuals between 1820 and 1830
• Henry Vivian Derozio was the inspirer, who taught in Hindu College from
1826- 1831
• Encouraged the youth to think rationally and freely to question all authority, to
love liberty, equality and freedom.
• Perhaps the first nationalist poet of modern India
• Derozio was removed from Hindu college and in 1831 because of his
keenness in spreading radicalism and died of cholera at the young age of 22
years.
• Derozians attacked old and decadent customs rites and rituals.
DEBENDRANATH TAGORE
• 1839 founded Tattavodhini Sabha, and his organ Tattavodhini Patrika
promoted a systemic study of India’s past in the Bengali language.
• In 1839 he organised the Brahmo Samaj and put new life into it
• Supported the movement for widow remarriage, abolition of polygamy,
women’s education, and improvements of the ryot’s condition.
• Under his leadership several branches of Brahmo Samaj was set up in India.
KESHAB CHANDRA SEN
• Joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1858
• In Bengal in 1865 it has 54 branches
• Criticized caste system and even advocated intercaste marriage which was
regarded too radical for Debendranath Tagore who dismissed Keshab
Chandra Sen from Brahmo Samaj.
• Keshab and his followers left the parent organization and formed Brahmo
Samaj of India in 1866.
• Debemndranath’s Samaj was henceforth known as the Adi Brahmo
Samaj.
Estimates of Brahmo Samaj
1. Within Hinduism Brahmo Samaj was a reformist movement and Ram Mohun Roy
never wanted to establish a new religion.
2. H C E Zacharias writes ‘Rammohun Roy and his Brahmo Samaj form the starting
point for all the various Reform Movements –whether in Hindu religion, society,
politics- which have agitated modern India.’
3. It denounced polytheism and idol worship
4. It criticized the caste system
5. It discarded the faith on divine avatars
6. It denied that the scriptures can enjoy ultimate authority transcending human
reasons and rational ideas
PRATHANA SAMAJ
1. Brahmo Samaj spread ideas in Maharashtra and Prarthana Samaj was
founded in 1849
2. Members were Justice
Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901)
R .G.Bhandarkar
N.G.Chandavarkar
3. Deccan Education Society, Depressed Classes Mission and
Social Service League have done creditable works in the field of social and
educational reforms.
RAMAKRISHNA AND VIVEKANANDA
Ramakrishna Paramhamsa
1. Ramkrishna Paramhamsa (1834-86) was a saintly person who sought
religious salvation in traditional ways of renunciation, meditation and devotion
(bhakti).
2. Emphasised that there were many roads to God and salvation and that
service of man was service of God, for man was the embodiment of God.
3. It was his disciple, Swami Vivekananda who popularised his religious
message.
Swami Vivekananda
4. Swamji stressed on social action and proclaimed the essential oneness of
all religions and condemned any narrowness in religious matters.
5. He wrote in 1898, ‘For our own motherland junction of the two systems,
Hinduism and Islam….is the only hope.’
6. In 1893 participated in the Chicago world Parliament of Religions
and advocated with eloquent speech the essence of Hinduism in front of the
world religions.
7. In 1897 founded Ramakrishna Mission to carry on humanitarian relief and
social work.
ARYA SAMAJ
• Mul Shankar popularly known as Dayanand Saraswati was the founder of
Arya Samaj in 1875.
• His motto was to ‘go back to Vedas’
• Disregraded the works of the Hindu scriptures like Puranas
• His views were published in the paper Satyartha Prakash.
• Advocate of equal status for men and women. Pleaded for widow remarriages
and condemned child marriages.
• Fought against untouchability.
• Advocated social solidarity and consolidation.
• Most phenomenal work of Arya Samaj was in the field of social reform and
spread of education.
• Started Dayanand Anglo Vedic (D.A.V.) schools in different parts of the
country for the propagation of education with stress in Vedic ideas.
• Notable followers were Lala Hansraj; Swami Shraddhanand started the
Gurukul near Hardwar to propagate traditional ideals of education.
Results
• Inculcated a spirit of self respect and self reliance among the people.
• Promoted nationalism
• Prevented conversion of Hindus to other religions
ISHWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR
(1820-1891)
1. Great scholar and reformer
2. Dedicated his entire life for the cause of social reform
3. Rose to the position of principalship of Sanskrit College in 1851.
4. Represented a happy blend of Indian and Western culture.
5. He as a great humanist who possessed immense sympathy for the poor, the
unfortunate and the oppressed.
6. Evolved new methodology of teaching Sankrit. Wrote a Bengali primer.
7. Worked for the women education set up Bethune School in 1849 with the help
of Drinkwater Bethune and as a Government Inspector of Schools, he
organised thirty five girl’s schools many of which ran under his expense.
8. Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856 under his facilitation.
9. Protested against the child marriage
THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
Henry S. Olcott
• Theosophical Society was founded in the United States by Madam
Blavatsky and Colonel H.S.Olcott who later came to India and founded
the headquarter at Adyar near Madras in 1886.
• Theosohist movement soon gained momentum in India as a result of
leadership given to it by Mrs. Annie Besant who came to India in 1893.
• Theosophists advocated the revival and strengthening of ancient
religions of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
• They also preached universal brotherhood of man.
• As a religious reformer they were not very popular in India but they
helped Indians recover their self confidence.
• Annie Besant established the Central Hindu School at Benares which
was later developed by Madan Mohan Malaviya into the Benares Hindu
University.
REFORMS IN WESTERN INDIA
• Bal Shastri Jambekar known as the father of Marathi journalism who
started Marathi journal Darpan. The newspaper Darpan was born out of this
patriotism and social awareness. He was sure that if the British were to be
overthrown and freedom was to be attained.
• R.G. Bhandarkar
In 1853, while a student, Bhandarkar became a member of the Paramhansa Sabha,
an association for furthering liberal ideas and social reform. Visits from Keshab
Chandra Sen during 1864 had inspired the members of the Sabha. In 1866, some of
the members held a meeting at the home of Atmaram Pandurang and publicly
pledged to certain reforms like
(1) Denunciation of the caste system,
(2) Encouragement of widow remarriage,
(3) Encouragement of female education, and
(4) Abolition of child marriage.
• The members concluded that religious reforms were required as a basis for
social reforms. They held their first prayer meeting on 31 March 1867, which
eventually led to the formation of the Prarthana Samaj. Another visit by
Keshab Chandra Sen and visits of Pratap Chandra Mazumdar and
Navin Chandra Rai, founder of Punjab Brahmo Samaj boosted their efforts.
Jyotiba Phule
Jyotirao Phule and his wife, Savitribai Phule, started the first school for
girls in India in 1848, for which he was forced to leave his parental home.
• He championed widow remarriage and started a home for upper caste widows
in 1854, as well as a home for new-born infants to prevent female infanticide.
• Worked against untouchability.
In 1873, Phule formed Satyshodhak Samaj (Society of the seekers of truth),
with which he was the first president and treasurer, to focus on rights of
depressed classes.
• He opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system.
• Work vigorously for female education.
• Vishnu Shastri Pundit (1827-1876): Social reformer, advocated widow
remarriage, worked as the translator in the British Government.
• D K Karve (1858-1962)
He was also known as Maharishi Karve was a social reformer in western India, in
the field of women’s welfare. He continued the pioneering work in the field of widow
education. Government of India conferred him with highest civilian award Bharat
Ratna in 1958.
• Karsondas Mulji (1832-1875): He was a journalist and social reformer of
western India. Advocated women education, widow remarriage, started a
weekly paper The Satya Prakash.
• Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Lokahitwadi) (1823-1892): was a social
reformer from Maharashtra.Published his articles in the weekly named
Prabhakar. He promoted emancipation (liberation) and education of women,
and wrote against arranged child marriage, dowry system, and polygamy, all
of which were prevalent in India in his times. He was against the caste system
was prevalent in the society.
MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS
The Aligarh Movement
• Mohammedan Literary Society was founded in Calcutta in 1863.
The Society promoted discussion of religious, social, and political
questions in the light of modern ideas and encouraged upper and
middle class Muslims to take to western education.
Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-98)
• Impressed by scientific thought and tried to reconcile it with the
philosophy of Islam.
• He said if religion did not change with time, it would become fossilised
as had happened in India.
• Thus promotion of modern education was first task throughout his life.
• As an official founded schools in many towns and had many Western
books translated in Urdu.
• In 1875, he founded at Aligarh the Muhammadan Anglo
Oriental College as a centre for spreading western sciences and
culture. Later this college grew into Aligarh Muslim University.
• He was opposed to Hindu-Muslim friction
• However towards the end of his career he began to talk of Hindu
domination to prevent his followers form joining the rising national
movement.
• Sayyid Ahmad was helped by a band of loyal followers who are
collectively described as the Aligarh School. Notably, Chirag Ali, the
Urdu poet Altaf Husain Hali, Nazir Ahmad and Maulana Shibli
Numani.
The Deoband School
• Orthodox sections of the Muslim Ulema who were the standard beares
of traditional Islamic learning organised the Deoband Movement.
• It was a revivalist movement with twin objectives were
1. To propagate among the Muslim the pure teachings of
Quran and the Hadis
2. And to keep alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign
rulers
• The ulema under the leadership of Muhammad Qasim Nanatovi
(1832-80) and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1828-1905) founded the
school at Deoband in the Shahranpur, U.P. in 1886.
• Objective was to train religious leaders for the Muslim community.
• The instructions imparted were in original Islamic religion and aim
was moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community
which was in contrast with the tenets of the Aligarh Movement.
SIKH REFORM MOVEMENTS
• Khalsa College was started at Amritsar.
• Reform movement gained momentum in 1920 when Akali
movement rose in Punjab.
• The Akalis soon forced the Government to pass new
Gurudwara Act in 1922 which was later amended in 1922.
Parsi reform Movements
Dadabhai Naoroji (1825-1917)
• One the leading social reformer of Bombay, he was one of the
founders of an association to reform the Zoroastrian religion and the
Parsi Law Association which agitated for the grant of legal status to the
Parsi women and for uniform laws of inheritance and marriage for the
Parsis.
• Published Rast Gaftar
EXERCISE
1. Who among the following is regarded as the pioneer of modern India?
A) Keshab B) Swami C) D.K.Karve D) Raja Ram
Chandra Sen Vivekananda Mohun Roy
2. Brahmo Samaj of India was founded by
A) Debendranath B) Keshab C) Nabin Chandra D) Peary Charan
Tagore Chandra Sen Sen Sirkar
3. Tattvabodhini Patrika was published by
A) Debendranath B) Ananda Mohan C) Iswar Chandra D) Radha Mohan
Tagore Bose Vidyasagar Basu
4.Bethune School was founded by Drinwater Bethune in association with
A) Raja Ram B) Iswar Chandra C) Keshab D) Debendranath
Mohun Roy Vidyasagr Chandra Sen Tagore
5. Who among the following social reformer received highest civilian award ‘Bharat Ratna’
on his birthday?
A) D. K. KARVE B) M. G. Ranade C) R G D) Karsandas Mulji
Bhandarkar
6. Satyshodhak Samaj was founded by?
A) Mahatma Phule B) M G Ranade C) Keshab D) Gopal Hari
Chandra Sen Deshmukh
7. Arya Samaj was formed by Dayanand Saraswati in
A) 1865 B) 1875 C) 1879 D) 1882
8. Who among the following was not a follower of Arya Samaj
A) Swami B) Lala Hansraj C) Lala Lajpat Rai D) Karsondas Mulji
Shraddhanand
Sraraswati
9. Muhammedan Anglo Oriental College was founded in
A) 1875 B) 1 1878 C) 1880 D) 1885
10. Who among the following was a member of Aligarh Movement?
A) Qasim Nanatovi B) Asfaqullah C) Rashid Ahmad D) Maulana Shibli
Khan Gangohi Numani.
GROWTH OF INDIAN NATIONALISM
FACTORS LEADING TO THE GROWTH OF INDIAN NATIONALISM
IN INDIA
• Stimulus given by the British Government led to the growth of
Indian Nationalism
• Impact of British rule in India. Colonial power employed modern
methods viz. political, military, and economic and intellectual-
to establish and continue their stranglehold over India.
Anandamath by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay had an
unprecedented effect on the spread of Indian nationalism
• Political unity of India by the help of British domination
• Establishment and administrative unification of India.
• Development of rapid means of transport and communications
• Introduction of modern education
• Emergence of modern press
• Rise of middle class intelligentsia
• Influence of historical research
• Impact of cotemporary European movements
• Progressive Character of socio-religious reform movements
• Racialism practiced by the British people in India
• Economic exploitation by the British over the century in India in
every stratum of the society.
• Lord Lytton’s reactionary policies: Arms act, Vernacular Press
Act etc.
• The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883)
PRE CONGRESS ASSOCIATIONS
Year Name Brief Description
In Bengal Presidency
1836 Bangabhasa Prakasika Started by associates of Raja
Sabha Rammohun Roy
1837 Zamindari Association • Founded to safeguard the
also known as interests of the zamindars.
Landholder’s Society • Marks the beginning of the
organised political activity
1843 Bengal British India
Society
1875 Indian League Sisir Kumar Ghose
1876 Indian Association Surendranath Banerjea and
Ananda Mohan Bose
Bombay Presidency
1852 Bombay Association
1885 Bombay Presidency Badruddin Tayebji, Pherozeshah
Association Mehta, K.T.Telang
1867 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Justice Ranade
To serve bridge between the
Government and the people.
Madras Presidency
1884 Madras Mahajan Sabha M. Viraraghavachari, G.
Subramaniya Iyer, Ananda Charlu
1866 East India Association in Dadabhai Naoroji
London
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• Credit for giving the idea concrete and final shape to the
formation of Indian National Congress goes to A.O.Hume, a
retired English Civil Servant. A.O. Hume founded Congress
after consultation with Viceroy Lord Dufferin (1884-1888).
• It was believed by many that it was created with an intention to
work as a ‘safety valve’. But theory was misleading and totally
inadequate.
• First session of the Indian National Congress was held at
Bombay with its President W.C.Bonnerjee.
• Early members of the Indian National Congress were, Dadabhai
Naoroji, Badruddin Tayebji, Pherozeshah Mehta, K.T.Telang,
D.E.Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee, S.N. Banerjea, M.G.Ranade and
Ananda Mohan Bose.
FIRST PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (1885-
1905)
• Congress was guided by moderate politics and the leaders
during this phase were labelled as Moderates.
• The Congress was dominated by the affluent middle class
intelligentsia, men of legal, medical, engineering, literary
pursuits and journalists.
• They did not looked upon the British Government as an
ally and British rule as a boon to the Indian people.
‘Blessings of British rule’ Dadabhai Naoroji, President of
the session in 1886 at Calcutta.
Ananda Mohan Bose, Congress President in 1898
declared,’’ The educated class are the friends and not the
foes of England.’’
• The Moderates sincerely believed that India’s progress
could be possible only under the supervision of the
British.
• Congress during the period demanded few concessions
and not freedom for the nation, like:
1. Expansion of Legislative Councils at the
Viceroy and Governor’s level.
2. Holding of simultaneous examinations in
India and England for the recruitment of
Indian Civil Services.
3. Separation of Judiciary from the Executive
work in administration.
4. Enquiry into the backward economic
condition of the country.
Official attitude towards the Congress
• Despite its moderate methods and its emphasis on loyalty to the
British Crown the Indian National Congress failed to evoke
sympathetic response from the Government.
• Officials encouraged reactionary elements like Syed Ahmad Khan,
Raja Sheo Prasad of Benares to organize United Indian Patriotic
Association to counter Congress propaganda.
• Lord Dufferin termed Congress as ‘Microscopic minority’
• Lord Curzon said,’Congress is tottering to its fall’ and one of his
greatest ambitions in Indian was ‘to assist it to a peaceful demise.’
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONGRESS POLICIES OF THE MODERATES
• Moderates were criticized as ‘political mendicancy’
• A big charge against the moderates was their loyalty to the
British Crown.
• Prominent moderate leaders were, Dinshaw Wacha,
Pherozeshah Mehta, G.K.Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjea, and
Dadabhai Naoroji.
• Though not actively critical about the British Government they
desired all round progess and modernization of India- social
reform, modern education, industrial and economic
development of India.
• Their main achievement was the appointment of a Public
Service Commission in 1886 which caused disappointment and
enactment of the Indian Councils Act of 1892.
• Efforts resulted in a resolution of the House of Commons (1893)
for simultaneous examination for the I.C.S. in London and
India.
• Appointment of the Welby Commission Indian Expenditure.
• The greatest achievement of the Moderate leaders was the
assessment of the economic impact of British rule on India.
• They focussed public attention on Indian poverty and explained
that the poverty in India was largely due to the colonial
exploitation of Indian economy.
• Drain Theory was popularised by Dadabhai Naoroji in his
‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’.
Dadabhai Naoroji
SECOND PHASE (1905-1919)
RISE OF EXTREMISM OR RADICAL POLITICS
• Emergence of new and younger group within the Indian National
Congress
• Sharply critical about the methods of the old leadership.
• Advocated adoption of Swaraj as the goal of Congress
• The new group in the Congress were called as the Extremists.
Prominent were Lala Lajpata Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh
Lal-Bal-Pal
B.G.Tilak
Bipin Chandra Pal
Aurobindo Ghose
• The objective and methods of the extremist group was i) formation of
extremist group within the Congress and ii) the growth of terrorism or
revolutionary movements in the country.
• Extremists advocated the boycott of foreign goods use of Swadesh
goods, National Education and Passive Resistance.
• Tilak preached non-cooperation, extremists also encouraged non-
cooperative organizations.
• The policy of Extremists yielded good dividends. Partition of Bengal
was annulled in 1911.
CAUSES FOR THE RISE OF EXTREMISM
1. Recognition of the true exploitative nature of the
British rule, e.g. Drain Theory by Dadabhai Naoroji.
People who exposed so were Ananda Charlu,
R.N.Mudholkar, D.E.Wacha, G.K.Gokhale, M.M.Malaviya,
R.C. Dutt, S.N. Banerjea, G.V.Joshi
2. Reaction to increasing Westernization. Materialistic
and individualistic western civilization was eroding the
values of Indian culture and civilization. Intellectual and
emotional inspiration from Indian spiritual heritage with
the writings of Swami Vivekananda, Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay (Ananandamath, 1880), Dayanand
Saraswati.
‘Service to the mankind’ was the main mantra of
Bankim Chandra. Dayanand’s political message was
‘India for the Indians’
.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838-1894)
3. Dissatisfaction with the Achievement of the Congress.
Petition, prayer and protest used by the Moderate leaders could
not bear considerable political results
4. Deteriorating economic Condition of India. E.g.
recurring famines and anti-national policy followed by the
British Government.
5. Contemporary International Influences. i) Treatment
meted to the Indians in South Africa. ii) Nationalist movements
in Egypt, Persia, Turkey, Russia encouraged rise of extremism
in India.
iii)Victory of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) over Italy.
6. Curzon’s Reactionary Policies
• Calcutta Corporation Act, 1899
• Delhi Durbar held in 1903
• The Indian Universities Act, 1904
• Administrative Secrecy Act, 1904
7. The Partition of Bengal: Partition of Bengal into two
provinces of Bengal and Eastern Bengal & Assam in 1905 under
Lord Curzon.
EXERCISE
1. Which of the following was not one of the causes for the growth of Indian nationalism?
A) Growth of B) Economic C) Rediscovery of D) Employment in
Indian press exploitation of the India’s past the British
British Government Government
2. Anandamath was written by
A) Bankim B) Sarat Chandra C) Rabindranath D) Raja
Chandra Chattopadhyay Tagore Rammohun Roy
Chattopadhyay
3.Most important Pre- Congress organization was
A) Lanholder’s B) Indian C) Poona D) Madras
Society Association Sarvajanik Sabha Associatio
4. A.O.Hume was a/an
A) Member of the B) Retired Civil C) Editor of an D) None of the
Central Executive Servant English Daily above
Council
5. British encouraged the formation of Indian National Congress with an intentioin to waork
it as
A) ‘Safety valve’ B) ‘Lightening C) To help British D) None of the
conductor’ Government in the above
administration
6. President of the first session of Indian National Congress (INC) was
A) R.C.Dutt B) W.C.Bonnerjee C) William D) S.N.Banerjea
Wedderburn
7. Which of the following member was NOT an extremist leader of the Indian National
Congress INC?
A) Aurobindo B) Bipin Chandra C) Ananda Charlu D) B.G.Tilak
Ghose Pal
8. Who among the following termed Congress as the ‘microscopic minority’?
A) Lord Curzon B) Lord Lytton C) Lord Dufferin D) Lord
Ellenborough
9. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
A) The Indian B) Calcutta C) Delhi Durbar - D) Administrative
Universities Act - Corporation Act - 1903 Secrecy Act - 1904
1907 1899
10. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India was written by
A) Dadabhai B) R.C.Dutt C) Badruddin D) G.K.Gokhale
Naoroji Tayabji
PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905) AND THE
SWADESHI MOVEMEMT
Causes
• Result of Curzon’s imperialist policy of ‘Divide and rule’
• Area and population of united Bengal was too large
• Problem of communication; lack of roadways, railways,
full of rivers.
• Highways were not safe
• Curzon wanted to diminish the importance enjoyed by
Calcutta and other such places in Bengal.
• Above reasons were put forward by the British Govt.
sufficient for the partition of Bengal.
• The Plan
1. Assam had been made into a separate province in
1874.
2. Chief Commissioner of Assam, William Ward
suggested merging Dacca, Chittagong and some
portion of Mymensingh with Assam.
3. In 1903, Andrew Frazer, after becoming the
Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, gave practical shape
to the proposal of William Ward.
4. On 19th July, 1905 the Government of India finally
proposed to the partition of Bengal.
5. According to the proposal Chittagong, Rajshahi and
Dacca were merged with Assam to form the new
province. Dacca was proposed to be its capital.
6. Remaining part included in West Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa.
7. Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 16th
October, 1905.
Reaction to the Partition of Bengal 1905
• The announcement of the partition had a far reaching consequences
• It infused a sense of nationalism among the Indians.
• Gave birth to the Swadeshi movement and galvanised the masses
against the partition of Bengal.
• Almost public leaders condemned the partition in one voice.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale appealed the Government to bring back peace
in Bengal.
• Major newspapers in from India like ‘Statesman’ and ‘Englishman’
also protested against the partition of Bengal.
• ‘‘There never was a time in the history of British-India when public
opinion were so little regarded by the supreme Government as they
are by the present administration.’’ Statesman.
• The day, 16th October, 1905 was observed as a ‘Black Day’. People
took holy dip in the Ganga and kept vows.
• Tied Rakhi in each other’s hand as symbol of unity.
• Cries of Vande Mataram reverberated across the whole of Bengal.
• Everyone pledged to boycott the foreign goods and adopt in its place
Swadeshi clothes.
• Famous novel ‘Ghare Baire’ by Rabindranath Tagore was written in
the wake of Swadeshi and boycott movement.
Rabindranath Tagore
• The movement against the partition of Bengal soon became a
Swadeshi movement.
• Gradually the movement spread to the other provinces of the country
like Amritsar and Rawalpindi in Punjab with Lala Lajpat Rai leading
from the front.
• The movement was took momentum in the Western India under Bal
Gangadhar Tilak.
• In 1906, Dadabhai Naoroji (President of the Indian National Congress
in the Calcutta session) passed the resolution approving issues of
Swadeshi and national education.
• Prominent leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott movement:- Bipin
Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sri Aurobindo
Ghose
Sri Aurobindo and his National Education Plan
v Aurobindo Ghose (1872-1950) took prominent role in the
Swadeshi and Boycott movement alongside Lal, Bal and Pal.
v Besides being a great spiritualist, a man of action and a
revolutionary was also a great educationist and thinker.
v Left Baroda to work in National College set up in Calcutta
during the Swadeshi and Boycott movement.
v National Education College was established on 14th August
1906 at Calcutta.
v Sri Aurobindo believed education to be an integral part of the
great nationalist movement.
v According to him, first society ought to emphasise on the
development of human character among the students through
education.
v Second a sense of primacy should be attached to education and
it should be made an integral part of the nation-building
process.
v Third, adoption of modern technology in the country.
v Fourth, villages in the country should have the provisions for
education and training.
v Fifth, teachers should themselves become the role models of the
students.
Sri Aurobindo was the editor of Bande Mataram paper. It started as a
daily in 1906, later on it became weekly.
COVER PAGE OF ONE ISSUE
OF BANDE MATARAM WEEKLY SHOWING AUROBINDO GHOSE
• Though the paper was started by Bipin Chandra Pal but Sri
Aurobindo started working as the acting editor and through the
fearlessness and constructive messages Bande Mataram became
extremely popular.
• ‘Doctrine of Passive Resistance’ in Bande Mataram put forward by
Sri Aurobindo was extremely popular.
• According to Sri Aurobindo, the resistance of the Indian people had to
be passive in the beginning though under compulsion it could become
active.
• In 1907, British Government started judicial proceedings against Sri
Aurobindo on the charges of sedition and in the same year (1907)
he was arrested.
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS
1. Revolutionary Movements in Maharashtra
Chapekar Brothers
• Damodar Chapekar and Balkrishna Chapekar formed
Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha in 1893
• Started celebrating birthday of Shivaji and Ganesh Utsav
which brought a sense of nationalism among the people.
• 1896-97 Chapekar brothers set up a gymnasium at Pune
• They were against the celebration of sixtieth birthday of
Queen Victoria in India in 1897
• Plague epidemic broke out in Pune causing misery of the
people
• Lack of administrative acumen of the Commissioner Rand
and Lt. Ayrst in dealing with the Plague epidemic led to
the killing of them by Chapekar Brothers.
• Tried and hanged
Activities of the Savarkar Brothers
Ganesh Savarkar
Narayana Savarkar
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883-1966)
1. Wrote the book ‘The Indian War of Independence’ on the
Revolt of 1857 and termed it as ‘First War of Independence’.
First written in Marathi and then translated to English and
decided to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of the Revolt of 1857
at India House, London. The book was banned by British
Govt.
2. Inspired by Shivaji, Lokmanya Tilak, Agamya Guru
Paramhans
3. Protested against the organization of condolence meeting on
the death of Queen Victoria in 1901.
4. Founded Abhinav Bharat Society
5. Organised New India Association in London
6. Organised a series of lectures in India House in London
which was founded by Shyamaji Krishna Varma.
Replica of ‘INDIA HOUSE’ of London also called ‘VARMA
HOUSE’ in India,
7. He was linked to the assassination of Jackson at
Aurangabad, arrested, sent to India and sentenced in
Andamans from 1911-1924.
Nasik Conspiracy
Charged with sedition for composing patriotic song, Judge of Nasik,
Jackson and sentenced to Andamans in 1909. Abhinav Bharat Society’
member Anant Kanhare shot Jackson in 1909 and after trial was hanged.
Revolutionary Activities in Bengal
• Partition of Bengal in 1905 resulted in Swadeshi and
Boycott movement and saw a surge in the revolutionary
activities in Bengal.
• Anushilan Samiti was founded in 1906.Aurobindo Ghose,
Barindra Kumar Ghose, B.P.Mitra, Abinash Bhattacharya
and Bhupendranath Dutta.
Aurobindo Ghose
• Barindra Kumar Ghose and Bhupendranath Dutta
started the paper Yugantar in 1906.
• 30th April, 1908 in an assassination attempt to the Judge
of Muzaffarpur, 15 years old Khudiram Bose and Prafulla
Chaki were involved, Prafulla Chaki shot himself and
Khudiram Bose was caught and sentenced to death in
1908.
Commemorative stamp of Khudiram Bose who was
hanged in 1908
• Alipur Bomb Case also called as the Murari pukur
Conspiracy or Manicktolla Bomb conspiracy between
1908 and 1909 in which many members of Anushilan
Samiti were involved namely, Sri Aurobindo, Barindra
Kumar Ghose.
Revolutionary Activities in Punjab and Delhi
• Kisan movements were organised by Lala Lajpat Rai and
Sardar Ajit Singh on various agricultural issues like
increase in the water cess by passing of the Land Bill or
Punjab Land Revenue (Amendment)Act, 1906.
• Songs like ‘Pagri sambhal o Jatta’ written by Banke Dayal
became very famous.
• Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh were sent to 6 months
imprisonment.
• In 1904, J.M. Chatterjee set up an organization with Lala
Hardyal and Sufi Amba Prasad.
• Individuals like Sufi Amba Prasad, Banke Dayal, Lal
Chand Phalak, Pindi Das, Munshi Ram, Ghulam Kader,
Bhai Parmanand played important role in the spread of
revolutionary activities in Punjab.
Delhi Conspiracy (1912)
• In 1911 capital of British India was transferred from
Calcutta to Delhi for which a procession was organised at
Delhi in 1912 by Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy of India.
• In Chandni Chowk revolutionaries threw bomb at the
procession of Lord Hardinge which the Viceroy escaped
with minor injuries.
• According to the Government sources Lala Hardayal who
returned to India in 1906 was responsible for the
incident.
• Promonent people arrested in this incident were, Master
Amir Chand, Dina Nath, Bihari Lal, Bal Mukund,
Basant Kumar Biswas, Hanumant Sahai, Rash Bihari
Bose. Among the accused Master Amir Chand, Awadh
Bihari, Bal Mukund and Basant Kumar Biswas were
hanged.
Revolutionary Activities outside India
• Ghadar Movement
1. Lala Hardayal played an important role in the
Ghadar Movement
2. Founded in San Fransisco, U.S.A. in 1913
3. Sohan Singh Singh Bhakna was the first President
of the Party.
Lala Hardayal
Sohan Singh Bhakna and other members of ‘Ghadar Party’
4. A paper named Ghadar was also brought out by
the Party later.
5. 1914, Koma Gata Maru incident occurred when
ship carrying Sikhs from Canada and U.S.A. were
not allowed off board from the ship by the British
Government which led to the clash with police and
18 passengers died in the incident.
6. The Koma Gata Maru incident incited the
revolutionaries to charge up for action
7. In 1915 Punjab became the centre of Ghadar
Movement, Lahore was the centre of this plan and
Vishnu Ganesh Pingle and Rash Bihari Bose
became the prominent leaders. Bhai Parmanand,
Kartar Singh Saraba, Vishnu Ganesh Pingle and
many others were arrested in charge of fomenting
a revolution in Punjab with Centre at Lahore, also
called as Lahore Conspiracy Case of 1915.
• Indian Revolutionaries Europe
1. Shyamaji Krishna Verma in England founded ‘India
House’ in 1905. He was a great scholar of Sanskrit.
Fig: Varma House, replica of the India House of London used by
shyamaji Krishna Varma for revolutionary activities in Gujarat,
India
2. Members of the India House included V.D.
Savarkar, Sardar Singh Rana, Madam Bhikaji
Cama and Madanlal Dhingra.
3. Sardar Singh Rana was associated with the
revolutionary papers like Bande Mataram, Indian
Freedom and Talwar.
4. Madam Bhikaji Cama unfurled the Indian flag in
Stutgart, Germany in 18th August, 1907.
5. Madanlal Dhingra killed Assistant Secretary of
State William Curzon Wyllie in 1st July, 1909.
After brief trial he was sentenced to death.
6. Raja Mahendra Pratap set up a Governement in
exile for India’s independence in Kabul,
Afghanistan.
Estimates of the Revolutionary Movements
• These movements were inspired by the objective of
making sacrifice for the freedom of the country.
• Movements were greatly associated with the social and
religious traditions of the country.
• Though some of the revolutionaries were associated with
dacoity and assassination but they could bring about a
nationalist consciousness among the mass of the country.
• Most of the revolutionaries were from the middle class
thus it can be said that middle class was deeply moved in
the nationalist movement during this time.
• But it can be also ascertained the fact that the
revolutionaries did not have the benefit of mass based
organization to back them
• There were neither effective communications nor linkage
among the groups of the revolutionaries.
• Oppressive acts by the Government did not allow these
movements to achieve major success.
• Revolutionary activities led the British Government to
revoke the partition of Bengal in 1911.
EXERCISE
1. Partition of Bengal was announced in which day of 1905?
A) 11th July B) 16th August C) 31st August D) 16th October
2. Who was the Viceroy of British India when the capital was transferred from Calcutta to
Delhi?
A) Lord Curzon B) Lord Hardinge C) Lord Irwin D) Lord Minto
3. According to the Partition of Bengal East Bengal was merged with
A) Chittagong B) Mymensingha C) Assam D) Tripura
4. Ghare Bairey was written by
A) Bankim B) Rabindranath C) Sarat Chandra D) Dinabandhu
Chandra Tagore Chattopadhyay Mitra
Chattopadhyay
5. India House was founded in England by
A) Raja Mahendra B) Madam Bhikaji C) V.D. Savarkar D) Shyamaji
Pratap Cama Krishna Varma
6. Who termed the Revolt of 1857 as the ‘First War of Independence’?
A) Ganesh B) V.D Savarkar C) Lala Hardayal D) Lala Lajlat Rai
Savarkar
7. Madanlal Dhingra killed Assistant Secretary of State William Curzon Wyllie in
London in which year?
A) 1907 B) 1908 C) 1909 D) 1911
8. Prior to serve as the Principal of Natioanl College at Calcutta Sri Aurobinda was serving
at which place?
A) Nagpur B) Baroda C) Pondicherry D) Lucknow
9. Who put forward the ‘Doctrine of Passive Resistance’?
A) Barin Ghose B) Bipin Chandra C) Sri Aurobindo D) Bal Gangadhar
Pal Tilak
10. Who among the following was associated with the publication of the paper Talwar?
A) Sufi Amba B) Sardar Singh C) Sohan Singh D) Lala Hardayal
Prasad Rana Bhakna
Growth of Communalism
1. Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement
• Sayyid Ahmad Khan brought out a paper with the title of
the ‘Loyal Muhammadans of India’
• Brought out an Urdu paper ‘Tahaib-ul-Akhlaq’
• In 1875, founded ‘the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental
College’ at Aligarh.
• Inspired Muslims for social reforms
• Worked against polygamy, illiteracy and many anti-social
activities.
• Founded the ‘Patriotic Association’ with assistance of Raja
Shibaprasad of Banaras
• Also founded ’Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence
Association’ to change the perception of British towards
the Muslims.
• Tried to achive loyalty of the British
• Opposed the Indian National Congress (INC) during its
formation in 1885 and appealed the Muslims not to join
INC.
• In 1888, Meerut he categorically said that the Hindus
and the Muslims were two nations.
• Loyalty of Sayyid Ahmad Khan and his mobilisation of the
Muslim community away from Congress and nationalst
movement and his ‘two nation thoey regarding Indus and
Muslims led to the growth of communal politics in British
India and decelerated the pace of nationalist movement.
• Renowned Pakistani historians like Abdul Haque and
Hafiz Malik ahave also considered him as one of the
builders of Pakistan.
Altaf Hussain Hali commemorative stamp by the republic
of Pakistan
• Followers of Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Maulvi Zakaullah,
Chirag Ali, Altaff Husain Hali, Maulvi Shibli Numani,
Khuda Baqsh, Yusuf Ali, Muhammad Iqbal.
Maulana Shibli Numani Muhammad Iqbal
Deoband Movement
• Mobilised to keep Muslims away from Western influences fully
contradictory to the tenets of Aligarh movement
• Members: Muhammad Qasim Nanatawi (1832-1880), Rashid
Ahmad Gangohi (1828-1916)
• 30th May, 1866, Maulana Qasim Nanatawi founded the ‘Dar-ul-
Ulema’ madarsa at Deoband.
• Deoband leaders promulgated fatwa (a religious decree) in 1888
against Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Associations ans the
United India Patriotic Associations founded by Sayyid Ahmad
Khan.
• In 1919, Mufti Liaqat Ullah Sahib founded the ‘Jamaitul Ulema-
i-Hind’ to work in the direction of ‘Pan-Islamic Movement’
FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)
Initiation of Muslim Separatism
• There was a thought of foundation of Muslim political
organization in India among the Muslims.
• Sayyid Ahamad Khan tried to win over the sympathy and
cooperation of the British through his writings and speeches. In
his book ‘Asab-e-Bagawat-e-Hind’ he described Bahadur Shah
II who was incapable to provide any leadership in the Revolt of
1857 as ‘foolish’.
• Principals of the Aligarh Muslim College were all British for
some period for e.g. Syedans (1877-1883), Theodore Beck
(1883-1899), and Morrison (1899-1904).
• Establishment of Muslim League in 1906 under Agha Khan
with the Viceroy of India, Lord Minto at Shimla was significant
in the initiation of Muslim separatism in India.
• 1906, presided by Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk at the invitation of
Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca.
• 1907, Karachi constitution of Muslim League was prepared.
• 1908, Amritsar, first session of League was held and Agha
Khan became the president of the Muslim League.
• Objective behind the formation of Muslim League were to create
a sense of loyalty among the Muslims towards the British
Government.
• British took full advantage of the Muslim League loyalty and
caused enough harm to the Indian national movement and
sowed the seed of separatism by providing separate electorate
system in the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 to appease the
Muslims.
Struggle for Independence (1905-1914)
• Indian National Congress
v 1905, session held at Banaras, President G.K
Gokhale
v Beginning of confrontation between moderates
and extremists started
v Moderates wanted to keep Swadeshi and boycott
movement restricted to Bengal only
v Extremists wanted to spread the movement
outside Bengal
v Moderates wanted to welcome Prince of Wales but
Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai opposed this proposal
v 1906, Calcutta session presided over by ‘Grand
Oldman of India’ Dadabhai Naoroji, witnessed
further differences between moderates and
extremists inside Congress.
v Dadabhai declared Swaraj and self government
like that of U.K. or its colonies as the goal
of Congress.
v Resolutions like Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott of
foreign goods and National education were
passed in this session.
v Dadabhai Naoroji said,’Freedom is the very
breath of our life….We are not begging for
mercy.’
v 1907, Surat Session of Indian National Congress
under the Presidentship of moderate Rashbihari
Ghose.
v Doors for the nationalists were closed
v Congress reiterated in the constitutional
methods
v This led to the consolidation of moderate in
Congress and exclusion of the nationalists more
specifically extremists.
v The incident is termed as the Surat split.
v Annie Besant termed the incident as ‘a sad
incident’.
v Attitude of the British on Congress also remain
disposed due to the control of the moderates
over INC.
v Tilak was sent to six years imprisonment from
1908-1914
v Pace of the Congress also slowed down and
sessions at Madras and Lahore in 1908 and 1909
saw diminishing attendance.
• Morley Minto Reforms (1909)
Lord Minto,Viceroy and Morley, the secretary of state
The first attempt at introducing a representative and
popular element was made by Morley-Minto Reforms.
1. Number of members in the Imperial Legislative
Council was raised to 69, in which 37 were to
be government nominees and 32 non government
nominees.
2. Non government elected members were to be
represented from different communities’ viz.
communal representation or separate electorate
system was initiated. This led to the sowing of
the seeds of communalism. This was synchronous
with the formation of Muslim League in 1906
3. Though the number of members was increased but
there was no increase in the power and
strength.
v The Act of 1909 was a diplomatics ploy to
create the distance between the Hindus
and the Muslims which was a great setback
for the nationalist movement.
• Home Rule Movement
v 1914, Annie Besant came to India
Annie Besant, the first woman president of
Indian National Congress
v 1914, Lokmanya Tilak was released from
imprisonment
v 1915, Gopal Krishna Gokhale passed away
v Moderate Feroze Shah Mehta also passed
away
v All these movements brought the moderates
and extremists together.
v Tilak’s statement ‘Swaraj is my
birthright and I shall have it’ attracted
the minds of the people.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, started Home Rule
Movement from Poona
v Annie Besant during her visit to England
tried to organise an ‘Indian Home Rule
Party’
v Upon her returning India she started a
weekly paper called ‘Common Will’ and a
daily ‘New India’.
v She started the Home Rule Movement in
India with the aim of establishing local
self governments at all levels. Stressed
on the right of National Legislatures to
be equivalent to the other self-ruled
colonies of the British Empire.
v Accoroding to Annie Besant British should
allow Home rule to India in course of the
war (1st World War which was taking place
in Europe at that time) itself.
v She wanted to check the influence of the
revolutionaries over India’s national
movement
v 1916, Madras, Home Rule League was
established in Madras by Annie Besant.
Other prominent members were Aurundale,
P.C.Ramaswamy Iyer, and V.P. Wadia.
v Many branches of the League were also
opened in different parts of the country.
By October 1916 around 500 branches had
come up in the country.
v In 1915, Bombay session of Indian
National Congress passed a resolution
demanding Home Rule for India.
v Prior to to the establishment of the Home
Rule League in India by Annie Besant
B.G.Tilak established Home Rule League in
Pune in April, 1916.
v British Government adopted suppressive
measures by banning both the papers and
arresting Annie Besant and restricting
Tilak from entering Delhi and Punjab.
v There were widespread demonstrations
against such suppressive measures all
over India.
v 20th August, 1917 Secreatary of State
Edwin Montagu declared of ‘gradually
introducing responsible government in
India.’
v Home Rule Movement left a deep ompact on
the Indian politics and revived the
nationalist movement.
• Lucknow Pact (1916)
• Pact between Indian National Congress and Muslim League
in 1916 at Lucknow whereby both Congress and Muslim
League put up a joint demand before the British
Government to bestow self-rule on India at par with other
self ruled colonies of British Empire.
M.A.Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi
BACKGROUND OF THE LUCKNOW PACT OF 1916
Events from 1911-1916 brought changes in the outlook
of both Muslim League and Indian National Congress
like
1. Muslims were unhappy with the annulment of
Partition of Bengal in 1911.
2. Britain had extended its support to Italy
in the latter’s war against Turkey which
infuriated the Muslims in India.
3. Changes in the Muslim League leadership
and radicalisation of the Mulim league
with notable members like Muhammad Ali,
Shaukat Ali, and Dr. M.A.Ansari etc.
4. British policy towards Balkans and West
Asia led Muslims turn against the British
rule and demand fro self rule and
government came into prominence in Muslim
League.
5. Viceroy Lord Hardinge was self disposed
with Congress for implementing Morley-
Minto Reforms of 1909
6. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Madan Mohan
Malaviya, Sarojini Naidu took part in
Muslim League session in 1915, which was
presided by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and gave
emphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity
Sarojini Naidu and Mahatma Gandhi
Results of Lucknow Pact (1916)
v Both Indian National Congress and Muslim League put
up a joint demand for self government
v System of separate electorate for the Muslims
affirmed as per the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909
v Ratio of the Muslims were fixed
Implication of Lucknow Pact (1916)
v By this agreement Congress accepted the principle of
communal representation to which it was so far
opposed.
v Lucknow Pact was a success of the British policy of
‘Divide and Rule’
1. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was established in
A) 1865 B) 1870 C) 1875 D) 1877
2. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was founded by
A) Maulvi Shivli B) Theodor Beck C) Sayyid Ahmad D) Agha Khan
Noomani Khan
3. Who among the following were associated with Deband school?
A) Sayyid Ahamd B) Chirag Ali C) Maulana Qasim D) Muhammad
Khan Nanatawi Iqbal
4. ‘Dar-ul-Ulema’ madarsa at Deoband was founded by
A) Maulvi Shivli B) Maulana Qasim C) Sayyid Ahmad D) Chirag Ali
Numani Nanatawi Khan
5. Who among the following was a principal at Aligarh Muslim College?
A) Theodor Beck B) Agha Khan C) Chirag Ali D) Haji Imaddullah
6. In 1906 the session of Indian National Congress was held at?
A) Calcutta B) Banaras C) Bombay D) Madras
7. Swaraj and self government like that of the United Kingdom or its colonies as the goal
of congress in its which session
A) 1905, Banaras B) 1906, Calcutta C) 1907, Surat D) 1908, Madras
8. Who was the President of Indian National Congress in its session which witnessed the
split between the Moderates and the Extremists in 1907?
A) G.K.Gokhale B) R. C. Dutt C) Rashbihari D) Rashbihari
Bose Ghose
9. Home Rule Movement was started in Pune by
A) R.G B) Annie Besant C) B.G.Tilak D) M.A. Jinnah
Bhandarkar
10. Which of the paper was/were brought out by Annie Besant in India?
I. Common Will
II. Statesman
III. New India
A) Only I B) Only II C) I & II D) I & III
MAHATMA GANDHI AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT
ENTRY OF MAHATMA GANDHI IN INDIAN POLITICS
MAHATMA GANDHI (1869-1948)
• Mahatma Gandhi was born in 2nd October, 1869,
Porbandar, Kathiawar, Gujarat
• Married to Kasturba Gandhi
• Studied law in England, returned to India in 1892
• In 1893 went to South Africa, went on non-violent
agitation in South Africa from 1893 to 1914
• In January, 1915 returned to India
• Books by Gandhiji: Hind Swaraj, My Experiment with
Truth
• Deeply influenced by John Ruskin’s Unto the Last
and the ideas of Leo Tolstoy
• Stressed on truth, non-violence (ahimsa)
• In Hind Swaraj he put up the ideal of satyagraha,
swadeshi
IDEAS OF GANDHIJI
1. Truth: Satyagraha is a spiritual principle
which is based on the love for the mankind
which is a passive resistance, an all sided
sword. To be a satyagrahi must observe :
• Perfect chastity
• Adopt poverty
• Follow truth, and
• Cultivate fearlessness
2. Non-violence: He believed that non-violence is
a symbol of strength. One of his editions of
Young India he wrote that ‘Even non-violence
means taking hardship consciously in a
constructive manner; nevertheless this
principle does not support surrendering oneself
to the tormentor.
3. Means and end: He put forward that not only the
end must be pure but also it is necessary to
have the means as the pure.
4. Constructive Programmes:
• Abolition of untouchability: started
a paper named Harijan to spread the
knowledge against untouchability. Set
up Harijan Sevak Sangh.
• Hindu-Muslim unity
• Emancipation of women
• Opposed the purdah system, child
marriages, and polygamy
• Encouraged women to renounce foreign
goods and organise bonfires of
foreign clothes.
• Demonstration before the liquor shops
• Encouraged widow remarriages and
intercaste marriages
• Bringing of Indian women in the
politics
5. Swadeshi: Developing cottage industries and
renounce foreign clothes.
6. Swaraj: Believed in the creation of Ram Rajya
in India. He also considered that government as
the best which interferes least with the
people’s life
EARLY MOVEMENTS OF MAHATMA GANDHI
• Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
Mahatma Gandhi started his experiment with satygraha
in Champaran, Bihar against the oppressive measures
of the Indigo planters. Rajendra Prasad became the
follower of Mahatma from this movement.
• Kheda Satyagraha(1918)
In Kheda Gujarat Gandhiji supported the cause of the
peasants due their inability to pay revenue due to
failure of crops. Mahatma Gandhi supported their
cause and asked the peasants to withhold the payment
of revenue till their demand for its remission was
met. Emergence of leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
took place in course of this movement.
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)
Mill workers in Ahmedabad got into dispute with the
owners over hike in the wages.Mahatma Gandhi considered a
35% increase in the wage as just. Gandhiji advised the
workers not to use any kind of violence against their
employers. He himself took a fast unto death for the
cause of the mill workers. Demands of the workers were
conceded by the mill owners and the strike of the
worker’s came to an end.
• Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act, March,1919
v Gandhiji considered G.K.Gokhale as his
politrical Guru. During the 1st World War,
supported the British cause. After the War
was over Indians faced famines, greater
economic exploitation, press censorship
and many other oppressive measures were
implemented by the British Government.
v In 1917, British Government appointed
Sydney Rowlatt to table significant Bills
in the Central Legislative Council.
v In March , 1919 one of the Bills were
passed was called a Rowlatt Act, According
to which any body could be arrested on the
basis of suspicion and no petition could
be filed with the help of an advocate if
made against such arrests.
v Mahatma Gandhi termed the law as ‘Black
law’ decide go far a countrywide hartal. A
Satyagraha Sabha was held at Bombay.
Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919)
v Countrywide agitation against the Rowlatt Act, 1919
was organised.
v Dr Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested
in Amritsar, Punjab.
v A ban on mass gathering was announced in Punjab.
v Against this incident a peaceful mob gathered in
Jalianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919.
v General Dyer ordered his troops to shoot at the
crowd. The firing continued for about 10 minutes.
v As per government report only 179 peoples were
killed but the actual record was much more than the
government estimation.
v Rabindranath Tagore renounced his ‘Knighthood’ given
to him by the British Governement as mark of his
protest against the heinous act by the British
v An enquiry committee under the chairmanship of
Hunter was set on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
v According to Mahatma Gandhi British lsot the moral
authority to rule over India
Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
Causes
1. The Sultan of Turkey was regarded as the Caliph or the religious
head of the Muslims all over the world.
2. Muslims in India were disappointed with British as the Allied
powers arrayed against Turkey in the 1st World War.
3. Khilafat movement was thus essentially a movement to express
solidarity to the Caliph of Turkey.
Leaders of Khilafat Movement
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Maulvi Abdulbari (Lucknow), Dr.
M.A.Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew,
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali also called as Ali Brothers.
• In 1912, Azad and Muhammad Ali had started ‘Al Hilal’
and ‘The Comrade’.
• 19th October, 1919 was observed as the Khilafat Day. And
the movement had reached a crescendo in Bengal, North-
West Frontier Province and the Punjab.
• On 23rd November, a joint conference of the Hindus and
the Muslims were held under the chairmanship of Mahatma
Gandhi.
• Gandhiji took the opportunity of the Khilafat unjust done
on the Muslims in India and was particularly interested in bringing
the Hindus and Muslims together to achive the country’s
independence.
• Mahatma Gandhi announced his plan to begin non-
cooperation movement as a sequel to the Rowlatt Act.
Causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement
1. Post 1st World War hardships faced by the Indian in
the form of greater degree of economic exploitation.
Disillusionment of the Indian nationalists following
1st World War.
2. Unjustified legislation like Indian Securities Act,
Rowlatt Act, etc.
3. Jallianwala Bagh wrongdoing by the British
Government
4. Growing Hindu-Muslim unity following Lucknow
Pact (1916) and Khilafat movement by the Muslims.
5. Congress’ proclamation of Swaraj or complete
independence as the goal of it.
Developments during Non-cooperation Movement
• Mahatma Gandhi’s plan of of launching an all India Non-
cooperation movement was approved by Special Session
of Congress at Calcutta in 1920
• 1920 Nagpur session of INC also approved swaraj or
complete independence as the goal of Congress.
Mahatma Gandhi and the Movement
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Bipin Chandra Pal and Annie
Besant were not in agreement with the Congress’
declaration of Non-cooperation and therefore left the
Congress.
• Surrender of the official titles and honorary positions
• Resignation of membership from local bodies
• Boycott of durbars and government functions
• Boycott of of Governement and grant aided schools and
colleges
• Establishment of National schools
• Boycott of foreign goods and adoption of swadeshi goods
• Boycott of law courts by lawyers and establishment of
national courts
• National schools at Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar
Vidyapeeth, and Jamia Milia Islamia were set up in
many provinces.
• The tour of the Duke of Connaught to India was
boycotted in November, 1921.
• Death of B.G.Tilak
• Mahatma Gandhi asked people to contribute liberally to
Tilak Swarajya Fund.
• Moplah Rebellion: took place in Kerala by the Muslim
peasants against the Hindu landlords in 1921.
• 1921, Ahmedabad Congress session, further affirmed to
intensify the Non-cooperation movement.
• 5th February, 1922 violent attack on the police by the
mob at Chauri Chaura, United province near Gorakhpur
• Seeing the movement turning violent Mahatma Gandhi
announced suspension of the movement.
• C.R.Das, Subhas Bose, Jwaharlal Nehru felt disressed
Subhas Chandra Bose during Non-cooperation Movement
in Calcutta
• Mahtama Gandhi was arrested on 10th March, 1922
• Other Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das
formed a separate group within Congress called Swaraj
Party
• Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad concentrated on the
constructive works remaining inside the Congress.
Estimate of Non-cooperation movement
• It intensified the national struggle in India.
• On account of this movement use of Khadi and the
spirit swadeshi became an integral part of the
future movements.
• Substantial change in the programmes and policies
of the Congress came into being.
• Now the Congress could rope in the support of the
peasants, workers and students.
• It became the symbol of nationwide reach
• Importance of English diminished in Congress and
Hindi started to be given primacy as a national
language.
• Before Non-cooperation movement Congress was an
organisation of the intellingentsia but it became the
organization of the general masses in India.
Revolutionary Activities
• Kakori Cospiracy Case
1. August 1925, money of the British Government
was looted at Kakori railway station, U.P. by
Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan
Singh and Asfaqullah Khan. They were tried and
hanged in 1927.Chandrasekhar Azad was also
involved in the Kakori case and was also
associated with the assassination of Saunders.
2. Ram Prasad Bismil published a book with the
title ‘How America got Freedom’ and Message for
the Countrymen’ and a book named ‘The
Activities of the Bolsheviks’, ‘The Wave of the
Mind’,’Colour of Swadeshi’,’Revolutionary
Life’.
CHANDRASEKHAR AZAD
3. Chandra Shekhar Azad was also killed in
shooting encounter with the police in Alfred
Park, Allahabad in February 1931
• Bhagat Singh and Delhi Central Assembly Bomb Case
1. Bhagat Singh was born in 1907
2. Influenced by Arya Samaj in his early life and
his uncles Sardar Swaran Singh and Ajit Singh.
BHAGAT SINGH
3. Also influenced by Madanlal Dhingra and Kartar
Singh Saraba
4. At Kanpur came in contact with Ganesh Shankar
Vidyarthi, Sachindranath Sanyal and Chandra
Sekhar Azad.
5. In association with Chhabil Das and Yashpal he
founded the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha in
1926.
6. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
7. Associated with the assassination of Saunders,
who gave the order of lathi charge on the
demonstration of Lala Lajpat Rai in 1928
against Simon Commission.
8. Bombed the Central Legislative Assembly with
Batukeswar Dutt on 8th April, 1929
9. 23rd March, 1931 Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and
Rajguru were executed
• Chittagong Armoury Raid
o Led by Masterda Surya Sen at Chittagong
o Ambika Chakraborty, Loknath Bal, Ganesh Ghose,
Kalpana Dutt, and Preetilata Waddedar
o The raid by the revolutionary took place on 18th
April, 1930
v Rani Gaidinliu and Yadunaga led Naga revolt in Nagaland
against the British between 1930 to 1932
v Rani Gaidinliu was captured in 17th October, 1932 and
after trial was punished with life imprisonment.
EXERCISE
1. The paper ‘Al Hilal’ was started by
A) Maulana Abul B) M.A.Ansari C) Sir Syed ahmad D) Aga Khan
Kalam Azad Khan
2. Who among the following were not associated with Khilafat Movement?
A) Muhammad Ali B) Shaukat Ali C) Maulana Abul D) Aruna Asaf Ali
Kalam Azad
3. Which of the following was NOT one of the causes of Non-cooperation Movement?
A) Rowlatt Act B) Jallianwala C) 1st World War D) Discontent
Bagh Massacre among the
leaders of
Congress
4. Mahatma Gandhi came to India from South Africa in
A) 1913 B) 1914 C) 1915 D) 1916
5. Ahmedabad Mill strike took place in
A) 1915 B) 1916 C) 1917 D) 1918
6. Chauri Chaura was a place in
A) United Province B) Bombay C) Central D) Punjab
Province
7. Swaraj Party was formed by
A) Motilal Nehru B) C.R.Das C) Both A & B D) None of the
above
8. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
A) Champaran B) Ahmedabad Mill C) Bardoli D) Kheda -1918
Satyagraha - 1917 Strike - 1918 Satyagraha - 1919
9. Chittagong Armoury raid took place in
A) 1930 B) 1931 C) 1932 D) 1933
10. Punjab Nawjawan Bharat Sabha was founded by
A) Ajit Singh B) Sohan Singh C) Lala Lajpat Rai D) Bhagat Singh
Bhakna
NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1919-1937)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1919 or MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD
REFORMS (1919)
Background
1. Secretary of State Montague during the 1st World War
assured Indian with greater association of the Indians in
the administration.
2. Assured of attainment of progressive realisation of
responsible Government in India as an integral part of
the British Empire.
3. Secretary of State Montagu and Lord Chelmsford was the
then Viceroy of India.
The provisions of the Act:
1. The subjects of the administration were divided
into two categories Central and Provincial.
2. The Central subjects were those kept
exclusively under the control of the Central
Government.
3. Provincial subjects were subdivided into two
‘transferred’ and ‘reserved’ subjects.
‘Transferred subjects’ were to be administered
by the Governor with the aid of the Ministers
and ‘reseved subjects’ were to be administered
by the Governor and his Executive Council.
4. Relaxation of Central control over the
Provinces. A system of devolution of power
started with this Act, but the subjects of all-
India importance were kept under Central
control and rest subjects were kept under
provincial control.
5. Provincial budgets were separated from
Government of India.
6. Control of Governor-General (Viceroy) over the
Provincial Bill was retained, since bills even
though passed by the Governor were to be
assented by the Governor-General of India. Also
Governor could reserve a bill during its
legislation for consideration of the Governor-
General of India.
7. Indian Legislature was made more representative
and for the first time bi-cameral comprising of
Upper House and Lower House were created. The
electorates were however, arranged on a
communal and sectional basis.
Shortcomings of the Mont-Ford Reforms of 1919,
1. Substantial measure devolution of powers to the
provinces did not happen and the administration
remained chiefly unitary and centralised.
2. It was the Governor-General and not the courts which
could decide whether a subject was Central or
Provincial.
3. ‘Dyarchy’ or the ‘dual government’ in the Provincse
were caused immense confusion and ministerial
policy.
4. Finance being a reserved subjects, was placed in
charge of a member of the Executive Council and not
a Minister and thus it was impossible for Minister
to implement a progressive measure for the want of
funds.
SWARAJ PARTY
Background
• Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922)
• There were increase in the communal disharmony and
disorientation in the leaderhip
• Congress was split into two groups
a) Pro-changers: Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das and
Motilal Nehru
b) No-changers: Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai
Patel, C.Rajagopalachari, Dr. M.A.Ansari
Formation
• In March 1923 C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the
Swaraj Party.at Allahabad with a view to take part
in 1923 Council elecetions.
• In 1923 under the presidentship of Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad Congress approved the plan of taking part
in the election.
• Swaraj Party gained impressive success in 1923
election in the Central Legislature and Provincial
Legislatures.
• Policy of the Swaraj Party was to wreck the
government from within or being a part of it.
Leaders like Bipan Chandra Pal and Joseph Baptist
and Surendranath Banerjea considered the strategy as
meaningless.
• Swaraj Party did significant things in the
Legislative Council :-
i. Demanded setting up of responsible
government in India with necessary changes
in the Government of India Act of 1919.
ii. Demanded concurrence of Indian
representatives in changes relating to
Government of India Act of 1919.
iii. In the Provincial Legislature took steps
regarding ‘tranferred’ subjects and passed
several resolutions against budget
proposals.
• After passing of C.R.Das in 1925 Swaraj Party
started weakening.
• Credit of proposing changes in the Government
of India Act, 1919 and the Round Table
Conference was of the Swarajists.
• Again took part in the election of 1926 but
could fair well that time due to increase in
personal interests and greed for government
positions by some members.
SIMON COMMISSION (1927-1928)
v The Act of 1919 included a provision for its review
after a lapse of ten years. Thus a review was due in
1929.
v The Conservative Party in England appointed a review
commission two years ahead of its schedule in 1927
under the Chairmanship of John Simon.
v The Simon Commission was also called the ‘White Men
Commission’.
v There was no Indian member in the Commission
v All political parties including Congress, Hindu
Mahasabha, and Muslim League opposed Simon
Commission.
v On 3rd February, 1928 the Commission reached Bombay.
v There was nationawide parotest ans hartal
v It was greeted by black flags and with cries like
‘Simon go back’.
Anti-Simon Commission demonstration at Madras, 1928
v Central Legislative Assembly refused to cooperate
with Simon Commission.
v There was a huge demonstration at
• Lucknow under Vallabhbhai Patel
• Lahore under Lala Lajpat Rai where he was
lathicharged and succumbed to the injury.
v The report of the Simon Commission was published in
May 1930
v The report recommended the establishment of
autonomous government.
v Special powers to the Governor-General in the Centre
and Governor in the Provinces to look after the
interests of the minorities.
v Strengthening the Centre
v Increasing the electorate base on communal basis.
Indianisation of the defence forces.
v Reorganization of the Legislative Council.
v Reducing the power of the Home Government.
NEHRU REPORT
Motilal Nehru
Background
• Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead, while delivering a
speech in the floor of the Parliament challenged Indians
to produce a Constitution that would be acceptable to
all.
• The challenge was accepted by Congress which an all party
meeting in February 1928 in which 29 organizations took
part.
• A meeting was held in Bombay in May 1928 and an eight
member committee was constituted to draw up a blueprint
of the future Constitution of India.
• The Committee was headed by Motilal Nehru other members
were Subhas Chandra Bose, Sir Ali Imam, Sir Tej Bahadur
Sapru, G.R.Pradhan, M.S.Aney, Shabib Qureshi and Sardar
Mangal Singh
• In July 1928, the Committee published the Report and came
to be called as ‘Nehru Report’. Lucknow session of
Congress adopted the Report unanimously.
The main clauses of ‘Nehru Report
1. It favoured Dominion Status as the next
immediate step
2. Full responsible government at the centre and
autonomy to the provinces.
3. It recommended joint electorates with
reservations of seats for the minorities.
4. On the question of forming new provinces it
favoured the formation of Sindh and North West
Frontier Areas.
5. Provision of fundamental rights for the people
of India.
6. Establishment of Supreme Court and formation
of Defence Committee.
• Nehru Report was approved with majority vote in the
annual session of the Congress held in Calcutta in 2nd
December, 1928.
• An ultimatum was served to the British Government to
accept the Report failing which the Party would launch
another non-violent movement.
Comments and reactions on the Nehru Report
• In the opinion of Subhas Chandra Bose the main
cause of the success of the Nehru Report lay in
giving representation in the legislatures to the
Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in the proposed
Constitution.
• Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru was
unhappy with Dominion Status.
• Lala Lajpat Rai praised the Report.
• M.A.Jinnah called the Report as undemocratic and
regarded it as detrimental to the interests of the
minorities and the Muslims in particular.
• President of Central Sikh League, Kharak Singh also
rejected it.
• Other prominent Muslim leaders like Hakim Ajmal
Khan, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr. M.A.Ansari
supported the Report.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1928)
In reaction to Nehru Report, M.A.Jinnah convened an All India
Conference of the Muslims and drew up a list of Fourteen
Points drafted by C Rajagopalchari as a constitutional reform
plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-
governing India.
M.A.Jinnah
v Main Points as under
1. Future Constitution should be Federal and
residuary powers to be vested to the provinces.
2. Uniform measure of autonomy to all the
provinces.
3. Adequate and effective representation of the
minorities in all the provinces.
4. Any territorial distribution that might at any
time be necessary shall not in any way affect
the Muslim majority
5. Sindh should be separated from Bombay
Presidency.
6. The constitution should embody adequate
safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture
and for the protection and promotion of Muslim
education, language, religion, personal laws
and Muslim charitable institutions and for
their due share in the grants-in-aid given by
the state and by local self-governing bodies.
7. No cabinet, either central or provincial,
should be formed without there being a
proportion of at least one-third Muslim
ministers.
8. No change shall be made in the constitution by
the Central Legislature except with the
concurrence of the State's contribution of the
Indian Federation.
EXERCISE
1. Simon Commission was appointed for
A) Administrative B) Educational C) Health Reforms D) to look after
Reforms reforms the occurrence of
famine in the
country
2. At Lahore anti- Simon Commission demonstration was led by
A) Ajit Singh B) Amba Prasad C) Bhagat Singh D) Lala Lajpat Rai
3. Simon Commission came to India in
A) 1927 B) 1928 C) 1929 D) 1930
4. According to the provisions of the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
A) Dyarchy was B) Dyarchy was C) Both are correct D) None of the
introduced in the introduced in the statements are
Centre Provinces correct
5. Swaraj Party took part in the election in
A) 1921 & 1923 B) 1923 & 1925 C) 1923 & 1926 D) Only 1923
6. Who among the folloing leaders were no-changers contrary to the ‘Pro-changers’?
A) Vallabhbhai B) Bhulabhai C) C.R.Das D) Motilal Nehru
Patel Desai
7. Nehru Report was tabled in the year
A) 1923 B) 1926 C) 1928 D) 1929
8. Jinnah’s ‘Fourteen Points’ came in
A) 1927 B) 1928 C) 1929 D) 1930
LAHORE CONGRESS AND POORNA SWARAJ (1929)
• J.L. Nehru has done more than any one else to
popularise the concept of Poorna Swaraj was
nominated as the Congress President for the Lahore
session of Congress(December, 1929, mainly due to
Gandhiji’s backing (15 out of 18 Provincial Congress
Committees had opposed J.L.Nehru)
Jawaharlal Nehru
• Congress’ acceptance of complete independence as the
goal.
• It also acknowledged the youth upsurge occurred
during the anti-Simon Commission demonstration all
over the country.
Major developments at Lahore Congress
1. The Round Table Conference to be boycotted
2. Complete independence was declared as the main aim
of Congress.
3. Congress Working Committee authorised to launch a
programme of civil disobedience, including non-
payment of taxes.
4. 26th January, 1930 was fixed as the first
Independence Day, and to be celebrated everywhere.
5. December 31, 1929, at midnight at the bank of river
Sutlej newly adopted tricolor national flag adopted
amidst slogan Inquilab Jindabad.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-1934)
Background and causes
1. In 1930 a peasant movement was organized by Vallabh Bhai
Patel in Bardoli, Surat, Gujarat, brought a great sense
of consciousness among the cultivating class
2. Apathy shown by the British Government towards the
political aspirations of the country in the form of Simon
Commission.
3. Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929): Punishment was meted out
to prominent trade union and communist leaders who were
arrested and imprisoned.
4. Whole country celebrated celebrated the Independence Day
on 26th January, 1930 by hoisting the tricolour flag.
5. Congress Working Committee (CWC) authorised to launch a
programme of civil disobedience, including non-payment of
taxes
Civil Disobedience Movement
• 12th March Gandhiji started his famous Dandi march
accompanied by his handpicked 78 followers
Mahatma during the Dandi march, Civil Disobedience
Movement
• 5th April, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi after marching a distance
of 241 miles reached the sea coast.
• 6th April by breaking the salt law and formally launched
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Developments
• 9th April, Mahatma Gandhi laid out the programme of
the movement which included violating the salt law
by making salt in every household.
• Picketing of shops selling liquor, opium and foreign
clothes
• Organising bonfires of foreign clothes
• Fighting untouchability
• Spinning clothes by charkha
• Boycotting of schools and colleges by students
• Resigning from government jobs by people
• Non-payment of taxes
• The movement spread all over the country
• Students, workers, farmers and women all took part
in the struggle
• Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God also Red Shirts)
under the leadership of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (also
called Frontier Gandhi)started the movement in the
North West Frontiers Provinces.
• Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru were arrested during the
course of the movement in 1930.
• Martial law was imposed in many places in the
country and Congress was declared illegal.
THE ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES AND Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Conference/Year Members attended Developments
1st Round Table Tej Bahadur Sapru, • Failed to resolve the
Conference M.A.Jinnah, communal question
B.R.Ambedkar, • Boycotted by
12th Nov, 1930 to M.R. Jayakar Congress and the
19th Jan, 1931 Conference could not
London arrive at any fruitful
results
Gandhi-Irwin Pact After the release of • Congress in the
5th March 1931 Gandhiji, Tej Bahadur Karachi Session,
Sapru, M.R.Jayakar and 1931 ratified the
Srniwas Sastri held a Pact
meeting with Congress • Government agreed
leaders and negotiated to withdraw all
ameeting of the then Ordinances issued
Viceroy Lord Irwin and by it
Mahatma Gandhi • Agreed to release all
political prisoners
• Certain villages were
allowed to
manufacture the salt
for their own use
• Congress agreed to
stop Civil
Disobedience
Movement
• Government agrred
on the future scheme
of Indian
Government in the
safeguard of Indian
interest
2nd Round Table As per the agreement • Gandhiji demanded
Conference, 1931 with Lord Irwin establishment of
Gandhiji participated responsible
London being the sole government
representative of the immediately and in
Congress, other full
participants were • New Viceroy Lord
Aga Khan, Willingdon adopted
Zafarullah Khan, a stiff policy towards
B.R. Ambedkar etc. nationalists and
areested leaders like
Khan Abdul Gaffar
Khan, J.L.Nehru
etc.
• Declared Congress
as illegal
• Gandhiji sought an
interview with
Viceroy but was
refused
3rd Round Table • Congress did not • No important
Conference participate decision could be
• British Labour arrived at
November, 1932 Party did not
London participate
• B.R.Ambedkar
Revival of the Swarajist Party (1934)
• The sudden suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement
after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) by Gandhiji there was
no substitute programme left with Congress.
• Leaders like Dr. M.A.Ansari, Dr. B.C. Roy, and Bhulabhai
Desai decided toi revive the Swarajist Party and took
party in the Central Assembly elections of 1934.
• Patna Session in 1934 permitted the Congressmen to take
part in the election to enter the Legislature
• Congress scored a notable victory by capturing 44 out 49
general seats.
EXERCISE
1. Poorna Swaraj was adopted in which session of Congress
A) Lahore B) Karachi C) Calcutta D) Bombay
2. Lahore session in 1929 was presided by
A) Bhulabhai B) J.L.Nehru C) Subhas D) Sucheta
Desai Chandra Bose Kripalini
3. Gandhi-Irwin Pact took place in
A) 1930 B) 1931 C) 1932 D) 1933
4. Which of the following leaders attended all three of the Round Table Conferences?
A) Mahatma B) M.A.Jinnah C) B.R.Ambedkar D) Tej Bahadur
Gandhi Sapru
5. Lord Irwin was succeeded by which Viceroy in India?
A) Lord Linlithgow B) Lord Reading C) Lord Wavell D) Lord Willingdon
6. Gandhiji started his famous Dandi march in which date in 1930
A) 12th March B) 16th March C) 21st March D) 25th March
7. Bardoli Satyagraha was organised by Vallabhbhai Patel in
A) 1918 B) 1930 C) 1933 D) 1935
B.R. AMBEDKAR
v Born in 14th April, 1891 in Mhow in a Mahar family
v Graduate from Elphinstone College, Bombay
v PhD from Columbia University
v 1923 became barrister
Dr .B. R. AMBEDKAR
v July, 1924 organized a Bahishkrit Hitkari Sabha (The
Depressed Class Institute)
v In 1931 attended 1st Round Table Conference in London
and demanded separated electorates fro the depressed
class
v
COMMUNAL AWARD (1932)
v English Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced
which called as ‘Communal Award’ in which declared
depressed classes as separate community and offered
reservations for them
v Mahatma Gandhiji sensing the divisive politics
behind this started fast unto death on 20th September
1932 at Yervada jail at Poona condemning the
Communal Award.
POONA PACT (1932)
v Between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr.B.R. Ambedkar
regarding the reservation of the seats in different
Provincial Legislatures were accorded.
v British Government approved the Poona Pact.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935)
Background
• After the infructuous 3rd Round Table Conference,
British Government in March 1933, issued a White
Paper, which became the basis for the enactment of
the Government of India Act, 1935
Provisions of the Act of 1935
1. The Act provided for an All India Federation at the
Centre
2. Indian Council was abolished
3. Provincial autonomy was established and the
Provinces were no longer delegates of the Centre but
were autonomous units of the Centre.
4. Distribution of legislative powers between Centre
and Provinces.Subjects were divided between Centre
and the Provinces with three fold division, with
Federal List, Provincial List and Concurrent List
5. The Act allocated residuary powers neither with
Centre or the Provinces but vested it to the
Governor-General (Viceroy).
6. Dyarchy or dual government was established at the
Centre
7. The Act provided for ‘reserved’ subjects and
discretionary powers in the Centre or the Governor-
General (Viceroy).
8. Central Legislature was bicameral consisting of
Federal Assembly and Council of States
9. A Federal Court was established
10. No change in the system of communal
representation
11. Special provisions were made to give
representation to the workers and womens
12. Burma was separated from India and Orissa and
Sindh were made separate Provinces
Shortcomings
1. ‘Special powers’ vested in the Governor General and
the Governors had the potential to impede the
functioning of the Provincial Governments.
2. Though there eas Provincial autonomy but in reality,
the real power in the Provincial Government was with
the Governor.
3. M.A.Jinnah was not satisfied with the Act
1. Who was the founder of Bahishkrit Hitkari Sabha (The Depressed Class
Institute)
A) M.R Jayakar B) Sriniwas Sastry C) C.N Annadorai D) Dr.
B.R.Ambedkar
2. When was the Communal Award announced by British PM Ramsay MacDonald?
A) 1929 B) 1931 C) 1932 D) 1933
3. Gandhiji took up ‘fast unto death’ in connection with which of the following incidents?
A) Jallianwala B) Communal C) Rowlatt Act, D) Komagata Maru
Bagh Massacre Award 1919 Incident
4. Gandhiji took up ‘fast unto death’ in 1932 at which place?
A) Yervada Jail B) Tihar Jail C) Sabarmati D) Delhi
Ashram
5. Poona Pact was signed in
A) 1930 B) 1931 C) 1932 D) 1934
6. First Round Table was attended by which of the following members?
A) Mahatma B) B.R.Ambedkar C) J.L.Nehru D) None of the
Gandhi above
7. British issued ‘White Paper’ in connection with which of the following Acts?
A) Government of B) Government of C) Indian D) None of the
India Act, 1919 India Act. 1935 Independence above
Act,1947
8. Which of the following were the provisions of the Government of India Act,1935
I. It provided Provincial autonomy
II. Provided bi-cameral legislature in the Centre for the first time
A) Only I is B) Only II is C) Both are correct D) Both are false
correct correct
Explanation: Bi-cameral legislature was introduced by the Government of India Act
of 1919
9. Under the provisions of the Government of India Act,1935 residuary powers were
vested with the
A) Centre B) Provinces C) Governor- D) None of the
General or the above
Viceroy at the
Centre
10. Which of the following is NOT true in relation to the Government of India Act,1935 ?
A) Residuary B) Provincial C) Three fold D) It promosed
powers were Autonomy was divisions of the ‘Dominion Status’
vested with the provided subjects were
Viceroy at the given by the Act
Centre
Explanation: ‘Dominion Status’ was not conferred by the Government of India Act,
1935 as promised by the Simon Commission of 1928
FORMATION OF CONGRESS MINISTRIES (1937)
• In accordance with the provisions of the Government of India
Act, 1935 elections were held to the Provincial Legislatures in
1937
• Congress faired very well in the election
• Muslim League faced miserable defeat and could register victory
in only in 81 seats out of 482 seats.
• Congress Party formed Ministries in 7 Provinces which were
1. Central Provinces
2. Bombay
3. Orissa
4. United Province
5. Madras
6. Bihar
7. North West Frontier Province
Ø In Sindh and Assam ministries were formed with
Congress’ support
Ø In Bengal Krishak Praja Party formed the
coalition government
Ø In Punjab Unionist Party and the Muslim League
formed the government.
OUTBREAK OF THE 2ND WORLD WAR AND THE RESIGNATION OF THE
CONGRESS MINISTRIES
• 1st September 1939 IInd World War broke out when Germany
under Hitler attacked Poland
• British Government without consulting the people of the
country involved the country in the war.
• Congress raising the slogan ‘na koi bhai na koi pai’ resigned
from the Ministries in all the Provinces on 12th December, 1939.
Growth of Communalism
• In 1937, Muslim League under M.A.Jinnah proposed to form a
coalition Ministry in the United Province (even as they were the
minority)
• Congress did not accept the proposal as that could impede the
constructive programmes
• Disgruntled Muslim League under Jinnah started campaigning
aggressively accusing Congress of neglecting minorities.
• Jinnah at this time raised the ‘Two nation theory’ wherein
Muslims and Hindus could live in two separate nations.
• Pirpur Report and Sharif Report (containing Muslim neglect)
also inflamed the communal passions between Hindus and
Muslims and Hindus.
Declaration of ‘Deliverence Day’ and Resolution of Pakistan by Muslim
League
• The day (12th December, 1939) of resignation of the Congress
from the all the Ministries of the Provinces was celebrated as
‘Deliverence Day.’
• March, 1940 Muslim League accepted the two-nation theory
and led to ignite the communal flares.
• M.A.Jinnah said,”They (Hindus and Muslims) are not religions
in the strict sense of the word, but are in fact, different and
distinct social orders and it is dream that Hindus and Muslims
can ever evolve a common nationality……” By this statement
Jinnah made the unequivocal demand for Pakistan.
• The name Pakistan was coined by Rahmat Ali Chawdhury,
astudent of Cambridge University
• Demand for Pakistan was again made in 1941 session of the
Muslim League in its Madras session.
• Muslim organizations opposing Pakistan were
Ø Khudai Khidmatgar
Ø Jamiat –ul-Ulema-e-Hind
August Offer
v 8th August 1940 under the Viceroyalty of Lord Linlithgow
v Envisaged that after the IInd World War a representative
body of Indians would be set up to frame the new
Constitution.
v Simultaneously, minorities were also assured of not giving
any system of government which would not be
accepatable to a large and powerful group of minorities in
India.
INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA (October, 1940)
• August Offer (1940) widened the gulf between Congres and the
Government.
• 27 Sep, 1940 Gandhiji met Viceroy without any fruitful results
• Individual Satyagraha was launched by Mahtma Gandhi
a) Started on 17th October, 1940 by Acharya Vinoba
Bhave led to his imprisonment.
b) Jawaharlal Nehru was second and he was also put
under bar.
c) Brahma Dutt was third satygrahi
d) Others were Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad, Pyarelal performing individual
satyagraha
EXERCISE
1. Congress took part in the election of
A) 1935 B) 1936 C) 1937 D) 1939
2. In the election of 1937 Congress formed ministries in how many provinces?
A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 9
3. In which of the following Province Congress formed Ministries?
I. Bengal
II. United Province
III. Madras
A) Only I B) Only II C) I & II Only D) II & III Only
4. Individual Satyagraha was NOT performed by
A) Maulana Abul B) Jwaharlal C) Srniwas Sastry D) Acharya Vinoba
Kalam Azad Nehru Bhabe
5. Deliverence Day was celebrated by
A) Hindu B) Indian National C) Muslim League D) Shiromani
Mahasabha Congress Gurudwara
Prabandhak
Committee
6. ‘Deliverence Day’ was celebrated on
A) The day of B) The of C) The day of D) The day of
entry of Congress acceptance of resignation of partition
in to the Ministries Pakistan resolution Congress
by Muslim League Ministries from the
Provincial
Legislatures
7. ‘August Offer’ took place in
A) 1939 B) 1940 C) 1941 D) 1942
8. Pakistan name was coined by
A) Rahmat Ali B) Aga Khan C) Sir Syed D) Muhammad
Ahmad Khan Iqbal
9. Krishak Praja Party was prominent in
A) North West B) Bombay C) Central D) Bengal
Frontier Province Province
10. Which of the following were against the two-nation theory by M.A. Jinnah
I. Khudai Khidmatgar
II. Jamiat –ul-Ulema-e-Hind
A) Only I B) Only II C) Both I & II D) None
CRIPPS MISSION (23rd March, 1942)
• British Government in its effort to secure Indian cooperation in the
worsening IInd World War and international pressure from countries like
USA , China
• Sent Sir Stafford Cripps to in March 1942
• Promised ‘Dominion Status’ to be implemented
• Protection of minorities
• Setting up of a Constituent Assembly
• Provisions were there for the Princely States not to join the Constituent
Assembly if they deem it suitable
• Appointment of an Indian member in the Defence Consultative
Committee
Reactions
I. Major political parties rejected the Cripps Mission proposals
II. Dominion Status was not acceptable
III. Muslim League were unhappy as the provision of Pakistan was
not enumerated in the proposal
IV. Provision for the Princely States to secede was also not
acceptable by major political parties
V. Cripps Mission did not give any result just acted as an impasse
during the Second Worls War
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942-1944)
Background
• Failure of the Cripps Mission in March, 1942
• War time crisis and impending danger from the
Japanese imperialism
• Gandhiji began his campaign for ‘orderly
British withdrawal’from India. He appealed the
British to leave India in God’s hand.
The Movement
• July,1942 Congress Working Committee (CWC)
passed the Quit India Resolution in Wardha
• 7-8 August, 1942 CWC further considered the
resolution in the Bombay
• Mahatma Gandhi asked the British unequivocally
to quit India
Programmes and Progress of the Movement
1. No definite programme was given as done in case
of Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience
Movement, only certain hints were given in 9th
August, 1942 issue of Harijan
2. 12 point was published by Congress stating
breaking of salt law, peaceful strikes, public
meetings non payment of taxes etc.
3. All prominent leaders were arrested by the
Government
4. Mahatma Gandhi was kept in prison at Poona,
J.L.Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, G.B.Pant, Dr.
Prafulla Chandra Ghose, Aruna Asaf Ali,
Pattabhi Sitaramayya Dr. Syed Ahmad,
J.B.Kriplini were imprisoned in the Ahmadnagar
Fort
5. Leaders who were not imprisoned carried the
movement with great intensity. Members of the
Congress Socialist Party decided to lead the
movement from underground
6. Ram Manohar Lohia, J.P.Narayan, Achyuta
Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalini, Sadiq Ali, S.M.
Joshi were the important leaders of the
movement
7. Membeers of the Congress Socialist Party who
carried the movement to the other parts of the
country were
Gujarat • Chhotebhai Purani (1885-1950)
B.K.Majumdar (1902-1981)
United Ram Lochan Tiwari
Province Jharkhand Rai
Sampurnananda
K.D.Malaviya
Nand kishore Vasishtha
Maharashtra Nana Patil
Universities BHU, Allahabad University
Patna University
Kashi Vidyapith
Anna Malai University
• Stages of the Movement
1st Stage 9-11 August 1942 1. Strikes, demonstrations
public meetings and
labourunrests in the towns
and cities were organised
2nd Stage 12 Aug -22 Sep, 1. Govt adopted repressive
1942 tactics
2. Public institutions,
municipalities, came under
public wrath
3rd Stage 23 Sep- Feb 1943 1. Armed attack on Government
builidings in Madras and
Bengal
2. Bombs were thrown at the
Government structures in
United Province and Bombay
4th stage Feb 1942- 9th May 1. Mahatma Gandhi was
1943 released from jail
2. Processions and
demonstrations were held
3. Students, peasants and
workers took active part
in the movement with great
intensity
Assessment of Quit India Movement
1. ‘Karenge ya Marenge’ was thefamous call of Gandhiji
during this period
2. Dr Amba Prasad called it a ‘Student-Farmer-Middle
Class Revolt’
3. Accroding to Government sources 538 rounds of fire,
60,229 persons were jailed and 7000 peoples were
killed.
4. Communists opposed the Quit India Movement; as a
result the ban on Communist Party of India was
lifted by the British Government during this period.
5. The movement failed due to
a. Lack of systematic organization
b. Loyalty of the British supporters
c. Manifold repressive measures of the
government
6. Lord Linlithgow described it most dangerous since
the Revolt of 1857, in a letter to Churchill he
wrote,”I am engaged here in confronting by far the
most serious rebellion since that of 1857.”
COMMUNISTS AND THEIR DURING THE 2ND WORLD WAR
1925, Communist Party of India was formed
• Since inception it was under the scrutiny of the
British Government and it was declared illegal in
1934
• When Nazi forces attacked Soviet Union under Stalin
the Communists in India supported the war effort of
the British and promised to extend cooperation.
Thus, in 1942 British Government removed the ban
imposed on the Communist Party of India.
• Communists described the war as the ‘People’s War’
and assisted the British Government in sabotaging
the Quit India Movement.
• Communists started believing in the concept of
‘multinationality’ and in this way they also started
supporting the demand for Pakistan by the Muslim
League
EXERCISE
1. Cripps Mission came to India during the Viceroyalty in India
A) Lord Irwin B) Lord Linlithgow C) Lord Wavell D) Lord Reading
2. Cripps Mission proposed
A) Dominion B) Complete C) Creation of D) None of the
Status for India independence for Pakistan for above
India after the Muslims
Second World War
3. ‘Karenge ya Marenge’ was said by
A) Dr. Amba B) Subhas Bose C) Vallabhbhai D) Mahatma
Prasad Patel Gandhi
4. Hint of Quit India Movement was given by Mahatma Gandhi in
A) Harijan B) Hind Swaraj C) Indian Struggle D) Amrita Bazar
Patrika
5. Who among the following was the member of Congress Socialist Party to carry forward
the Quit India Movement?
A) Amba Prasad B) B R Ambedkar C) Maulana Abul D) Achyut
Kalam Azad Patwardhan
6. Which of the following pairs af centres of Quit India Movement and leaders is
WRONGLY matched?
A) Maharashtra- B) Bengal- C) Gujarat- D) United
Nana Patil Sachindranath Chhotebhai Purani Province- K. D.
Sanyal Malaviya
7. Which of the leaders were not arrested immediately during launch of Quit India
Movement?
A) Abul Kalam B) J L Nehru C) Subhas D) Aruna asaf Ali
Azad Chandra Bose
8. Communist Party of India was formed in which year in India?
A) 1920 B) 1924 C) 1925 D) 1942
9. British Government declared Communist Party of India as illegal in which year?
A) 1927 B) 1934 C) 1937 D) 1942
10. Which of the following statements is/are true in relation to Communist Party of India?
I. British lifted the ban on Communist Party of India in 1942
II. Communist Party of India opposed the Quit India Movement
A) Only I B) Only II C) Both I & II D) None
SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE
• Born in 23rd January, 1897, at Cuttack Orissa
• 1920,passed Indian Civil Services Examination
• Plunged himself in Indian freedom struggle under
Deshbandhu C.R.Das during Non-Cooperation and
undergone imprisonment for six months.
• 1923, elected Mayor of Calcutta Municipality
• Oct, 1924, arrested and sent to the prison in
Mandalay
• Favoured complete independence for India
• 1938, elected President of the Indian National
Congress (INC) at Haripura
Mahatma Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose in a meeting
• 1939, elected President of the INC defeating the
candidate of Mahatma Gandhi, Pattabhi Sitaramayya at
the Tripuri session.
• May, 1939 founded Forward Bloc within INC, left
Congress due to disagreement with Gandhiji and his
close followers in connection with the wartimke
strategy of freedom struggle.
• July, 1940 Subhas was arrested under the Defence of
India Rules, and later put under house arrest after
a hunger strike in jail.
• 16th February, 1941 escaped to Kabul alongwith his
friend Bhagat Ram.
• He was addressed as Netaji in Germany
• Indian National Army(INA) was first formed by
Captain Mohan Singh in 1st September, 1942
• 2nd July, 1943, Subhas Chandra Bose reached Singapore
and gave a war cry ‘Dilli Chalo’
• 5th July, 1943, he was made the commander of the
Indian Independence League.
• Organised the Indian National Army and gave the
country slogan Jai Hind
• 8th Nov, 1943 Japan handed over Andaman and Nicobar
Islands to Subhas Chandra. He renamed these islands
as ‘Shaheed’ and ‘Swaraj’ islands respectively.
• INA marched towards Imphal and registered victory
over Kohima.
• But setback of Germany in the hand of Soviet Russia
in the Battle of Stalingrad and ultimately defeat of
Axis powers also dropping of nuclear bombs in 6 and
9 August, 1945 at Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to
ultimate setback of the INA in the North Eastern
India. Harsh terrain and weather were also
considerable reasons.
• It was presumed by some reports that he died in 18th
August, 1945 on his way to Tokyo, but in later years
the news of his death was proved to be a fake as he
was seen thereafter also in some instances but fully
retired from political life.
•
INA trial (1945)
• Trial of the soldiers of the INA was held at Red
Fort, Delhi
• J.L.Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Bhulabhai Desai
fought the case on behalf of the soldiers
• Finally, Shahnawaz Khan, P.M.Sehgal and G.S.Dhillon
were acquitted
•
AIRFORCE AND NAVAL MUTINY (20th January, 1946)
• Indian Airforce staged a hartal against the
British in Karachi
• 19th Feb,1946 Indians serving in Royal Indian
Navy (RIN) mutinied
• About 5000 naval ratings put up INA badges
• At the end due to the efforts of Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel agitation came to an end.
EXERCISE
1. Who is considered as the political guru of Subhas Chandra Bose?
A) Aurobindo B) Surendranath C) Bipin Chandra D) C.R. Das
Ghose Banerjea Pal
2. Subhas Bose passed the Indian Civil Services Examination in which year?
A) 1920 B) 1922 C) 1925 D) 1927
3. In which year Subhas Bose became the Mayor of Calcutta Municipality?
A) 1920 B) 1922 C) 1923 D) 1924
4. Which of the Congress member alongwith Subhas Bose favoured socialistic ideas?
A) C.N.Annadorai B) J.L. Nehru C) Aruna Asaf Ali D) Rajendra
Prasad
5. Which of the following sessions Indian National Congress of were presided by Subhas
Bose?
A) 1936 &1937 B) 1938 &1939 C) 1937 & 1938 D) 1939 & 1940
6. Subhas Bose escaped from India in
A) 1939 B) 1940 C) 1941 D) 1942
7. Indian National Army was first founded by
A) Capt. Mohan B) Shahnawaz C) Subhas D) G.S. Dhillon
Singh Khan Chandra Bose
8. Anadaman and Nicobar islands were named by Subhas Bose as
A) Gandhiji and B) Hind & Swaraj C) Shaheed and D) Shaeed and
Nehru Swaraj Qurbani
9. Which of the following NOT fought in favour of the INA soldiers at the Red Fort?
A) Bhulabhai B) Tej Bahadur C) J.L. Nehru D) M.R. Jayakar
Desai Sapru
10. Indian Naval Ratings took place in
A) February, 1946 B) April, 1946 C) August, 1946 D) October, 1946
TOWARDS PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• 23rd Oct, 1943 Lord Wavell came to India a the new
Viceroy
• 6th May, 1943 Mahatma Gandhi was released from
prison
J.L.Nehru and M.A.Jinnah
C.R.FORMULA (1944)
• C.Rajagopalachari realized a need for settlement
between Congress and Muslim League, a precondition
for independence made by British Government
Main clauses of the C R Formula for the settlement between
Congress and Muslim League are as follows:
• Muslim League to cooperate with Congress for the
formation of provisional interim government for
transitional period
• After the close of the war a commission to be
appointed for the demarcation of the boundaries
between Muslim dominated areas and Hindu dominated
areas determined by plebiscite in such districts
• In event of separation mutual agreement would be
entered to jointly safeguard the defense, commerce
and communications
v This formula became the basis of the Gandhi-
Jinnah talk in 1944 to reach a settlement on
the constitutional problem
v Jinnah rejected the C.R.Formula stating that
this would grant Pakistan a maimed and moth
eaten one
Liaquat-Desai Pact (January, 1945)
• Between Congress leader Bhaulabhai Desai in the
Central Assembly and Deputy leader of Muslim League
Liaquat Ali Khan to arrive at an agreement for the
formation of interim government
WAVELL PLAN (14th June 1945)
To resolving the deadlock under the Conservative PM Clement
Atlee a new plan was offered main provisions of this were:
v Form an interim government at the Centre with equal
representation to Hindus and Muslims
v All portfolios except the defense to be transferred
to the Indians
v Only Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief
were to reamin free from Indian ministers
v Interim government comprising all ministers would
work under the framework of Government of India Act
of 1935 until a new Constitution was framed
v Governor-General would have the right to veto the
advice of his newly constituted Executive Council
SHIMLA CONFERENCE
v A Conference was called at Shimla to discuss the
plan
v All parties, Congress, Muslim league, the Sikhs,
Scheduled Castes, Europeans, Unionist Party of
Punjab were called
v Talks broke out due to the unreasonable attitude of
the League
v Jinnah wanted that Muslim League alone to choose the
Muslim members of the Executive Council
v Congress did not accept the demand of Jinnah
v Talk broke out due to the exercise of veto by Lord
Wavell and it ultimately it strengthened the stand
of Jinnah
ELECTIONS OF 1945
• 19th September, 1945 Lord Wavell announced general
elections in India which was due but could not be held
due 2nd World War
• Declared establishment of complete self ule as his
objective
CABINET MISSION PLAN (March, 1946)
• Indians’ rights to self determination and framing of
Constitution was announced by Brtish PM Clement
Atlee
• Three members of the British Cabinet were sent
namely, Sir Stafford Cripps, Pethick Lawrence and
A.V.Alexander.
• The proposal was called as the Cabinet Mission Plan
issued on 16th May,1946
The main features of the Plan are
• A provision was made for three groups of provinces
namely, Hindu dimnated, Muslim dominated and
Princely States and their separate constitutions.
• Proposed for the formation of Union of India
consisting of British India and Princely States
• Constituent Assembly to be formed constituting
representatives of Provincial Assemblies and
Princely States
• Proposal was made for setting up an interim
government.
• Until the new Constitution starts to work British
forces will not be withdrawn
Reaction to the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
1. Muslim League (6th June) and Congress (25th June)
adopted the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946
Election of 1946
• July 1946, elections were held for the
formation of the Constituent Assembly
Dr.Rajendra Prasad, the President of the
Constituent Assembly
• Congress secured 205 out of 205 general seats
• Muslim League got 73 of 78 Muslim seats
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the
Indian Constitution
DIRECT ACTION BY MUSLIM LEAGUE (16th July, 1946)
Ø Election results disturbed Jinnah
Ø Muslim League did not recognize the right of the
Congress to nominate Muslims to the Interim
Government
Ø Towards the end of July they resolved to withdraw
their acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan and
went to pass the ‘Direct Action’
Ø 16th Aug, 1946 was fixed as the ‘Direct Action Day’
Ø This led to communal violence (1946) with maximum
impact in Calcutta
Ø Other areas under the horror of communal violence
were Noakhali (East Bengal modern Bangladesh),
Ø Gandhji was very much distressed by the situation
and termed the tactics of Muslim League as sinful
Ø Gandhiji reached Noakhali in 29th October, 1946
Ø Other areas affected by communal violence were
Bihar, Punjab, Delhi, Rawalpindi, Attock, East
Bengal, Tippera, Mianwali and Sheikhpura
EXERCISE
1. C R Formula was proposed in
A) 1943 B) 1944 C) 1945 D) 1946
2. C R Formula was proposed for
A) the settlement B) negotiation C) the formation of D) for the creation
between Congress between Indian Constituent of Pakistan
and Muslim political parties Assembly
League and the British
Government
3. Gandhi-Jinnah talk took place in
A) 1943 B) 1944 C) 1945 D) 1946
4. Liaquat-Desai talk took place in
A) January,1945 B) March, 1945 C) June, 1945 D) August, 1945
5. Who among the following was not the member of Cabinet Mission Plan?
A) Sir Stafford B) Clement Atlee C) A.V. Alexander D) Pethick
Cipps Lawrence
6. Cabinet Mission Plan was issued in
A) January, 1946 B) February, 1946 C) April, 1946 D) May 1946
7. ‘Direct Action Day’ by Muslim League was dated on ______ 1946
A) 11th July B) 16th August C) 18th August D) 3rd September
FORMATION OF INTERIM GOVERNMENT
• 2nd September,1946,an Interim Governmnent was formed under
the leadership of J.L.Nehru
• Interim Government would have 14 ministers - 6 from
Congress, 5 from Muslim League, one from Indian
Christian, one Sikh and one Parsi
• Muslim remained adamant on the demand of Pakistan
• 26th Octber, through repeated persuation League joined the
Interim Government with an intention to wreck the
progress from within
• 6th December, 1946 Viceroy Lord Wavell decided to summon
its first meeting
ARRIVAL OF LORD MOUNTBATTEN AND PLAN OF PARTITION OF INDIA
Lord Mountbatten with J.L.Nehru and M.A.Jinnah
v Announcement by the British PM Clement Atlee in the
House of Commons that transfer of power to
responsible Indian hands by date not later than June
1948
v 24th March, 1947 Lord Mountbatten became the Viceroy
of India
v To Lord Mountbatten, partition of India appeared
unavoidable
v He put forth the plan of Partition of India without
interrupting the work of Constituent Assembly. Plan
in short are as follows:
Ø Division of Provincial Assemblies of
Punjab and Bengal
Ø It provided the people of Baluchistan
their right to self-determination
Ø Sovereign power to Indian Princes
Main Provisions of the Mountbatten Plan
v British Government would transfer power in 15th August,
1947
v Not to interrupt the functioning of the Constituent
Assembly
v India would be divided into two Dominions India and
Pakistan and both would be granted freedom on 15th August,
1947
v Provincial Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal would meet in
two parts
v Baluchistan ro decide whether it woluld join the Indian
Dominion or to remain independent
v Muslim majority district of Sylhet to decide by means of
a referendum whether to join East Pakistan or not
v Demarcation Commission would determine the demarcation of
India and Pakistan
v Princely States woluld have the choice to either join
India or Pakistan
v India and Pakistan could remain or go out of the
Commonwealth
Most of the Provisions of the Mountbatten Plan became the
clauses of INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT, 18th July, 1947
• The Act stated the partition of India and
Pakistan which would come into effect from 15th
August, 1947
• Demarcation of the boundary to be done by the
boundary Commission
• The Act provided for the transfer of power to
the Constituent Assemblies of two Dominions
which will have full authority to frame their
respective Constitution
• Dominions could decide whether to stay or go
out of the British Commonwealth
• Two Dominions would have separate Governor-
Generals
• Abolition of the post of Secretary of State
• Till the drafting of the new Constitution by
the Constituent Assemblies, clauses of
Government of India Act, 1935 would administer
the two Dominions
• Existing Provincial Legislatures would function
until the new election is scheduled on the
basis of existing Constitution.
• Termination of control British suzerainty or
the Crown over Indian Dominions
EXERCISE
1. Who was the leader of the Interim Government?
A) Sardar B) M. A. Jinnah C) J. L. Nehru D) Dr.
Vallabhbhai Patel B.R.Ambedkar
2. First meeting of the Constituent Assembly of the interim Government took place in
A) 6th December B) 9th December C) 6th December D) 7th December
1946 1946 1947 1947
3. Who of the foolowing was the last Viceroy of the British origin India?
A) Lord Wavell B) Lord C) Lord D) Lord Linlithgow
Birkenhead Mountbatten
4. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
I. According to Mountbatten Plan the British Government would hand over the
power on 15th August, 1947
II. Provincial Assembly of Punjab were to divided into two
A) Only I B) Only II C) Both I & II D) None of the
above
5. Which of the following statements is NOT true in relation to Indian Independence Act,
1947?
A) India or B) Indian C) Post of D) Boundary
Pakistan could go Dominion was free Secretary of State
Commission was
out of the from British Crown was to remain to demarcate the
Commonwealth control boundary between
the two Dominions
6. On 6 th December, 1946 Viceroy Lord ______ decided to summon its first
meeting
A) Wavell B) Linlithgow C) Mountbatten D) Sachchidanand
Sinha
7. According to the Indian Independence Act, 1947 people which of the following area had
the choice of self-determination during Partition?
A) Sindh B) Baluchistan C) Kashmir D) Chittagong
INTEGRATION OF INDIAN PRINCELY STATES
Number of Princely States in India was 562 accounting 48%
of India’s area
Political awakening in such states started after 1921
1926, All India State Peoples Conference was born
In 1934, Rajendra Prasad proposed the introduction of
responsible government in the Princely States
Government of India Act, 1935 mooted the proposal for a
Federal structure in the Princely States but the proposal
was dumped
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel who was integral the unification
of Indian Princely States into Indian Union
On 27th June, 1947, a State department was formed by the
Government of India headed by Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel
LISTS OF VICEROYS (1857-1947)
VICEROYS Time Period
Lord Canning 1858-62
Lord Elgin I 1862-63
Lord John Lawrence 1864-69
Lord Mayo 1869-72
Lord Northbrook 1872-76
Lord Lytton 1876-80
Lord Ripon 1880-84
Lord Dufferin 1884-88
Lord Lansdowne 1888-94
Lord Elgin II 1894-99
Lord Curzon 1899-1905
Lord Minto 1905-10
Lord Hardinge 1910-16
Lord Chelmsford 1916-21
Lord Reading 1921-26
Lord Irwin 1926-31
Lord Willingdon 1931-36
Lord Linlithgow 1936-43
Lord Wavell 1943-1947
Lord Mountbatten 24th Mar 1947-15th Aug
1947
INDIAN HISTORY CHRONOLOGY
1757 • Battle of Plassey, Siraj-ud-daulah defeated by Robert Clive
• Drain of Indian wealth begin from Bengal
1761 • 3rd Battle of Panipat, Marathas were defeated by Ahmad
Shah Abdali,
• Death of Peshwa Baji Rao, accession of minor Madhav
Rao with Raghunataha Rao as the guardian
• Rise of Hyder Ali in Mysore (1761-1782)
1762 • Madhav Rao takes power in his own hand
• Raghunath Rao approaches Nizam for help
1763 • Expulsion of Mir-Qasim and re-instatement of Mi-Jafar
• Raghunath Rao recaptures power and takes Madhav Rao
in confinement
1764 • Battle of Buxar
• Defeat of Shah Alam(Mughal Emperor), Shuja-ud-
daulah(Nawab of Awadh) and Mir Qasim in that hands of
English
1765 • Grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to East India
Company by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam
• Treaty of Allahabad and pension to Shah Alam
• Robert Clive made the Governor of Bengal
1765-67 • Clive’s second Governorship
1766 • Nizam of Hyderabad cedes Northern Sircars to English
1767 • Departure of Robert Clive
• Verelst became the Governor of Bengal
1767-69 • 1st Anglo-Mysore War
• Hyder Ali advances to Madras and forces the English to
enter into a defensive alliance
1770 • Great Bengal Famine of
1771 • Marathas attack Hyder Ali
• Mareathas attack Delhi and restore Shah Alam who was
living at Allahabad under British protection
1772-85 • Warren Hastings (Governor of Fort William)
• The first Governor General of Bengal
1772 • Marathas invade Rohilkhand
1773 • Regulating Act was passed
• Brought Company under Parliament’s control and
Presidencies under Calcutta’s control
1774 • Marathas again invade Rohilkhand
• Establishment of Supreme Court at Calcutta
• Rohilla War between Rohillas and the Nawab of Awadh
who was assisted by the English
• Rohilkhand was annexed by Awadh
1775-82 • 1st Anglo-Maratha War begins
1776 • Treaty of Purandhar between English and the Ministers of
Poona who opposed to Raghunath Rao
1779 • Convention of Wadgaon stipulating that all acquisitions of
Maratha territory by the Company to be restored to the
Marathas
1780 • Captain Popham’s capture of Gwalior
1780-1784 • 2nd Anglo-Maratha War
• Both parties agreed to give up their conquests under the
treaty of Mangalore
1781 • Calcutta Madrasa was founded by Warren Hastings
1782 • Treaty of Salbai between English and Marathas
• Death of Hyder Ali, his son Tipu Sultan continues
resistance to the British
1782-1798 • Tipu Sultan ruler of Mysore
1783 • Fox’s India Bills give more powers Parliament and to the
Governor-General
1784 • Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu and British by which
British promise not to assist the enemies of Tipu and Tipu
agreed to give the territories of English
• Pitt’s India act passed
• Setting up of the Board of Control for East India Company
• Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by William Jones
1786-93 • Lord Cornwallis Governor-General of Bengal
1786 • Marathas and Nizam raid Mysore
1787 • Treaty between Marathas, Nizam and Tipu, Marathas the
gainers
1788 • Ghulam Kadir Rohilla invades Delhi and blinds Mughal
emperor Shah Alam II
• Bedar Bakht put on Delhi’s throne
1790-92 • 3rd Anglo Mysore War following ‘Triple alliance’ of English,
Marathas and Nizam against Tipu
1792 • Tipu surrenders half of his kingdom
• Ranjit succeeds his father as the leader of the Sukerchakia
Misl
• Sanskrit College founded at Varanasi by Jonathan Duncan
1793-98 • John Shore, Governor General of Bengal
1793 • Permanent Settlement at Bengal
1794 • Death of Mahadji Scindhia at Poona
1795 • Battle of Kharda between Nizam and the Marathas
1796 • Baji Rao II Peshwa
1797 • Zaman Shah, grandson of Ahmad Shah Abdali takes
control of Lahore
• Death of Asaf-ud-daulah of Awadh and succession of Wazir
Ali
1798 • Wazir Ali deposed and succeeded by Sa’dat Ali at Awadh
1798-1805 • Lord Wellesley, Governor General
• Known for his imperialism and Subsidiary Alliance
1799 • English attack on Tipu without provocation
• 4th Anglo-Mysore War
• Fall of Seringapatnam
• Death of Tipu Sultan
• English restore previous Hindu dynasty at Mysore under
Wodeyar
• Partition of Mysore
• Shah Zaman appoints Ranjit Singh as the Governor of
Lahore
• William Carey opens Baptist Mission at Serampore
1800 • Establishment of Fort William College at Calcutta
• Death of Nana Phadnavis
1801 • Annexation of the Carnatic and part of Awadh by the
English
1802 • Holkar defeats the combined forces of Schindhia and
Peshwa Baji Rao II
• Peshwa Baji Rao II flees to English and signs the ‘Treaty of
Bassein’ with English
1803 • Occupation of Delhi by Lord Lake
• War with Scindhia
1803-05 • 2nd Anglo-Maratha War
1804 • Emperor Shah Alam II places himself under British
protection
• Lord Lake’s war with Holkar
1805-07 • George Barlow, Governor General
1806 • Muhammad Akbar II succeeds his father Shah Alam II
1807-13 • Lord Minto I, Governor General
1809 • Treaty of Amritsar: Ranjit Singh and British for perpetual
amity
1809-11 • Ranjit Singh takes Kangra from Gurkhas
1813-23 • Lord Hastings, Governor General
1814-16 • Anglo-Gurkha War results in the ceding of the Kumaun and
Garhwal by Gurkhas to the British
1813 • Charter Act was passed
1817-1818 • Pindari War
• Peshwa defeated at Kirkee
• 3rd Anglo-Maratha War and complete defeat of the
Marathas in the hand of the British
1818 • First Bengali newspaper, the weekly ‘Sambad Darpan’
published by Baptist Mission, Serampore
1819-27 • Elphinstone, the Governor General
1820 • Munro, Governor of Madras
1821 • Sanskrit College founded at Poona
1823-28 • Lord Amherst, Governor General
1823 • Raja Rammohun Roy’s memorial to Government protesting
against the Press Ordinance of 1823
1824 • Mutiny at Barrackpore
• Large number of soldiers were killed in parade for
demanding pay hike for fighting in Burma
1824-1883 • Swami Dayananda Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj
1826 • English capture Bharatpur
• Conquest of Assam by East India Company
1828-35 • Lord William Bentinck
• First Governor-General of India
• Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohun Roy
1829 • Prohibition of Sati
1829-37 • Suppression of Thugee
1830-33 • Raja Rammohun Roy visits England
1831 • Raja of Mysore was deposed and its administration was
taken by the Company
• Meeting of Ranjit Singh with Lord William Bentinck
1832 • Annexation of Jaintia
1833 • Charter Act was passed
• Abolition of Company’s trading rights
• Legislative powers centralized
• Indian Law Commission appointed
1834 • Annexation of Coorg
• Macaulay, Law member
• Government establishes tea garden
• Formation of Agra Province
1835-36 • Sir Charles Metcalfe, Governor General
1835 • Macaulay’s education resolution
• English made official language instead of Persian
• Abolition of press restriction and inland transit duties
• Company strikes its own coin mmitting Mughal Emperor’s
name
1836-42 • Lord Auckland, Governor General
1837 • Bahadur Shah II or Bahadur Shah Zafar succeeded Akbar
II
1838 • Tripartite treaty by Shah Shuja, Ranjit Singh and English
1838-84 • Keshab Chandra Sen, another pillar of Brahmo Samaj
1839 • Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• New treaty forced in Amirs of Sind
• Work began at G.T.Road between Calcutta and Delhi
• English declare Shah Shuja as the Amir of Kabul
1839-1842 • 1st Anglo-Afghan War
1840 • Amir Dost Muhammad surrenders
1842 • Shimla Proclamation of Ellenborough, Governor General
agrees to recognize the Amir of Afghan’s choice
1842-44 • Lord Ellenborough, Governor General who abolished
slavery from India
1843 • Return of Dost Muhammad as the Amir of Afghanistan
• Conquest of Sind by English
• Slavery prohibited in British India
1844-48 • Lord Hardinge, Governor General
1844 • Lord Hardinge decides to employ Indians in government
service educated in English
1845 • 1st Anglo-Sikh War
1846 • Defeat of Sikh army
• Treaty of Lahore
1847 • Engineering college founded in Roorkee
1848-56 • Lord Dalhousie, Governor General
• Introduced ‘Doctrine of Lapse
1848 • Annexation of Satara
• Revolt at Multan
1848-49 • 2nd Anglo-Sikh War
1849 • Defeat of Sikhs and annexation of Punjab
• Opening of Hindu Girl’s School by Bethune in association
with Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar
• Dalhousie’s proposal to end Mughal dynasty in Delhi
1852 • 2nd Anglo-Burmese War
• Annexation of Rangoon and Pegu
1853 • Raliway opened from Bombay to Thane
• Telegraph lines from Calcutta to Agra
• Annexation of Nagpur and Jhansi
• Cession of Berar by Nizam
• Competitive examination fr civil services were opened for
Indians but the examination was to be taking palce in
England
1855 • Santhal rebellion under Sidhu and Kanhu in Jharkhand
• Beginning of Jute Industry in India
1856 • Annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie
• University Act
• Hindu Widow Remaariage Act
1856-62 • Lord Canning, Governor General and Viceroy
1857 • Universities set up at Bombay, Calcutta and Madras
1857-58 • Revolt of 1857
• Revolt begins at Meerut on 10th May, 1857
1858 • Queen’s Victoria’s Proclamation
• British India was placed under the direct governance of the
British Crown
1859-60 • Indigo riots in Bengal
• Indian Penal Code introduced
1861 • Indian Councils Act for the induction of Indian elements in
the Central Legislative Council
• Archaeological Survey of India was set up
1862 • Amalgamation of Supreme Court and Sadar Courts into
High Courts
1862-63 • Lord Elgin, Viceroy
1863 • Death of Amir Dost Muhammad
• Afghan war of succession
• Sher Ali, Amir of Afghanistan receives an annual grant of
six lakh of rupees
1864-69 • Sir John Lawrence, Viceroy
1865 • Telegraphic communication with Europe opened
1869 • Ambala Conference with Sher Ali
• Rebellion by Amir Yakub in Afghanistan
• Opening of Suez Canal
• Birth of M.K. Gandhi (2nd October)
1869-72 • Lord Mayo, Viceroy
1870 • Mayo’s Provincial Settlement
• Erection of Red Sea telegraph
1872 • Kuka Revolt
1872-76 • Lord Northbrook, Viceroy
1874 • Bihar Famine
1875 • Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati
• Foundation of Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College by Sir
Sayyid Ahmad Khan at Aligarh
• Visit of Prince of Wales
• Mayo College opened
1876 • Occupation of Quetta
• Indian Association at Calcutta
• The Queen of England proclaimed Empress of India
1876-80 • Lord Lytton, Viceroy
1877 • Lytton’s Delhi Durbar
1878 • Vernacular Press Act
1878-80 • 2nd Anglo-Afghan War and flight of Sher Ali
1879 • Madam Blavatsky (Russian), Colonel Olcott (American)
came to India and set up Theosophical Society at
Adyar, Madras
1880 • Abdur Rahmanrecognized as the Amir of Afghanistan
• Famine Commission was set up
1880-84 • Lord Ripon, Viceroy of India
1881 • Factory Act
• Rendition of Mysore
1882 • Hunter Commission
• Indian Education Commision
• University of Punjab was set up
1883 • Indian National Conference was held in Calcutta
1883-84 • Ilbert Bill Controversy
• Lord Ripon had to first amend it and later had resign due to
racist protest by British
1884-1888 • Lord Dufferin, Viceroy
• Called Indian National Congress as ‘Microscopic minority’
1885 • 1st meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay
under the presidentship of W.C.Banerjea
• A.O.Hume was the founder of the Congress
• Bengal Tenancy Act
• Bengal Local Self Government Act
• Delimitation of Afghan northern boundary
1888 • University set up at Allahabad
1888-94 • Lord Lansdowne, Viceroy
1889 • Abdication of Maharaja Pratap Singh of Kashmir
• 2nd visit of Prince of Wales of England
1891 • Factory Act
• Age of Consent Act
• Manipur Rebellion
1892 • Indian Councils Act introduces principle of election
1893 • Durand’s mission to Kabul
• Annie Besant arrives in India
• Swami Vivekanda attends Parliament of Religions at
Chicago, U.S.A.
1894-99 • Lord Elgin II, Viceroy
1897 • Frontier Risings
• Plague at Bombay, Poona
• Indian Education Service set up
• Swami Vivekananda set up Ramakrishna Mission at Belur
1899-1905 • Lord Curzon, Viceroy
• He declared to make British Empire in India on a’Rock of
Granite’
1900 • Famine Commission
• Land Alienation Act
• North West Frontier Province created
1902-03 • Gurukul Kangri set up at Hardwar
1904 • Archaeological Department set up by Lord Curzon
• Younghushand’s expedition to Tibet
• Frazer Commission for police reforms
• Raleigh Commission for educational reforms under Lord
Curzon
1905 • Partition of Bengal announced to come in force on 15th
October 1906
1906, Dec. 31 • Muslim League founded at Dacca
1908, Apr 30 • Khudiram Bose executed
1908,July 22 • Tilak sentenced to 6 years jail and sent to Mandalay in
charges of sedition
1909, May 21 • Morley-Minto Reforms or Indian Councils Act of 1909
1911 • The coronation or Delhi Durbar held at Delhi
• Partition of Bengal was cancelled
1912 • Delhi become new capital of British India
1912, Dec 23 • Bomb thrown at Viceroy Lord Hardinge on his entry into
Delhi
1913, Nov 1 • Ghadar Party formed in San Francisco, U.S.A. by Lala
Hardayal, Sohan Singh Bhakna etc.
1914, Jun 16 • Tilak released from jail after 6 years
1914, Aug 4 • Outbreak of 1st World War
1914, Sept 29 • Komagata Maru Ship reaches Budge Budge, Kolkata
1915, Jan • Gandhiji arrives in India
1915, Feb19 • Death of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1916, Apr 28 • B.G. Tilak founds Indian Home Rule League headquartered
at Poona
1916, Sept 25 • Home Rule League initiated by Annie Besant
1917, Apr • M.K.Gandhi launches Champaran Satyagraha to focus on
the problems of the indigo planters at Champaran, Bihar
1917, Aug 20 • Secretary of State Montagu declares the goal of the British
government in India is the introduction of ‘Responsible
Government’
1918 • Beginning of Trade Union Movement in India
1918, Apr • Rowlatt (Sedition) Committee submits its report
1919 • Rowlatt Act
1919, Apr • All India hartal against Rowlatt Act
• Satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi
1919, Apr 13 • Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy at Amritsar
1919, Dec 5 • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India
Act,1919
• New reforms under the act came into operation in 1921
1920 • 1st meeting of All India Trade Union Congress under
N.M.Joshi
1920, Dec • Congress adopts the Non-cooperation Resolution
1920-22 • Non-cooperation movement
• Suspended on February 12, 1922 after the violentincidents
at Chauri Chaura on February 5, 1922
1922, Aug • Moplah rebellion on the Malabar Coast
1923, Jan 1 • Swaraj Party formed by C.R.Das, Motilal Nehru
1924 • Communist Party of India starts its activities first at Kanpur
1925, Aug • Kakori Train Conspiracy case
1927, Nov 8 • British Prime Minister announces the appointment of the
Simon Commission to suggest future constitutional
reforms in India
1928, Feb 3 • Simon Commission arrives in India
• All India hartal
• Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted by police and succumbs
death due to injury
1928 • Nehru Report recommends the principle fro the new
constitution of India
• All Parties Conference considers the Nehru Report in
August 28-31, 1928
1929 • Sarda Act passed prohibiting marriage of girls below 14 and
boys below 18 years of age with effect from 1930
1929, Mar 9 • All Parties Muslim Coference formulates the ‘Fourteen
Points’ under the leadership of Jinnah
1929, Apr 8 • Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutt drop bomb outside the
Central Legislative Assembly
1929, Oct 31 • Lord Irwin’s announcement that the goal of British Policy in
India was the grant of the ‘Domonion Status’
1929, Dec 31 • Lahore session of INC under the presidentship of J.L.Nehru
adopts the goal of complete independence (Purna Swaraj)
for India
1930, Jan 26 • First Independence Day observed
1930, Feb 14 • The Working committee of the INC meets at Sabarmati and
passes the Civil Disobedience Movement
1930, Mar 12 • Mahatma Gandhi launches Civil Disobedience Movement
with Dandi march (March12-April 5)
• First phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement, March
12, 1930 to March 5, 1931
1930, Nov 30 • 1st Round Table Conference begins in London to consider
the report of Simon Commission
1931, Mar 5 • Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed
• Civil Disobedience Movement suspended
1931, Mar 23 • Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru executed
1931, Sept 7 • 2nd Round Table Conference begins
1931, Dec 28 • Gandhiji returned from London after the deadlock in 2nd
Round Table Conference
• Civil Disobedience Movement restarted
• The INC was declared illegal by the British Government
1931, Jan 4 • Gandhiji was arrested and imprisoned without trial
1931,Aug16 • British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonanld announces
‘Communal Award’
1932,Sept 20 • Gandhiji in Yervada jail, Poona, begins his ‘fast unto death’
against the ‘Communal Award’
• Ends the fast on Sept 26 after Poona Pact
1932, Nov 17 • Third Round Table Conference begins in London (Nov 17-
Dec 24)
1933, May 9 • Gandhiji released from prison
• Begins fast for self purification
• INC suspends Civil Disobedince Movement
• Individual Satyagraha is performed
1934 • Gandhiji withdraws from politics and devotes himself to
‘Harijan Movement’
1935, Aug 4 • Government of India Act, 1935 passed
1937 • Elections held in India under the Act of 1935 in February
1937
• INC contests election and forms ministries in seven
provinces
• Congress ruled fro 28 months
1938, Feb 19- • Haripura Congress
20 • Subhas Chandra Bose elected as the President of INC for
the first time
1939, Mar 10- • Tripuri, near Jabalpur session of INC
12 • Witnessed differences between Subhas and Gandhiji over
wartime support to British
1939 Apr • Subhas Chandra Bose resigns as the President of INC
• Forms Forward Bloc
• Put under house arrest by British
1939, Sept 3 • 2nd World War Begins with the attack of Germany over
Poland in Sept 1
• Great Britain declarwe war on Germany
• Viceroy declares that id India too is at war
1939, Oct 27- • The Congress ministries in the provinces resign in protest
Nov 5 against the war policy of the British Government
1939, Dec 22 • Muslim League observes the resignation of the Congress
ministries as the ‘Day of Deliverence’
1940 Mar • Lahore session of thye Muslim League passes the Pakistan
resolution
1940, Aug • Viceroy Linlithgow announces ‘August Offer’
• Congress rejects it but the idea of Pakistan was born from
this date on
1940 Aug 18-22 • Congress Working Committee rejects the ‘August Offer’
1940, Oct 17 • Congress launches individual Satyagraha that lasted for
three months, also known as ‘Delhi Chalo Movement’
1941, Jan 17 • Subhas Chandra Bose escapes from India
1942, Mar 11 • British PM Winston Churchill announces Cripps Mission
1942, Aug 7-8 • Indian National Congress meets at Bombay and adopts the
Quit Indian Resolution
1942, Aug 9 • Gandhiji and other leaders arrested
1942, Aug 11 • Quit India Movement (Great August Uprising) begins
1942, Sept 1 • Subhas Chandra Bose established the Indian National
Army (Azad Hind Fauj)
1943, Oct 21 • Subhas Chandra Bose proclaims the formation of the
Provisional Government of Free India
1943, Dec • Karachi session of Muslim League adopts the slogan
‘Divide and Quit’
1944, Jun 25 • Wavell calls Shimla Conference in a bid to form the new
executive Council of Indian political leaders
1946, Feb 18 • Mutiny of the Indian Naval Ratings on board HMS Talwar
at Bombay
1946, Mar 15 • British Atlee announces Cabinet Mission to propose new
solution to the Indian deadlock
• Cabinet Mission arrives in New Delhi (Mar14)
• Cabinet Mission Proposal (May 16)
1946, Jul 6 • J.L.Nehru takes over as the Congress president
1946, Aug 6 • Wavell invites Nehru to form the interim government
• Interim Government takes office (Sept 2)
1946, Dec 9 • First session of Constituent Assembly of india starts
• Muslim League boycotts it
1947, Feb 20 • Prime Minister Clement Atlee declares that British
Governmentwould leave India not later tha June 1948
1947, Mar 24 • Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy and Governor
General of Indian sworn in
1947, Mar 24- • Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy
June 21
1947, June 3 • Mountbatten Plan for the partition of India and the
announcement (June 4) that transfer of power will take
place on August 15
1947, Aug 15 • India wins freedom from British rule
References:
• Modern India by Bipan Chandra; NCERT class XII
• Modern India by Satish Chandra Mittal; NCERT class XII
• A New Look at Modern Indian History by B.L.Grover and
S.Grover; S.Chand Publication
• Indian Constitution by Dr.Durga Das Basu; Wadhwa and
Company Law Publishers
• A Dictionary of Indian History by Sachchidananda
Bhattacharya; University of Calcutta
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