English For Beginners PDF
English For Beginners PDF
English For Beginners PDF
Table of contents
UNIT 1 ................................................................................................................................................5
UNIT 1 ................................................................................................................................................5
A. VOCABULARY ........................................................................................................................5
Formule de prezentare. .................................................................................................................5
B. GRAMMAR ................................................................................................................................8
Pronumele personal ......................................................................................................................8
Adjectivul posesiv ........................................................................................................................9
Pronumele posesiv........................................................................................................................9
Articolul nehotrt......................................................................................................................10
Articolul hotrt .........................................................................................................................11
Verbul TO BE .......................................................................................................................12
A. VOCABULARY .......................................................................................................................15
B. GRAMMAR .............................................................................................................................17
Verbul TO HAVE = a avea .....................................................................................................17
Pluralul substantivelor................................................................................................................18
Plurale regulate...........................................................................................................................18
Plurale neregulate. ......................................................................................................................19
Substantive compuse. .................................................................................................................19
Forme de plural cu sens diferit. ..................................................................................................20
Substantive defective..................................................................................................................20
Substantive colective..................................................................................................................20
Genitivul substantivelor .............................................................................................................21
Numeralul ordinal................................ .......................................................................................23
Exprimarea orei ..........................................................................................................................23
UNIT 3 ..............................................................................................................................................27
A. VOCABULARY .......................................................................................................................27
The four seasons:........................................................................................................................28
Mesele zilei.................................................................................................................................29
Zilele sptmnii ........................................................................................................................29
Lunile anului...............................................................................................................................29
B. GRAMMAR ..............................................................................................................................30
Timpul prezent al verbelor noionale. (Present Simple).............................................................30
Numeralul ordinal................................ .......................................................................................31
Scrierea datei in limba englez...................................................................................................31
Principalele prepozitii...............................................................................................................33
UNIT 4 ...............................................................................................................................................35
A. VOCABULARY .......................................................................................................................35
B. GRAMMAR ..............................................................................................................................37
Prezentul continuu (Present Continuous) ...................................................................................37
C. WRITING INFORMAL LETTERS (corespondena cu caracter neoficial)..............................39
UNIT 5 ...............................................................................................................................................41
A. VOCABULARY .......................................................................................................................41
B. GRAMMAR ..............................................................................................................................43
Comparaia adjectivelor .............................................................................................................43
C. GREETINGS AND OTHER EXPRESSIONS (formule de salut si alte expresii)....................46
UNIT 6 ...............................................................................................................................................49
A. VOCABULARY .......................................................................................................................49
B.GRAMMAR ...............................................................................................................................50
Timpul past tense simplu (Past Tense Simple) .........................................................................50
Verbe Regulate ...........................................................................................................................51
Verbe Neregulate........................................................................................................................51
3
UNIT 1
HELLO !
I am a student in Bucharest and I am 19 years old. Maria is a student, too.
She is 20 years old. I am from Bucharest and Maria is from Constanta.
We are friends. Tom and Mihai are friends. They are students, too. Tom
is from Britain and he is in Bucharest now. Mihai is from Romania, from
Iasi.
Today is our first day at the faculty. We are happy to meet our colleagues.
Hello! Im Helen. Whats your name?
My name is Maria. Where are you from?
I am from Bucharest, and you?
I am from Constanta. Nice to meet you.
Nice to meet you.
There are many students at the faculty today. They are happy to meet new
people and make new friends.
A. VOCABULARY
day = zi
first = primul, prima
friend = prieten
from = de la, din
happy = fericit
make = a face
Formule de prezentare.
How do you do? = ce mai facei?
Nice to meet you = mi face plcere s te cunosc
Nice meeting you = ______ ,, __________
Let me introduceto you = d- mi voie s-i prezint pe..
This is ..( prenumele persoanei) = se folosete informal, ntre prieteni, colegi
EXERCISES
I.Completai spaiile goale cu cuvintele de mai jos:
friends
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
name
is
from
what
Mary_____ a student.
We are ____ Bucharest.
I am ___ students.
Maria and Helen are_________ .
My ______ is Tom.
______ is your name?
B. GRAMMAR
Pronumele personal
Singular
Plural
Persoana 1
I*
Persoana 1
Persoana a 2-a you
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a he(masculin)
Persoana a 3-a
she(feminin)
it (neutru)
* se scrie cu majuscul indiferent de locul ocupat n propoziie.
** are aceeai form pentru masculin, feminin i neutru.
EXERCISES
I. Completai spaiile goale cu pronumele personale de mai jos:
It
We
You
She
They
1. .. am a student.
2. are at home.
3. ..is a friend.
4. .is a good architect.
5. ..is an interesting book.
6. are at the faculty.
7. are very glad to be here with us.
we
you
they **
Adjectivul posesiv
Singular
my
Persoana 1
your
Persoana a 2-a
his (masculin)
Persoana a 3-a
her (feminin)
its (neutru)
*are aceeai form pentru masculin, feminin i neutru.
Plural
Persoana 1
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a
our
our
their *
Pronumele posesiv
Singular
mine= al/a/ai/ale meu/mea/
mei/mele
Persoana a 2-a yours= al/a/ai/ale t u/ta/ti/
tale
Persoana a 3-a his = al/a/ai/ale lui
hers = al/a/ai/ale ei
its = al/a/ai/ale ei
Persoana 1
Persoana 1
Plural
ours = al/a/ai/ale noastre
III Completai spaiile goale cu pronumele personale sau adjectivele posesive de mai jos.
Our
Their
We
Her
1. house is big.
2. They are in the garden.; .. dog is in the garden, too.
3. am very busy.
4. . . are a student.
5. I am in town. .. friends are with me.
6. Susan is British nationality is British.
7. are angry.
2.
3.
4.
Tom is friend.
a.
my
b.
mine
.. dog is black.
a.
we
b.
our
This car is .
a.
they
b.
__
What is name?
a.
your
b.
you
c. I
d ___
c. ours
d. ___
c. their
d. theirs
c. yours
d. ___
My
you
They
Articolul nehotrt
A = un, o (se pune n faa substantivelor care ncep cu o consoan)
An = un, o (se pune n faa substantivelor care ncep cu o vocal)
Intrebuinri:
a) se folosete pentru a introduce un substantiv pentru prima dat n text.
b) Se folosete numai cu substantive care se pot numra. Substantivele nume de materie (wine,
sugar, meat, bread,etc.), precum i substantivele abstracte (time, weather, happiness,etc.) nu
se pot numra i deci nu pot primi articolul nehotrt.
c) Se pune n faa unor substantive care exprim meserii i ocupaii.
NOT :
*(w) i (y) sunt seminconsoane i se comport ca i consoane la nceput de cuvnt, deci vor primi
determinani de consoane: a ; the pronunat ca naintea unei consoane.
*Litera h la nceputul unor cuvinte mprumutate din limba francez nu se pronun. De exemplu:
hour, heir, honour. Deci cuvintele care ncep cu aceste sunete vor primi articolul nehotrt
an. Deci, atenie! a sau an se pun n faa unei vocale sau consoane, aadar, n faa unui sunet
care are aceste caracteristici.
Exemple:
This is a teacher.
He is a policeman.
This is an apple.
This is an orange.
Mike is a doctor.
1 ... boy;
14. . umbrella;
2. house;
15. toy;
3. pineapple;
16. . bartender;
4. pen;
17. flower;
5. horse;
18. . girl;
10
6. butterfly;
19 . worker;
7 .eye;
20. professor;
8 telephone;
21. dog;
9 .man;
22. . chair;
10. tree;
23. . architect;
11 ear;
24. surgeon;
12 boat;
25. airplane;
13 car;
26. . clock;
VII. Cinci dintre substantivele de mai jos nu pot fi precedate de articolul nehotrt.
Care sunt acestea?
wine; book; sugar; weather; apple; exercise; student; beer; flower; cat; bread; teacher; road; train
Cazuri de ntrebuinare :
1. Insoete un substantiv ce a mai fost menionat n text.
2. Se pune n faa unor substantive unice, ca de exemplu: the earth, the sun etc.
3. Se folosete atunci cnd substantivul este precedat de o prepoziie. Exemplu: at the theatre, in
the garden, to the cinema etc.
Excepii: at home, go home, in bed, go to bed.
Substantivele: school, church, hospital,prison, university au un regim puin mai special. Ele
nu vor primi articol hotrt dac ne referim la ele ca la instituiile n care se desfoar activiti
legate de specificul lor, iar cel ce face aciunea este implicat n ele, participnd la activitile ce se
desfoar in ele.
Cu the
Fr the( Articol zero)
Mark goes to school. He is in the fifth form.
Verbul TO BE
Timpul prezent
Persoana 1
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a
Afirmativ
Singular
Plural
I am = eu sunt
Persoana 1
we are = noi suntem
you are = tu eti
Persoana a 2-a you are = voi suntei
he is = el este
Persoana a 3-a they are = ei/ele sunt
she is = ea este
it is = el/ ea este(neutru)
Negativ
Singular
Plural
Persoana 1
I am not = eu nu sunt
Persoana 1 we are not (arent) = noi nu suntem
Persoana a 2-a you are not (arent) = tu nu Persoana a 2-a you are not (arent) = voi nu
eti
suntei
Persoana a 3-a he is not (isnt) = el nu este
Persoana a 3-a they are not (arent) = ei nu sunt
she is not (isnt) = ea nu este
it is not (isnt) = el/ea nu este
Interogativ
Singular
Persoana 1
am I? = sunt eu?
Persoana a 2-a are you? = esti tu ?
Persoana a 3-a is he? = este el ?
is she? = este ea ?
is it? = este el/ ea?
Plural
Persoana 1
are we? = suntem noi?
Persoana a 2-a are you? = suntei voi?
Persoana a 3-a are they? = sunt ei?
12
Jack is a pilot.
The students are in the library.
We are happy.
Maria is from Madrid.
We are at home.
They are at the theatre.
A cat is on a chair.
My friend is an engineer.
13
UNIT 2
MY FAMILY
My name is Mark. I am 20 years old. I have a big family. My mothers name is Anne.
She is a doctor. She is 42 years old. She works in a hospital, near our house. My
fathers name is John. He is 45 years old. He is an engineer. He works in a
construction company. I have a sister and a brother.
My sisters name is Susan. She is 17. She is a pupil. My brothers name is Stuart. He
is 19. He is a student. I have two uncles, who are my mothers brothers and three
aunts. One is mothers sister, and two are my fathers sisters. I also have five cousins.
All my grandparents live in the country. I love to spend my holidays with them. I also
have a dog, Spot, and a cat Whiskers. They are very good friends.
A. VOCABULARY
all = to i, toate
aunt = mtu
big = mare
brother = frate
cousin = vr, verioar
father = tat
grandparents = bunici
house = cas
love = a iubi
pupil = elev, elev
sister = sor
spend = a petrece
uncle = unchi
who = cine
EMILY= FRANK
(66)
(72)
ANNE= JOHN
(42)
(45)
TOM= HELLEN
(39)
(35)
JIM
( 33)
EMMA
(14)
LOUISE= FRANK
(43)
( 46)
15
brother
her
live
Romanian
architect
mother
I
is
French
name
student
their
are
British
engineer
16
B. GRAMMAR
Verbul TO HAVE = a avea
Face parte din categoria verbelor auxiliare i alturi de verbul to be, formeaz interogativul prin
inversarea subiectului cu predicatul, iar negativul prin simpla adugare a negaiei not.
Timpul prezent
Afirmativ
Singular
Persoana 1
I have = eu am
Persoana a 2-a you have = tu ai
Persoana a 3-a he/she/it has = el/ ea are
Plural
Persoana 1
we have = noi avem
Persoana a 2-a you have = voi avei
Persoana a 3-a they have = ei/ele au
Negativ
Plural
we have not (havent)
= noi nu avem
Persoana a 2-a you haven not (havent)
Persoana a 2-a you have not (havent)
= tu nu ai
= voi nu avei
Persoana a 3-a he/ she/ it is not (isnt)
Persoana a 3-a they have not (havent)
= el/ ea nu are
= ei/ ele nu au
Persoana 1
Singular
I have not (havent) = eu nu am
Persoana 1
Interogativ
Singular
Pesoana 1
have I? = am eu?
Persoana 1
Persoana a 2-a have you? = ai tu?
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a has he/ she/ it? = are el/ ea?
Persoana a 3-a
Plural
have we? = avem noi?
have you? = aveti voi ?
have they?= au ei/ ele?
EXERCISES
I. Cu ajutorul unui dicionar gsii i alte expresii formate cu ajutorul verbului have.
17
has
her
father
sisters
my
its
have
are
brothers
he
an
in
is
1. . family is big.
2. I three sisters and two .. .
3. My is an doctor.
4. He works . a hospital.
5. Have you got .. brother?
6. ... Jim .... electrician?
7. .. they mechanics?
8. names Julia.
9. .. you married?
10. She .. a dog.
11. .. name is Spot.
Pluralul substantivelor.
In limba englez exist dou feluri de plurale. Plurale regulate i neregulate.
Plurale regulate.
In aceast categorie intr substantivele care formeaz pluralul prin adugarea terminaiei s la
forma de singular.
Reguli ortografice.
1. Substantivele terminate in y:
- cnd y este precedat de o consoan acesta se va transforma n ies:
lorry
lorries
fly
flies
secretary
secretaries
- cnd y este precedat de o vocal va rmne neschimbat:
play
plays
toy
toys
boy
boys
2. Substantivele terminate n s, ss, sh, ch, z, x, th formeaz pluralul prin adugarea
vocaleie + s:
bus
buses
class
classses
bush
bushes
tax
taxes
3. Substantivele terminate in f,fe formeaz pluralul prin transformarea lui f in v+es:
wolf
wolves
knife
knives
Excepii: roof
roofs
handkerchief
handkerchiefs
4. Substantivele terminate n o formeaz pluralul prin adugarea terminaiei es:
tomato
tomatoes
potato
potatoes
Excepii: piano
pianos
photo
photos
18
Plural
men
women
children
teeth
geese
feet
mice
lice
oxen
Substantive compuse.
1. Substantivele compuse scrise ntr-un singur cuvnt formeaz pluralul n conformitate cu regulile
generale privind numrul plural al substantivelor:
classroom
classrooms
blackboard
blackboards
2. Substantivele formate din pri de vorbire principale legate, sau nu, prin linioar de unire
formeaz pluralul urmnd regulile menionate mai sus.Semnul de plural l primete cuvntul care d
sensul cuvntului compus (substantivul de baz).
school-mate
school-mates
3. Cnd substantivul compus este format i din prepoziii, adverbe etc., semnul de plural l va primi
substantivul:
passer-by
passers-by (trector)
mother-in-law
mothers-in-law (soacr)
4. Cnd primul element al substantivului compus este man sau woman, ambele substantive
primesc semnul pluralului:
man-servant
men-servants
woman-servant
women-servants
5. Cnd n componena substantivului compus nu se afl nici un substantiv, pluralul se formeaz
prin adugarea terminaiei s la forma de singular:
forget-me-not
forget-me-nots( nu-ma-uita)
19
Singular
apartment = apartament
ash= scrum
cloth = stof, material
colour =culoare
custom = obicei
damage = deteriorare
glass = sticl; pahar
pain = durere
sheep
deer
aircraft
Substantive care au numai form de singular, dar nu se pot numra. Pentru a le numra se folosete
expresia:
a piece of equipment
furniture (mobila)
Substantive cu forma de plural i cu ineles de singular. Ele se acord cu verbul la singular.
news (tiri)
mathematics
physics
measles (pojar)
Substantive ca trousers, glasses, pyjamas, scissors au numai form de plural i se acord cu
verbul la pural. Pentru a le numra se folosete expresia: a pair of.
Exemplu : a pair of trousers = o pereche de pantaloni
Substantive colective
Substantive ca: family, orchestra, team, crew, committee, etc. sunt substantive colective.
Ele se acord cu verbul la singular, cnd sunt privite ca un tot unitar i la plural cnd ne referim la
toi membrii componeni ai colectivului respectiv. Substantivele police, cattle se acord numai la
plural.
20
EXERCISE
III. Punei la plural urmtoarele substantive:
1. child
11. rash
21. basis
2. potato
12. brother
22. cloth
3. half
13. memorandum
23. furniture
4. equipment
14. county
24. handkerchief
5. box
15. gulf
25. wolf
6. face
16. match.
26. advice
7. mouse
17. life
27. foot
8. toy
18. cry
28. glass
9. man
19. mouth
29. window
10. town
20.cliff
30. datum
Genitivul substantivelor
Cazul genitiv poate fi exprimat n dou feluri.
1. Genitivul sintetic( s , sau ~s)
2. Genitivul analitic (cu prepozitia of).
1.Genitivul sintetic
a) se adaug s la forma de singular i la forma de plural a substantivelor neregulate.
boys , mens, childrens etc.
posesor+s + obiect posedat the boys toy; the childrens dog
posesori+ obiect posedat
the boys toy
b) cazuri de ntrebuinare.
- dup nume de fiine
- n componena unor nume de magazine. Exemplu: bakers, grocers etc.
- cu nume de ri. Exemplu: Romanias population
21
EXERCISES
IV. Traducei n limba englez:
1. Sunt prietenul lui Marco.
2. Fratele Mariei are un cine.
3. Ea este secretara lui Tom.
4. Crile profesorului sunt pe mas.
5. Este o excursie de trei zile.
6. Maria este la mcelarie.
7. Mingea este n grdina vecinului meu.
8. Jane este prietena surorii mele.
9. Aceasta nu este cartea Mariei, este a mea.
10. Tim este vrul prietenului Mariei.
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
22
Numeralul ordinal
one
nine
seventeen
sixty
two
ten
eighteen
seventy
three
eleven
nineteen
eighty
four
twelve
twenty
ninety
five
thirteen
twenty one
a/ one hundred
six
fourteen
thirty
a/ one thousand
seven
fifteen
forty
a/ one million
eight
sixteen
fifty
a/ one billion
Citirea miilor se poate face fie citind numerele cifr cu cifr, fie astfel: 1964= nineteen hundred and
sixty four.
Cnd se scrie adresa, se va scrie inti numrul i apoi strada: 31, Madison Avenue.
Exprimarea orei
In limba englez minutele se pun naintea orei.
Cuvinte i expresii folosite pentru exprimarea orei:
half = jumtate
quarter = sfert
past = i
to = fr
whats the time? sau what time is it? = ct este ceasul?
Its .. .
Exemple:
EXERCISES
VII. Scriei cu litere urmtoarele numere.
165; 14; 40; 55; 50; 25; 15; 1667; 888; 12; 89; 2001; 334; 3,365,878 ; 6; 607; 292; 08.
eleven
two eight
five
nine
three
ten
seven four
six
ten
7:25
6:36
8:22
11:45
2:12
3:14
4:48
8. 18:25
9. 22:35
10. 17:00
11. 9:03
12. 5:15
13. 4:40
14. 12:00
25
UNIT 3
A DAY IN MY LIFE
I wake up every morning at half past six. I get up, go
to the bathroom, I take a shower and brush my teeth.
Then I get dressed, go to the kitchen and have
breakfast. I usually have toast, butter, jam, cereals
with milk and I drink a cup of coffee. After that I go
to university. I have classes until two oclock. At the
university I meet my friends. We study a lot of
interesting things, such as computer science,
marketing, etc. We study foreign languages, too.
English is compulsory. We also study another
language, French or German. After classes I and my
friends go for a walk, when the weather is fine or we
go to a cafe for a coffee and for a chat.
Sometimes I go to the library to study, or I go home and have lunch.
In the evening I study, I watch TV, or I go out with my friends. I go to sleep at about eleven oclock
in the evening. This is a usual day of my life.
A. VOCABULARY
lot of = o mulime de
also = de asemenea (se pune dup subiect)
another = altul, alta
bathroom = baie
breakfast = micul dejun
brush = a spla, a peria
butter = unt
cereals = cereale, fulgi de cereale
chat = conversaie, tacla
classes = ore, cursuri
compulsory = obligatoriu
cup = ceac, can
drink = a bea
every = fiecare
foreign = strin
get dressed = a se mbrca
get up = a se scula
go = a merge
go for a walk = a merge la (o) plimbare
go out = a iei n oras
go to sleep = a merge la culcare
have classes = a avea cursuri
jam = gem
kitchen = buctrie
meet = a (se) ntlni
milk = lapte
such as = ca de exemplu, cum ar fi
take a shower = a face (un) du
toast = pine prjit
too = de asemenea (se pune la sfrsitul propoziiei,
dup virgul).
wake up = a se trezi
27
summer
autumn
winter
EXERCISES
I. Citii i potrivii jumtile de propoziii din coloana stng cu cele din coloana din
dreapta astfel nct s formai propoziii coerente i corecte din punct de vedere gramatical.
1. I go to the bathroom
2. Every day my friend Ana goes to classes...
3. We sometimes
4.I go to the kitchen
5. I sometimes go for a walk
a. for breakfast.
b. in the park.
c. to take a shower.
d. at half past seven.
e. go to a caf.
Mesele zilei
breakfast = micul dejun
lunch = prnz, dejun
dinner = cina
supper =supeu
* mesele zilei nu se articuleaz cu articolul hotrt.
Exemplu: What do we have for breakfast?
Zilele sptmnii
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
*zilele sptmnii se scriu ntotdeauna cu liter mare, indiferent de locul ocupat n propoziie.
* se folosete prepoziia on cu zilele sptmnii. Ex. On Monday I go to the theater.
*zilele sptmnii nu se articuleaz cu articolul hotrt.
January
February
March
April
May
June
Jan.
Feb.
March
Apr.
May
June
Lunile anului
July
August
September
October
November
December
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
29
B. GRAMMAR
Timpul prezent al verbelor noionale. (Present Simple)
I. Prezentul simplu al verbelor noionale se folosete pentru a exprima :
- o aciune care se petece in mod obisnuit;
- o aciune repetat;
- o situaie de rutin pe care o vedem ca permanent;
- cu verbe care exprim sentimente, activiti mintale, percepii.
Exemple:
__ I usually have lunch at 12.
__ I wake up every day at six.
__ I live in Bucharest.
__ I want to go for a walk.
__ I understand what the teacher says.
__ I smell the rose.
II.Formare.
Afirmativ
Verbul are aceeai form la toate persoanele, cu excepia persoanei a treia singular care primete
terminaia s.
singular
plural
Persoana 1
I go
Persoana 1
we go
Persoana a 2-a
you go
Persoana a 2-a
you go
Persoana a 3-a
he/ she/ it goes *
Persoana a 3-a
they go
*la persoana a 3 a singular se aplic aceleai reguli ortografice care se aplic la pluralele
substantivelor.
Exemplu: la verbele terminate n y precedat de o consoan terminaia s se va aduga astfel: y
se va transforma n i, deci vom avea ies. La cele terminate n vocal nu se va face nici o
modificare.
Interogativ
Pentru formarea interogativului se folosete verbul auxiliar to do.
Verbul to do poate fi att verb de sine stttor (noional), ct i verb auxiliar. Ca verb auxiliar i
pierde sensul de a face i se folosete ca simplu instrument gramatical.
El se conjug astfel:
Afirmativ
Singular
Persoana 1
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a
Plural
Persoana
1
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a
I do
you do
he/she/it does
we do
you do
they do
Interogativ
Singular
Persoana 1
do I ?
Persoana a 2-a do you?
Persoana a 3-a does he/she/it?
Plural
Persoana 1
Persoana a 2-a
Persoana a 3-a
30
do we?
do you?
do they?
Negativ
Singular
Persoana 1
I do not (dont)
Persoana a 2-a you do not (dont)
Persoana a 3-a he/she/it does not (doesnt)
Plural
Persoana 1
we do not (dont)
Persoana a 2-a
you do not (dont)
Persoana a 3-a
they do not (dont)
Numeralul ordinal
Numeralele ordinale exprim numeric locul pe care-l ocup ntr-o niruire diferite obiecte:
the first = primul
the twelfth
the twenty-third
the second = al doilea
the thirteenth
the thirtieth
the third = al treilea
the fourteenth
the fortieth
the fourth = al patrulea
the fifteenth
the fiftieth
the fifth = al cincilea
the sixteenth
the sixtieth
the sixth = al aselea
the seventeenth
the seventieth
the seventh = al aptelea
the eighteenth
the eightieth
the eighth = al optulea
the nineteenth
the ninetieth
the ninth = al noulea
the twentieth
the hundredth
the tenth = al zecelea
the twenty-first
the hundred and first
the eleventh
the twenty-second
EXERCISES
I. Traducei n limba englez.
1.De obicei iau micul dejun la ora 6.30.
2. Vrei s mergi la teatru cu noi ast sear?
3. Uneori mi place s m plimb n parc.
4. La ce or te scoli dimineaa?
5. Maria se spal pe dini dup fiecare mas.
6. Vreau sa beau un pahar cu ap.
7. John nu se ntlnete cu prietenii si.
8. Ce data este astzi?
9. Astzi este 21 iulie 2002.
II. Punei verbele din paranteze la forma corespunztore, fcnd modificrile necesare.
1. I (go) .. to work by bus, but my brother (go) . by car.
2. Lucy(not, speak) . French. She (speak) . English.
3. (go, you) shopping on Friday ?
4. I (read, often) . a book in the evening.
5. (she, write, always) to her parents once a week ?
6. They ( go, sometimes) . to the cinema with their friends.
7. What date ( it, be) today?
8. A: (always, you, have breakfast) .. at nine oclock?
No, I ( not, do). I (have) .. breakfast so late only on weekends.
IV. Aceasta este o pagin din agenda lui Susan. Citii-o cu atenie i apoi completai propoziiile de
mai jos.
Susans calendar
Monday
Go to the cinema with John
Tuesday
Play tennis with John
Friday
Go to the theatre with John
Saturday
Go to Helens birthday party
32
Wednesday
Write to Helen
Thursday
Go shopping for Helens birthday
Sunday
Walk in the park
1. On Monday .. .
2. On Saturday . .
3. On Wednesday . .
4. On Tuesday .. .
5. On Thursday . .
6. On Friday . .
briefcase =
comb =
shower =
clothes =
soap =
hairbrush =
toothbrush =
newspaper =
Principalele prepozitii
Above
at = la (indic aflarea/ stationarea ntr-un loc)
to = la, ctre (indic deplasarea spre un loc)
inside = nuntrul
next to = alturi de, lng
opposite = vis-a- vis
outside = n afar, n exteriorul
Over
To
From
Under
Below
33
Development
VII. An interview
Susan is an English journalist. She interviews Andrei about Romanian eating habits. Here are her
questions. Read them and try to give answers.
1. When do you have your main meal?
2. Do you often eat soup?
3. Do you ever drink wine with your meals?
4. What do you eat for breakfast?
5. What do you like to drink at breakfast: tea, or coffee?
6. How many meals do eat every day?
7. Do you eat a special meal on Sunday?
Mon.
Thurs.
Sat.
Aug.
5. Apr.
6. Feb.
7. Jan.
8. Tues.
9. Sept.
10. Wed.
11. Nov.
12. Oct.
34
UNIT 4
LUNCH IN THE CAFETERIA
I usually have lunch between 12 and 1 p.m. I go to the
cafeteria for lunch. I like to go there. The food is very good. I
usually have a soup, and some chicken and mashed potatoes,
but today Im having only a ham and cheese sandwich with
lettuce salad and a cup of coffee. My friend Sandra is eating a
soup, some chicken and rice, and a strawberry yogurt. She is
sitting at the same table with me. Michael and Diana are our
friends. They usually go to the snack bar, but today they are
having lunch here. They are sitting at a table next to ours.
They are drinking coffee. After lunch we are going for a walk
in the park, because today is a very nice and warm day. The
sun is shining and there is no wind blowing. After that we
want to go to the library to study. Sometimes, when it is cold
outside we only go to the library.
A. VOCABULARY
between = ntre doi, doua
blow, blew, blown = a sufla
cafeteria = bufet/ restaurant cu autoservire
cheese = brnz
chicken = pui
cold = frig
drink, drank, drunk = a bea
eat,ate,eaten = a mnca
go for a walk = a merge la plimbare
ham = unc
EXERCISES
I. Punei propoziiile de mai jos n ordinea corect, astfel nct s realizai un dialog:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
No, small please. And a tuna fish sandwich and some crisps, please. ______
OK. Here you are. Is that it? So, that comes to $3.85 altoghether. _____
Thank you. ___
Do you take sugar? ___
Hello. Can I help you?___
Yes, two please.___
No, a plain one.____
Yes, Id like a cup of coffee.____
Cheese and onion crisps? ___
Small, or big coffee?___
35
II. V plac, displac, sau nu putei s suferii urmtoarele alimente. Folosii verbele de mai jos
pentru a forma propoziii.
like
dislike
hate
1. chocolate
5. cheese
9. hamburgers
13. bananas
2. coffee
6. apples
10. cakes
14. milk
3. salads
7. salami
11. fish
15. tomatoes
4. chicken soup
8. donuts
12. grapes
16. carrots
apples
apple pie
coffee
tuna salad
cheese cake
orange juice bacon
toast
biscuits
hot chocolate
scrambled eggs
1. I sometimes have and for breakfast, but today Im having only a cup of
and some .with butter.
2. I am eating a ., chicken and mashed potatoes and a for dessert.
3. Martha is having only a and an .
4. Some people like to eat with various flavours.
5. I like to drink a cup of or .. when it is cold outside.
6. Sam is going to the supermarket to buy some
7. They are drinking .
8. Children like ..
36
B. GRAMMAR
Prezentul continuu (Present Continuous)
Prezentul continuu exprim o aciune n desfurare n momentul vorbirii, sau o aciune in
desfurare ntr-o perioad de timp mai indelungat dar care include i momentul vorbirii. Cuvintele
care cer prezentul continuu sunt: now, at the moment, today, this week, this month, this year.
Formare: verbul be conjugat la prezent + infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat.
Exemplu: I am writing a letter.
Afirmativ
Singular
I am going = eu merg (acum)
You are going = tu mergi (acum)
He /she /it is going = el /ea merge
Plural
We are going = noi mergem (acum)
You are going = voi mergeti (acum)
They are going = ei /ele merg (acum)
Interogativ
Singular
Am I going? = merg eu (acum)
Are you going? = mergi tu? (acum)
Is he/ she/it going? Merge el/ ea? (acum)
Plural
Are we going? = mergem noi? (acum)
Are you going? = merge i voi? (acum)
Are they going / merg ei/ ele? (acum)
Negativ
Singular
Plural
I am not going = eu nu merg (acum)
We are not (arent) going = noi nu mergem (acum)
You are not (arent) going = tu nu mergi
You are not (arent) going = voi nu mergei (acum)
(acum)
He/ she/ it is not (isnt) going = el/ ea nu
They are not (arent) going = ei/ ele nu merg
merge (acum)
(acum)
Deosebirea principal dintre prezentul simplu i prezentul continuu este aceea c prezentul simplu
exprim o aciune de durat, repetat, cu caracter general, n timp ce prezentul continuu exprim o
aciune de scurt durat ce nu are caracter repetat sau permanent.
Exist o serie de verbe ce nu se pot pune la prezentul continuu.
1. Verbele be si have atunci cnd au sensul lor de baz. Cnd ns se folosesc n expresii,
pierzndu-i sensul lor de baz, se pot folosi la prezentul continuu.
Exemple:
I have two sisters.
Dar: I am having breakfast/ lunch/dinner.
I am having a great time.
37
I am at home.
2. Verbele care exprim percepii senzoriale se pun la prezentul continuu atunci cnd exprim
aciunea de a percepe i la prezentul simplu cnd exprim calitatea pe care o are obiectul respectiv.
Exemple:
to taste= a gusta
Im tasting the cake. It tastes good.
to smell= a mirosi
Im smelling a rose. It smells beautifully.
to feel= a pipi, a simi
Im feeling the velvet. It feels soft.
Verbul to see se folosete la prezentul simplu atunci cnd nseamn a vedea. El se poate folosi la
prezentul continuu numai atunci cnd se folosete n expresii, pierzndu-i sensul de baz.
Ill see you to the station = te voi conduce la gar
Im seeing the dentist today, because I have a terrible tooth ache.= merg la dentist astzi,
deoarece am o teribil durere de dini.
3. Verbele care exprim activiti mintale se pun de obicei la prezentul simplu.
Exemple: to want, to like , to know, to understand,'to remember, 'to love,to think.
Excepii:
to think nseamn a crede, a considera, a se gandi.Cnd nseamn a se gandi se poate
pune la prezentul continuu.
I think you are right - Cred c ai dreptate
Im thinking of buying some chocolate." - Ma gndesc s cumpr niste ciocolat.
Cnd verbele to love, to like, to enjoy exprim o aciune desfurat pe o scurt perioad
de timp ele se pot pune la prezentul continuu.
I love/ enjoy parties.
Im loving/enjoying this party.
I like coffee.
Im liking coffee more now.
EXERCISES
I. Punei verbele de mai jos la prezentul continuu.
1. do 2. write
3. think
4. think
A: What (1). ?
B: I (2). a letter to my parents.
A: What (3) about?
B: I (4) of the winter holiday.
A: Where ..?
B: I (5) anywhere.
5. go
6. not, go
Formula de salut se pune n partea stng sus, urmat de prenumele persoanei i de virgul.
Coninutul poate ncepe sub formula de salut, sau cu alineat. Incheierea se face printr-o formul de
desprire, cum ar fi: See you soon, Love, Best wishes, Best regards, urmat pe rndul de
dedesubt de semntura care se pune, de obicei, la mijlocul rndului.
Dear Anne,
We are in Miami at last. The weathers great. Were
sleeping a lot and doing a lot of sunbathing on the
beach. After lunch we sleep a little, or go for a ride to
see the sights, or go shopping in the local markets. The
food is good. We eat a lot of fruit, salads and fresh fish.
Our room at he hotel is good, although a little
expensive.
See you soon.
Love,
Margaret
40
UNIT 5
HOME, SWEET HOME
I love my home. I think this is the most beautiful home
in the world. I live with my parents, my brother Mark
and my sister Susan in a pretty house with a nice
garden. It has four bedrooms, a kitchen, a dining room,
a living room, and two bathrooms. There is also a
garrage. My room is bigger than Susans room, but it
is not as big as Marks. In fact, my room is not very
big, but it has a nice view on the garden.I have a
confortable bed with a blue bed spread on it. Next to
the bed is a night table with a lamp on it. There is also
a big wardrobe where I keep my clothes. The carpet is
beige and the curtain is white. In front of the window
is a desk. There is a computer on the desk. Next to the
computer there is a lamp. The computer is one of my
greatest joys. I enjoy playing at the computer, but I use
it to study, too. We usually have our meals in the
kitchen, but on weekends, or when we have guests we
eat in the dining room. We spend the evenings in the
living room. We watch TV, we talk or play games.
When the weather is nice we stay outside in the
garden. We play with our dog Snoopy, or we just lie in
the sun.
A. VOCABULARY
bathroom = baie
beautiful = frumos
bed spread = cuvertur
bed = pat
bedroom = dormitor
big = mare
desk = birou, mas de scris
dining room = sufragerie
enjoy = a se bucura
garden = grdina
guest = musafir
home = cas, camin
house = cas
joy = bucurie
kitchen = buctrie
lie, lay, lain = a sta ntins, a se
ntinde
41
EXERCISES
I. In coloanele de mai jos exist cte un cuvnt care nu aparine categoriei respective;
gsii-l i ncercuii-l.
bedroom
car
bathroom
dining room
kitchen
architect
doctor
teacher
plate
student
house
hospital
window
school
theatre
view
nice
beautiful
pretty
lovely
radio
television
carpet
video
CD player
on
to
wardrobe
bathroom
pillow
chest of drawers
blanket
B. GRAMMAR
Comparaia adjectivelor
Comparaia regulat
Adjective monosilabice:
Gradul comparativ: adjectivul la gradul pozitiv + terminaia _er
Gradul superlativ: the + adjectivul la gradul pozitiv + terminaia _est
Reguli ortografice:
1. Adjectivele terminate n consoan precedat de o vocal scurt dubleaz consoana pentru a
nu se modifica vocala.
2. Adjectivele terminate n y precedat de o vocal, y va rmne nemodificat.
Adjectivele terminate n y precedat de o consoan y se va transforma in i+e
Pozitiv
big
hard
happy
hot
Comparativ
bigger
harder
happier
hotter
Superlativ
the biggest
the hardest
the happiest
the hottest
Comparativ
more beautiful
more interesting
more terrible
7. short
2. pretty
.
8. difficult
3. charming
.
9. easy
4. big
.
10. great
5. warm
11. correct
6. boring
12. long
43
Superlativ
the most beautiful
the most interesting
the most terrible
...
.
.
Comparaia neregulat
Pozitiv
good = bun/
bad /ill = ru/ bolnav
much =mult/
many = muli/e
Comparativ
better = mai bun/
worse = mai ru/ mai bolnav
more = mai mult/
more = mai multi/e
little = puin
far = departe
late = trziu;recent
near = apropiat
Superlativ
the best = cel/ cea mai bun/
the worst = cel mai ru/ bolnav
the most = cel/cea mai mult/
the most = cei/cele mai muli/
multe
the least = cel mai puin
the farthest = cel mai departe
the furthest = cel mai deprtat
the last = ultimul,dintr-o serie
the latest = cel mai ntrziat;
cel mai recent
the oldest = cel mai vechi;
cel mai btrn
the eldest =cel mai n vrst
(despre persoane din aceeai
familie i numai atributiv)
the nearest = cel mai apropiat
the next = urmtorul
EXERCI II:
I. Completai spaiile goale cu adjectivele care lipsesc:
happy
good
fresh
late
easy
better
hotter
more dangerous
latter
.
the happiest
...
the hottest
the freshest
the most dangerous
the easiest
44
III. Punei cuvintele de mai jos n ordinea corect pentru a forma propoziii:
Exemplu: Jane / you / make / better / coffee /than .
You make better coffee than Jane.
1. daughters / writing / mine / nicer / is / my/than.
2. last / nights / was / more / than / difficult / homework / this
3. Jane / your / faster / run / can / than / sister
4. than / today / yesterday / hotter / was
5. is / than / hotel / bigger / your / mine /room
EXERCISES
I. Ce formule folosii n situaiile de mai jos:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
II. Samantha i Hugh se ntlnesc ntr-o cafenea. Hugh spune ce nu trebuie, corectai-l.
S: Hi, Hugh.
H: Good morning.
S: How are you?
H: How do you do? Im fine.
S: Its my birthday today.
H: Congratulations.
46
III. Peter si Mike sunt prieteni. Mike l invit la o cafenea pentru a srbtori
ziua sa de natere.
Cu ajutorul dicionarului ncercai s alctuii un dialog ntre cei doi prieteni.
47
UNIT 6
MARIAS UNFORGETTABLE WEEKEND
Last Saturday I went with my friends to the mountains
to ski. It was a wonderful winter morning, so we
decided to go by car, because we thought that there
were many people who wanted to go to the mountains.
The ride was very pleasant, and at about 10 oclock
we arrived in Brashov.
We didnt have reservations at a hotel, so we wanted to
find a place to stay. We managed to find
accommodation at a Bed and Breakfast place. After we
left our things there, we took our skis, and went
skiing. There was much snow, it was not very cold ,
and there were very many people on the ski slope.
Some people didnt have skis, so, they rode on sleighs,
or, simply played with the snow.
In the afternoon, after we had lunch, we went for a
walk in Brashov, to admire the sights. After dinner, we
went to the disco. We had a great time. On Sunday , in
the evening, we went back home.
A. VOCABULARY
about = cam, aproximativ; despre
accommodation = cazare
arrive = a ajunge la....
~ in = a alunge ntr-o localitate
~ at = a ajunge la o destinaie
be, was, been = a fi
Bed and Breakfast = pensiune
find, found, found = a gsi
go, went, gone = a merge
leave, left, left = a pleca, a prsi
manage = a reui
much = mult, mult (se folosete cu substantive care nu se pot numra)
pleasant = plcut
reservation = rezervare
ride = cltorie, plimbare cu un vehicul
ski = a schia
sleigh = sanie
snow = zpad
stay = a sta
take, took, taken = a lua
think, thought, thought = a (se) gndi; a cred
want = a vrea
wonderful = minunat
EXERCISES
I.Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III. Completai spaiile goale cu verbul take/ took plus unul din cuvintele,
sau expresiile de mai jos.
a course
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
an exam
train
umbrella
B.GRAMMAR
Timpul past tense simplu (Past Tense Simple)
Timpul past tense simplu se traduce n limba romn cu timpul perfectul simplu. El reprezint o
aciune care a nceput i s-a terminat n trecut. De obicei se marcheaz cu adverbe de timp, cum ar
fi: yesterday, last week/ month/year etc.
50
Verbe Regulate
Verbele regulate formeaz past tense prin adaugarea terminaiei -edla forma de infinitiv scurt.
Afirmativ
Singular
I arrived = am ajuns
you arrived= tu ai ajuns
he/she/it arrived = el/ea a ajuns
Plural
we arrived= noi am ajuns
you arrived= voi ati ajuns
they arrived= ei au ajuns
Verbe Neregulate
In cazul verbelor neregulate timpul past tense este reprezentat de foma a doua a acestora. Verbele
neregulate se dau n dicionar cu trei forme: infinitiv scurt past tense past perfect (folosit la
formarea timpurilor compuse (present perfect, past perfect etc.)
Formele interogativ i negativ se formeaz ca i n cazul verbelor regulate. Excepie fac verbele
be, have i verbele modale, care se comport ca i la prezent (interogativul se formeaz prin
inversarea subiectului cu predicatul, iar negativul prin adugarea negaiei not). La pagina ....... vei
gsi o list cu principalele verbe neregulate.
EXERCISES
I. Completai spaiile goale cu verbul was sau were.
1. I....... in Italy last month.
2. We...... late for school.
3. .........you at home yesterday?
4. ......... Liam Niesen born in Ireland?
5. It.......... a lovely day yesterday.
6. He........... a very good driver.
7. The book you gave me ....... very boring.
8. The exams .......... very difficult.
9. When ........... you born?
10. ........ you ill last week.
51
stay
help
work
cnter
come
begin
understand
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
................
find
leave
live
lie
lay
borrow
lend
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
.................
52
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
53
Modele de scrisori
54
Dear Tom,
We are here at last! Im happy we decided to come to this wonderful place.
You know I always wanted to see Madrid, so at last I managed to see it with my own eyes.
Its an exciting city. Theres no time to sleep.There are so many things to see, and so little
time. If you want to see everything, then you need at least a month.I can hardly wait to get
back home and tell you more about the people and places.
Looking forward to seeing you,
Love,
Beatrice
EXERCISES:
1. Prietenul tu i-a mprumutat o carte pe care ai pierdut-o. Scrie-i o scrisoare n care i ceri scuze
si te oferi s remediezi acest lucru.
2. Ai petrecut o vacan minunat mpreun cu familia prietenei tale la ar. Scrie-i o scrisoare
mulumindu-i pentru timpul minunat petrecut mpreun.
3. Doreti s-i srbtoreti ziua de natere smbta viitoare la munte. Scrie-le o scrisoare prietenilor
ti Janet i Mike invitndu-i la petrecere.
4. Colega ta Elizabeth te-a invitat la teatru dar nu poi merge deoarece ai cursuri la facultate. Scrie-i
o scrisoare mul umindu-i pentru invitaie i scuzndu-te c nu poi merge.
55
UNIT 7
MARIAS BIRTHDAY PARTY
Last Saturday I went to Marias birthday party. She was
celebrating her 23rd birthday, and she had a lot of guests.
When I arrived there,at nine, Maria was at the door, receiving
her guests. She was wearing a red dress. She was very happy.
There were about 20 people who were having a great time.
Some of them were dancing, others were talking. There was
plenty of food, for all tastes: all kinds of salads, roast turkey,
sandwiches, cheese, and fruit. We had beer, wine and soft
drinks for those who didnt want to drink alcohol. It was nice,
because I could meet many of my friends, and hear the latest
news about our colleagues. While I was dancing with my
friend Andrew, the birthday cake was brought in. It was a big
chocolate cake with the words Happy birthday on it . We
sang Happy birthday, and drank champagne. We stayed until
dawn.. It was an unforgettable party.
A. VOCABULARY
arrive(v) = a sosi
beer (n) = bere
birthday (n) = zi de natere
cake (n) = tort, prjitur
celebrate(v) = a srbtori, a celebra
cheese (n) = brnza
dawn (n) = zori
dress (n) = rochie
drink, drank, drunk(v)= a bea
guest (n) = musafir
happy (adj) = fericit
have a good time = a se distra
meet, met, met(v)= a ntlni
nice(adj) = plcut, drgu,amabil
EXERCISES
I. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
57
II. Cnd s-au nscut i cnd au murit aceste persoane? Alctuii propoziii pentru fiecare.
Exemplu:
1. Christopher Columbus (1451 1506)
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 and died in 1506.
2. Diana, Princess of Wales (1961 1997)
3. Genghis Khan (1162 1227)
4. Elvis Presley (1935 - 1977)
5. Joan of Arc (1412 1431)
6. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 1968)
III. Rezolvai exerciiile de mai jos bazate pe textul despre Gingis Han.
Genghis Khan was a famous Mongol conqueror. He was born in 1167 and died in 1227. He is
known as one of the greatest military learders of all times.
After uniting the Mongol tribes, he conquered (1213 15) most of the Chin empire of N China
from 1218 to1224 he subdued Turkistan and Afghanistan and raided Persia and E Europe.
A brilliant military leader, he ruled one of the greatest land empires of history from his capital
Karakorum. After his death his empire was divided among his sons and grandsons.
1. Incercuii rspunsul corect:
Genghis Khan is considered one of the greatest conquerors because:
a. He had many sons and grandsons.
b. He conquered all China.
c. He subdued most Asia and Eastern Europe.
2. Marcai cu T (True) si cu F (False) propoziiile de mai jos:
T
a. Genghis Khan was a famous Chinese leader.
b. The capital of the Chin empire was Karakorum.
c. He lived for 60 years.
d. He attacked Persia.
e. He united the Mongol tribes.
f. His empire was divided after his death.
58
B. GRAMMAR
Past tense continuu
Past tense simplu exprim o aciune n desfurare ntr-un anumit moment in trecut.
Formare: Verbul be conjugat la past tense + verbul de conjugat terminat in -ing
Exemple:
I/ he /she / it was going
you / we /they were going
I /he / she /it was not (wasnt) going
you were not (werent) going
was I / he / she /it going
were you / we / they going
*Pentru a se preciza c aciunea s-a desfurat ntr-un anumit moment n trecut se folosesc
markere de timp, cum ar fi:
I was studying for my exam yesterday evening.
I was having breakfast at seven oclock this morning.
* Se pstreaz aceleai reguli ca i la present continuu, n ceea ce privete verbele ce se pot folosi
sau nu, la forma continu.
Past tense simplu sau continuu?
Past continuu
1. Pentru a exprima o aciune n desfurare
Past simplu
1. Pentru a exprima o aciune de durat, care
s-a desfurat i s-a terminat n trecut.
I walked across the field.
EXERCISES
I. Punei verbele din paranteze la past tense continuu.
1. What (do). this time last night.
2. The children were frightened because it (get). dark.
3. It was a fine winter day and the roads were crowded because a lot of people (rush) ..
to the mountains.
4. A: What (do) .. yesterday at 8 o clock.
B: I ( have) dinner with my family.
5. He usually wears shoes but when I saw him yesterday he (wear) . boots.
6. There was nobody in the car but the engine (run)..
7. It (rain). so heavily that I got soaked.
8. Susan(stand) .. in the bus stop when it started to rain.
9. Where ( you,live) . when you got married.
10. While (he, learning).. to drive he had three accidents.
59
II. Punei verbele din paranteze la past tense simplu sau continuu, n funcie de situaie.
1. I (make).. a cake when Sharon (come).
2. He (watch) television when the phone(ring)..
3. I ( not want). to meet Peter so when he (enter).. the room I
(leave)...
4. I (open) the door when the wind(start) blowing and (close) it.
5. As I (walk) in the park I (step) . on a banana skin and (fall).
6. She said she (like) the smell of the perfume.
7. I (taste). the soup when my brother (enter) the kitchen.
8. While Mary (knit).. her cat (want) to play with the wool.
9. A: Why is Tony in hospital?
B: He (work, in the garage) . when the gas tank (explode) ...
11. Yesterday we (have) a houseful of children for my sons sixth birthday party.
In the middle of the party, the phone ( ring) .., so I had to leave the children alone for
a few minutes. When I (come) . into the room, most of the children (still/play).
together nicely. But over in one corner, Bobby (pull) Annies hair.I quickly (run)
. over and (tell) . Bobby to stop.
60
Is Mike at home?
Good Lord!,Help!
EXERCISES
I. Punei punct, semnul ntrebrii, semnul exclamrii, virgul i apostrof acolo unde este cazul.
1.He arrives on 21 Sept on Tarom flight Ro 321 He is going to stay in Bucharest till next Monday.
2. Go Get out Its too dangerous to stay here
3. Where are you going
4. Be quiet Im trying to sleep
5. Look Anne the sun is setting
6. She lives at 25 Saint Andrew St Cambridge
61
UNIT 8
EXERCISES
I. Completai spaiile goale cu a, an, some sau articolul zero atunci cnd este necesar.
1. My neighbour is .. photographer.I want to ask him for.. advice about colour films.
2. A: We had chicken and.. rice for.. lunch.
B: That doesnt sound very interesting lunch.
3. I had a very bad night; I had . terrible nightmare.
4. . person who suffers from claustrophobia has .. of being confined in .small
place, such as .. lift.
5. Our lunch break is hour and .. half.
6. I hope you have .. lovely time and .. good weather.
7. I had . amazing dream last night. I saw . dinosaur eating .. meat in .. Central
Park in New York.
8. .. man is reasoning animal.
9. He broke .. leg in skiing accident.
10. She was paid hundred day for cleaning the house.
11. Would you like .. apple?
12. Ive got .cheese in the fridge.
13. Id like . pot of tea, please.
14. Do you want sandwich?
15. Id like grapes, please.
63
write(2)
snow
rise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
come
set
wake up(2)
have
drive
live(2)
go(2)
do
open
give
come
throw
5. sit
6. arrive
7. remember
8. rise
9. win
10.buy
3sugar
7 work
11...tea
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4traffic
8 .. spaghetti
12coffee
VIII. Gsii expresiile corespunztore din coloana din dreapta pentru definiiile
din coloana stng.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a. wonderful news
b. awful weather
c. nice weather
d. an excellent idea
e. the best hotel in town
f. an awful person
65
XI. Look at the following list from a telephone directory. Write T (true) or F (false) for each of the
sentences below.
Chambers R & Son, Butchers, 197 Clarendon Rd ..Weedon 873624
Champion Taxi Company .Horsley 358716
Champney T I, 23 Heath Grove Garforth 354199
Chan Dr S W, 203 Clarendon Rd . Weedon 365552
Chanda Indian Restaurant, 42 High St . Hickley 3327
Chapman Mrs B, 3rd Floor, 621 Scott Hall Rd . Danehill 284613
Chappell F D, Chemist, Fairfax Centre, 9 Orchard Rd Weedon 217647
Charlesworth Office Supplies, 19 Beach Rd Horsley 367298
Chaudhry, Jewellers, 35 Orchard Rd . Weedon 218955
1. ______ Mr T I Champney lives in South Avenue In Weedon.
2. ______ Ring Weedon 365552 if you are ill.
3. ______You want a good meal. Phone Hickley 3327 to book a table.
4. ______ Mrs B Chapman lives in a block of flats.
5. ______You want to buy a ring. Phone Weedon 873624.
6. ______ You are shopp0ing in Weedon and you want some medicine for a sore throat.
7. ______ You want some meat brought to your flat. Phone Weedon 365552.
8.______ Phone Horsley 367298 to ask about stationery.
9. _____ You have no car and you want to get to the station in a hurry. Phone Horsley 358716.
10. ______ You can find a chemist and a jeweller in the same road.
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
66
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
XV. Punei cuvintele de mai jos n ordinea corect alctuind cu ele propoziii.
1.
2.
3.
4.
67
UNIT 9
A STRANGER IN TOWN
It is very difficult to be a stranger in a town - you don't know
your way around town and you have to ask people to help you.
Sometimes, even if you have a map it may be difficult to get
to the place you want, so, you can imagine how difficult it is
without it. So, I think you should listen to Matei's story.
Matei got a scholarship to study at Cambridge. He was very
excited and anxious when he got there, because he had to get
to Downing College on Regent Street.
He arrived in Cambridge at 10 a.m. and he had to be at the
college before 12. So he was afraid he might be late.
When he got out of the railway station he asked a man:
"Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to Regent Street?"
The man said: "I'm sorry, I'm a stranger here myself".
So, not wanting to waste time, Matei started walking, hoping
to find someone to help him.
He met a young woman and asked her the same question. She
was very kind and answered: "Of course, in fact, I'm a student
there myself. It's very simple. All you have to do is walk along
Station Road; at the end of it turn right on Hills Road. Walk
straight ahead on Hills road and right in front of you, at the
sixth intersection, is Regent Street. Go along Regent Street,
there, on the left, is the college, you can't miss it!"
Matei thanked her and started his search of the college. He walked and walked, but because he was
very excited to be there on his own, he didn't listen very carefully to what the girl was saying. So,
instead of going straight ahead he turned left on Lensfield Road.
Instead of getting to the college in fifteen minutes he got there in thirty minutes. But, all's well that
ends well, because, even though he was tired he managed to get there in time.
He decided that, from that moment on, he should pay more attention to what people said when they
gave directions.
A. VOCABULARY
anxious (adj.) nerbdator
be afraid (v.) - a se teme
even if (cons.) - chiar dac
excited (adv.) - emoionat
map (n.) - hart
might (v.) - ar putea sa
miss (v.)- a pierde, a rata; fr
scholarship (n.) - burs
search (n.) - c utare
should (v.) - ar trebui
stranger (n.) - strin
thank (v.) - a mulumi
think, thought, thought (v.) - a crede, a gndi
to have to (v.) - a trebui s; a fi necesar s
waste (v.) - a risipi, a irosi
69
Expresii
all's well that ends well - totul e bine cnd se sfrete cu bine
be late
- a ntrzia
on one's own
- pe cont propriu
pay attention
- a da atenie
EXERCISES
I. Find synonyms for the following words:
anxious (adj.)
stranger (n.)
scholarship (n.)
search (n.)
II. With the help of the dictionary look up all the meanings of the verbs:
manage
miss
waste
III. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F):
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
corner
bus stop
posters
parking meters
queue
litter-bin
V. Fill in the blanks with one of the following prepositions: on, at, in, to where necessary.
1. You can leave your car a car park.
2. People usually have to stand .a queue .. bus stop.
3. Mark put the empty box . the litter-bin
4. You should cross the street only when the traffic lights turn .. green.
5. The boys have just got the bus.
VII. Match the questions on the left side with the answers on the right side.
1. Where can I park?
2. Where can I get a train to Bacau?
3. Where can I get informaion about hotels?
4. Where can I change money?
5. Where can I see paintings?
6. Where can I mail a letter?
7. Where can I buy a book?
8. Where can I read (or borrow) a book without buying it?
A. at the bookshop
B. at the bank
C. at the post office
D. at the railway station.
E. at the library.
F. at the parking garage.
G. at the museum.
H. at the tourist informaion office
B. GRAMMAR
Modal verbs
Principalele verbe modale sunt:
can
must
may
should
ought to
Verbele modale fac parte din categoria verbelor auxiliare.
Caracteristicile verbelor modale sunt:
1. Nu au infinitiv lung.
Ex. 'Can' nu 'to can'
2. Verbele care urmeaz dup ele sunt puse la infinitivul scurt (fr particula 'to')
Ex. I can swim.
You must be there.
71
COULD
Exprim:
1. Abilitate n trecut
Ex. I could ride a bicycle when I was a child.
2. Intrebare politicoas, rugminte. Este mai politicos dact 'can'.
Ex. Could I borrow your pen? - A putea mprumuta pixul tu?
3. Sugestie
Ex. - I need help with my English.
- You could talk to the teacher.
72
73
OUGHT TO
Exprim:
1. Recomandare, condiii obiective cer acest lucru.
Ex. I ought to finish writing the essay. I need it tomorrow. - Ar trebui s termin de scris eseul.
Am nevoie de el mine.
2. Certitudine 90% (mai mic dect must, numai cu sens de viitor)
Ex. She ought to do well on the test.
EXERCISES:
I. Restate the following rules, using modal verbs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III. Complete the sentences with can or can't and a verb from the box.
speak
cook
swim
see
go
74
drink
play
IV. Complete the sentences with you should or you shouldn't and one of the verbs given below:
drink
work
eat
smoke
take
work
sleep
V. Complete the sentences with must, can, could, may, might or should in the positive
and negative.
1. Annie is only one year old, but walk quite well.
2. A: I have a terrible headache.
B: You go to the doctor.
3. A: Let's go to the beach!
B: I don't think we. go to the beach because it rain this afternoon.
4. I lived in Spain when I was a child so I .. speak Spanish then but I don't think I ..speak
it now.
5. .. I open the window? It's very hot in here.
6. Passengers ..smoke when the plane takes off.
7. We go to France next summer, but we're not sure yet.
8. We . remember to pay the phone bill by the end of the week.
9. I know you like sugar, but you eat so much - it's bad for your health.
10. I was listening very carefully but . understand what she was saying. I think she was
speaking German.
75
VIII. Pretend you are teaching your younger sister how to drive a car. With the help of the words
below write down a few rules for her (driving regulations and how to drive a car).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
should
have to
shouldn't
ought to
don't have to
must
Ex.: You must fasten your seat belt before starting the engine.
6. Write the paragraph in either first or third person and keep it consistent throughout the
paragraph.
7. Maintain the same tense throughout the paragraph. A narration is usually done in the past. You
can also use dialogues. Only in the dialogues you can use any tense required by the context.
8. Check the paragraph for unity and coherence.
9. Proofread for spelling, punctuation and capitalization errors.
10. Write the revised, final paragraph.
After
After that/ this
After a while
Afterwards
As soon as
At first
At last
At night
At noon
At present
At sunrise/ sunset
At the same time
At the start
Before that
By the time
Briefly
Currently
During
Eventually
Finally
First
First of all
Following this for a minute/
hour/ day, etc.
From the start
Transitional expressions
Formerly
Gradually
Immediately
In a day/week/month/year/in the morning/afternoon/ evening
In the future
In the meantime
Initially
Last
Last of all
Lastly
Later
Meanwhile
Next
Now
On (day of week: Monday/ Tuesday, etc.)
Recently
Since then
Subsequently
Suddenly
To begin with
To start with
When
While
77
EXERCISES:
I. Read the following paragraph and supply appropriate time transitions in the blanks.
Ted's schedule was quite busy today. He got up __________ and put on his sweatsuit. __________
he went down to the lake and jogged around the track __________. __________ he showered, got
dressed and drank a cup of coffee __________ driving to work. __________, Ted got his mail out
off the way __________ the division meeting. __________ the meeting, he had a business lunch
with some perspective buyers from Japan. __________ lunch, they discussed their proposals.
__________ Ted dropped them off at their hotel. __________ the afternoon he spent working out
the details of the FunSail account. __________quitting time, Al suggested they catch a quick dinner
and movie, but Ted told him that he couldn't because he had to go to his sister's birthday.
78
III. Having in mind the rules given above, write a paragraph, choosing from the following topics:
a. an event in your life (i.e. memories from childhood)
b. the life of an important person; a person whom you consider very important for humanity
c. narrate an event that took place: a theatrical performance, a collision on the motorway, due to
ice on the road, etc.
79
UNIT 10
BRITISH FOOD
British food makes the most of its own produce but
also demonstrates the strong influence of other
countries. Kedgeree, a fish and rice breakfast dish,
came from the opposite direction, introduced by
Britons who lived in India.
More recently dishes from Chinese, Indian and
Pakistani restaurants are already part of the British way
of life.
London now has a reputation as a capital of food. One
of the finest cities to dine out.
Chefs trained in metropolitan kitchens try to inspire a revival of the half-forgotten local dishes.
Several of these chefs have their own television programs bringing food of different regions and
different nations to a wider audience. The end result is that Britain has a cuisine that is truly
international and multi - cultural.
Here is an example: marmalade comes from the Portuguese 'marmalada' - a quince jam. Orange
marmalade became the British breakfast favorite after a grocer in the Scottish town of Dundee used
Seville oranges imported from Spain.
Some traditional British dishes are:
Lancashire hotpot is prepared with layers of meat and vegetables topped by sliced potatoes.
Now a traditional dish, hotpot was once a food of the people, especially in the great industrial
towns.
Lightness is the secret of Yorkshire pudding, traditionally made from batter baked to catch the
drips from a roasting joint of beef.
For the British, teatime and cakes go together. Among scores of regional cakes are Welsh
cinamon cake, Speyside ginger cake and potato cake.
A. VOCABULARY
I. State whether the following sentences are true or false.
Mark T or F.
T
1. Potatoes come from India.
2. London is famous for its international restaurants.
3. Kedgeree is an old British fish and rice dish.
4. The most famous chefs have their own TV program.
5. Yorkshire pudding is famous for its lightness
81
II. With the help of a dictionary find the meaning of the words below and use them in sentences:
- dish
- chef
- revival
- audience
- cuisine
EXTENSION
Places where you can eat.
Caf. It is a place where you can have coffee or tea and a snack (a sandwich or a piece of cake).
There are some cafes where you can serve a meal
Restaurant. It is more expensive than a caf. You can get a full meal there.
Coffee Shop. It is a small restaurant that serves inexpensive meals, tea, coffee, etc.
Deli. It is a store where you can buy cooked meats, cheese, salads, sandwiches. You can take them
out to eat in a different place.
Fast-food restaurant. It is a place where you can get a quick hot meal (e.g. a hamburger and french
fries, a hotdog, a pizza, etc.). Some people call fast food 'junk food' because it is not always good
for our health. 'Junk' means anything that is useless or of low quality.
In a restaurant
There are some restaurants that are so popular that you have to make reservations in advance. In our
country men enter first and then the women who are with them. In Britain and the United States it is
considered impolite not to let the women enter the restaurant door first. So, it is a matter of culture.
After the waiter shows you to your table he/she brings the menu. It usually contains appetizers (hot
or cold), entrees (which are the main courses) and deserts. It also contains the list with drinks:
juices, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages.
The next step is to order food.
Here is an example of a conversation in a restaurant:
WAITER: Are you ready to order?
CUSTOMER: Yes, I'd like the shrimp cocktail, tomato soup and steak.
WAITER: Mashed potatoes, baked potatoes or fries?
CUSTOMER: Baked with butter and sour cream.
WAITER: How would you like your steak - rare, medium or well-done?
CUSTOMER: Medium, please.
WAITER: And what would you like to drink?
CUSTOMER: A bottle of red wine, please.
WAITER: Would you like something for dessert?
CUSTOMER: No, thank you. Just a cup of coffee.
WAITER: And how would you like your coffee - black, white, with sugar or with no sugar in it?
CUSTOMER: Black coffee, no sugar, please.
Some time later:
WAITER: Is everything all right?
CUSTOMER: Yes, everything's fine, thank you. I'd like the bill, please.
WAITER: Here it is.
82
EXERCISES
III .Put the following words in three lists: meat, fruits and vegetables.
Then add five more items to each list (use a dictionary, if necessary):
strawberry, banana, leek, mushroom, beef, garlic, lettuce, orange, pork, steak, onion, tomato, potato,
lemon, pear, beans, orange, lamb, spinach, veal, apple, cabbage.
a caf
a fast-food restaurant
a coffee shop
a deli
DESSERTS
Ice cream - vanilla, strawberry, chocolate, peach
Fruit salad
Pie - apple, cherry
SOUPS
Onion soup
Tomato soup
Chicken soup
BEVERAGES
Coffee, tea, milk
Iced tea
Soft drinks- cola, diet cola, fanta, sprite
Wine: red, white, Beer
SALADS
Chicken salad
Spinach salad
Green salad
ENTREES
New York steak
Lemon chicken
Grilled fillet of salmon
Cheese, ham or plain omelet
Spaghetti Bolognese
Pasta Primavera - pasta with fresh vegetables
(above entrees served with vegetable
and choice of potato: mashed, baked or fries)
83
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VI. Choose one of the words below that can go with each of the words in each group:
steak
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
omelet
potatoes
ice cream
soup
salad
84
B. GRAMMAR
Demonstratives and quantifiers
some , any , no si compusii lor
SOME - se pune - n faa unor substantive nenum rabile: 'some water', 'some tea', 'some coffee
- n faa unor substantive la plural: 'some children', 'some people', 'some
students
- se folosete - n propoziii afirmative, traducndu-se cu 'ceva', 'nite', n cazul
substantivelor nenumrabile some coffe, some time 'unii', 'unele', n cazul
substantivelor la plural, i n cel al substantivelor colective
- n propoziii interogative - numai atunci cnd se ateapt un rspuns
A: 'Did you buy some clothes?'
B: 'Yes, I did.'
ANY - se pune - n faa unor substantive nenumrabile: 'any weather' - orice vreme
- n faa unor substantive numrabile, fie la singular, fie la plural:
'Any person can do that.'
'Discuss any problems with your teacher.'
- se folosete - n propoziii afirmative, avnd sensul de 'orice', 'oricine'
- n propoziii interogative - 'ceva', 'cineva'
- n propoziii negative - ceva, vreo, vreun
'Were there any children in the park?'
'There weren't any children in the park'
NO - se folosete n faa unui substantiv, atunci cnd verbul este la afirmativ. In limba englez nu se
admit dou negaii ntr-o propoziie; dac verbul este la negativ, adjectivele i adverbele vor fi la
afirmativ i invers.
'We had no time to lose.'
'There are no shops open after 8 o'clock.'
'There aren't any shops open after 8 o'clock.'
COMPUI
somebody (cineva)
someone (cineva)
something (ceva)
somewhere (undeva)
somehow (cumva)
anybody (oricine)
anyone (oricine)
anything (orice)
anywhere (oriunde)
anyhow (oricum)
85
nobody (nimeni)
no one (nimeni)
nothing (nimic)
nowhere (nicieri)
EXERCISES:
I. Complete what the disc jockey is saying. Put in some or any.
'That beautiful song was 'I can't find . love by Arlene Black. Now I've had..
letters asking for a record by Express. One listener says she hasn't heard .. records
by Express on this program for months. Well, I'm going to put that right straight away. And this will
be our last record because there isn't more time left. We've had great
records tonight, and I'll be here next week to play .. more. Now, here's
music from Express, with 'I never have . luck.' And this is Justin Cooper saying
goodbye and goodnight.'
II. Complete the sentences with some, any, no and their compounds:
1. A: We haven't got bread.
B: I'd better go to the supermarket and buy .. .
A: We need . tomatoes, too!
2. A: Would you like cheese and biscuits?
B: Oh, no, thank you. I don't want... else to eat.
3. A: There's at the door.
B: Oh, are we expecting visitors?
86
III. Use much or many with the following words, changing the words to plural when necessary.
Example: sentence
water
1. furniture
2. desk
3. branch
4. equipment
5. machine
6. woman
7. piece
8. mouse
9. advice
10. sheep
11. informaion
12. phenomenon
13. luck
14. tooth
15. knowledge
16. aircraft
17. mail
18. homework
19. child
20. prize
many sentences
much water
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
87
Am puini prieteni.
Majoritatea crilor au un cuprins (index).
Chinezii mnnc mult orez.
Majoritatea oamenilor dorm ntre 6-8 ore n fiecare noapte.
Multe din aceste scaune sunt necomfortabile.
Majoritatea mobilei este necomfortabil.
Am foarte puini bani.
Tom este foarte fericit deoarece a economisit ceva bani.
D-mi voie s-i dau un sfat.
MODUL IMPERATIV
Modul imperativ este reprezentat n limba englez de persoana a II-a singular i plural (forme ce
sunt la fel ca infinitivul scurt). Forma verbului este, de regul, nensoit de subiect:
ASK! Intreab (tu)
Intrebai (voi)
Afirmativ
Ask!
Negativ
Do not (don't) ask!
Se poate vorbi, ns, de modul imperativ i la celelalte persoane. El se formeaz astfel:
Let + pronumele personal la cazul acuzativ/ substantivul + verb la infinitiv scurt
Let
me
him
her
it
us
them
speak (s ntreb)
(s ntrebe el
ea)
(s ntrebm)
(s ntrebai)
Intrebuinare
Modul imperativ se folosete foarte mult atunci cnd se dau indicaii, instruciuni de utilizare, de
preparare, ordine, ndemnuri.
Exemplu: 'Go straight ahead.'
'Cut the onion into small pieces.'
EXERCISES
VI. Read the instructions below and underline the imperative forms of the verbs.
How to make English tea
Take the kettle to the cold water tap. Fill it with water. Put the kettle on the gas-stove and lit the gas.
Wait until the water boils. Pour some boiling water into the teapot. Put some tea in the teapot, then
fill the teapot with boiling water and wait three or four minutes. If you use tea bags then put the tea
bag into a cup and pour boiling water on it. Wait for about four minutes. Your tea is ready.
88
VII. Put the sentences below in the correct order so as to have the order in which the activities are
done.
How to use a public telephone
- wait for the dialing tone
- lift the receiver
- dial the number
- introduce the telephone card into the slot
- wait for the phone to ring
- if the line is busy, try again
- when you finish, hang down the receiver (put it back)
After
After a while
After that
After this
As soon as
At first
At last
At the same time
At the start
Before
Before that
Before this
Briefly
By the time
During
Transitional expressions:
Eventually
Lastly
Finally
Later
First
Meanwhile
Following this
Next
For an hour
Second
Formerly
Subsequently
From the start
The rest (of..)
Gradually
Then
In (the month/ year/ season) To begin with
In the beginning
To start with
In the future
Until
In the meantime
When
Initially
While
Last
Last of all
89
EXERCISES
I. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
II. Read the following group of sentences. Put them into the correct order,
numbering them on the blanks next to the sentences. Note that one sentence group
is not relevant to the procedure and should be omitted. Write 'o' on the blank next to it.
_ All this time, both machines adjust themselves automatically so that they will send and receive at
the same time.
_ It's not difficult to understand how a fax machine works.
_ When the machines are both ready the sending machine scans the document and transforms what
it sees to electric signals.
_ Many companies and organizations throughout the world now utilize fax machines.
_ When the signals reach the receiving machine, it decodes the signals and prints out a copy of the
original document
_ These signals can be sent through regular telephone lines.
_ First, the document is put into the sending machine, and the number of the receiving machine is
dialed.
III. Read the following paragraphs and label them according to the key below:
A: How-to/ Instructional
B: Explanation
1. Natural rubber comes from latex, a white milky liquid that comes from a tree that grows about
forty to fifty feet tall and is about six to seven inches in diameter.
A rubber tree has dark green oval leaves, about eight inches long, and it's found mostly in South
America and the Far East. A rubber tree is not ready to be tapped until it's about seven years old.
At that time a worker makes slash marks on the bark of the tree, just deep enough for the latex
to run out, but not deep enough to kill the tree. The latex is gathered in a small cup which hangs
at the base of each cut. Then it is collected in large containers and taken to a factory where it is
concentrated for shipment or processed into dry rubber.
90
2. Setting up an aquarium can be easy and fun. First, you must make sure that the aquarium is
cleaned and rinsed thoroughly. Next, install an under-gravel filter by laying the base down on
the bottom and then covering it with aquarium gravel about one inch thick. After that, connect
the tube from the air pump to the filter columns of the under-gravel filter. At this time, install a
heating element to maintain a constant water temperature of about 180 Centigrade. A
thermometer is also necessary to monitor the temperature. You are now ready to fill the
aquarium with tap water. At this time turn on the air pump and heating element. Allow about
two days for the water temperature to come up to 180. Also, you must allow the filter system to
operate for about one week. After a week you may want to add some water conditioner. Finally,
you are ready to put in the fish.
91
UNIT 11
ENTERTAINMENT IN NEW YORK
I have always dreamt of spending a holiday in New
York City, because I consider it the most colourful and
famous city of America. If you go there as a tourist
you can find many places to visit. You can visit it
during the day. After you have walked along the streets
of Manhattan you can find a beautiful green oasis in
the middle of New York's concrete desert - Central
Park - where you can enjoy the sun and fresh air.
New Yorkers love Central Park, and they use it all the
time. In the winter they go ice-skating, in the summer
roller-skating. They play ball, ride horses and have
picnics. There is even a children's zoo, with wild birds
and animals.
New York is an international city, and its restaurants are international, too. You can eat food from
Lebanon, Japan, Mexico, Italy, etc.
In the evening, if you want to go to a theatre, you can go to Broadway, 'The Great White Way',
called so for its glamour and glitter. It is perhaps the world's best known street, because of its
famous theatres. For an actor it is an honor and a privilege to play on Broadway. If you prefer
something less glittering you can go to a small theatre, away from Broadway. As well as many
theatres, New York has a famous opera house, the Metropolitan, where international stars sing from
September till April.
Carnegie Hall is the city's most popular concert hall.
But night life in New York offers more than classical music and theatre. There are hundreds of
nightclubs where people go to eat and dance.
A. VOCABULARY
EXERCISES:
I. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
II. Find synonyms for the following words and make sentences with them:
1.
2.
3.
4.
famous
glittering
international
popular
93
III. Each of the group below contains a word that does not belong to that category. Identify it.
city
town
village
room
opera house
cinema
bus
theatre
bicycle
bus
car
tube
river
ocean
mountain
sea
EXTENSION
Types of films
Films can be classified in:
- comedies
- westerns
- science fiction movies
- action movies
- cartoons
- horror movies
- crime/ detective movies
- love stories/ romantic movies
94
1.
2.
3.
4.
VIII. Fill in the blanks with the words required by the context and put them in the correct form:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IX. Arrange the following spare time activities in the order from the most interesting
to the most boring:
listening to music
gardening
reading
walking
watching TV
going to the theater
going to a restaurant
skating
B. GRAMMAR
Timpul Present Perfect
Reprezint puntea dintre trecut i prezent
Exprim:
1. O aciune nceput ntr-un anumit moment n trecut i continuat i n prezent.
Exemplu: I've lived here for 20 years.
2. O aciune nceput n trecut, terminat cu foarte puin timp naintea prezentului, iar rezultatele
se vd n prezent.
Exemplu: I've just washed the dishes.
Formare: have (conjugat la prezent) + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat
Afirmativ
I/ you have walked
He/ she/ it has walked
We/ you/ they have walked
Interogativ
Have I/ you walked
Has he/ she/ it walked
Have we/ you/ they walked
95
Negativ
I/ you have not (haven't) walked.
He/ she/ it has not (hasn't) walked.
We/ you/ they have not (haven't)
walked.
EXERCISES:
I. Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect tense:
1. My grandfather (fly, never) _____________ in an airplane.
2. Jane isn't here yet. I (wait) _____________ for her since noon, but she still (arrive, not)
__________________.
3. I (never, meet) _____________ such an interesting person.
4. She (always, visit) _____________ her friends at Christmas.
5. I (plan) _____________ to go on this tour for two months.
6. The weather (be) _____________ terrible lately.
7. This film is so good that I (see) _____________ it three times so far.
96
III. Make questions starting with 'Have you ever.?' and using the hints below
write full answers to the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
drive a car
read that book
break a window
hold a snake
ride a horse
teach English
make a cake
sleep in a tent
V. There is one mistake in each of the sentences below. Identify and correct them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EXERCISES:
I. Answer these questions:
1. What are the differences between the two paragraphs?
2. What adjectives did the narrator use to describe Gin Gin?
3. Which of the two descriptions do you like best?
98
II. Read the following paragraphs and state whether they are:
A. Objective
B. Subjective
1. Sabina has a face that makes my heart smile. Her skin, like with so many young children, is
very smooth and soft. Her eyes are always glowing and full of expression. When she smiles
with her beautiful blue eyes, the whole world stops for a moment. Her little up-turned nose is so
perfect just the right shape and size for a little beauty.
Her lips are full and enclose a mouth of pearly white teeth. All these are set on an oval-shaped
face that can be compared to a perfect diamond set in a charming twenty-four carat gold setting.
2. The receptionist area is a large, rectangular room on the first floor. The entrance is from the
south end, and there are large bookshelves on both sides of the entrance. The receptionist desk is
set back in the room facing the entrance. Behind the desk is a door that leads to the other
offices. The east half of the receptionist area is used for visitors waiting area. Half of the waiting
area has a small meeting room that contains a ten-foot couch, a matching chair and a small
round table.
III. Use adjective, adjective phrases or adjective clauses to describe the words below.
Use words that appeal to the five senses.
Example: diamond
face
1. grass
2. hair
3. mountain
4. eyes
5. beard
6. nose
7. mouth
8. voice
9. skin
10. lake
11. cat
12. dog
sparkling diamond
smiling face
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
99
UNIT 12
FLYING IN THE OLD TIMES AND NOW
My first flight was from Paris to Portsmouth in 1959. The
pilot arrived late with the stewardess. He wore a leather jacket
coat, old trousers, and Wellington boots. The stewardess had
holes in her stockings and wore mirrored sunglasses. They
both went into the cockpit without a word. When we were
approaching the English coast, the stewardess appeared in the
cabin. She was still wearing the sunglasses, but her lipstick
was smudged. 'Southend? Anyone for Southend?' she shouted.
The boy in front of me put up his hand. The DC3 suddenly
landed. The boy was shown the door and he jumped down
onto the grass field and we took off again. The stewardess
went back into the cockpit. I remember thinking at the time
that flying was going to change. And I was right. In 30 years,
international travel has completely changed, and the world has
become a global village. Crossing the world is as easy as
(sometimes easier than) getting from one side of the city to
another.
The world of air travel has developed into an industry. The airports themselves are remarkable
places: Paris's strange and space-like Charles de Gaulle, or Dallas/ Fort Worth with its vastness. But
probably one of the greatest of all is London's Heathrow, which tops the list of both international
flights and international passengers.
However, Heathrow shares the same problems as all big airports - too many planes, too many
people, too much crime. Nevertheless it is the center-point of the great air routes between Europe
and North America in one direction, and between Europe and the Gulf, Africa and Asia in the other.
A. VOCABULARY
I. Circle the correct answer:
1. The writer remembers his first flight because:
a. it was very unusual and uncomfortable
b. the pilot was dressed like the pilots in World War II
c. the stewardess was very rude
2. The world has become a global village because:
a. of the development of international travel
b. you can get from one part of the world to another in a very short time
c. travelling is very pleasant
3. Heathrow is among the greatest modern airports as
a. it has many problems
b. the most important air routes that link Europe and all the other continents meet here
c. it tops the list of national flights
101
II. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right:
1. cockpit
2. shout
3. take-off
4. cabin
5. put up
III. Find all the meanings of the verb 'take-off' and make sentences with them.
EXTENSION
Travelling by plane is the fastest and safest way to travel. Nowadays people use many kinds of
transport, depending on the distance they have to go, on the money they can spend and, last but not
least, on the time. If you travel a short distance in a village or town you can use the bicycle (bike). If
you go a longer distance and you can afford, you can have a car. People who don't own a car can
travel by bus, by the tube (subway) or by taxi (cab). If you travel from one town to another you can
go by train or by coach. Travelling by coach is cheaper and more interesting, because coaches stop
from time to time to take passengers, so you can stretch up your legs and breathe the fresh air. Of
course, it takes you more to get from Bucharest to Frankfurt by coach than by train. If you travel on
water you can use a boat, for a short distance, or a ship for a longer distance.
Here are some useful travel words:
At the railway station
'The train for Manchester leaves from Platform 3.'
'The 3:30 train to Paris arrives at Platform 10.'
'Can I have a one-way/ round trip ticket to London, please?' (one-way = Lancaster - London)
(round-trip = Lancaster - London - Lancaster)
'This train has no dining car.'
'To get to Lancaster you gave to change trains.'
At the airport
'When you travel by plane you have to check in (tell the airline that you are at the airport) an hour
before the plane takes off.
You have to check big pieces of luggage before you board the plane.
When you arrive at your destination you have to pick up your luggage at the baggage claim area.
When you get on the plane you give your boarding pass to the flight attendant.
During the take-off, landing and whenever there is turbulence you should keep your safety belt
fastened. Some airlines do not allow you to smoke on the plane.
102
EXERCISES
V. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
5. land
6. fare
7. dining car
8. ship
9. schedule
10. platform
11. luggage
VII. Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs from the list below.
Add -s or -es when necessary:
reach
wait
get
take(2)
pay
go
arrive
VIII. Here are two dialogues. One at the railway station and the other at the airport.
Make questions to fit the answers:
103
2. At the airport
A. Good evening, sir. .?
B. Good evening.Here you are. My ticket is inside my passport. Is ..?
A. No, there is no delay. The plane leaves on time.
B. ..?
A. No, you don't have to get off the plane in Frankfurt. You may remain on board until it departs
for New York.
IX. Finish the conversation using the words given. Make all the necessary changes:
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
X. Put the words in the correct order and make the necessary changes so as to form sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. GRAMMAR
The Present Perfect and the Simple Past. (Present Perfect si Past Tense simplu)
Aa cum am menionat anterior timpul 'past tense simple' exprim o aciune nceput i terminat n
trecut, fr legatur cu prezentul. Timpul 'present perfect simple' exprim o aciune nceput n
trecut i continuat n prezent, sau ale crei rezultate se vd n prezent.
Sa lum cteva cazuri pentru a lmuri mai bine diferenele dintre ele.
1. Timpul present perfect se folosete pentru a exprima un rezultat n prezent al unei aciuni
trecute.
'Tom has repaired the door.' (It works now.)
Past tense nu are legtur cu prezentul.
'Tom repaired the door last month and it doesn't work any more.'
2. Adesea comunicm informaii, veti folosind timpul present perfect, dar detaliile le furnizm
folosind timpul past tense.
A. 'The police have found out who the murderer was.'
B. 'Yes? How did they do it?'
104
3. Adesea folosim adverbele just, already i yet cu present perfect; n limba englez american ns
se folosete past tense simple.
B.E. 'I've just got here.'
A.E. 'I just got here.'
4. Folosim present perfect pentru o aciune ce se ntinde pn n momentul prezentului.
'He has written three books so far.' - A scris trei carti pina acum si probabil va mai scrie.
Folosim past tense simple pentru aciuni n trecut, desfurate pe o perioad ce s-a terminat.
'He wrote three novels then he decided to become an actor.' - A scris trei cri iar apoi s-a
hotrt s devin actor.
'Have you ever been to America?'
'Did you ever go to America when you were a child?'
5. Folosirea ambelor timpuri cu 'today'
Present Perfect
I haven't seen John today.
(este nc ziu)
Has the post come this morning?
(este nc diminea)
Past Tense
I didn't see John at the faculty today.
(orele s-au terminat)
Did the post come this morning?
(este dup-amiaz)
EXERCISES:
I. Fill in the blanks with either the past tense or the present perfect of the verb
given in parantheses.
1. I (do) .. all the housework. The house is clean.
2. Our visitors (arrive) late yesterday.
3. A: I (lose) my glasses. I can't find them anymore.
B: Where (see) them last?
A: I don't remember. I think it (be) . in the kitchen.
4. We (plant) . some fruit trees in our garden last autumn.
5. Someone (turn) .. on the television. There is so much noise, I can't sleep.
6. I (make) a cake. Would you like a piece?
7. I (make) a cake two days ago.
8. We (work) .. in the garden all morning. We (plant) . four trees so far.
9. Business people travel a lot. Bernard (travel) . a lot since he (take over)
. from his father. His father (travel) on business, too, but not as
much as his son.
8. I went shopping earlier . and spent all the money I earned . month.
9. I feel a little tired now. I got up quite early . morning. . morning I felt
much better because I got up later than today.
V. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or past tense simple:
1. A: This is my house.
B: how long (live) here?
A: I (live) .. here since 1956.
2. He (live) in London for ten years and then (move) to Paris.
3. Shakespeare (write) many plays.
4. A: You (be) .. here before?
B: I (spend) my holidays here last year.
A: you (have) . a good time?
B: yes, I (have), although it (be) .. not very warm.
5. A: You (see) .. Tom lately?
B: yes, I (have) (see) . him at Mary's birthday last Saturday.
6. It (be) a very warm winter so far.
7. We (miss) .. the train. Now we have to wait for the next one.
8. A: You (see) my shoes?
B: Here they (be) .. I just (clean) them.
9. A: you (lock) the door before you left the house?
B: I don't remember. I think I (do) .. .
10. Mr. Smith (work) as an accountant for 40 years. Then he (retire) and
(go) to live in the country.
106
107
Just as New York City is overpopulated, the same is true of Cairo, the most populated city in
Egypt. It also has a variety of nationalities, cultures, religions and beliefs. The land area is
limited, just as with New York City, so the Cairenes live mainly in apartment buildings of
two to twenty stories high. There is heavy traffic in Cairo, as well. Besides a small subway
system, you can see cars, taxis, buses, motorbikes, and even horse or donkey drawn
carriages. Like New York City, Cairo is the center of international-cultural activities in
Egypt. It also offers international entertainment, museums, cuisine, and many tourist sites as
the Nile River, and the Sphinx and the great Pyramids in a neighboring town. These are two
of the most exciting and captivating cities in the world.
Answer the questions: 1. What are the aspects examined in the paragraph?
2. What is the most striking similarity between the two cities?
b. The narrator presents first a piece of information about Topic A, then a parallel piece of
information about Topic B. After that he presents the next piece of informaion about Topic A
and then a parallel piece of informaion about Topic B, and so on.
The paragraph looks like that:
POINT 1
A. Topic A
B. Topic B
POINT 2
A. Topic A
B. Topic B
POINT 3
A. Topic A
B. Topic B
Try to rewrite the paragraph about New York City and Cairo organized according to the pointby-point pattern.
A comparison paragraph may be written in the present or past tense, using any person you want.
The points are presented from the least important to the most important, or vice versa.
Transitional expressions
In a comparison paragraph one can use certain transitional expressions, such as:
alike
also
and
as well as
both
each
in addition
n(either)
similarly
too
Try to figure our which of the expressions above are used in the block pattern paragraph and which
are used in the point-by
- point paragraph.
108
EXERCISES
I. Look at the following topics and write three similarities between each pair.
Write the names of the two topics compared and then list underneath their similarities.
Example: two teachers you've had.
Ms. Smith
a. taught English in high school
b. taught a special English class of very good students (pupils)
c. gave too much homework
Professor Jones
a. taught English in the university
b. taught the advanced English
courses
c. gave too much homework
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
2. two friends
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
3. two cars
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
4. two TV channels
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
_________________________
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
II. Write a comparison paragraph, arranging it first according to the block pattern and then to the
point-by-point pattern.
109
UNIT 13
OPENING AN ACCOUNT
It's a nice spring day. Here I am, waiting in a queue at the
bank, instead of going for a walk in the park. I have been
waiting for twenty minutes and I have already started to be
impatient. The bank is open from nine to five, but it is almost
closing time. I hope I can solve my problem before that. All I
want is to make a deposit and to open a savings account. We
want to buy a new car and we need a larger sum of money.
The only way we can do that is by having a savings account
because the interest is bigger and we cannot withdraw money
from the account whenever we want. So, even if I would like
to be in a park, I have to stay and solve the problem.
A. VOCABULARY
I. Match the words in column A with the definitions in column B:
A
1. deposit
2. queue
3. savings account
4. withdraw
5. interest
B
a. sum of money deposited in the bank for a longer period of time
b. a take out money from your bank account
c. a sum of money placed in the bank
d. a percent from the money you have deposited in the bank and
which you get from the bank
e. a line in which you have to stand to get on a bus, enter a shop, etc.
II. Below is some information about a bank service. Decide whether the statementabout it are True
(T) or False (F):
Around the clock assistance - around the world
Planning to travel abroad during the long vacation? You should know that almost anywhere you
choose to go in the world, immediate assistance is only a phone call away with Barclay
International Rescue. This complimentary service operates 24 hours a day, everyday of the year. If
your Barclay card is lost or stolen abroad, we can advance you a cash sum in local currency normally within 24 hours of your call - or if appropriate arrange to send a replacement card to you
by courier. If required, we can also arrange emergency medical assistance and legal advice. Barclay
International Rescue is an advisory service and cannot be responsible for any resultant costs that
may arise.
____ 1. Barclay International Service is available only in Britain.
____ 2. They can send a replacement card by courier.
____ 3. The service operates 24 days.
____ 4. They can also provide medical assistance.
____ 5. They can help you only if you lose your credit card.
____ 6. Barclay International Service is a telephone company.
111
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
from
on
B. GRAMMAR
Present Perfect Continuous
Timpul 'present perfect continuous' se folosete pentru a exprima o aciune ce a nceput n trecut i
se desfoar i n prezent.
Formare: Have/ has + been + verb de conjugat + infinitiv
Exemplu: I have been waiting
Cazuri de folosire a present perfect continuous:
a. o aciune ce se desfoar de ceva timp.
Ex.: 'We've been waiting all morning.'
b. o aciune ce se repet de ctva timp pn n momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: 'She has been playing tennis for five years.'
c. o aciune ce tocmai s-a ncheiat cu foarte puin timp nainte de momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: 'I've been painting. That's why my hands are dirty.'
Cuvinte ce se folosesc cu acest timp:
for
since
recently
lately
how long
113
EXERCISES
I. Use either the present perfect simple or continuous of the given verbs.
1. The children are at the park. They (play) football for the last
two hours.
2. Jim (play) .. football only a couple of times, so he's not
very good at it. He's much better at tennis.
3. Jane (sleep) for almost twelve hours. Don't you think we
should wake her?
4. I (fly, not) on a plane since last year when I was on a
planethat had problems with one engine.
5. A: How much longer until we arrive in Sinaia?
B: Let me see. It's about 9:15. We (drive) .. for almost
two hours. We should be there soon.
III. Identify the mistakes in the sentences below and correct them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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EXERCISES:
I. Rewrite the paragraph above organizing it according to the point-by-point pattern.
II. Look at the following topics and write three differences between each pair.
Write the names of the two topics and then list underneath their differences.
Example: two teachers you've had
Mr. Johnson
a. taught English in high school
b. taught the best English classes
c. gave too much homework
Mr. Davis
a. taught physics in high school
b. taught the remedial physics classes
c. gave very little homework
.
a.
b. ...
c.
2. two friends
.
a. .
b. .
c. .
.
a.
b. ...
c.
3. two restaurants
.
a. .
b. .
c. .
.
a.
b. ...
c.
116
III. Write a contrast paragraph. Remember that the emphasis is on differences. Use either the block
or point-by-point pattern of organization.
117
UNIT 14
A TRIP TO CHICAGO
Last year I, my husband Mark and our friends Susan and
Arthur Smith decided to spend a few days in Chicago. We had
never been to Chicago and we had heard many things about it.
So, to make sure that we had a place to stay we had made
reservations at The Old Country Inn in downtown Chicago.
It was a hotel that resembled the British hotels, quite
confortable and not very expensive. So, after a long and tiring
flight we landed at Chicago airport and took a taxi to our
hotel. We were looking forward to getting to our rooms and
having some sleep. We had reserved two double rooms with
bathrooms, TV sets, and minibars but when we got to the hotel
we found out that there had been a misunderstanding and we
had one double room and one single room.
We were very upset, and asked to speak to the manager. In the
end, they apologized for the mistake they had made and gave
us a beautiful suite for the same price. So, after all what had
started as a very unpleasant holiday turned out to be a very
pleasant one.
A. VOCABULARY
I. Match the words from column A with the definitions in column B:
A
1. single room
2. double room
3. suite
4. turn out
5. upset
B
a. to prove to be
b.an apartment in a hotel
c. a room for one person
d. angry
e. a room for two persons
II. Complete the conversation below with words of your own so as to form
meaningful sentences.
reservations
room service
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
suite
inkeeper
check in
single room
check out
the view
dining room
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
III. Fill the empty spaces with words belonging to the same category.
room
TV set
hotel
room
TV set
hair dryer
kettle
single
luggage
smoking
telephone
floor
120
V. Match what you want in column A, with what you need, in column B:
A
1. to have coffee in your room
2. to go to your floor
3. to dry your hair
4. to open the door
5. to watch the news
6. to sleep on
7. to talk to your wife
8. to carry your clothes
9. to order something to eat
10.to pay for your stay at the hotel
B
a. a bed
b. room service
c. a telephone
d. a kettle
e. the bill
f. the lift
g. a key
h. a TV set
i.a hair dryer
j. a suitcase
VII. Write as many questions as you can, imgining that you are in a hotel.
The questions should begin with: Can I/you..?
Example: 'Can you tell me the area code for France?
VIII. Find the meanings of the words below with the help of a dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
reverse charge
dial
lift
receiver
hang up
dialling tone
engaged tone
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B. GRAMMAR
Timpul 'past perfect
Exprim o aciune care a avut loc n trecut, naintea altei aciuni trecute.
Se formeaz: had + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.
Exemplu: He had lived in London before he moved to Manchester.
(El locuise n Londra nainte de a se muta la Manchester.)
Interogativul i negativul se formeaz dup aceleai reguli ca i verbul 'to have; prin inversarea
subiectului cu predicatul (interogativ) i prin adugarea negaiei 'not la negativ.
Exemple: Had he lived in London before he moved to Manchester?
He hadnt lived in London before he moved to Manchester.
Exist un numr de conjuncii i adverbe ce se folosesc pentru a marca succesiunea evenimentelor
(aciunilor) n trecut.
Acestea sunt: by the time that, when, after,as soon as, ever, never, just, before,already, for (+a
period of time), since (+point in time), neverbefore etc.
Exemple:
When I arrived Susan had already left.(Cnd am sosit Susan plecase deja.)
He had just come into the room when the telephone rang. (Tocmai intrase n camer cnd a sunat
telefonul.)
Uneori past perfect funcioneaz ca un echivalent n trecut al lui present perfect.
Exemplu:
Julie was very excited because she had never been to a dance before.
(Julie era foarte emoionat pentru c nu mai fusese la dans nainte/ pn atunci.)
Timpul past perfect continuu. (Past perfect continuous/progressive)
Se folosete pentru a se accentua faptul c aciunea a fost n curs de desfurare pe o anumit
perioad de timp naintea altei aciuni trecute.
Exprima o aciune nceput n trecut naintea altei aciuni trecute i care are consecine n past tense.
Se formeaz: had + been + ~ing( forma n ~ing a verbului de conjugat)
Exemplu: a. She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
(Era foaret obosit. Dactilografiase scrisori toat ziua.)
Asta nseamn fie c ea nu mai dactiligrafia scrisori n momentul marcat de Past
tense, fie c abia terminase aceast aciune.
b. When I first met Lucy she had been working as a receptionist
(Cnd am ntalnit-o pe Lucy pentru prima oar lucra ca recepionist. Lucrase i
nc mai lucra atunci cnd am cunoscut-o eu, sau tocmai ncetase.)
Diferena dintre o aciune aflat nc n desfurare i una ale crei consecine se vd n momentul
marcat de past tense este dat de context.
EXERCISES
I. Put the verbs in brackets either in the past perfect simple or continuous,
according to the context.
1.
Susan went into the kitchen. It was empty but the kettle was boiling. Someone (want)
.. to make tea.
2.
I (play) .. tennis for two hours and I was very angry because (not win)
. a single game.
3.
Mike and Sandra finally arrived at the hotel. They (drive) . all day and they
were very tired. They (drive) . 500 kilometres.
122
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Anul trecut am vizitat muzeul Prado. Am vzut multe tablouri de pictori celebri. Nu mai
vzusem niciodat att de multe tablouri celebre.
Dinozaurii au trit pe pmnt cu milioane de ani n urm. Ei au disprut, ns, cam pe timpul
apariiei omului.
Nu am putut traversa rul. Podul fusese distrus de ploi.
Cine a ajuns acolo naintea ta?
Nu mai auzisem niciodat o poveste att de interesant.
Familia mea terminase cina cnd am ajuns acas.
123
124
EXERCISES
Write comparison and contrast paragraphs on the following topics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
125
UNIT 15
MARIAS TRIP TO YORKSHIRE
Last night I switched on the TV to watch the weather forecast.
I didnt do that because Im a fan of the weather forecast, but
because I wanted to find out what the weather is going to be
like today. Having a free week-end were planning to go on a
trip to the Yorkshire moorlands. So, heres how the forecast
sounded: In Southern England and the Midlands itll be
mainly dry and sunny, but quite cold, with temperatures
around six or seven degrees celsius. It should stay dry all day,
but therell be quite a wind day. Now, going west to Wales
and Southern Ireland, you can expect some rain in the
morning and afternoon and quite strong easterly winds, and
the temperature will be lower than yesterday, around three to
four degrees celsius. The East Coast of England will see the
best of todays weather. Itll be warmer than yesterday, no
winds, and sunshine, so quite warm for this time of the year.
In Scotland and Northern Ireland, however, therell be heavy rain and maybe some snow during the
afternoon, an don the hills the temperatures will drop to below freezing, minus four or five. So, put
on warm clothes. Thats all for now.
When I saw that, I called my friends and we decided to stay home rather than freeze up in the hills
of Yorkshire. It will be much more pleasant to go for a walk in Hyde Park and after that got o the
cinema. I think it will be fun spending a week-end at home and doing whatever I please.
A. VOCABULARY
I. Match the definitions from the right column with the words from the left column.
_____ 1. dry
_____ 2. sunny
_____ 3. wind
_____ 4. rain
_____ 5. cloudy
_____ 6. snow
_____ 7. hill
_____ 8. drop
_____ 9. freezing
127
III. Find the word that does not belong to the category in each column.
rain
cloudy
nice
gray
snow
sunny
pleasant
blue
car
windy
fine
moon
wind
happy
hill
yellow
______
______
______
______
______
______
dry
clear
hot
holidays
topics
changeable
rain
green
warm
cloudy
I always watch the weather forecast on television to see what tomorrows weather will be like. In
England the weather changes very often. This is one of the reasons why talking about the weather is
one of the most favourite (1) ... with the English. Its very (2). . Sometimes
it rains for a day or two, but after the (3)... weather,often with noisy thunderstorms, it is
sometimes very (4) for a long time, with no (5) .. at all.
On some days the sun shines and the sky is (6).. but on other days it is so (7) ....
that you cant see the sun.The summers arent usually very (8) .. or even (9)... .
The climate isnt good for (10) . but it makes the country (11).... .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
VII. Finish the sentences below with their halves fom the right column.
1. We take an umbrella ..
2. It is much colder outside ..
3. We sometimes go on a picnic
4. We should wear warm clothes
B. GRAMMAR
Exprimarea ideii de viitor n limba englez.
Exprimarea ideii de viitor n limba englez se poate face astfel:
1. Cu ajutorul prezentului simplu, atunci cnd este vorba de orare oficiale, progame stabilite
dinainte. Se folosesc adverbe de timp pentru a marca desfurarea aciunii n viitor.
Exemple: 'What time does your train leave tomorrow?
'The plane leaves at 9.30 on Mondays and 14.25 on Sundays.
2. Cu ajutorul prezentului continuu atunci cnd este vorba de aranjamente personale.
Exemple: ' Theyre not going anywhere tonight.
'Im meeting Paul at eight tomrrow.
3. In propoziii condiionale (dup 'if, 'unless) i n propoziii de timp marcate cu 'as soon as,
till, untill, etc. ideea de viitor se exprim cu ajutorul timpului prezent.
4. Timpul viitor simplu ( simple future tense)
Formare: shall/will * + infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat
shall se folosete la persoana I singular i plural n limba englez britanic. In limba
englez american se folosete 'will la toate persoanele, att la singular, ct i la
plural. Exist tendina, n limba englez britanic de a se folosi will la toate
persoanele, dup modelul american.
Forma interogativ se formeaz astfel: shall/will+subiect + verbul de conjugat la
infinitivul scurt.
Exemplu: 'Will they come with us?
Forma negativ: subiect + shall/will + not + infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat.
Exemplu: 'They will not (wont) come with us.
5. Viitorul de intenie (going to future).
Aa cum o indic i numele, acest timp exprim intenia de a realiza ceva n viitor.
Ex.: 'Im going to buy a new dictionary.
Formare: verbul be conjugat la prezent + going to + verbul de conjugat pus la infinitivul
scurt.
Interogativ: am/are/is + subiect + going to + verbul de conjugat pus la infinitivul
scurt.
Exemplu: 'Are they going to come with us?'
129
going to future
a. exprim intenia de face ceva n
viitor.
'Im going to visit my friends this
week-end.
b. exprim o previziune bazat pe o
prezen (ceea ce ne dm seama c se va
ntmpla).
'The sky is covered with clouds. Its going
to rain in the afternoon.
c. adesea se folosete pentru exprimarea
unei intenii.
'Im going to spend the Easter holiday with
my parents.
Formare: Exist dou tipuri de ntrebri disjunctive: 1. propoziia principal este afirmativ
2. propoziia principal este negativ
1. Propoziie afirmativ + ntrebare disjunctiv interogativ-negativ
verb auxiliar + nt + pronume
Ex. You know Tom, dont you?
You have played before, havent you?
2. Propoziie negativ + ntrebare disjunctiv interogativ
verb auxiliar + pronume
Ex. You dont know Tom, do you?
In cazul n care verbul din propoziia principal este 'be, 'have sau un verb modal acesta
se va folosi ca auxiliar pentru formarea ntrebrii disjunctive. Cnd n propoziia
principal avem un verb noional se va folosi verbul auxiliar 'do pentru formularea
ntrebrii disjunctive.
130
EXERCISES.
I. Put the verbs in brackets at the simple future or going to future depending on the context.
1. A: 'Theres someone at the door.
B: 'I (go) . and see.
2. A: 'Tea or coffee?
B: 'I (have) . some tea, please.
3. A: 'Im going to the supermarket. I (buy) some milk, egs, bread and some oranges.'
B: 'How long (stay) . ?
A: 'I dont know. I (call) you when I get back.
4. I (know) .. the results next week.
5. Do you think that he (recognise) .. me?
6. I (remember) this day all my life.
7. I see that you have bought a newspaper. (you, really, read) it?
8. (you ride) .. that horse? It looks wild to me.
9. (you do) . something for me?
10. I (paint) the room by myself.
II. Use either the present simple or present continuous to express the idea of future.
1.
2.
3.
4.
III. Read the text below and underline the future forms.
There has been an alert on TV. A tornado is about to strike the city of San Antonio .On its way its
moving quickly to hit a farm. The people on the farm have taken all the necessary steps to protect
themselves and the animals. When the tornado hits theyll be sitting in the storm cellar and wait for
the storm to end. Theyll be hiding in the safest place on the farm. They will be listening to the
sounds of the storm and will be asking questions about the farm. They will want to know what the
farm will be like after the storm. They know that when the storm is over they will have a lot of work
to do.
131
IV. Each of the sentences below contains a mistake. Identify and correct it.
1.
the kitchen.
6. A: Someone needs to take this report to the deans office.
B: I .. do it.
A: Thanks.
7. A: Why did you buy so many vegetables?
B: I . make a large salad.
8. A: Mike, I need a favour.
B: What can I do for you?
A: I .. go for a job interview this afternoon and I dont have a decent tie.
B: I . lend you mine.
A: Thank you. You are a life saver.
Paragraph body. The body of a persuasive paragraph should present the arguments to support the
your opinion. You should present your arguments in such a manner as to show respect for the
opinion of the reader and should try to convince the reader to adopt the your opinion, or point of
view.
There are three methods of reasoning:
referring to an authority
facts and statistics
examples
predicting the consequences
answering the oposition
Referring to an Authority
If you write using this technique you should refer to an expert who is a very reliable source and who
can give very objective information. For example, if you want to persuade the reader to give up
smoking because it is bad for the health you should quote the words of doctors of medicine experts
in respiratory diseases.If you want to present a product that is excellent for protecting the washing
machine against limestone deposits you should use the opinion of a specialist in repairing washing
machines.
Facts and Statistics
You present the truth based on facts and statistics. In order to do so you have to use facts and
figures that are very accurate, recent and can be easily checked. You should avoid using such
phrases as : everyone knows, peole say, its widely known that, etc. , because you will lose
credibility.
Predicting the Consequences
If you want to predict the consequences of a fact, event, situation you should use very logical
arguments and avoid making an illogical,exaggerate prediction of consequences, because you may
either scare the reader, or make your presentation less credible.
Answering the Opposition
In this type of style you address the other side of the issue by trying to respond to possible critics
arguments. You should avoid calling the opposition names. The idea is to address the opositions
argiments, not verbally attack people who have a different opnion.
So, in conclusion, when writing a persuation paragraph you may use any of the techniques
mentioned above, or as many as you feel like using in your paragraph in order to persuade your
reader. There is another very important element that you should keep in mind, namely the target
reader, and therefore use the proper style and register, in order to be better understood.
You may use any tense you may feel will be most effective.
The best order is the order of climax. You may begin with the least important reasoning and build
to a climax, or start with the most powerful reasoning to impress the reader and use it as an eye
catcher.
Transitional Expressions
The most used transitional expressions are:
To give reasons: first (of all)
second(ly)
next
another
finally
last(ly)
because
134
for
since
To answer the opposition: on the other hand
some may say
nevertheless
although
of course
To draw conclusions: consequently
therefore
hence
thus
EXERCISES
I. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Every nation in the world should phase out its nuclear power generating stations. First, nuclear
power stations produce radioactive waste materials which can be used to produce nuclear bombs.
Second, nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste which is difficult, if not impossible, to
contain for the thousands of years that are necessary for safe storage. In fact, obsolete radioactive
materials that were buried in the 1950s and the 1960s are now leaking aut of their conteiners and
contaminating ground water. Finally, tragic accidents can occur at nuclear power stations; the
explosion and resulting fallout from Chernobyl is a good example of this. The nuclear power
generating experiment has proven itself too dangerous to be continued. Now we must minimise
fallout and radioactive waste for future generations.
1. What is this paragraph arguing for or against?
_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. How many reasons are providede to support the argument?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What method of persuasion is used in the first reason, and what information is presented?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What method of persuasion is used in the second reason, and what information is presented?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. What example supports the second reason?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. What method of persuasion is used in the third reason, and what information is presented?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
135
136
UNIT 16
REVISION
I. Match the words in column A with the words from column B so as to form sentences:
Example: 1-C
A
1. I'm going to wait here
2. after the rain stops
3. Mark had lived in Manchester
4. we have put some money away
5. you should smoke less, or
B
a. to prepare for our trip to Africa next year
b. you'll have health problems
c. until Jane comes
d. before he came to live in London
e. the flowers will look wonderful
II. Choose the word that best fits the context. Only one answer is correct.
Example: you can catch the 53 bus at the on the corner
A: board
B : stop
C: pole
D: sign
When you are driving abroad you should make sure that you have all your documents with you.
These (1) your passport, your driving license and insurance papers. It (2) very
inconvenient if you cannot find (4) quickly. You must also make sure that your car has a
nationality plate which shows the country where the car is registered; for (5) , GB for
Great Britain, F for France, N for Norway and so on. In some (6) you have to pay if you
don't (7) motoring laws and this can sometimes cost you a lot of money. For instance, you
may have to pay immediately if you are stopped by a police officer for taking no notice of traffic
lights, speed (8) or if you allow children (9) the age of twelve to (10)
in the front seat of a vehicle.
1. A. include
2. A. should
3. A. miss
4. A. that
5. A. once
6. A. countries
7. A. do
8. A. marks
9. A. under
10. A. follow
B. make
B. can
B. hide
B. those
B. example
B. positions
B. allow
B. spots
B. lower
B. pass
C. mean
C. is
C. lose
C. their
C. general
C. ways
C. obey
C. limits
C. over
C. travel
D. contain
D. has
D. pass
D. them
D. fact
D. routes
D. continue
D. numbers
D. behind
D. wait
III. Identify the word, which does not belong to the respective category:
Example:
car
bus
van
helicopter
lorry
apple
pear
chicken
grape
cherry
rain
snow
cloud
shower
slush
restaurant
opera
caf
cafeteria
fast food
137
138
VI. Each of the sentences below contains one mistake. Identify and correct it.
1. She has arrived home before the rain started.
2. People doesn't want to pay so much on taxes.
3. He cans help you with your homework because he is very good at maths.
4. You must to remember that nothing in life is for free.
5. He is going to go in vacation in June.
6. Childrens cannot go to good universities when they don't study hard.
7. This is the most best film and I think it will get an Oscar.
8. I'm going to the supermarket to buy a bread, some sugar and milk.
9. They had to listen the tape twice to be able to do the listening exercise.
10. I always have wanted to have a red car.
139
X. Your doctor has advised you to change your eating habits in order to improve your health. Below
is the paper your doctor has given you. Write a letter to your friend explaining in general what you
have to do and giving your opinion on it. Use about 100 words.
The easy-to-follow healthy eating plan for a fitter fresher you!
as much as
you like
vegetables
fruit
water
tea
any two of
these each day
chicken
fish
beans
cheese
a little
of these
pasta
bread
eggs
oil
not at all
all
butter
sugar
coffee
Dear ,
Thank you for your postcard. I'm glad everything's well with you. I myself am feeling
..
XIV. You want to persuade someone to buy a certain brand of tooth paste.
a.
b.
c.
d.
140
VERB
Be = a fi
Bear = a purta
Beat = a bate
Become = a deveni
Begin = a ncepe
Bend = a ndoi
Bet = a paria
Bind = a lega
Bite = a muca
Bleed = a sngera
Blow = a sufla
Break = a sparge
Breed = a crete; a educa
Bring = a aduce
Broadcast = a radiodifuza
Build = a construi
Burn = a arde
Burst = a izbucni; a exploda
Buy = a cumpra
Catch = a prinde
Choose = a alege
Come = a veni
Cost = a costa
Creep = a se tr; a se furia
Cut = a tia
Do = a face
Dream = a visa
Drink = a bea
Drive = a conduce
Eat = a mnca
Fall = a cdea
Feed = a hrni
Feel = a simi
Fight = a lupta
Fiind = a gsi
Fly = a zbura
Forget = a uita
Forgive = a ierta
Freeze = a nghea
Get = a obine
Give = a da
Go = merge
Grow = a crete
Hang = a atrna; a spnzura
Have = a avea
Hear = a auzi
PAST TENSE
Was/were
bore
Beat
Became
Began
Bent
Bet
Bound
Bit
Bled
Blew
Broke
Bred
Brought
Broadcast
Built
Burnt/ Burned *
Burst
Bought
Caught
Chose
Came
Cost
Crept
Cut
Did
Dreamt/ Dreamed *
Drank
Drove
Ate
Fell
Fed
Felt
Fought
Found
Flew
Forgot
Forgave
Froze
Got
Gave
Went
Grew
Hung
Hanged
Had
Heard
141
PAST PARTICIPLE
Been
Born
Beaten
Become
Begun
Bent
Bet
Bound
Bitten
Bled
Blown
Broken
Bred
Brought
Broadcast
Built
Burnt/ Burned
Burst
Bought
Caught
Chosen
Come
Cost
Crept
Cut
Done
Dreamt/ Dreamed
Drunk
Driven
Eaten
Fallen
Fed
Felt
Fought
Found
Flown
Forgotten
Forgiven
frozen
Got/ Gotten(USA)
Given
Gone
Grown
Hung
Hanged
Had
Heard
VERB
Hide = a ascunde
Hit = a lovi; a izbi
Hold = a tine
Hurt = a rni
Keep = a tine; a pstra
Kneel = a ngenunchea
Know = a ti; a cunoate
Lay = a ntinde; a culca
Lead = a conduce
Lean = a (se) sprijini
Leap = a sri
Learn = a nva
Leave = a pleca
Lend = a da cu mprumut
Let = a permite, a lsa
Lie = a se ntinde
Light = a aprinde
Lose = a pierde
Make = a face; a fabrica
Mean = a nsemna
Meet = a ntlni
Pay = a plti
Put = a pune
Read = a citi
Ride = a clri
Ring = a suna
Rise = a rsri; a se ridica
Run = a alerga
Say = a spune; a zice
See = a vedea
Seek = a cuta
Sell = a vinde
Send = a trimite
Set = a apune; a pune
Sew = a coase
Shake = a scutura
Shine = a strluci
Shoot = a mpuca
Show = a arta
Shrink = a se micora
Shut = a (se) nchide
Sing = a cnta
Sink = a (se) scufunda
Sit = a edea; a sta jos
Sleep = a dormi
Slide = a aluneca
Smell = a mirosi
Speak = a vorbi
Speed = a (se) grbi
PAST TENSE
Hid
Hit
Held
Hurt
Kept
Knelt
Knew
Laid
Led
Leant/ Leaned *
Leapt
Learnt/ Learned *
Left
Lent
Let
Lay
Lit/ Lighted *
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Paid
Put
Read
Rode
Rang
Rose
Ran
Said
Saw
Sought
Sold
Sent
Set
Sewed
Shook
Shone
Shot
Showed
Shrank
Shut
Sang
Sank
Sat
Slept
Slid
Smelt/ Smelled *
Spoke
Sped
142
PAST PARTICIPLE
Hidden
Hit
Held
Hurt
Kept
Knelt
Known
Laid
Led
Leant/ Leaned
Leapt
Learnt/ learned
Left
Lent
Let
Lain
Lit/ Lighted
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Paid
Put
Read
Ridden
Rung
Risen
Run
Said
Seen
Sought
Sold
Sent
Set
Sewn/ Sewed
Shaken
Shone
Shot
Showed/ Shown
Shrunk
Shut
Sung
Sunk
Sat
Slept
Slid
Smelt/ Smelled
Spoken
Sped
VERB
Spell = a scrie liter cu liter; a silabisi
Spend = a petrece
Spill = a vrsa
Spin = a roti; a rsuci
Spit = a scuipa
Split = a despica
Spoil = a strica; a rsfa
Spread = a rspndi
Spring = a izvor; a ni
Stand = a sta n picioare
Steal = a fura
Stick = a (se) lipi
Sting = a nepa
Stink = a mirosi urt
Strike = a lovi
Swear = a jura; a njura
Sweep = a mtura
Swim = a nota
Take = a lua
Teach = a preda; a nva pe cineva
Tear = a rupe
Tell = a spune; a povesti
Think = a crede; a se gndi
Throw = a arunca
Understand = a nelege
Wake = a (se) scula
Wear = a purta
Weave = a ese
Weep = a plnge
Win = a ctiga
Wind = a (se) rsuci
Write = a scrie
PAST TENSE
Spelt
Spent
Spilt/ Spilled *
Spun
Spat
Split
Spoilt/ Spoiled *
Spread
Sprang
Stood
Stole
Stuck
Stung
Stank
Struck
Swore
Swept
Swam
Took
Taught
Tore
Told
Thought
Threw
Understood
Woke/ Waked *
Wore
Wove
Wept
Won
Wound
Wrote
143
PAST PARTICIPLE
Spelt
Spent
Spilt/ Spilled
Spun
Spat
Split
Spoilt/ Spoiled
Spread
Sprung
Stood
Stolen
Stuck
Stung
Stunk
Struck
Sworn
Swept
Swum
Taken
Taught
Torn
Told
Thought
Thrown
Understood
Woken/ Waked *
Worn
Woven
Wept
Won
Wound
Written