The document summarizes several studies that tested drivers' perception-reaction times in different scenarios. The studies involved drivers unexpectedly encountering stimuli like pedestrians, horns, opened doors, road signs and hazards, debris in the road, and vehicles pulling out or stopping in their path. Time-to-collision, the time before impact, varied across studies from 1 to 5 seconds depending on the scenario and how alerted the drivers were. The studies used techniques like mounted cameras, police stops, driving simulators, and staged road situations to measure drivers' responses without their prior knowledge.
The document summarizes several studies that tested drivers' perception-reaction times in different scenarios. The studies involved drivers unexpectedly encountering stimuli like pedestrians, horns, opened doors, road signs and hazards, debris in the road, and vehicles pulling out or stopping in their path. Time-to-collision, the time before impact, varied across studies from 1 to 5 seconds depending on the scenario and how alerted the drivers were. The studies used techniques like mounted cameras, police stops, driving simulators, and staged road situations to measure drivers' responses without their prior knowledge.
The document summarizes several studies that tested drivers' perception-reaction times in different scenarios. The studies involved drivers unexpectedly encountering stimuli like pedestrians, horns, opened doors, road signs and hazards, debris in the road, and vehicles pulling out or stopping in their path. Time-to-collision, the time before impact, varied across studies from 1 to 5 seconds depending on the scenario and how alerted the drivers were. The studies used techniques like mounted cameras, police stops, driving simulators, and staged road situations to measure drivers' responses without their prior knowledge.
The document summarizes several studies that tested drivers' perception-reaction times in different scenarios. The studies involved drivers unexpectedly encountering stimuli like pedestrians, horns, opened doors, road signs and hazards, debris in the road, and vehicles pulling out or stopping in their path. Time-to-collision, the time before impact, varied across studies from 1 to 5 seconds depending on the scenario and how alerted the drivers were. The studies used techniques like mounted cameras, police stops, driving simulators, and staged road situations to measure drivers' responses without their prior knowledge.
Unalerted drivers were induced to steer away from the
sudden opening of a door on a car parked on the shoulder. Open door did not extend into travel lane. Test drivers could see driver in parked car as they approached. Timeto-collision: 1 to 5 seconds.
Triggs and Harris - Reaction Time of Drivers to Road
Stimuli, Australia, 1982
Over a hill crest or around a curve, unalerted drivers were
confronted with various static stimuli on the side of the road. Stimuli included red reflective triangles, a motorcycle, a Traffic Hazard Ahead sign, a driver in the process of changing his tire and a police car. The aim was to elicit a speeded braking response but not extreme braking. Timeto-collision: Unknown.
Olson and Sivak - Parameters Affecting Stopping Sight
Distance, USA, 1984
Drivers were told they were to participate in a driving
performance study after getting accustomed to driving a test car. After driving only 10 to 15 minutes, a small piece of yellow foam rubber suddenly appeared over a hill crest on the left side of their lane. Experimenter sitting in the back seat. Time-to-collision: About 4 seconds.
Lechner and Malaterre - Emergency Manuever
Experimentation Using a Driving Simulator, France, 1991
Drivers were tested in the worlds most advanced driving
simulator at the time. They drove a test car mounted in the simulator. Their view of the road was supplied by an image generator. They were asked to drive and get familiar with the simulator, but after 10 minutes, a stopped vehicle pulled out into their lane from the right. Time-to-collision: 2.0, 2.4 and 2.8 seconds.
Fambro, Fitzpatrick and Koppa - Determination of
Stopping Sight Distances, USA, 1997
Drivers were led to believe that they were involved in a
roadway evaluation test. As they approached a parked pick-up truck, a cardboard barrel rolled out to the edge of the road. A test administrator was in the vehicle. Time-tocollision: 1.1 seconds.
McGehee - Examination of Drivers Collision Avoidance
Behavior Using Conventional and Antilock Brake Systems on the Iowa Driving Simulator, USA, 2000
Drivers were tested in the most advanced driving simulator
in the world. They were asked to assess the feel of the simulator for about 30 minutes. After 15 minutes they approached an intersection where a stopped car on the right pulled out and then stopped 6 feet into their lane. Time-to-collision: 2.5 and 3.0 seconds.