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from the
Annual Conference
of the
Supplement to HortScience
Volume 47(9) September 2012
Contains abstracts of symposia, colloquia, workshops, plus oral and poster presentations
from the 2012 ASHS Annual Conference.
Colloquia ......................................................................................S67
Symposia .......................................................................................S77
Workshops ....................................................................................S82
Oral Presentations .....................................................................S126
Poster Presentations ..................................................................S249
Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators ..................S412
A listing of Colloquia, Workshops, Oral, and Poster Sessions by name appears on p. S66
For citation purposes, abstracts should be cited as follows:
(Example)
Kubota, C. and M.A. Kroggel. 2012. Nighttime greenhouse VPD Control for soilless strawberry production
in Arizona. HortScience 47(9):S251. (Abstr.)
S65
S66
Colloquia
2012 Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science
Tuesday, July 31
2:006:00 PM
Chopin
2:002:45 PM
Peter S. Boches
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; PeterB@fallcreeknursery.
com
Peter Mes
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; petermes@gmail.com
Brooke Peterschmidt
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; peterscb@onid.orst.edu
Todd Dalotto
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; tdalotto@gmail.com
Carl M. Jones
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; carl.jones@seminis.com
S67
Unique phenolic profiles in blueberries (anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenes) are increasingly implicated in
numerous health benefits, and multiple clinical studies are currently underway to further demonstrate their impact on diabetes,
macular degeneration, age-related dementia, and other chronic
diseases. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity of phenolics was traditionally thought to be the exclusive
mechanism by which these compounds affected human health.
Recent studies, however, suggest that apoptosis, anti-inflamation,
modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, enhanced induction
of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes, and other mechanisims
Kevin Crosby
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; t-crosby@tamu.edu
David Byrne
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; d-byrne@tamu.edu
Kendal Hirschi
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; kendalh@bcm.tmc.edu
In recent years, propelled by rapid increases in global population and food insecurity, concerns about global, sustainable,
and nutritional security have gained substantial momentum.
Historically, plant breeding has played a key role in improving
yield to keep pace with the rising global population; however,
current crop breeding efforts focused on increasing yield may
need to shift toward nutritional security. Although the traits affecting yield and disease resistance remain essential, emerging
scientific results have highlighted the importance of nutrition,
flavor quality, and enhanced health-promoting properties in food
security. Plant breeding challenges in addressing nutritional
security and the importance of consumer perception of flavor,
nutrition, and quality will be discussed. The VFIC plant breeding work in pepper, cantaloupe, citrus, carrot, peach, and plum
will provide specific examples of improvements in vegetable
and fruit quality and health-promoting properties. Case studies
of whole foods compared to bioactive compounds, and lessons
learned from such studies will be described. Historical perspectives, case studies, current programs and a future outlook on the
role of plant breeding in nutritional security will be discussed.
The critical importance of the intersection of plant breeding,
human health and nutritional security for the future will be
demonstrated. This project is based upon work supported by
the USDACSREES # 2009-34402-19831 Designing Foods
for Health through the VFIC.
The Use of Genetic Markers and Markerassisted Selection to Improve the Nutritional
Content of a Tropical Fruit Crop
Raymond Schnell*
Mars, Inc., Miami, FL; Ray.Schnell@effem.com
4:455:15 PM
Michael A. Grusak
USDAARS, Houston, TX; Mike.Grusak@ars.usda.gov
5:155:45 PM
S69
Tuesday, July 31
2:006:00 PM
Concourse 1
Plastic mulch has long been used for specialty crop production
and provides many benefits including reduced weed growth,
improved moisture control, increased soil temperature, and
enhanced plant growth. However, plastic mulch is costly to
retrieve and dispose, and has inherently low biodegradability
which limits its use in sustainable agriculture. Biodegradable
mulches have the potential to provide the same benefits as plastic
mulch with the added advantage of fully degrading at the end of
the cropping season. This colloquium will provide an overview
of biodegradable plastics in general and biodegradable plastic
mulches specifically used in agriculture.
2:153:00 PM
Larry Wadsworth
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; lwadsworth2006@
bellsouth.net
Karen Leonas
Washington State University, Pullman, WA;
kleonas@wsu.edu
Carol Miles
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
Jeff Martin
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; jmarti90@utk.edu
Jeremy Cowan
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; jeremy.
cowan@wsu.edu
Thomas Walters
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; twwalters@
wsu.edu
R. Wallace
Texas A&M University, Lubbock, TX; rwwallace@ag.tamu.edu
Debra Inglis
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.
edu
S71
Carol Miles*
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
Carol Miles*
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
Wednesday, August 1
8:00 AM12:00 PM
Concourse 1
John D. Lea-Cox
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; jlc@umd.edu
Joseph P. Albano
USDAARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce,
FL; joseph.albano@ars.usda.gov
S73
9:2510:10 AM
9:059:25 AM
Over the past few decades, pollution of lakes, streams, and estuaries by inadequately treated sewage, manure pollution, and
fertilizer run-off has triggered a growing number of algae blooms,
many of which are toxic. Public health has been threatened and
large numbers of pets have died after swimming in toxic algae
waters. Traditionally, the state used a narrative standard in an
attempt to limit the effects of these pollutants. That narrative
prohibits the addition of phosphorus and nitrogen in concentrations that cause an imbalance in natural aquatic flora or fauna.
In practice, this standard has failed to prevent algae blooms
because it is reactive in nature: violations are almost always
identified after the fact. The purpose and effect of numeric limits
on phosphorus and nitrogen is to prevent algae blooms because
numeric limits are like speed limit signs that prevent accidents.
Numeric limits can and will serve that purpose. Industries that
discharge nutrient polluted water have mounted a major legal
and political campaign to avoid regulation. That campaign failed
and the task now is to implement nutrient pollution limits in
practical and cost effective ways.
Milton D. Taylor
Civilian Response Corps, USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service,
Washington, D.C.; mickey.taylor@fas.usda.gov
Joseph P. Albano
USDAARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce,
FL; joseph.albano@ars.usda.gov
10:1010:55 AM
Lea Corkidi
University of California, Riverside, CA; lea.corkidi@ucr.edu
Maren Mochizuki
University of California, Riverside, CA; maren.mochizuki@ucr.
edu
Julie Newman
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
jpnewman@ucdavis.edu
Ben Faber
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
bafaber@ucdavis.edu
Oleg Daugovish
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
odaugovish@ucdavis.edu
Impairment of watersheds by nutrients and pesticides from urban and agricultural entities is a major problem worldwide. In
California, all surface and groundwater sources are monitored,
regulated, and distributed by one agency, the California State
Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). The SWRCB has
divided the state into nine regions; each Regional Water Quality
Control Board (RWQCB) is responsible for the watersheds within
their assigned area. During the past three years, monitoring and
mitigating nutrient and pesticide runoff into the Calleguas Creek
2:002:45 PM
Candice N. Hansey
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; douchesd@msu.edu
Kim Fletcher
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; douchesd@msu.edu
Joseph Coombs
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; douchesd@msu.edu
Robin Buell
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; douchesd@msu.edu
10:5511:15 AM
Concourse 1
Brian Irish
USDAARS, TARS, Mayaguez, PR;
brian.irish@ars.usda.gov
S75
David Francis*
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; francis.77@osu.edu
Cameron P. Peace*
Sung-Chur Sim
Heather Merk
4:155:00 PM
Kevin Stoffel
J.C. Motamayor*
John Hamilton
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; francis.77@osu.edu
C. Robin Buell
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; francis.77@osu.edu
Dan Zarka
5:005:45 PM
David Douches
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; douchesd@msu.edu
Genomewide selection (or genomic selection) allows markerbased selection without QTL mapping. In genomewide selection,
equations that predict genotypic value are first developed from
phenotypic and marker data in a training population. The
prediction equations are then used to assess genotypic values in
a test population that has been genotyped, but not phenotyped.
Genomewide selection is therefore predicated on genotyping
being cheaper and quicker thanphenotyping. Key lessons from
applying genomewide selection in agronomic crops will be
reviewed. First, genomewide selection is most advantageous
when heritability is high in the training population, but is low
or zero in the test population. Several examples of how such
situation can be achieved will be presented. Second, predictions
are usually most accurate with a simple model that assumes
that each marker accounts for an equal proportion of the total
genetic variance. Third, predictions are usually most accurate if
epistasis is assumed absent. Fourth, traits differ in their prediction
accuracies even when the marker density, population size, and
heritability are kept constant. Empirical data are therefore
needed to determine which traits are the most predictable and
which traits are not. Fifth, for finding marker-trait associations,
models that incorporate genomewide background effects are
superior to composite interval mapping and to the QK model
used for association mapping. The presentation will conclude
by discussing future needs in applying genomewide selection
in plants.
* * *
An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.
S76
Sevilla
Welcome, Introduction
Erin Silva
University of Wisconsin, Madison
9:3510:15 AM
10:1510:45 AM
S77
Carol Shennan
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA; cshennan@ucsc.edu
1:151:45 PM
Cynthia Camberdella
USDA Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA; cindy.cambardella@ars.usda.gov
Erin Silva
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; emsilva@wisc.edu
Xin Zhao
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; zxin@ufl.edu
Craig Cogger
Puyallup, WA; cogger@wsu.edu
There is a profound need for crop varieties bred for and adapted
to production in organic systems. The rationale for this is that
organic production systems create a different environment from
conventional systems, and that variety by production system
interaction exists. Such interaction implies that for optimal
performance, a variety needs to be adapted to the environment
for which it is intended. The Northern Organic Vegetable Improvement Collaborative (NOVIC) is a farmer participatory
project to evaluate existing commercially available varieties,
and to breed new varieties in and for organic production. The
project spans four regions (NY, WI, WA, and OR) with research
on broccoli, carrot, winter squash, snap pea, and sweet corn.
Varieties and breeding lines are evaluated in a mother-daughter
trial design with the replicated mother trials on institutional
research farms and single replicate daughter trials distributed
2:453:00 PMBreak
4:004:30 PM
3:003:30 PM
* * *
An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.
HORTSCIENCE 47(9) (SUPPLEMENT)2012 ASHS ANNUAL CONFERENCE
S79
Trade Room
Symposium:
The Use, Application and Analysis of Experimental and Field Sensor Data
for Horticultural Applications
Advance registration required limited to 30 Participants
Sponsor: Water Utilization and Management (WUM) Working Group
Moderators:
Marc van Iersel, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; mvanier@uga.edu
Jongyun Kim, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; jongyun@umd.edu
This symposium, sponsored by the Water Utilization Management and Nursery working groups, Decagon Devices and the
SCRI MINDS project will be focused on the use and application of soil and environmental sensors for horticultural crop
research and production. This day-long workshop will demonstrate equipment both from Decagon Devices and Campbell
Scientific, but will emphasize best practices in using sensors in various situations. Objectives: The workshop is designed for
Faculty, research scientists, and graduate students interested in using sensors for soil, plant and environmental research measurements both in the lab and the field. The workshop will include four sections, with each topic consisting of a 30-minute
presentation on fundamental theory and application issues, followed by a 1 hour hands-on practicum session. Four 1 hour
sessions will focus on:
1. Water content sensors, accuracy and calibration in soil and soilless substrates.
2. Environmental sensors (weather and plant canopy) data and their uses.
3. Datalogger use and programming.
4. Software for data analysis and decision-making.
9:3011:00 AM
Break
1:303:00 PM
* * *
S81
Workshops
2012 Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Miami, Florida
Tuesday, July 31, 2012
Balmoral
Dennis R. Pittenger
University of California, Riverside, CA; dennis.pittenger@ucr.edu
A. James Downer
University of California, Ventura, CA; ajdowner@ucdavis.edu
Maren Mochizuki
University of California, Riverside, CA; maren.mochizuki@ucr.
edu
Dennis R. Pittenger
University of California, Riverside, CA; dennis.pittenger@ucr.edu
A. James Downer
University of California, Ventura, CA; ajdowner@ucdavis.edu
Donald R. Hodel
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA; drhodel@ucdavis.edu
A. James Downer
Univ. of California, Ventura, CA; ajdowner@ucdavis.edu
Maren J. Mochizuki
University of California Extension, Ventura, CA; mmochizuki@
ucdavis.edu
Michael Marika
City of San Diego, San Diego, CA; MMarika@sandiego.gov
3:003:15 PM
Formae speciales of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum are defined based on pathogenicity to one or more plant hosts. Both
Fusarium oxysporum ff. spp. canariensis (Foc) and palmarum
(Fop) cause Fusarium wilt of palms in Florida, with Focs primary host being Phoenix canariensis and Fops primary hosts
being Syagrus romanzoffiana and Washingtonia robusta. Over
S83
Donald R. Hodel
University of California, Los Angeles, CA; drhodel@ucdavis.edu
Deborah M. Mathews
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA; dmathews@
ucr.edu
Dennis R. Pittenger
Cooperative Extension, Riverside, CA; dennis.pittenger@ucr.edu
Nigel A. Harrison
University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL; melliott@ufl.edu
Tuesday, July 31
3:005:00 PM
Windsor
ASHS Primer
Sponsor: Collegiate Activities Committee
Coordinator: Tracy A.O. Dougher
Montana State University, tracyaod@montana.edu
Tuesday, July 31
4:006:00 PM
Balmoral
Tuesday, July 31
4:006:00 PM Sandringham
4:004:15 PM
Heidi A. Kratsch
University of Nevada, Reno, NV; kratsch@unce.unr.edu
Wednesday, August 1
8:0010:00 AM
Trade Room
S85
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; cpeace@wsu.edu
Nahla Bassil
USDAARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis,
OR; Nahla.Bassil@ars.usda.gov
Michael Coe
Portland, OR; info@cedarlakeresearch.com
Gennaro Fazio
USDAARS, Geneva, NY; gf35@cornell.edu
Karina Gallardo
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; karina_
gallardo@wsu.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Doreen Main
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; dorrie@wsu.edu
James R. McFerson
Washington Tree Fruit Res. Comm., Wenatchee, WA; mcferson@
treefruitresearch.com
Chengyan Yue
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; yuechy@umn.edu
associations are being discovered that control critical production and fruit quality traits. With the involvement of the U.S.
Rosaceae research community, RosBREED has enabled the
application of this genetic information to inform breeding decisions. These trait locus discoveries are being described as jewels
in the genome, where the traits have high value to industry
sectors and consumers and the influencing loci can be directly
monitored by breeders. The analogy embodies the process of
finding promising gems and polishing them into jewels. This
workshop focuses on describing the functional alleles for these
jewels (i.e., their facets) and showcases new software tools that
are enabling effective use of this knowledge.
8:158:35 AM
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; cpeace@wsu.edu
Ksenija Gasic
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; kgasic@clemson.edu
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
Nnadozie Oraguzie
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; noraguzie@wsu.edu
Susan K. Brown
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
David H. Byrne
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; d-byrne@tamu.edu
John R. Clark
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jrclark@uark.edu
Thomas M. Davis
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH; tom.davis@unh.edu
Kate Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Thomas Gradziel
University of California, Davis, CA; tmgradziel@ucdavis.edu
James F. Hancock
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; hancock@msu.edu
Philip Stewart
Driscoll Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA; philip.stewart@
driscolls.com
Vance Whitaker
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; vwhitaker@ufl.edu
Nahla Bassil
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort.oregonstate.edu
Doreen Main
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; dorrie@wsu.edu
Gennaro Fazio
USDAARS, Geneva, NY; gf35@cornell.edu
Marco Bink
Plant Research International, Wageningen; marco.bink@wur.nl
Amy Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Kate Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Susan K. Brown
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Matthew Clark
Yingzhu Guan
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; yingzhu.
guan@email.wsu.edu
Benjamin Orcheski
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Cari Schmitz
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; schm1984@umn.edu
Sujeet Verma
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; sujeet.verma@email.
wsu.edu
Nahla Bassil
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort.oregonstate.edu
Amy F. Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
David H. Byrne
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; d-byrne@tamu.edu
John R. Clark
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jrclark@uark.edu
Carlos H. Crisosto
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; carlos@uckac.edu
Thomas Gradziel
University of California, Davis, CA; tmgradziel@ucdavis.edu
S87
Amy F. Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
Nnadozie C. Oraguzie
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; noraguzie@wsu.edu
Terrence J. Frett
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; tfrett@clemson.edu
Paul Sandefur
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; psandefu@uark.edu
Jonathan Fresnedo
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; jfresnedoramirez@
ucdavis.edu
Tim Hartman
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; guero_ag05@
yahoo.com
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; cpeace@wsu.edu
Peach and cherry are the two Prunus stone fruit crops that are
currently targeted in RosBREED for the adoption of markerassisted breeding. Peach serves as a well resourced model fruit
crop while cherry stands to directly benefit from research advances in its relative. Three jewels in the genome for peach
and cherry are the current targets for application in breeding.
Peach breeders select cultivar candidates that meet their criteria
for fruit texture (melting vs. non-melting flesh) and pit adherence to the flesh (clingstone vs. freestone). These phenotypes
are explained by genes at the Freestone-Melting flesh locus on
peach chromosome 4 that contains the endoPG gene (a gene
encoding a cell wall pectin-cleaving enzyme called endopolygalactouronase that plays a major role in fruit softening). Genetic
tests are available for the functional alleles that can be used
to predict whether peach fruit will be freestone melting flesh
(FMF), clingstone melting flesh (CMF), clingstone non-melting
flesh (CNMF), or clingstone non-softening flesh (CNSF). In
sweet cherry, fruit size is a critical trait for breeding as larger
fruit receives a premium price in the market place. A QTL for
fruit size on cherry chromosome 2 exhibits multiple functional
alleles associated with large, medium, or small fruit. Knowledge
of the functional alleles for these marker-locus-trait associations
will be presented along with how this knowledge is being used
to increase the efficiency of breeding peaches and cherries with
superior fruit quality.
9:159:35 AM
Taein Lee
Kate Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; cpeace@wsu.edu
Gennaro Fazio
USDAARS, Geneva, NY; gf35@cornell.edu
Sushan Ru
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; sushan.ru@email.
wsu.edu
Amy F. Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
Doreen Main
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; dorrie@wsu.edu
Crop improvement programs have become increasingly sophisticated with the advent of DNA-informed breeding. Now breeders
not only have to keep track of the pedigree records and phenotypic
data for their selections, but also genotypic data and its meaning.
Utilizing this vast amount of data to make the best crossing and
seedling selection decisions can quickly become overwhelming.
In RosBREED we are addressing this challenge with development of an online Breeding Information Management System
(BIMS) to organize and handle breeding data in a systematic
manner to support breeding decisions. BIMS provides interfaces
where breeders can search their data by dataset, location, variety,
trait with threshold limits, marker allele, and pedigree. From the
results page, breeders can download phenotypic and genotypic
data as well as view detailed data of individual varieties. BIMS
resides within the Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR), and
the breeding data are linked to the related genetics and genomics data for further investigation. BIMS also provides a tool to
choose a variety, its progenitors and descendants in the pedigree,
and phenotypic and genotypic data of this pedigree to produce
an input file for the publicly available software, Pedimap, which
enables the visualization of these data. Also available in BIMS
are two tools that support breeding decisions. The Cross Assist module, already available, with new functionalities being
added as suggested by users, helps identify efficient parental
combinations that provide a high proportion of seedlings with
desired performance levels. The Seedling Select module, still
in prototype form, helps breeders identify efficient seedling
selection schemes by integrating DNA tests into routine breeding operations with early-stage culling of seedlings that do not
contain desired performance levels and retention of those that
do. Both these tools help breeders generate better progenies
with available resourcessaving thousands of dollars otherwise
spent evaluating inferior progeny.
9:3510:00 AM
Discussion
Amy Iezzoni*
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
Wednesday, August 1
10:00 AM12:00 PM
Balmoral
More than 35 species of blueberries (Vaccinium L.) and huckleberries (Vaccinium and Gaylussacia Kunth.) are indigenous to
North America. The indigenous North American peoples, wise
in the ways of survival, recognized the quality of these edible
fruits and revered these plants. Beyond food needs, these plants
J.B. Retamales
Universidad Talca, Talca; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
G. Lobos
Universidad Talca, Talca; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
James F. Hancock
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; hancock@msu.edu
S89
Wednesday, August 1
10:00 AM12:00 PM
Flagler
John R. Clark
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jrclark@uark.edu
Wednesday, August 1
1:453:45 PM
Tuttle
Learning Outcomes
What Every Student Should Know
Sponsor: Teaching Methods (TCHG) Working Group
Moderator: Kimberly K. Moore
Fort Lauderdale, FL; klock@ufl.edu
The objectives of this workshop are to: 1) review the process for
determining the learning outcomes associated with the ASHS
certified horticulturist exam; 2) demonstrate the value of being
a certified professional; and 3) compare learning outcomes at
different universities to the outcomes identified by the ASHS
certified horticulturist exam
1:452:05 PM
Whether training undergraduate or graduate students in horticulture, all educators hope that their students have mastered specific
skills and knowledge. Curricula around the country are based on
key learning objectives that assess skills and knowledge over a
range of horticultural topics. In a time of dwindling resources, it
is critical to ensure that we are preparing our students to be successful when they leave our institutions. The American Society
unique learning outcomes to meet the needs of various stakeholders. This directed discussion will highlight how learning
objectives from the curriculum of three universities compare top
the objectives identified by the ASHS Certified Horticulturist
development team. How much alignment is there? What do the
differences mean and what are the next steps university faculty
should take to ensure graduates are well prepared?
2:052:55 PM
In 2009, The American Society for Horticultural Science introduced the preeminent credential for people working in the
horticultural field, the ASHS Certified Horticulturist. However, there was almost three years of hard work involved in
designing this credential before the first certification examination was offered. This presentation will review the process used
to create the ASHS Certified Horticulturist job description,
establish the standards of practice and develop the certification
examination. Particular emphasis will be placed on the creation
of standards of practice in the field so that participants can use
these standards to educate and evaluate professionals in the
field of horticulture.
2:553:45 PM
C. Way Hoyt
Tree Trimmers and Assoicates, Oakland Park, FL; wayhoyt@aol.
com
Wednesday, August 1
1:453:45 PM
Flagler
Ram M. Uckoo
Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX;
rammohanuckoo@yahoo.com
G.K. Jayaprakasha
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
S91
increased 21% from 1970 to 2000. Since then, per capita levels for the major fruits and vegetables has remained relatively
flat with an overall reduction in total fruit consumption. New
consumer trends and shifts in demand show consumers are
paying more attention to specialized products with increased
benefits. This presentation will highlight the major consumer
macro-trends for tropical fruit consumption in the U.S. First,
consumer changes in terms of the level of consumption and
type of products will be reviewed. Special emphasis will
be given to international trade trends and matching supply
sources with demand. Secondly, local foods and specialized
market trends will be discussed and their potential to play a
role in the traditional supply change will be evaluated. Third,
Functional foods, or foods with additional health benefits will
also be reviewed. Finally, the potential impacts of the Dietary
Guidelines for Americans 2010 will be discussed.
3:053:30 PM
Marisol Esparza
Texas A&M University, Kingsville & Citrus Center, Kingsville,
TX; marisol.esperza@tamuk.edu
Diego E. Garza
Texas A&M University, Kingsville & Citrus Center, Kingsville,
TX; diego.garza@tamuk.edu
Mamoudou Setamou
Texas A&M University, Kingsville & Citrus Center, Kingsville,
TX; Mamoudou.setamou@tamuk.edu
Mac Young
Texas Agrilife Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX; amyoung@
ag.tamu.edu
Panel Discussion
Ram M. Uckoo*
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; rammohanuckoo@yahoo.com
Wednesday, August 1
4:006:00 PM
Sevilla
Today, grants are an inevitable requirement of being an academic, whether you teach, do research, or are involved in extension education. Successful grant writing of course is the front
end of the process, but perhaps more importantly, successful
management of a grant will help ensure the intended results
and impacts of the project. This requires different skills than
we are typically taught in graduate school. Very often, you are
thrust into the arcane world of administering money, people,
and perhaps most importantly, your time. Navigating through
this process can be daunting at first, but there are a few basic
techniques that will help you do this. We will explore and
discuss these during this presentation.
Wednesday, August 1
4:006:00 PM Flagler
S93
4:30 4:45 PM
4:004:15 PM
Kathryn Fontenot*
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA;
kkfontenot@agcenter.lsu.edu
Thursday, August 2
8:0010:00 AM
Trade Room
8:008:10 AM
Florence Negre-Zakharov*
Davis, CA; fnegre@ucdavis.edu
8:158:30 AM
Jeffrey G. Williamson*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jgrw@ufl.edu
8:108:30 AM
Thomas Colquhoun*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ucntcme1@ufl.edu
8:308:45 AM
8:308:50 AM
8:459:00 AM
8:509:10 AM
Kevin M. Folta*
Fumiomi Takeda*
9:009:15 AM
9:109:30 AM
Thursday, August 2
8:0010:00 AM Balmoral
Thursday, August 2
8:30 AM12:30 PM
Dupont
S95
Thibaud Martin
CIRAD UR Hortsys, Montpellier; thibaud.martin@cirad.fr
Lusike A. Wasilwa
KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute), Nairobi;
lwasilwa@gmail.com
Francoise A. Komlan
INRAB (Institut National des RecherchesAgricoles du Bnin),
Cotonou; fassogbakomlan@gmail.com
Mwanarusi Saidi
Egerton University, Egerton; mwanarusi@yahoo.com
8:309:00 AM
Amanda Crump
Horticulture CRSP, Davis, CA; acrump@ucdavis.edu
Elisha O. Gogo
Egerton University, Egerton; elishaotieno41@yahoo.com
Serge Simon
Egerton University, Cotonou; serge.simon@cirad.fr
Sevgan Subramanian
ICIPE (International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology),
Nairobi; ssubramania@icipe.org
Muo Kasina
KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute), Nairobi; kasina.j@
gmail.com
Fatuma Omari
KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute), Nairobi;
fomarighelle@yahoo.com
Anselme Adegbidi
UAC (University of Abomey Calavi), Cotonou;
anselmeadegbidi@hotmail.com
Laurent Parrot
CIRAD UR Hortsys, Montpellier; laurent.parrot@cirad.fr
Damien Ahouangassi
APRETECTRA (Association des Personnes Rnovatrices des
Technologies Traditionnelles), Cotonou;
apretect@yahoo.fr
Pierre Guillet
A to Z Textile Mills, Arusha; pierre@vectorhealth.com
The goal of the African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) horticulture CRSP is to provide science-based research on African
nightshades, Amaranthus, and spider plant to show these crops
will improve nutrition while providing food security and income
generation for small holder farmers in Kenya, Tanzania, and
Zambia. This Horticulture CRSP project is evaluating improved
AIV germplasm along with improved production practices,
better postharvest handling, and increased market access to
achieve these goals.
9:4010:00 AM
J. Pablo Morales-Payan
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR;
morales.payan@upr.edu
10:4511:10 AM
S97
Consulting in Armenia
Richard C. Funt*
Columbus, OH; richardfunt@sbcglobal.net
In recent years, commercial production of cut flowers and ornamental plants in Bangladesh has been increasing gradually
and so has the demand for foliage plants and seeds of seasonal
flowers. The floriculture industry has increased as a commercial
enterprise among farmers and entrepreneurs. A large number
of plant shops have opened in Dhaka and in other big cities as
well. Bangladesh also has a huge potential to develop an export
market in cut flowers, potted plants, cut foliage, peat moss,
coco-compost, etc., if quality is maintained per international
standards. The floriculture industry faces problems due to the
lack of access to modern technical and management practices
required for upgrading production, postharvest handling, quality control, packaging and marketing. The specific client for
this Winrock International farmer-to-farmer project, BRAC
Mona Othman
Univ. of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; mnothman@ucdavis.edu
Margaret Smith
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA; mrgsmith@iastate.edu
Linda Naeve
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA; lnaeve@iastate.edu
Vikram Koundinya
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA; vikram@iastate.edu
9:4510:00 AM
12:1512:30 PM
J. Pablo Morales-Payan
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR;
morales.payan@upr.edu
Thursday, August 2
9:4511:45 AM
Concourse 1
Globalization of the world economy continues to cause concern over introduction of invasive species, including plants,
which are likely to cause harm or economic harm to natural
areas or human health. This is especially relevant to horticultural
industries, in particular ornamental plant production, that rely
heavily on production of non-native plants and importing new
taxa to generate continued interest and plant sales. In this complex web of consumer demand, plant breeding and introduction,
and globalization of human societies along with their pests and
plants, it is unclear where the responsibility lies for introducing,
monitoring, and controlling the spread of invasive species. The
issue is complex and involves a variety of sectors including
plant breeders that make new introductions, landscape ecologists that monitor native habitats, non-government organizations
that often act as proponents of native only plantings, the
S99
Rachel B. Elkins
University of California Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA;
rbelkins@ucdavis.edu
Todd Einhorn
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; todd.einhorn@
oregonstate.edu
10:4011:00 AM
Greg Douhan
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA; gdouhan@
ucr.edu
Ute Albrecht
USDAARS, Ft., Pierce, FL; ute.albrecht@ars.usda.gov
Ian Merwin
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; IM13@cornell.edu
Darius Kviklys
Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Babtai;
d.kviklys@lsdi.lt
Michael A. Grusak
USDAARS, Houston, TX; Mike.Grusak@ars.usda.gov
S101
11:1811:33 AM
Thursday, August 2
11:3311:48 AM
10:15 AM12:15 PM
Sandringham
Significance of Tropical/
Subtropical Tree Fruit Germplasm
in Florida and Puerto Rico
Sponsor: Genetics and Germplasm (GG) Working Group
Moderator: Brian Irish
USDAARS, TARS, Mayaguez, PR; brian.irish@ars.usda.gov
10:1510:33 AM
1:453:45 PM
Balmoral
This workshop will acquaint the audience with the PechaKucha format for organizing a group of presentations.The term
PechaKucha is Japanese for chit-chat. Under this approach,
presenters are restricted to sharing their story through only 20
slides that automatically advance every 20 seconds. The first panel
of speakers will present a series of progressive topics targeted
to an Education audience. The second panel of speakers will
deliver talks appropriate for an Extension audience and the
third panel will address topics of interest to a Research audience. Opportunity for questions and answers will be provided
between each panel and at the end of the session.
1:451:55 PM
How does an Extension Specialist maximize the outreach potential in horticulture and home gardening? This is what this
presentation attempts to address in a PechaKucha of exactly 20
slides. Fall Flower & Garden Fest is a culmination of 34 years
of evolution and refinement which began as a small experiment
station field day (~200 people) for local vegetable growers in
S103
The University of Kentucky Environmental and Natural Resources Issues Task Force (ENRI) is partnering with local
Kentucky County Extension Offices and regional 4-H Camps
to install rain gardens. In 2011, ENRI led workshops to install
gardens in four counties across the state. These rain gardens
resulted from a day-long, hands-on workshop involving local county agents and master gardeners, and were meant as
prototypes to develop educational materials and instill interest
in local education opportunities regarding water quality. The
installation process involves one or more state specialists visiting the site for the potential rain garden, and working with the
local organizer to roughly prepare the site on the day before the
workshop. Another specialist worked with the local organizer to
select and purchase plants prior to the workshop. The workshop
consists of participants engaged in presentations about water
quality and rain garden design followed by finishing construction
of the rain garden initiated the previous day. The rain gardens
range in size from approximately 150 sq. ft. to over 400 sq. ft.
The most expensive aspect to construction has been plants and
mulch and total on-sight costs have generally been less than
$500. Additional workshops are planned in 2012 including
four involving 4-H staff at each of the regional 4-H Camps
in Kentucky. This paper will describe the process of selecting
and preparing the rain garden sites and provide a prototype for
workshops to teach water quality topics and provide hands-on
experience in designing and installing a rain garden.
2:452:55 PM
S105
Bend me, shape meyou have the power to turn on the light!
Light is a key environmental factor influencing crop growth.
Specifically, light spectrum can affect growth, morphology, and
development. Studies using various techniques to alter light
spectrum have shown that they have profound effects. Such techniques include light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photoselective
shadecloths and plastic films. Demonstrating the PechaKucha
format, this presentation briefly covers some examples of light
spectrum manipulation for growth and flowering of crops.
1:453:45 PM
Dupont
2:004:00 PM
Trade Room
2:004:00 PM
Sevilla
Advances in Plasticulture
Technology and Education Delivery
Sponsor: Plasticulture (PLAST) Working Group
Rowcovers have been used primarily to extend the growing season in temperate climates, however, in tropical and
perhaps subtropical areas rowcovers have been used with
other purposes. The most important benefit of rowcovers in
temperate areas is the increase in temperature and protection
against light freezes which enhances growth early in the season.
This is particularly beneficial in vine crops such as sweetpotato and cucurbits. Spun-bonded rowcovers can be used in
sweetpotato to enhance production of certified propagation
material early in the spring. Similarly, rowcovers allows early
harvest and higher yields in cucurbits, however, there is an additional outcome of using rowcovers. Since it does not allow
pollination until it has been removed, rowcovers delay fruit
set allowing the plant to grow larger and produce more female
flowers by the time of rowcover removal. Consequently, the
plant bears more fruits, but they may become smaller than
without rowcover. In contrast, other attributes such wind
protection, insect/disease barrier, and reduced stress are more
important in tropical and perhaps subtropical areas. In the U.S.
Virgin Islands, spun-bonded rowcovers are used in vegetable
crops production mainly for protection against insects, but additional protection against virus transmission is taking place.
A benefit of rowcovers that has been overlooked is the role on
plantwater relationships. Maximum air temperature under the
rowcover can reach 45 to 50 C in calm sunny days suggesting
S107
Wesley L. Kline
Millville, NJ; wkline@rce.rutgers.edu
J. Rabin
Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Morristown,
NJ; rabin@njaes.rutgers.edu
M. Infante-Casella
Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Morristown,
NJ; Minfante@njaes.rutgers.edu
There has been a large increase in the use of high tunnels for
vegetable production in the United States. While high tunnels
offer well-defined benefits, growers have difficulty practicing crop rotation. This increases risks of soil-borne disease.
Past studies have shown that grafting tomatoes onto disease
resistant rootstocks can protect plants from soil borne disease,
5:155:30 PM
E. Barclay Poling*
NC State University, Raleigh, NC; strawberrydoc@gmail.com
Keith Williamson*
Guardian Ag Plastics, Hartsville, SC; keith.williamson@
guardianag.com
C. Miles
Washington State Univ., Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.edu
D. Inglis
Washington State Univ., Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.edu
S109
Tuttle
Angela Baldo
Geneva, NY; angela.baldo@ars.usda.gov
Robert E. Farrell
Pennsylvania State University, York, PA; jj@yahoo.com
A mathematical model to describe long distance transport envisions plants as organs or tissues, such as root, stem, and leaf,
which are divided into the compartments: cytoplast, xylem,
phloem, and apoplast. Short distance movement within each
plant tissue is rapid and governed by diffusion of water and/
or active transport of metabolites. This leads to a single water
potential and a steady state distribution of water and metabolites
within any one tissue. Long distance transport corresponds to a
ux of water and solutes in xylem and phloem between organs
or tissues of a plant. This movement is driven by hydrostatic
pressure, related to a water potential gradient in the xylem, and to
turgor pressure in the phloem. In the model plant, a conductance
is dened for movement of water in xylem and phloem between
each tissue. Water ux is the pressure difference between tissues
times the conductance. Long-distance ux of metabolites is the
concentration in xylem or phloem times the ux of water. The
4:006:00 PM
Balmoral
Joseph C. Neal
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Sarah A. White
School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences,
Clemson University, Clemson, SC
Jean Williams-Woodward
Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Craig Adkins
Cooperative Extension, North Carolina State University, Lenoir,
NC
Kris Braman
Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Matthew Chappell
Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Jeffrey F. Derr
Virginia Beach, VA
Winston C. Dunwell
4:004:30 PM
Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets (tablet computers) are increasingly being used to supplement the use of laptops
and desktop computers. Their compact size makes them portable
and convenient to use. These devices provide horticulturists
with new tools for their work. Mobile apps (applications) are
software applications that run on smartphones and tablets. There
are hundreds of thousands of apps available, covering a whole
gamut of topics. Many apps are free, whereas others have a cost.
They are easily downloaded to a smartphone or tablet, or to a
computer and then transferred to mobile devices. Horticulturerelated apps for research, extension, teaching, and industry are
available. For example, these apps deal with food safety, geographic information systems, image enhancement, hydroponics,
Steven Frank
Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Stanton Gill
Central Maryland UME, University of Maryland, Ellicott City, MD
Frank Hale
Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee,
Nashville, TN
William Klingeman
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Anthony Lebude
Mills River, NC
Karen Rane
Dept. of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Alan Windham
Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Developing an app for Extension and instruction use is generating interest among faculty, Extension agents, and university
administrators. The University of Tennessee with partners at
S111
Joseph C. Neal
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Sarah A. White
School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences,
Clemson University, Clemson, SC
Jean Williams-Woodward
Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Craig Adkins
Cooperative Extension, North Carolina State University, Lenoir,
NC
Kris Braman
Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Matthew Chappell
Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Jeffrey F. Derr
Virginia Beach, VA
Winston C. Dunwell
University of Kentucky Res. & Ed. Center, Princeton, KY
Steven Frank
Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Stanton Gill
Central Maryland UME, University of Maryland, Ellicott City,
MD
Frank Hale
Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee,
Nashville, TN
William Klingeman
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Anthony Lebude
Mills River, NC
Karen Rane
Dept. of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Alan Windham
Dept of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Developing an app for Extension and instruction use is generating interest among faculty, Extension agents, and university
administrators. The University of Tennessee with partners
at Clemson University, North Carolina State University,
University of Georgia, University of Kentucky, University of
Maryland, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University developed an app for professionals working with
pest management and plant care for plants in the nursery and
landscape, IPMPro, and a corresponding app, IPMLite, for the
home landscape enthusiast market. The focus of this presentation is to familiarize potential educational developers with the
process of testing, launching, and promoting an app using this
development teams experience as a model. Once the app is
designed and fully populated it must be tested. A systematic
testing procedure will be discussed. Testing the app requires
volunteers who have different levels of involvement with the
development of the app on each platform. The range of time
required varies depending on how complex the app is and timed
events such as push notifications. Launching an app, including
setting up vendor accounts, preparing the required files and
images, acquiring the required hardware and software, planning for the time lag during marketplace approval, and staging
promotion with launch are critical to a successful release. Utilizing reviews and promotional versions of the app can be part
of an effective PR campaign. App promotion should include a
professionally prepared press release. How to generate a list of
relevant recipients and the development teams role in promotion
will also be discussed as will key pieces of information to include
in your press release. Proper testing and promotion are critical to
releasing a properly functioning app to the appropriate markets.
Apps can be a productive in-state or multi-state collaboration
that deliver research-based information to an increasingly
9:3011:30 AM
Balmoral
Victoria Fernandez
University of Madrid; phbrown@ucdavis.edu
Thomas Sotiropuolus
phbrown@ucdavis.edu
10:1010:25 AM
Sebastian Saa
phbrown@ucdavis.edu
S113
Scott Johnson
phbrown@ucdavis.edu
Shengke Tian
phbrown@ucdavis.edu
Bahar Fallahi
University of Idaho, Parma, ID; baharf@uidaho.edu
Bahman Shafii
University of Idaho, Parma, ID; bshafii@uidaho.edu
Gene Lester
jifon@tamu.edu
The contribution of inorganic fertilizers to crop productivity is well-established. Adequate nutrient supply with proper
placement, timing, and application methods often results in
enhanced nutrient use efficiency. Less well-studied, however,
is the influence of fertilizers on retail quality and the nutritional
and functional quality properties of foods, especially fruits and
vegetables which are good sources of essential compounds
(phytonutrients) that have been linked with promotion of good
health and wellbeing. Sugar content, aroma, appearance, and
texture are key quality traits that influence consumer preference for many fruits and vegetables. These quality traits are
directly related to potassium (K)-mediated processes. However,
due to cultural practices, crop properties, and environmental
factors, soil-derived K alone is seldom adequate to ensure the
basic consumer quality standards. Controlled environment and
field studies have shown that supplemental foliar K applications
can overcome this apparent deficiency. However, considerable
variation exists with regards to timing of foliar K application
as well as suitability of potential K salts for foliar fertilization.
Multiyear greenhouse and field studies on the effects of foliar
K fertilization on fruit quality parameters of muskmelons
[Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group)] revealed significant
differences in timing (pre- or post-fruit set), as well as K fertilizer source (potassium chloride, potassium nitrate - KNO3,
9:3011:30 AM
Dupont
S115
9:5010:10 AM
Although modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in combination with refrigeration can delay the deterioration of fruits and
vegetables and their associated health risk, it is not always
sufficient for maintaining produce quality and safety for the
desirable marketing period. We will present new packaging
approaches that have an impact on in-package gas compositions and therefore, on the quality and safety of produce. These
new approaches include: a) the use of bio-based resins instead
of petroleum-based ones; b) the impact of antimicrobial interventions on in-package gas composition and the interactions
between these; and c) active packaging. Several examples of
the effect of each of these new packaging trends on the resulting quality and safety of produce will be given for whole and
fresh-cut produce.
10:1010:30 AM
Domingos Almeida*
Universidade do Porto, Porto; dalmeida@fc.up.pt
9:3011:30 AM
Concourse 1
participants of this workshop will be introduced to the present model of peer review and tenure and discuss how that
system may change as information becomes more widely
available and faster. Perspectives on digital scholarship
delivered through a variety of outlets and methods will be introduced and analyzed. How digitally developed peer-reviewed
information is created and its new measure of importance
within the academic community with regard to papers, grants,
tenure, and related issues will be covered. Structured discussion will allow for an open dialogue on the implications of
digital scholarship and its delivery with an eye toward the
future.
9:309:45 AM
S117
Methods to engage Cooperative Extension clientele are developing rapidly. Social media outlets such as Facebook, Twitter,
videos, webinars, and blogs have opened up new venues for
extension personnel to generate important information and
deliver it in an expeditious manner. There is no question that
these methods are found useful by the information consumers;
however, many universities fail to adequately address them in the
promotion and tenure process. Therefore, those in Cooperative
Extension who are engaged in this area know the importance of
delivering this information via digital methods to their audience,
yet are unsure of the career value of the effort. Junior faculty
members must decide whether or not to pursue these avenues
of information delivery based on often outdated and vaguely
worded promotion and tenure documents. This ambiguity has
caused participation issues within eXtension communities of
practice, where digital information delivery is standard practice. Traditional peer-review channels are well understood,
but new, less formal, options are infiltrating academia as well.
The ephemeral nature of some social media must be weighed
against the preferred permanence of academic discourse. A
new examination of how extension content is valued by the
consumer and by colleagues within the academic arena of
horticulture is warranted.
9:30 AM12:00 PM
Gusman
HLB/ACP: Approaches to
Management of Disease, Pathogen,
and Vector
Sponsor: Citrus (CITR) Working Group
Coordinator: Robert R. Krueger
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA rkrueger@ucr.edu
Huanglongbing Disease of Citrus, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., is considered the most economically damaging
disease of citrus world-wide. In the United States, the Asiatic
form associated with C. L. asiaticus was first reported in Florida
in 2004, following the report in 1998 of its vector, Diaphorina
citri. Since then, the pathogen and its vector have been reported
from the major citrus-producing states as well as the minor
citrus-producing states. This has resulted in regulatory responses
at the Federal level and research into the pathogen, vector, and
epidemiology. In addition, research is being carried out regarding horticultural and phyiologically-based management of the
disease. This workshop will provide information on the current
status of Huanglongbing Disease of Citrus and its vector, the
Asian Citrus Psyllid, in the United States. In addition, presentations will be made on research approaches to management of
the disease, its vector, and its pathogen.
9:309:35 AM
Robert R. Krueger
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA;
rkrueger@ucr.edu
Richard F. Lee
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA; richard.lee@ars.usda.gov
Toni J. Siebert
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA;
toni.siebert@ucr.edu
Georgios Vidalakis
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA; vidalg@ucr.
edu
Tracy L. Kahn
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA;
tracy.kahn@ucr.edu
Citrus and citrus relatives are often hosts of pests and pathogens
of quarantine significance. Their fruits, leaves and propagative
materials are also commonly smuggled into the United States,
and this has caused grave economic harm to growers. As a
complement to efforts to interdict smuggling, it can be useful
to recognize when smuggling results from the unfilled demand
for genotypes that are not readily available through conventional
nurseries and clean plant programs. The Unforbidden Fruits
project has identified several such species and varieties, and is
seeking to ensure that safe pathogen-tested material is available
to meet demand in California. The projects initial focus has been
on curry leaf (Bergera koenigii), used in South Asian cooking,
and bael (Aegle marmelos), used for Hindu ritual purposes.
In both cases the leaves are the primary plant part in demand;
this makes them particularly dangerous because the leaves can
host the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), the vector of
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterium associated
with Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating citrus disease. No
established procedures exist for the grafting and indexing of such
citrus relatives, so the project is first testing seed trees for seedtransmissible diseases, and then distributing seeds to cooperating
licensed California citrus nurseries. In addition, the project has
acquired germplasm of citron (C. medica) suitable for Jewish
ritual purposes, which according to religious requirements must
be derived from never-grafted stock; this poses challenges to
conventional germplasm methods, which rely on collection of
budwood and micro-shoot-tip grafting. The project has started
distributing seeds of Assads, a rare, prized citron of Moroccan
origin, to interested nurseries.
9:5510:15 AM
Richard F. Lee
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA; richard.lee@ars.usda.
gov
S119
Jim Graham
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; jhgraham@ufl.edu
Michael Irey
Clewiston, FL; mirey@ussugar.com
T.G. McCollum
USDAARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce,
FL; greg.mccollum@ars.usda.gov
Bruce W. Wood
USDAARS, Byron, GA; Bruce.Wood@ars.usda.gov
Ronald Sequeira
USDAAPHIS, PPQ, Raleigh, NC; ron.a.sequeira@aphis.usda.
gov
11:45 AM1:45 PM
Flagler
12:0012:15 PM
12:303:00 PM
Gusman
S121
Jack E. Staub
USDAARS Forage & Range Research Laboratory, Logan, UT;
Jack.Staub@ars.usda.gov
Todd C. Wehner
NC State University, Raleigh, NC; todd_wehner@ncsu.edu
Grisana Linwattana
Horticulture Research Institute, Bangkok; linwattana@chaiyo.
com
Robert Holmer
AVRDCThe World Vegetable Centre, Bangkok;
robert.holmer@worldveg.org
The Department of Agriculture (DOA), Thailand; Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC), Taiwan;
ASEAN-AVRDC Regional Network (AARNET) Vegetable
Science International Network (VEGINET) supported by P. N.
Agricultural Science Foundation (PNASF); and the Horticultural Science Society of Thailand (HSST), jointly organized the
Regional Symposium: High Value of Vegetables in Southeast
AsiaProduction, Supply and Demand, which was held January 2426, 2012, at Lotus Hotel Pang Suan Keaw, Chiang Mai,
Thailand. More than 200 participants from about 25 countries
participated. This presentation will highlight the recommendations made by participants during the conference and opportunities for technical cooperation between Asian countries and the
United States, leading to exchanges of knowledge, technology,
and materials in vegetable crops.
2:002:30 PM
James R. Ballington
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; jrbsrb@ncsu.edu
The berry, the botanical fruit that has its seeds incased in fleshy
pulp, has provided highly nutritive components to the human
diet for millennia. The cultivated small or soft fruits, including
strawberry (Fragaria L.) and raspberry (Rubus L. subgenus
idaeobatus) have benefitted greatly from Asian heritage. In
addition, some Asian berries harvested from wild stands in
their native ranges are new to western culture. The objectives
of this presentation will be to summarize three aspects of
the influence of Asian germplasm on American berry crops:
Asian genes in the evolutionary development of octoploid
strawberries; Asian Rubus species in raspberry breeding; and,
additional Asian berries with potential niches for cultivation in
the United States. Taxonomists have long observed similarities
between Asian berry genera and their American and European
3:005:00 PM
Gusman
Globalized World:
Opportunities and Challenges
from Asia for International
Horticultural Enterprises
Sponsors: Association of Horticulturists of Indian
Origin (AHIO) Working Group and the Working
Group of Asian Horticulture (WGAH)
Moderator: Jayesh B. Samtani
University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; jbsamtani@
ucdavis.edu
The Asian region presents unique marketing and collaboration opportunities to U.S. based and international horticultural
businesses. With the trend of globalization, more companies
are collaborating with or expanding into this market and bring
significant scientific and economic impact. However, companies often face very different political, cultural, and business
environments from home. The objectives of this workshop
are to provide a discussion forum for U.S. and international
horticultural businesses with operations in Asian countries, to
present the unique opportunities and challenges for research
and technology development and transfer, marketing and customer service. Topics in this workshop will provide audience
the first-hand experience of international collaboration from
the view of horticultural enterprises.
S123
Ram M. Uckoo
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement
Center, College Station, TX; rammohanuckoo@neo.tamu.edu
G.K. Jayaprakasha
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement
Center, College Station, TX; gjayaprakasha@ag.tamu.edu
* * *
S125
Oral Abstracts
2012 Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Miami, Florida
Tuesday, July 31, 2012
Windsor
2:002:15 PM
1:301:45 PM
Carolyn W. Robinson
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; cwrobinson@auburn.edu
Donald J. Eakes
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; eakesdj@auburn.edu
Martin Stone
Jeff L. Sibley
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; sibleje@auburn.edu
Robert Lyons
Brian Trader*
Douglas C. Needham
Teaching Methods 1
Moderator: Douglas C. Needham
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; dneedham@
longwoodgardens.org
Tuttle
Denise Scribner-Newell
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; scribner@lsu.edu
Michael V. Holmes
michael.holmes@okstate.edu
Dale M. Maronek
dale.maronek@okstate.edu
Michael W. Shuttic
m.shuttic@okstate.edu
Horticultural therapy workshops have been conducted at Oklahoma State University for many years. However, instructors
lacked adequate facilities to offer an accompanying laboratory
section. In order to address this need, a sensory garden was ultimately constructed as a result of funding from the Oklahoma
Developmental Disabilities Council (ODDC). The sensory
garden, approximately 6000 sq. ft., was designed with a gathering room (meeting room frequented by all visitors before
dispersing to individual sensory rooms) and five additional
rooms each designed to showcase the five human senses; taste,
touch, hear, smell and sight. Any given sense was represented
by both labeled plant materials and also interactive elements
such as a fountain, kaleidoscope and other features. Each room
also has its own interpretive signage suggesting plant materials
known to enhance or interact well with the respective sensory
modality. Sensory garden walls, walkways, etc. were constructed
as per American with Disability Act Accessibility Guidelines
(ADAAG). Besides listening sessions, garden personnel elicited
input from a wide range of people with varying abilities and disabilities to gain unique perspective(s) to further bolster credibility
and practicality of design and subsequent usage. With the advent
of the OSU Sensory Garden, a myriad of outreach opportunities
can now be realized. Besides formal workshops, sensory garden
personnel designed the sensory garden via signage and other
visual and textural cues to enable self-guided tours which have
proven to be the norm for everyday use of the facilities. Due to
the nature of specific plant materials and other features within,
the OSU sensory garden is open to the public year round with
noteworthy features for all four seasons. Future opportunities
such as outreach activities and potential enhancement features
of the sensory garden will be discussed.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Oklahoma Developmental
Disabilities Council
3:003:15 PM
S127
Brian W. Trader
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; btrader@
longwoodgardens.org
acres of greenhouses and conservatories. One unique component of the PG Program is the Student Exhibition Garden. The
Student Exhibition Garden opened in 2010 as one of Longwoods
newest display gardens, and it features the creativity and horticultural expertise of the Professional Gardener students. The
concept for the SEG was to integrate team-based and projectbased learning directly into the PG students landscape design
curriculum. During the first year of the PG Program, students
are enrolled in LAND 1612 Introduction to Landscape Design,
where, as teams, they interview their clients about Longwoods
theme for the next year, conceptualize and design their four
SEG display gardens to the specified budget and theme, and
present their designs to a high-level review panel for final approval. During the second year of the PG Program, students
continue working on the SEG project through the course
LAND 2653 Landscape Design and Construction, where they
complete construction documentation, procure plants, develop
interpretive materials, and begin installation of the hardscape
and hardy plants. The SEG project culminates with the course
LAND 2693 Capstone Garden Project, where the PG students
finalize the installation of their four display gardens, maintain
them throughout the growing season, and communicate through
interpretive materials and garden seminars the successes and
failures of their gardens with Longwoods over one million
guests.
3:303:45 PM
Tuttle
Pomology 1
Moderator: Todd Einhorn
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; todd.einhorn@
oregonstate.edu
4:154:30 PM
Ian Merwin
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; IM13@cornell.edu
Potential environmental problems associated with hillside avocado (Persea americana) production in Chile include increased
erosion and runoff when native vegetation is removed from
hillsides, and herbicide applications eliminate groundcover
vegetation. Herbicide and fertilizer residues in runoff water
may also contaminate water resources in downslope areas. We
evaluated four GMSs in a steep hillside orchard typical of new
avocado plantings in central Chile: 1) bare soil (BS), a combination of pre- and post-emergence herbicides; 2) vegetation strip
(VS), post-emergence herbicide applied in a 1-m-wide strip
centered on the tree row plus a groundcover mixture seeded
between tree rows; 3) a complete groundcover (GC), the same
groundcover as in the VS treatment covering the entire surface
of the plots. Three years after tree establishment, trees in the
BS plots were significantly bigger and produced more fruit
than trees in the two groundcover treatments. Soil bulk density
was significantly higher, and soil macroporosity and aggregate
stability were lower in BS than the VS and GC systems. Total
soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content, C : N ratios, and essential plant nutrient availability were higher in the GC soil than
in other GMSs by the end of our study. Runoff volumes, soil
losses, PO4-P, total N (TN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
losses were consistently higher in runoff from the BS than VS
and CG treatments during the rainy seasons; no detectable
runoff was observed in the GC and VS plots during subsequent
years. The use of groundcovers is a viable management practice
to residue soil erosion and degradation, runoff, and nonpointsource pollution of drinking water sources in avocado hillside
orchards. However, negative effects on tree growth and productivity during orchard establishment explain the reluctance of
avocado growers to adopt these GMS practices. Groundcover
establishment between tree rows, combined with non-residual
herbicide applications within tree rows during the growing season, might provide an optimal combination of soil conservation
and tree performance during establishment years in these orchards.
S129
Steve Guldan
New Mexico State University, Alcalde, NM; sguldan@nmsu.edu
Late frost is the number one issue challenging the fruit industry
in central and northern New Mexico. For most fruit growers
without frost protection equipment, there was no crop or minimal
crop produced in both 2010 and 2011. Good alternative crops are
needed for New Mexico and other states with similar weather
conditions to give growers more reliable annual revenue. Jujubes,
also called Chinese dates, originated in China and have been
cultivated there for over 4000 years. Jujubes leaf/bud out 46
weeks later than most tree fruit crops, allowing them to avoid
late frosts. Jujubes also tolerate a wide range of weather and
soil conditions with pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.5. Mature jujube
trees can tolerate 20 F in winter. In addition, Jujube flower
buds initiate, bloom, set fruit, and mature within one growing
season, which contributes to its reliable crop each year. Although
jujubes are a novelty crop to most New Mexicans, there are
existing trees scattered across the state from La Mesa and Las
Cruces near the south border, Silver City, South Valley, Los
Lunas, Albuquerque, Tucumcari, to Alcalde in northern New
Mexico. All of the existing trees have been growing and producing reliable crops under the hot and semi-arid New Mexico
climate conditions. So far, jujubes are disease and pest free,
which makes them easy for organic production in New Mexico.
Jujube fruit itself is very nutritious; it contains 200500 mg of
vitamin C per 100 g of fresh fruit 100 times higher than apple
and peach. Jujubes are very popular in China and people consume them for both nutritional and medicinal purposes. Fresh
jujubes can be eaten raw and are very sweet and crisp; dried
fruits can be eaten alone or cooked in porridge or broth to add
flavor. Besides being eaten fresh and dried, jujubes are also
processed into candied fruit, smoked fruit, juice, jam, wine,
mixed beverages, powders, and tea. In addition, jujube paste
is widely used as pastry filling and is one of the most popular
moon cake flavors in China. With its late leaf-out date, wide
adaptation, reliable crop, and nutritional benefits, jujube would
be a great fruit producing and ornamental tree. It also has big
potential for commercial production in New Mexico. Detailed
research is needed for cultivar selection, cultivar compatibility,
culture management, and marketing strategies.
4:455:00 PM
Yang-Yik Song
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, GunwiGun, Gyeongbuk; songyy@rda.go.kr
Moo-Yong Park
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, GunwiGun, Gyeongbuk; parkmy@rda.go.kr
Hun-Joong Kweon
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, GunwiGun, Gyeongbuk; kwonhj@rda.go.kr
Jinsu Lee
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jslee@ufl.edu
The Gamhong apple cultivar bred by RDA in Korea has interested customers and farmers with its big size and high soluble
solid contents. The cultivar, however, is very sensitive to bitter
pit, and many farmers dislike cultivating them. This experiment
was carried out to reduce bitter pit in 7-year-old Gamhong/M.9
cultivars using different calcium sources. Treatments consisted
of the control, soil application of limestone (200 kg/10 a), foliar
sprays of 0.3% and 0.5% CaCl2 (applied 2 and 4 times), and 2%
CaCO3 (applied 4 times). Foliar spray of calcium was applied at
1-week intervals from 45 days after full bloom. Results showed
that the leaf calcium content significantly increased when applied 4 times with 0.3% and 0.5% CaCl2, when compared to the
control. The index of bitter pit (0 to 5) significantly decreased
when applied 4 times with CaCl2 at 0.3% (0.86) and at 0.5%
(0.82) compared to 2.25 of the control. Meanwhile, the soluble
solid content of fruit was decreased more 4 times than 2 times in
0.5% CaCl2. Results also showed that there was more significant
reduction in the soluble solid content when 0.5% CaCl2 was
used as compared to 0.3%.
5:005:15 PM
Xin Liu
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; xl392@cornell.edu
Chris Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
Abhaya M. Dandekar
University of California, Davis, CA; amdandekar@ucdavis.edu
Lailiang Cheng*
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; lc89@cornell.edu
Fengjuan Feng
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; ff67@cornell.edu
Yanzi Zhang
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; zyzdudu@gmail.com
Lailiang Cheng*
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; lc89@cornell.edu
5:305:45 PM
S131
J. Postman
USDAARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; Joseph.Postman@ars.usda.
gov
David Gibeaut
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; david.gibeaut@
oregonstate.edu
Christine M. Bradish*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; cmbradis@ncsu.edu
Janet Turner
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; janet.turner@
oregonstate.edu
Balmoral
Plasticulture
Moderator: Christine M. Bradish
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; cmbradis@ncsu.edu
Penelope Perkins-Veazie
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; penelope_
perkins@ncsu.edu
Gina Fernandez
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; gina_fernandez@
ncsu.edu
Guoying Ma
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; guoying_ma@
ncsu.edu
David Dickey
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; dadickey@uark.edu
Clay Wingfiled
University of Arkansas, Hope, AR; cwingfie@uark.edu
Christopher I. Vincent
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; civince@uark.edu
To determine the feasibility of off-season strawberry production under high tunnels, a cultivar trial was established in
Fayetteville and Hope, AR (northwest and southwest region,
respectively). In Sept. 2010, at Fayetteville, two cultivars,
Albion and Strawberry Festival, were planted on two planting dates. In 2011, Elyana and Radiance were added to this
trail. At Hope (2011 only) trial included Albion, Strawberry
Festival, Elyana, Camino Real, and Radiance. Data
collected at both locations included plant survival, crown
number, total and marketable yield, average berry weight, and
pest susceptibility. In Fayetteville, for both years, fruit harvest
began at the end of November and in Hope, the harvest began
at the end of October. Production continued throughout the
winter at both locations. Yields in Fayetteville were relatively
low. The average winter harvest yield per cultivar ranged from
approximately than 600 lb/A to 1,500 lb/A the first year and from
800 lb/A to 1800 lb/A the second year. In Hope, the average
yields ranged from 1,800 lb/A to 3,300 lb/A. In Fayetteville,
Albion had the highest yields both years, with significant differences between it and the other cultivars. In Hope, Albion
had lower yields than all cultivars except Elyana though
the difference was only significant with Radiance. Radiance had significantly higher yields than all other cultivars in
Hope. In all cases, earlier planting dates yielded higher than
the later planting date. Strawberry Festival did not have the
highest yields, however it was rated the best performer at both
locations because of its lower pest suceptibility and consistent
production. Although Radiance had the highest yields in
Hope, and Albion had the highest yields in Fayetteville, they
both had significant pest problems. We conclude that winter
yields in southern Arkansas are sufficiently high to recommend
this production system for commercial production.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Arkansas Agriculture Dept.
8:308:45 AM
A. Wszelaki
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; annettew@utk.edu
Strawberries have long been a high value crop and have become
an increasingly popular crop for high tunnel production using
an annual plasticulture system. Annual plasticulture allows for
high quality, increased yields, earlier harvests, soil warming,
weed control, moisture conservation, and ease of harvest. In
addition to an earlier spring harvest, high tunnels offer the
ability to harvest strawberry fruits for an additional season in
temperate climates. Growers are able to use high tunnels as a
marketing tool when field production has not yet begun. The
objective of this study was to compare variety performance and
fruit quality for winter versus spring production in high tunnel
and open field plots. This study was conducted in the subtropical southeast (Knoxville, TN), characterized by mild winters
and hot, humid summers. Three June-bearing (Albion, San
Andreas, and Seascape) and three day-neutral (Chandler,
Radiance, and Strawberry Festival) varieties were tested for
their production performance. Fruit quality indicators measured
included color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and
shelf-life. The high tunnel system produced high quality berries and yields during the winter production season, while no
fruit was produced in the open field during the winter. During
the spring production season, yields increased in both the open
field and high tunnels but berries had lower sugar and firmness
levels compared to the fruit from the winter production season.
Low sugar and firmness levels may have been caused by the
unusually high temperatures experienced during Marchthe
hottest March on record in Tennessee. These findings may allow
growers to maximize profits with out-of-season production and
higher fruit quality.
8:459:00 AM
Wesley L. Kline*
Millville, NJ; wkline@rce.rutgers.edu
C. Andrew Wyenandt
Rutgers University, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,
Bridgeton, NJ; wyenandt@njaes.rutgers.edu
Jenny Carleo
Cape May Courthouse, NJ; ko@rutgers.edu
S133
9:009:15 AM
Vasile Cerven
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; vc116@
msstate.edu
Guihong Bi
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; gb250@
msstate.edu
Kenneth Hood
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; kenh@ext.
msstate.edu
Randy Little
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; rlittle@
agecon.msstate.edu
Mengmeng Gu
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; mgu@tamu.edu
Terry W. Hudson
Hudson Farms, Charleston, WV; hudsonfarms@yahoo.com
8:308:45 AM
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Sevilla
James W. Olmstead
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jwolmstead@u.edu
The microstructure of southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) blueberry fruit with crisp and soft texture was
investigated by light microscopy. The frequency of stone
cells and variation in epidermal and hypodermal cell size was
measured. Stone cells, which are scleried cells having a thick
and lignied secondary cell wall, are known to vary in number
between cultivars of northern highbush and rabbiteye blueberry
species, and may contribute to fruit rmness. Cell size can
also contribute to differences in fruit rmness. Fruit from nine
cultivars determined by sensory and instrumental analysis to
vary in fruit texture were harvested at two developmental stages:
green and mature blue. Tissue was xed in FAA, trimmed to a
3 mm equatorial thickness, dehydrated using a graded solvent
series, inltrated and embedded in parafn, sectioned to 12
m, and stained with Safranin O and Aniline Blue for light
microscopy. Stone cells within 1200 m of the epidermis
were counted and cell height and width was measured in the
epidermal layer and 3 layers beneath the epidermis of the fruit.
The average number of stone cells in a single berry ranged from
0 to 95 between cultivars. Signicant differences in the number
of stone cells just below the epidermal layer and in cell size
within the exocarp were detected between cultivars, but did
not correspond to sensory and instrumental measures of fruit
rmness, crispness, or skin toughness. These results suggest
that cell size and increased stone cell formation beneath the
fruit skin does not have a signicant affect on berry texture,
and that rmness differences across blueberry cultivars may
be better explained by other factors affecting fruit texture such
as cell wall composition/disassembly, cell membrane integrity,
and/or turgor pressure.
James W. Olmstead
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; olmstead@u.edu
S135
Peter Sturman
Oregon State University, Aurora, OR; peter.sturman@oregonstate.
edu
Lisa J. Rowland
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; jeannine.rowland@ars.usda.gov
Elizabeth Ogden
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; elizabeth.ogden@ars.usda.gov
Bryan T. Vinyard
Beltsville, MD; bryan.vinyard@ars.usda.gov
Sivakumar Pattathil
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; siva@ccrc.uga.edu
Michael Hahn
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; hahn@ccrc.uga.edu
Anish Malladi
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; malladi@uga.edu
Yuncong Li
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; yunli@ufl.edu
Flagler
S. Alan Walters
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; awalters@siu.edu
Brian P. Klubek
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; bklubek@siu.edu
Ashok Alva
USDA, Prosser, WA; ashok.alva@ars.usda.gov
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization from agricultural soils is a common problem in commercial potato or other crop production. It
is closely associated with and positively related to NH4+ concentration in the soil. Following the application of NH4+ forming or
containing N fertilizers, the fate of NH4+ include plant uptake,
volatilization, and nitrification. Therefore, NH4+ concentration
decreases considerably within a few days after fertilization.
Typical trend in ammonia volatilization from agricultural
soils is not a normal distribution. To estimate the abnormality
of NH3volatilization probability distribution, this study was
conducted with four soils, three incubation temperatures (11, 20,
and 29 C), and four fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium
nitrate, urea, and potassium nitrate) plus a control without fertilization under two soil water regimes (20% and 80% field capacity). The soils evaluated include: Krome Gravelly Loam and
Biscayne Marl Soil sampled from Florida and Quincy Fine Sand
and Warden Silt Loam from Washington State. Based on the
Jarque-Bera test, abnormality index (A) of distribution can be
defined as: A = n/6[S^2 + 1/4(K - 3)^2], where n is the number
of observations, S is the sample skewness, and K is the sample
kurtosis. A typical normal distribution has a zero value for
either S or K and hence a zero value for A as well. However,
the A values for this study were 1001.8 and 895.9 for 20%
and 80% field capacity soil water regimes, respectively. The
K value is up to 10 and skewness up to 3. This means that the
probability distribution of NH3 volatilization from N fertilized
soils is positively peaked and right skewed as compared with
a typical normal distribution. These results indicate that any
management practices to minimize NH3 volatilization from
fertilized soils should be implemented at a very early stage
after the application of ammonium containing or forming N
fertilizers due to the positive kurtosis and right skewness of
NH3 volatilization.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDAARS
S137
Rose Ogutu
Delaware State University, Dover, DE; rogutu@desu.edu
Isabelle Nyirakabibi
Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; nyirai@
linconu.edu
The inuence of nutrient solution renewal (RNWL) versus replenishment of depleted nutrients (RPLN), and seed propagation
substrate (SBSTR) on leaf mineral nutrient content and yield of
Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. Lucullus), were evaluated in a
Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic culture. Seedlings
at the second true-leaf stage were transferred into NFT culture
and grown with a soluble fertilizer solution (15N2.2P12K)
at 200 mgL1 of N. The treatments comprised of two SMGMT
techniques (RNWL and RPLN), and two seed propagation substrates (Oasis or Rockwool cubes). Laboratory leaf analysis
at 63 days after transfer (DAT) into NFT culture indicates
signicant (P = 0.05) SMGMT SBSTR interaction for leaf
nitrogen (N) and manganese (Mn) only. With RNWL, leaf N
was higher in Rockwool than Oasis, whereas with RPLN N was
highest in Oasis (P 0.05). Compared with Oasis, Rockwool
increased leaf phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium
(Mg) with RPLN (P 0.05), but not potassium (K) and sulfur (S).
Besides N, SBSTR had no effect on leaf macronutrient content with RNWL. Across SBSTR, while leaf K was increased
(P 0.01) by RPLN, leaf Ca was highest with RNWL
(P 0.05); SMGMT did not affect the other macronutrients.
Across SMGMT Rockwool increased leaf Mg (P 0.02)
compared with Oasis, but no other macronutrient was affected
by SBSTR. Of the micronutrients only leaf iron (Fe) content
was affected by SBSTR within RNWL, being higher (P 0.05)
in Rockwool than Oasis. Within RPLN Rockwool increased
(P 0.02) the other micronutrients over Oasis, except copper
(Cu) and molybdenum (Mo). With the exception of zinc (Zn)
and Cu (RPLN > RNWL; P 0.003), SMGMT had no effect
(P 0.05) on the other micronutrients across SBSTR. Across
SMGMT Rockwool increased leaf Fe, Mn, boron (B) and Al
content over Oasis (P 0.02). Leaf growth and yield at 63-DAT
indicates signicant (P = 0.05) SMGMT SBSTR interaction
for leaf fresh- and dry weight (LFW, LDW [g]), but not leaf
count (LC) and leaf area (LA; cm2) per plant. Within SMGMT
LFW and LDW were higher in Rockwool than Oasis with either
RNWL or RPLN (P 0.01). Across SBSTR, RNWL increased
LC and LA over RPLN (P 0.01). Similarly, across SMGMT,
LC and LA were higher in Rockwool than Oasis (P 0.01).
These observations suggests that RNWL with Rockwool substrate provided better growing conditions for optimum mineral
Kenneth Lopiano
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; klopiano@u.edu
Xin Zhao
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; zxin@u.edu
Eric H. Simonne
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; esimonne@u.edu
Theodore Radovich
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; theodore@hawaii.
edu
Nguyen Hue*
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; nvhue@hawaii.edu
Robert E. Paull
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; paull@hawaii.edu
Daniel J. Cantliffe
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; djcant@ufl.edu
Douglas Gergela
University of Florida, Hastings, FL; dgergela@ufl.edu
9:159:30 AM
Masoud Hashemi
Lincoln Zotarelli
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lzota@ufl.edu
Sarah Weis
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; sweis@psis.umass.
edu
Allen V. Barker
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; barker@pssci.umass.
edu
S139
Mathieu Ngouajio*
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ngouajio@msu.edu
Sevilla
Abbasali Ravanlou
Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL;
ravanlo1@illinois.edu
During 200911, bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae, occurred widely in pumpkin fields in the Midwest. Yield
losses up to 90% forced some growers to abandon pumpkin
production. A study in 2009 showed that the disease occurred in
all 17 commercial pumpkin fields surveyed in Illinois. Another
Illinois survey in 2010 showed that the disease occurred in 40
of 50 commercial pumpkin fields with bacterial spot symp-
Drey Clark
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; clarkdre@msu.edu
Lincoln Zotarelli
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lzota@ufl.edu
Michael D. Dukes
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; mddukes@ufl.edu
Steven Sargent
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; sasa@ufl.edu
Diane Rowland
Gainesville, FL; dlrowland@ufl.edu
Mildred Makani
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; mmakani@ufl.edu
irrigation with drip tape installed below 5-cm the seed; and SEP
seepage. The potato varieties were Atlantic, Fabula, and Red
LaSoda. The average daily irrigation volume applied using
drip was 3.8 mm, while seepage required application on the
order of 15.5 mm/day to maintain the high water table. There
was an interaction between irrigation and variety treatments
for marketable yield For Atlantic and Fabula, there was no
marketable yield difference between SUR and SEP irrigation;
the varieties yielded 24.8 and 15.9 Mg/ha, respectively. The use
of SUB resulted in reduced yield by 20% and 25% for Atlantic
and Fabula, respectively. On the contrary, marketable yield of
Red LaSoda was 51% and 37% higher when SEP (26.0 Mg/ha)
was used compared to SUR and SUB, respectively. Low yields
of Red LaSoda under SUR and SUB treatments indicated that
alternative irrigation scheduling needs to be investigated for
this variety. Drip irrigation positively affected tuber internal
quality, as SUR and SUB showed lower incidence of growth
cracks, misshapen and brown center for all tested varieties, and
reduced internal heat necrosis for Atlantic. It is concluded
that appropriate use of SUR can sustain profitable yields for
Atlantic and Fabula varieties while saving irrigation water
in soils with low water-holding capacity.
11:0011:15 AM
Gary W. Hergert
University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE; ghergert1@unl.edu
S141
Recep Kotan
Erzurum, Turkey; rkotan@atauni.edu.tr
Oznur Ekici
Konya, Turkey; oznurekici42@hotmail.com
Esra Karacif
Konya, Turkey; esra.karacif@gmail.com
Serife Cetin
Konya, Turkey; serifecetin159@hotmail.com
Kenan Karagoz
Erzurum, Turkey; kbastas1@hotmail.com
Fatih Dadasoglu
Erzurum, Turkey; kbastas1@hotmail.com
Dakshina R. Seal
Tropical Research and Education Center
Trade Room
Fruit Breeding 1
Moderator: Rachel A. Itle
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ritle@ufl.edu
10:1510:30 AM
Luis F. Osorio
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; lfosorio@ufl.edu
Tomas Hasing
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; thasing@ufl.edu
Salvador Gezan
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; sgezan@ufl.edu
(phenotypic, genotypic, and genetic) were estimated using general mixed model analyses. Narrow sense heritabilities varied
from low to moderate (h2 = 0.13 to 0.32) except for shape score
(h2 = 0.06) and average fruit weight (h2 = 0.52). Broad-sense
heritabilities were larger (H2 = 0.18 to 0.53). Large amounts
of non-additive variance for some traits show the potential for
gains from clonal selection, such as for titrateable acidity (d2 +
i2 = 0.23) and total runners (d2 + i2 = 0.20). In contrast, no nonadditive genetic variance was estimated for average fruit weight.
Genotype by environment interaction was minimal across the
locations for all traits, suggesting that testing in one location
may be sufficient. Large genetic correlations were found for
some traits, most notably between soluble solids content and
early marketable yield (0.68 0.22). This indicates that there
may be a tradeoff between soluble solids concentration in the
fruit and the total fruit load on the plant. Genetic gains for this
pair of traits based on a Monte Carlo simulation showed that
moderate gains can be made in both traits using the appropriate
index coefficients.
10:3010:45 AM
Dudley A. Huber
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; dahuber@ufl.edu
Luis F. Osorio
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; lfosorio@ufl.edu
Vance M. Whitaker
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; vwhitacker@ufl.edu
Natalia A. Peres
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; nperes@ufl.edu
S143
Noemi Tel-Zur*
Ben Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Midreshet Ben
Gurion; telzur@bgu.ac.il
Andrew R. Jamieson
Atlantic Food & Hort. Res. Ctr., Kentville NS B4N 1J5;
jamiesona@agr.gc.ca
Nahla V. Bassil
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; Nahla.Bassil@ars.usda.gov
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; Chad.Finn@ars.usda.gov
James F. Hancock
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; hancock@msu.edu
Susan McCallum
James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie; Susan.McCallum@hutton.
ac.uk
Julie Graham
James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie; Julie.Graham@scri.ac.uk
James W. Olmstead
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jwolmstead@ufl.edu
Werner R. Collante
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; wernerc@ufl.edu
Nahla V. Bassil
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort.oregonstate.edu
Allan F. Brown
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; allan_brown@
ncsu.edu
Emily J. Buck
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd.,
Palmerston North; Emily.Buck@plantandfood.co.nz
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
James F. Hancock
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; berrygenetics@
hotmail.com
Lisa J. Rowland
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; jeannine.rowland@ars.usda.gov
James Ballington
NC State University, Raleigh, NC; jim_ballington@ncsu.edu
S145
Paul Lyrene
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; pml@ifas.ufl.edu
James W. Olmstead
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jwolmstead@ufl.edu
Introgression of traits from wild Vaccinium arboreum into Vaccinium corymbosum germplasm has been a goal of the University
of Florida blueberry breeding program for over two decades.
Two strategies have been used to further this goal: hybridization
with diploid species from section Cyanococcus that produce
unreduced gametes to create a bridge for crossing tetraploid
highbush blueberry, and generation of tetraploid V. arboreum
plants by colchicine treatment for use in crossing directly with
tetraploid highbush blueberry. The cultivar Meadowlark was a
result of the first methodology; however, seedling recovery rate
using this strategy was low because of low rates of unreduced
gamete formation. Hybridization of tetraploid V. arboreum with
highbush blueberry was first reported by Lyrene in 2011, and
nearly 4,000 backcross seedlings between these hybrids and
additional highbush blueberry parents have been made. Two
backcross half-sibling populations were selected for further
analyses. Population A resulted from a cross between Southern
Belle and FL 08-467 (V. corymbosum V. arboreum hybrid),
and population B from the cross Abundance FL 08-467.
The objective of this research was to study the introgression of
vegetative and reproductive traits from V. arboreum into cultivated V. corymbosum germplasm. In both populations, anther
awns were present on all individuals that have had flowers, a
trait characteristic in V. arboreum and other species within section Batodendron. After two years, survival was dramatically
different between the sibling populations, with a survival rate
of 80% and 39% in population A and B, respectively. In general, the means for vegetative and reproductive traits measured
in both backcross populations were less than the recurrent V.
corymbosum parent. For example, the average unpruned height
of 72 cm and 70 cm for population A and B, respectively, while
the southern highbush parent of population A and B averaged
92 cm (Southern Belle) and 157 cm (Abundance). Two
years after planting, 85% and 58% of the surviving individuals
Michael Dossett
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC; dossettm@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Barbara Gilmore
USDAARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; barb.gilmore@ars.usda.gov
Todd Mockler
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; tmockler@cgrb.
oregonstate.edu
Sergei Filichkin
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; filichks@onid.orst.edu
Mary Peterson
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; mary.peterson@ars.usda.gov
Jungmin Lee
USDAARS, HCRU, Parma, ID; Jungmin.Lee@ars.usda.gov
Gina Fernandez
NC State University, Kannapolis, NC; gina_fernandez@ncsu.edu
Penelope Perkins-Veazie
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; penelope_
perkins@ncsu.edu
Courtney A. Weber
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; caw34@nysaes.cornell.edu
Robert Agunga
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; agunga.1@osu.edu
Emily Rhoades
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; rhoades.100@osu.edu
Joseph C. Scheerens
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research
and Development Center, Wooster, OH; scheerens.1@osu.edu
Kim S. Lewers
USDAARS, BARC, Beltsville, MD; lewersk@ba.ars.usda.gov
Julie Graham
James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie; Julie.Graham@scri.ac.uk
Irwin L. Goldman
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR;
finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
Over the last 75 years, the black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) industry in the United States has steadily declined due
to a lack of adapted and disease resistant cultivars. The high
anthocyanin content of black raspberry and associated health
benefits have revived interest in production and breeding new
cultivars. Wild black raspberries were recently collected in their
native range from more than 130 locations across 27 U.S. states
and two Canadian provinces. Evaluation of this wild germplasm
led to the identification of four sources of aphid resistance, two
of which were introgressed into the elite breeding pool in two
mapping populations. Funding was recently obtained from
the USDAs Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI) to
develop the genomic infrastructure for breeding improved
black raspberries. The objectives of this project include: 1) the
development of genomic tools for breeding black raspberry; 2)
maintaining or enhancing primary and secondary metabolites
in selections; and 3) assessment of consumer preferences and
identification of factors that can enhance fresh and processing
market expansion. We have begun constructing a linkage map,
assembling a draft genome, and generating new microsatellite
markers and EST sequences from different black raspberry tissues. The mapping populations have been propagated and will
be planted in four different production regions across North
America. Phenotypic and genotypic information will be used
to identify quantitative trait loci important for breeding objectives. The results will inform decisions regarding germplasm
value and usage, crossing, and selection through marker-assisted
breeding and phytochemical quality, and will be useful for
breeding programs across the U.S.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDANIFASCRI
Tuttle
Hiroshi Maeda
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI; maeda2@wisc.
edu
S147
Celina Gomez
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; cgomezva@purdue.edu
Cary Mitchell
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; cmitchel@purdue.edu
11:0011:15 AM
Yixiang Xu
Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA; yxu@vsu.edu
Michael Brandt
Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA; mbrandt@vsu.edu
Edward Sismour
Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA; Eskimos@vsu.edu
G.K. Jayaprakasha
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; gkjp@agnet.tamu.edu
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; b-patil@tamu.edu
Matthew D. Kleinhenz
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; kleinhenz.1@osu.edu
Joseph C. Scheerens
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; scheerens.1@osu.edu
Consumer interest in foods, including vegetables, with properties that benefit human health (e.g., minerals, dietary fiber, and
secondary metabolites) is rising. Many, including farmers, desire
to increase the dietary health value of fresh vegetables but they
face three challenges. First, there are few, if any, accepted on-farm
processes and/or metrics to describe and manage fresh vegetable
composition, especially as it relates to dietary health value. Second, data suggest that primary and secondary metabolism may
Xianjin Liu
Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing; Jaasliu@jaas.
ac.cn
Jianghao Sun
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; jianghao.sun@ars.usda.gov
Hui Peng
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; hui.peng@ars.usda.gov
Pei Chen
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; pei.chen@ars.usda.gov
Bruce Whitaker
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; bruce.whitaker@ars.usda.gov
S149
12:0012:15 PM
Theodore Radovich
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; theodore@hawaii.
edu
Kent Kobayashi
Univ of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; kentko@hawaii.edu
Robert Paull
Allen V. Barker
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; barker@pssci.umass.
edu
1:452:00 PM
Sevilla
Organic Horticulture
Moderator: Amjad Ahmad
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; alobady@hawaii.
edu
Amjad Ahmad*
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; alobady@hawaii.
edu
Roland Ebel*
Vienna 1090; ebelroland@hotmail.com
Rebecca Schnelle
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; rebecca.schnelle@uky.edu
Nguyen Hue
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; nvhue@hawaii.edu
Theodore Radovich
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; theodore@hawaii.
edu
S151
Carol Miles
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
Jeremy Cowan
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; jeremy.
cowan@wsu.edu
Douglas Hayes
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; dhayes1@utk.edu
J. Moore-Kucera
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; Jennifer.moore-kucera@ttu.
edu
Raimundo W. de Figueiredo
Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE; figueira@ufc.br
Geraldo A. Maia
Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE; gmaia@secrel.com.br
Ricardo E. Alves*
Embrapa Labex-US/TAMU, College Station, TX; ricardo.alves@
embrapa.br
Acerola or Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata) is characterized by high vitamin C content, which is many times higher
than other fruits that could be considered good sources, such
as guava, cashew apple and citrus. Besides its consumption as
a fruit, acerola presents a wide potential to be used in different
products rich in bioactive compounds, as it has been described in
several works. The species, originally from the Antilles, can be
found from South Texas, through Mexico and Central America
to northern South America and throughout the Caribbean, being
Brazil nowadays the worlds largest producer, consumer and
exporter. For this reason in the last twenty years were developed
and adapted several acerola varieties in the country. In this study
were analyzed bioactive compounds (vitamin C, anthocyanins,
yellow flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols) and antioxidant activity in edible portion of fruits from different acerola
varieties (AC26, AC69, AC71, Apodi, Barbados, Cereja, Flor
Branca, Florida Sweet, FP19, Frutacor, I6 / 2, II 47 / 1, Mineira,
Monami, Okinawa, Roxinha, and Sertaneja) growing under
traditional and/or organic cultivation. All fruits were harvested
at the same stage of maturity, i.e. ripe. The acid ascorbic content
ranged from 350.45 to 2530 mg/100 g. The overall average for
ascorbic acid content was 1367.47 mg/100 g. Besides vitamin C,
acerola fruits were rich in polyphenols (from 560.59 to 1803.11
mg/100 g). Acerola fruits from varieties under organic cultivation showed the highest levels of these bioactive compounds
and consequently for antioxidant activity. Additionally, fruits
from the majority of the varieties could be considered as good
source of anthocyanins, flavonoids and carotenoids. In general
the results show that acerola is an excellent dietary source of
natural antioxidants, not only vitamin C, and their consumption
as fresh and processed fruits should be encouraged.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Embrapa, CNPq and CAPES
Trade Room
Thomas J. Molnar*
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; molnar@aesop.rutgers.edu
S153
Suzanne R. Abrams
National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK; Sue.
Abrams@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Ken Nelson
National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK; Kenneth.
Nelson@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Peter D. Petracek
Valent BioSciences Corporation, Long Grove, IL; peter.
petracek@valent.com
Influence of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic
Acid (ACC) on Abscission and Fruit Quality of
Mcintosh Apples
Duane W. Greene
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; dgreene@pssci.
umass.edu
Balmoral
S155
S. Alan Walters
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; awalters@siu.edu
Brian P. Klubek
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; bklubek@siu.edu
2:302:45 PM
Jef Achenbach
Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; jachenbach@acadian.ca
Laurel Shishkov
Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; lshishkov@acadian.ca
Jeffrey Norrie
Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, NS; jnorrie@acadian.ca
S. Alan Walters
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; awalters@siu.edu
Karen S. Midden
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; kmidden@siu.edu
Brian P. Klubek
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; bklubek@siu.edu
Anthony D. Bratsch
University of Missouri, Rolla, MO; bratscha@missouri.edu
Drey Clark
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; clarkdre@msu.edu
S157
Trade Room
Paul R. Fisher
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; pfisher@ufl.edu
David R. Bryla
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; brylad@onid.orst.edu
4:455:00 PM
Michael Cahn
Univ California Cooperative Extension, Salinas, CA; mdcahn@
ucdavis.edu
Timothy K. Hartz
University of California, Davis, CA; tkhartz@ucdavis.edu
Robert Mikkelsen*
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Merced, CA; rmikkelsen@
ipni.net
P.E. Fixen
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Merced, CA; pfixen@ipni.
net
R. Williams
International Plant Nutrition Inst, Merced, CA; rwilliams@
paqinteractive.com
Q.B. Rund
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Merced, CA; qrund@
paqinteractive.com
There is a need for a systematic examination of current nutrient use in the United States. Knowing the status of nutrient use
and crop removal provides a basis for identifying regions for
improvements in management and potential areas for water and
air quality improvement. The Nutrient GIS (NuGIS) database
creates county-level estimates of N, P, and K applied to the soil
in fertilizer and livestock manure, and removed by harvested
agricultural crops. Geospatial techniques are used to estimate
balances for 8-digit hydrologic units using the county-level data.
The current version makes estimates for 5-year periods, coinciding with the USDA Census of Agriculture, from 19872007.
A version that can be updated annually for non-Census years
is under development. The following major conclusions are
evident: Crop nutrient removal in the United States is increasing faster than nutrient use. Great variation exists across the
country in major nutrient (N, P, K) balances. The most positive
P balances are found in the South Atlantic Gulf, New England,
and California watershed regions. Much of the Corn Belt has
negative P balances and the entire western half of the country
has highly negative K balances. Removal to use ratios appear
unsustainably high in some regions and unsustainably low in
others calling for intensive monitoring of soil fertility and more
intensive nutrient management. Substantial uncertainty exists in
such aggregate data and points to a need for farm-level measurement of nutrient balance and removal to use ratios as a basis for
indicating progress in nutrient management.
5:005:15 PM
Kimberly A. Williams
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; kwilliam@ksu.edu
S159
(0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 lbs N/acre). Granular ammonium
sulfate (21% N) was applied to positive control treatments at a
rate of 100 lbs N/acre. Foliar nutrient concentrations (N, P, K,
Ca, Mg, and Mn) were monitored at the beginning and end of
the growing season in both years of the study. Soil exchangeable cation concentration (K, Ca, and Mg) was determined at
the beginning and end of the growing season in 2010 by ammonium acetate extraction. Lysimeters were installed prior to
beginning the study, and cation nutrient losses (N, K, Ca, and
Mg) through the rootzone were quantified weekly during both
growing seasons. In both growing seasons, Ca and Mg content
in leachate of A. fraseri treatments was significantly greater in
ammonium sulfate treatments. This trend was observed for P.
resinosa treatments only for Ca in 2010. Treatment had no effect on cation leaching in hybrid poplar plots, probably due to
charge balances in the soil as a result of nitrate leaching. Soil
exchangeable cation concentrations were statistically similar in
May and in August among treatments for all species, with the
exception of reduced Mg in ammonium sulfate hybrid poplar
treatments, which was likely due nutrient limitations. Overall
amino acid fertilization had a more significant effect on foliar
nutrient concentrations in the first year of the study, and the less
prominent effect in the second year was suggested to be due to
competition with non-target organisms for nutrients when trees
were establishing in field soils.
5:155:30 PM
Alexa R. Wilson
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; wilso731@msu.edu
Deniz Guney
Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; d_guney@ktu.edu.tr
Semsettin Kula
Ducze University, Ducze; semsettin61@msn.com
5:305:45 PM
Krystin Riha
West Lafayette, IN; kriha@purdue.edu
Michael J. Gosney
mjgosney@purdue.edu
Greg Michalski
gmichals@purdue.edu
Michael V. Mickelbart*
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; mickelbart@purdue.edu
Pomology 2
Moderator: Bryan Emmett
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; be68@cornell.edu
4:154:30 PM
Clive Kaiser*
5:456:00 PM
J. Mark Christensen
C.R. Rom
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; crom@uark.edu
M. Savin
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; msavin@uark.edu
K. Brye
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; kbrye@uark.edu
J. McAfee
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jmcafee@uark.edu
Balmoral
Stephen M. Over
Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA; smeadoverp@hotmail.com
S161
4:455:00 PM
Renae Moran*
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; rmoran@maine.edu
M. Elena Garcia
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; megarcia@uark.edu
Lorraine Berkett
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; lorraine.berkett@uvm.edu
Terence Bradshaw
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; tbradsha@uvm.edu
Sara Kingsley-Richard
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; sarah.kingsley@uvm.edu
Morgan Griffith
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; mcgriffi@uvm.edu
Heather Darby
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; heather.darby@uvm.edu
Robert Parsons
Dept. of Community Development and Applied Economics,
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT;
bob.parsons@uvm.edu
Bryan Emmett*
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; be68@cornell.edu
Taryn Bauerle
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; bauerle@cornell.edu
Lorraine P. Berkett
University of Vermont, VT; Lorraine.Berkett@uvm.edu
Renae Moran
University of Maine, Orono, ME; rmoran@umext.maine.edu
Terence Bradshaw
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; tbradsha@uvm.edu
Sara Kingsley-Richards
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; sarah.kingsley@uvm.edu
Morgan Griffith
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; mcgriffi@uvm.edu
Heather Darby
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; heather.darby@uvm.edu
Robert Parsons
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; bob.parsons@uvm.edu
M. Elena Garcia
Donn T. Johnson
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; dtjohnso@uark.edu
Mary Savin
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; msavin@uark.edu
Jennie H. Popp
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jhpopp@uark.edu
Jason McAfee
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jmcafee@uark.edu
Heather Friedrich
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; heatherf@uark.edu
S163
5:456:00 PM
Thomas M. Kon*
Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA; tmk243@psu.edu
James R. Schupp
Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA; jrs42@psu.edu
H.E. Winzeler
Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA; hew6@psu.edu
Richard P. Marini
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; rpm12@psu.
edu
Stephen A. Hoying
Highland, NY; sah19@cornell.edu
Mario Miranda
Cornell University, Newark, NY; mrm67@cornell.edu
Kevin Iungerman
Cornell University, Ballston Spa, NY; kai3@cornell.edu
Tuttle
Postharvest 1
Moderator: Jiwan P. Palta
University of Wisconsin, Madison; jppalta@wisc.edu
4:154:30 PM
Oleg Feygenberg
The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan; fgboleg@agri.gov.il
Alon Samach
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot; samach@agri.
huji.ac.il
Edna Pesis*
The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan; epesis@agri.gov.il
The local Israeli purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) line
Passion Dream (PD) is a hybrid of purple and yellow passion
fruits which produces two cycles of fruit a year, in summer and
winter. Fresh fruit quality is reduced after 3 weeks of storage,
mainly from shriveling and decay development. Passion fruit
is typically collected from the ground after natural abscission;
however, these fruit will suffer from damage and are not suitable
for export. Here we examined the effect of various postharvest
gas treatments aimed at maintaining fruit quality of picked fruit
after storage. On the day of harvest, fruit at breaker stage were
sealed in 250-L chambers for 24 h at 25 C and provided with
100 ppm ethylene, 500 ppb 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP),
2% ethanol vapors (EtV) or 1% low oxygen atmosphere (LO2).
After treatment, fruit was placed in 1-L plastic boxes covered
with stretchable shrink lm and transferred to storage at 12 or
20 C. In another experiment, we compared the effect of 500
ppb 1-MCP on pink and breaker PD fruits, in order to extend
storability. Ethylene levels as well as fruit acidity were initially
much higher in winter fruit compared to summer fruit. LO2
enhanced peel color due to anthocyanin accumulation in winter fruit after 12 C storage, but not in summer fruit. Ethylene
treatment increased color development and production of aroma
volatiles in breaker fruit, similar to levels in pink fruit, after
natural abscission. Aroma volatiles were determined in juice by
SPME/GC-MS techniques. In both seasons, 1-MCP, EtV and
LO2 delayed ripening by reducing ethylene production, color
development and production of aroma volatiles. LO2 and even
more so EtV, caused off avors likely due to more ethanol and
ethyl esters production. In both summer and winter seasons, fruit
treated with 1-MCP at breaker or pink stage and subjected to 12
C storage and 20 C shelf life displayed the best appearance,
as measured by minimal weight lost, peel shriveling, and decay,
enabling 56 weeks of postharvest storage life.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Chief Scientist, Israel
4:304:45 PM
Marita I. Cantwell
University of California, Davis, CA; micantwell@ucdavis.edu
S165
Yukari Murakami
Kinki University, Kinokawa; bd9001my@waka.kindai.ac.jp
Leelavoravongse Varakorn
Kinki University, Kinokawa; bm0029rv@waka.kindai.ac.jp
Megumi Ishimaru
Kinki University, Kinokawa; ishimaru@waka.kindai.ac.jp
Yoshihiko Ozaki
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba;
ozaki.yoshihiko@affrc.go.jp
5:005:15 PM
Jiwan P. Palta*
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; jppalta@facstaff.wisc.edu
8:008:15 AM
RenSun Lee*
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; leeren@msu.edu
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ryser@msu.edu
Jeffrey K. Brecht
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jkbrecht@ufl.edu
Dennis Fulbright
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; fulbrig1@msu.edu
Amarat Simonne
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; asim@ufl.edu
Eva Almenar
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ealmenar@msu.edu
Francisco Loayza*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; francisco.loayza@ufl.edu
Elliot Ryser
Concourse 1
Postharvest 2
Moderator: Jinhe Bai
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
jinhe.bai@ars.usda.gov
S167
John W. Scott
GCREC, Wimauma, FL; jwsc@ufl.edu
Jinhe Bai
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
jinhe.bai@ars.usda.gov
8:308:45 AM
Hui-Ling Liao
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; bigface@ufl.edu
Elizabeth Baldwin
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
liz.baldwin@ars.usda.gov
Igor Kostenyuk
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; kostenyuk@yahoo.com
Jacqueline K. Burns
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; jkbu@crec.ifas.ufl.edu
Michael Irey
United States Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, FL; mirey@ussugar.
com
Li Li
TianJin University of Science & Technology, TianJin, TianJin;
li.li@agr.gc.ca
Jun Song*
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; songj@agr.
gc.ca
Leslie Campbell-Palmer
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; leslie.
campell@agr.gc.ca
XiHong Li
TianJin University of Science & Technology, TianJin, TianJin;
lixihong606@163.com
ZhaoQi Zhang
South China Agriculture University, GuangZhou; zqzhang@scau.
edu.cn
Wayne M. Jurick
USDA, Beltsville, MD; wayne.jurick@ars.usda.gov
Kim S. Lewers
USDAARS, BARC, Beltsville, MD; lewersk@ba.ars.usda.gov
Christopher S. Walsh
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; cswalsh@umd.edu
Raspberries are a delicate, high value specialty crop with an extremely short shelf life. This is exacerbated by their susceptibility
to postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:F. Of the
three commercially available species, European red raspberry
(Rubus idaeus L.) is the most widely grown. Yellow (R. idaeus
L.), black (R. occidentalis L.) and purple raspberries (R. neglectus
Peck. or R. occidentalis idaeus hybrids) are mainly available at
local markets and U-pick farms. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first study to systematically examine postharvest quality differences between multiple raspberry types and the role of
host genotype in decay resistance. The postharvest quality of
17 cultivars of red, yellow, purple, and black raspberries was
examined twice weekly from June to September over a 2-year
period. Storage life of unsprayed, ripe berries was assessed
weekly, while firmness, color, respiration, and ethylene evolution
rates were measured in select harvests. Our results show that
black and purple raspberries took the longest to reach 25% rot in
storage. Yellow raspberries took the shortest number of days to
reach 25% rot. The incidence of bleed appeared to be unrelated
to disease tolerance. Black raspberries had the lowest ethylene
evolution rates, highest total anthocyanins and phenolics, and
the lowest incidence of B. cinerea decay. Current studies are
focused on confirming the relationship between B. cinerea
resistance and postharvest physiology. This information could
then be used to guide raspberry breeding programs to screen
for improved quality and shelf life.
9:159:30 AM
Mark A. Ritenour
University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL; ritenour@ufl.edu
S169
Sandringham
Steven Kirk
Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; kirks@
lincolnu.edu
Brandon Carpenter
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; bracarp@iastate.edu
had high male ower counts throughout the survey. There was
a signicant linear reduction in the number of fruit carried with
an increase in plant temperature measured over the crown of
triploids from 2.9 at 18.3 C to 2.0 in temperatures above 32.2
C. Fruit numbers varied between triploid cultivars in relation
to crown temperature.
8:459:00 AM
Carol Miles
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.edu
Debra Inglis
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.
edu
S171
9:159:30 AM
Charles Barrett*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; charlesedwardbarrett@
gmail.com
Lincoln Zotarelli
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lzota@ufl.edu
Marcelo Paranhos
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; marceloparan@ufl.edu
Guilherme B. Buck
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; gbbuck@ufl.edu
Michael D. Dukes
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; mddukes@ufl.edu
Douglas Gergela
University of Florida, Hastings, FL; dgergela@ufl.edu
Clinton C. Shock*
Oregon State University, Ontario, OR; clinton.shock@
oregonstate.edu
Lamont Saunders
Oregon State University, Ontario, OR; monty.saunders@
oregonstate.edu
Chenping Xu
Uvalde, TX; cxu@ag.tamu.edu
Shinsuke Agehara
Uvalde, TX; shinsuke.agehara@gmail.com
Windsor
Extension
Moderator: Cheryl R. Boyer
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; crboyer@ksu.edu
8:008:15 AM
Sue Hamilton
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; sueham@utk.edu
Fiona McAnally
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; fmcanall@utk.edu
Mary A. Rogers
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; mroger30@utk.edu
Margarita Velandia
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; mvelandi@utk.edu
Bridget Behe
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; behe@msu.edu
S173
Kimberly Chung
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; kchung@msu.edu
Sustaining farmers markets in low-income areas is challenging nationwide. Since long-term farmer participation is often
influenced by profitability, market managers in low-income
areas strive to expand their customer base, and thus sales, by
accepting Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
benefits (formerly food stamps) in the form of Electronic Benefits
Transfer (EBT). Enhancing sales with EBT has the potential to
increase farm profitability and thus farmer commitment to markets; yet little is known about why farmers choose to participate
in EBT programs or what the range of farmer experience has
been with EBT redemption systems. The goal of this research
was to discover farmers perspectives regarding on-site EBT
redemption programs. A detailed, qualitative approach was used
to understand the knowledge, experience and perceptions of
farmers who did and did not use EBT at their farmers market.
Twenty-three in-depth interviews were conducted with farmers
selling at six Michigan farmers markets located in low-income,
urban areas. Farmers identified the challenges encountered in
selling at farmers markets in low-income areas as well as their
reasons for participating or not participating in the EBT program.
Results indicate that farmers are not only willing to participate
in EBT programs organized and managed by the farmers market,
but participation also increases their awareness and knowledge
of food assistance programs.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NCRSARE
8:308:45 AM
Jenny Carleo
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; carleo@aesop.rutgers.edu
Burhan zkan
Akdeniz University, Antalya; bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr
Nick Polanin
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; polanin@NJAES.
Rutgers.edu
Barbara ONeill
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; oneill@AESOP.Rutgers.
edu
Stephen J. Komar
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; skomar@AESOP.
Rutgers.edu
Robert Mickel
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; mickel@RCE.Rutgers.
edu
Meredith Melendez
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; melendez@NJAES.
Rutgers.edu
Kelly Young
University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; kyoung@arizona.edu
Buying locally grown food is a trend that is increasing nationwide through direct markets such as farmers markets.
Farmers across the country sell directly to customers but in
Yuma, the countries largest producer of winter vegetables, no
direct sales are available. The majority of Yumas agriculture
producers are large acreage corporate entities; their produce is
under contract to large distributors so they are unable to make
direct sales to consumers. This means very little locally grown
produce is available in Yuma. The University of Arizona, Yuma
Mary Wilson
University of Nevada Coop. Extension, Las Vegas, NV;
wilsonm@unce.unr.edu
Many elderly citizens are low-income, at risk of malnutrition, and in need of nutrition-related assistance, yet only a
small segment receive it. The Commodity Supplemental Food
Program is simple and accessible, and more seniors enroll
in it than in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(Food Stamps). Eat Smart Live Strong was developed to
improve seniors nutrition and self-efficacy. Participants learn
to grow herbs indoors to enhance the palatability of commodity foods, particularly fruits and vegetables. Lessons focus on
growing herbs, product dating, food safety, increasing fruit
and vegetable consumption, and use of commodity foods in a
healthful diet. Plants, seeds, and cuttings are distributed over
the course, with recipe demonstrations using herbs and commodity foods accompanying each lesson. Program evaluations
assessed comfort with growing plants, as well as improvement
in food selection, meal planning and preparation, nutritional
health, and personal control. Results showed participants were
less likely to discard foods from food packages, less likely to
run out before the end of the month, and less likely to avoid
items in the commodities package because of health concerns.
They also reported eating at least two meals per day with more
fruits, vegetables, and milk products. Students reported feeling
more in control of their lives and less helpless in dealing with
problems after the course.
9:159:30 AM
Edward Bush
LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; ebush@agctr.lsu.edu
Kathryn Fontenot
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA;
kkfontenot@agcenter.lsu.edu
Maud Walsh
LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; mwalsh@agcenter.lsu.edu
Pamela Blanchard
LSU College of Education, Baton Rouge, LA; pamb@lsu.edu
S175
Jayne M. Zajicek
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; jmz4858@acs.tamu.
edu
Tuttle
Regina Bracy
Louisiana State University, Hammond, LA; rbracy@agcenter.lsu.
edu
Allen Owings
LSU AgCenter, Hammond, LA; aowings@agctr.lsu.edu
Jason Fridley
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; fridley@syr.edu
Taryn Bauerle
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; bauerle@cornell.edu
Invasive woody plants, often escaped ornamentals, are recognized as a major threat in forest ecosystems, altering biodiversity
and ecosystem processes, however, little is known about how
belowground processes influence these changes. A common
trait associated with woody plant invasion is higher carbon
gain from earlier bud break. Through adaptation of the vernal
dam hypothesis, we attempt to understand how the relationship between leafing phenology and belowground patterns of
root growth influence seasonal patterns of nitrogen uptake in
congeneric native and invasive woody plants. Toward this goal,
we established a comparative study examining root dynamics
of congeneric native and non-native species of two common
genera in Northeastern North American forests, Lonicera and
Rhamnus, which show marked contrasts in leafing phenology. A field plot of 28 potted plants, seven of each species (L.
japonica, L. sempervirens, R. frangula, and R. caroliniana)
were established at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. Using
minirhizotron technology and mylar windows, root systems
were nondestructively monitored for fine root growth, turnover
and lifespan from July 2010 to March 2012. Additionally, 15N
tracers were used to determine the seasonal physiological uptake
and efficiency of fine roots, through a depletion method in intact
roots coupled to root respiration. We hypothesize that invasive
individuals will have higher root relative growth rate and faster
root turnover, corresponding to higher uptake in nitrogen. The
data from belowground processes will be correlated with data
from aboveground leaf demography collected from Syracuse
University to obtain a whole-plant perspective on invasive
potential. We expect root processes to be positively correlated
with aboveground leaf dynamics, especially during spring leafout when plant nutrient demand is greatest. Characterization
of belowground root systems with joint information on aboveground patterns can significantly enhance our understanding of
how woody plants are able to acquire resources necessary to
outcompete similar native species.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: New York State Flowers Initiative, Kieckhefer Adirondack Fellowship
8:308:45 AM
Kenneth B. Marcum
United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; kenmarcum@uaeu.ac.ae
Jawaharlal M
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore; jawaharflori@
yahoo.com
Ganga M
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore;
gangasivakumar@yahoo.com
Regina Bracy
LSU Ag Center, Hammond, LA; rbracy@agcenter.lsu.edu
Dan Gill
LSU Ag Center, Hammond, LA; dgill@agcenter.lsu.edu
The LSU AgCenter, in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry (LDAF), initiated an ornamental
plant marketing and promotion program in 2010. This program
is called Louisiana Super Plants, Funded has been provided
via an intial 3-year award via the Louisiana Department of
Agriculture and Forestrys Specialty Crop Competitiveness
Block Grant Program. Two subsequent years have now been
funded. Plants have been selected for fall and spring promo-
S177
N. Fuhrman
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; dr.nick.fuhrman@gmail.com
A. Martinez-Espinoza
University of Georgia, Griffin, GA; amartine@uga.edu
Landscape work is dangerous. Workers not only handle dangerous machinery and chemicals, but are also exposed to heat and
sun. Tragically, landscape work can be deadly; there were 157
fatalities nationwide in 2010. In Georgia, many Hispanics work
in the landscape industry. Their access to safety information can
be limited because language and cultural barriers. Since 2004,
safety training programs targeting Hispanic landscape workers
have been conducted by a bilingual team from the University
of Georgia. Over 2,500 workers have been trained to date. Marketing the program to business owners and workers presented
challenges. These challenges were overcome primarily by venue
selection and timing of training. Low literacy levels and related
issues were identified as impediments to learning. Visual materials and hands-on demonstrations were incorporated into the
trainings to account for the literacy level of participants. Pictorial and scenario-based questions were developed to assess the
impact of the trainings on participant safety knowledge, before
and after, the trainings. Results suggest that using pictures to
evaluate participant learning is a moderately effective evaluation technique. Challenges included pictures of unsafe practices
that were potentially misinterpreted by participants. However,
scenario-based questions were more effective at measuring
safety knowledge and showed that participants gained valuable
information from the trainings in the areas of pedestrian hazards
and identification of hazardous landscape features. In addition,
the scenario-based items allowed participants to engage in a
conversation with the educator while thinking critically about
safety on the jobsite. This presentation will highlight what
worked and what did not from both a data collection and safety
training standpoint.
9:159:30 AM
John M. Ruter
Univ of Georgia, Tifton, GA; ruter@uga.edu
David Spadoni
Collin County Master Gardener Association, McKinney, TX;
spudnmar@verizon.net
Kim Schofield
ABC Commercial Services, New Braunfels, TX; kshchofield@
abcservices.com
Steve George
Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Dallas, TX; s-george3@tamu.
edu
Sevilla
Pomology 3
Moderator: Jennifer Reeve
Utah State University, Logan, UT; Jennifer.Reeve@usu.edu
8:008:15 AM
S179
Yeuseok Kwon
Chungchungbukdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services,
Cheongwon; demian09@korea.kr
Taejung Kim
Corey Ransom
Utah State University, Logan, UT; corey.ransom@usu.edu
Diane Alston
Utah State University, Logan, UT; diane.alston@usu.edu
Mae Culumber
Andrew Tebeau
Approaches for Establishing Organic Stonefruit Orchards in Utah and the Intermountain
West
Jennifer Reeve*
Utah State University, Logan, UT; Jennifer.Reeve@usu.edu
Brent Black
Thor Lindstrom
Utah State University, Logan, UT; thor.lindstrom@usu.edu
9:009:15 AM
David Gibeaut
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; david.gibeaut@
oregonstate.edu
Todd Einhorn*
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; todd.einhorn@
oregonstate.edu
Matthew D. Whiting
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; mdwhiting@
wsu.edu
Yiannis G. Ampatzidis*
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; yiannis.ampatzidis@
wsu.edu
Matthew D. Whiting
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; mdwhiting@
wsu.edu
S181
10:1510:30 AM
Yiannis G. Ampatzidis*
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; yiannis.ampatzidis@
wsu.edu
Matthew D. Whiting
John D. Lea-Cox
Bruk E. Belayneh
Sevilla
Floriculture 1
Moderator: Karen L. Panter
We are interested in quantifying daily water use for cutower Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) production, since
oral development is highly sensitive to available water in
soilless substrates and plant densities are typically very high in
greenhouse cut-ower production. Daily water use of snapdragon
cultivars was measured using a load-cell based system coupled
with a dense environmental sensor network, including capacitance sensors, temperature and relative humidity, and light (PPF)
sensors. Two snapdragon cultivars, Opus Fresh White (Group
IIIIV) and Overture White (Group II) were used to estimate
daily water use for summer and winter cultivars, respectively. All
research was performed in a commercial snapdragon production
greenhouse (Bauers Greenhouse, Jarrettsville, MD). Six replicate bags, each with independent load-cell and sensor systems,
were planted with 48 plants per bag. All plants were grown in
a perlite (Grade A-20; Pennsylvania Perlite Co., Bethlehem,
PA) substrate and fertigated 36 times daily with a customized
fertilizer solution in a closed hydroponic system. Substrate water
content was maintained at 0.33 0.03 (SD) m3m3. Plants were
grown for 47 and 120 days after transplanting, for the summer
and winter cultivars, respectively. All plants were destructively
harvested at the end of each study and a number of plant growth
variables measured. Leaf area index was measured repeatedly
during the studies. Average daily light integrals were very
different between seasons (18.3 and 8.0 molm2d1 for summer and winter), but differences in cumulative intercepted
light intensity during each production period was relatively
small (611 and 709 molm2 for summer and winter cultivars).
Daily water use of Opus Fresh White ranged from 15.1 to 66.9
mLd1, compared to that of Overture White which ranged
from 2.6 to 26.2 mLd1 per plant. The total water use of each
cultivar over each production period was similar at 2.0 and 1.9
L per plant for summer and winter, respectively. A daily water
use regression model was developed based on plant development and environmental factors. Intercepted daily light integral
and vapor pressure decit accounted for the largest amount of
variability in daily water use (P < 0.001). With environmental
variables and plant age, a simple daily water use model could
provide growers with quick estimate of daily water use, for
efcient irrigation scheduling of snapdragon in greenhouse
production.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA-SCRI Award no.
2009-51181-05768
Bruce L. Dunn
Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK; bruce.dunn@okstate.edu
John M. Dole
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; john_dole@ncsu.edu
marigold, Red Bentley rose and Deep Red zinnia. Cut stems
were subjected to solutions containing 300 mgL1 citric acid,
20 gL1 sugar and either 200 mgL1 Al2SO4 (citric-Al), 10
mLL1 household bleach (citric-bleach), 0.05 mLL1 Greenshield (citric-Greenshield), or 7 mgL1 Kathon CG (citricKathon); 500 mLL1 lemon/ lime soda and 500 mLL1 water
(soda); 10 mLL1 household bleach, 20 gL1 sugar and either
37 mLL1 household lemon juice (lemon juice) or 6 mLL1
household vinegar (vinegar); 10 mLL1 Floralife Clear Professional (Floralife); or 10 mLL1 Chrysal Clear Professional 2
(Chrysal), dissolved in tap water, which was also used as control
without any added compound. Cut stems of all tested species
had longest vase lives, when placed in citric-Al for 48 hours
followed by shifting to tap water until termination. Lisianthus
stems had greater number of buds opened when placed in soda.
In marigold, preservative recipes had no effect on postharvest
performance except vase life. In roses, stems placed in citric-Al or
soda lost less fresh weights and all recipes effectively controlled
bent neck in roses. In zinnia, use of soda, citric acid with either
Greenshield or Kathon or Floralife maintained fresh weights
of the stems. Moreover, citric-Al also controlled petal necrosis
in zinnia. When the same recipes formulations were used as a
continuous vase solution until termination, cut lisianthus and
marigold stems had longest vase life with citric-Greenshield or
soda, which were statistically similar with citric-Kathon, commercial Floralife or Chrysal for lisianthus. In roses, Chrysal,
Floralife, and citric-Al had longest vase life, while citric-Al
proved detrimental for zinnia, where it had only 3.3 days vase
life compared to 16.6 and 15.9 days with commercial preservatives. In summary, citric-Al proved best recipe for short term
treatment, while for continuous application, soda or citric acid
with either Greenshield or Kathon were effective for extending longevity of selected species. Among treatment durations,
continuous vase application had longer vase life than short-term
application. Moreover, treatments containing household bleach
and vinegar were generally detrimental and had higher solution
pH and EC, which not only reduced vase life, but also enhanced
microbial contamination.
11:0011:15 AM
John M. Dole
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; john_dole@ncsu.edu
S183
Andrea R. Garfinkel
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY; agarfink@uwyo.edu
11:3011:45 AM
Ying-Chun Peng
National Taiwan University, Taipei; b90608005@ntu.edu.tw
Yu-Chun Chen
National Taiwan University, Taipei; easypure@msn.com
Tuttle
Vegetable Breeding
Moderator: Kevin Crosby
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; k-crosby@tamu.edu
10:3010:45 AM
Oznur Ekici
Konya, Turkey; oznurekici42@hotmail.com
James Nienhuis*
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI; nienhuis@wisc.
edu
Paul Bethke
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; pbethke@wisc.edu
Sugars, including fructose, glucose, and sucrose contribute significantly to the flavor and consumer acceptance of snap beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris). Little is known regarding differences between and within dry bean and snap bean cultivars, the patterns
of sugar development with increasing pod size, or the presence
of quantitative trait loci associated with sugar concentration.
This study consists of two experiments. In experiment one,
alcohol-soluble sugar content of five snap bean cultivars and one
dry bean cultivar planted in field trials were assayed throughout
pod development over two years using high-performance liquid
chromatography. Significant differences in sugar accumulation
patterns were observed among cultivars. In general, fructose
Daniel I. Leskovar
Texas AgriLife Research, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement
Center, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,
Uvalde, TX; d-leskovar@tamu.edu
Kevin M. Crosby
Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX; kcrosby@ag.tamu.edu
Amir Ibrahim
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; aibrahim@ag.tamu.
edu
S185
Jorge Gonzalez
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; jgonzalez@neo.
tamu.edu
Daniel I. Leskovar
Texas AgriLife Research, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement
Center, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,
Uvalde, TX; d-leskovar@tamu.edu
Thomas Isakeit
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; t-isakeit@tamu.edu
John W. Scott
GCREC, Wimauma, FL; jwsc@ufl.edu
Sarah M. Smith
GCREC, Wimauma, FL; smith04@ufl.edu
Balmoral
Vance M. Whitaker
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; vwhitaker@ufl.edu
Kevin M. Folta
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; kfolta@ufl.edu
Marvin P. Pritts
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; mpp3@cornell.edu
S187
11:3011:45 AM
Inga Zasada
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; inga.zasada@ars.usda.gov
Thomas Walters
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; twwalters@
wsu.edu
Inga Zasada
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; inga.zasada@ars.usda.gov
Windsor
Crop Physiology
Moderator: Leo Gene Albrigo
Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred, FL; albrigo@ufl.edu
10:1510:30 AM
Bruce Schaffer
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; bas@ifas.ufl.edu
Frederick S. Davies
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; fsd@ufl.edu
Jonathan H. Crane
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; jhcr@ufl.edu
portion of the canopy shortly before flooding increases flooding stress. Our hypothesis is that, leaf removal prior to flooding
decreases carbohydrate production and transport to the roots due
to a reduction in photosynthesizing area, resulting in reduced
root respiration and increased stress of flooded plants. To test the
effects of decreasing photosynthesis on stress and recovery of
flooded avocado trees, we compared net CO2 assimilation (A),
stomatal conductance (gs) and growth among avocado trees with:
1) two-thirds of their leaves removed one day before flooding;
2) no leaves removed but sprayed with Freeway, a chemical
adjuvant that inhibits photosynthesis, one day before and during
flooding; and 3) non-treated control trees. Leaf removal or Freeway application resulted in significantly lower A, gs and plant
dry weights for flooded trees compared to the control treatment
(no leaves removed and not sprayed). In another experiment, we
compared A, gs, and root carbohydrate concentrations between
flooded trees with either two-thirds of their leaves removed
one day before flooding, or no leaves removed. In addition to
reducing A and gs, leaf removal prior to flooding resulted in
lower total carbohydrate concentrations in roots of flooded trees
compared to those with no leaves removed. These observations
support the suggestion that increased flooding stress as a result
of leaf removal immediately before flooding may be related to
a reduction in net CO2 assimilation and carbohydrate transport
to the roots.
10:3010:45 AM
Eduardo Chica
Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Guayaquil; albrigo@ufl.
edu
S189
Bert Cregg
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; cregg@msu.edu
Pascal Nzokou
Michigan State University; nzokoupa@msu.edu
Jill ODonnell
Michigan State University; odonne10@anr.msu.edu
Beth Bishop
Michigan State University; bishopb@msu.edu
Amos Naor
Golan Research Institute, Kazrin; amosnaor@research.haifa.ac.il
Shmuel Wolf
Hebrew University, Rehovot 76-100; swolf@agri.huji.ac.il
Eliezer E. Goldschmidt*
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100; goldsmit@agri.
huji.ac.il
11:1511:30 AM
Mark Lefsrud
Macdonald Campus of McGill University; mark.lefsrud@mcgill.
ca
Julie Gagne
McGill University, Ste-anne-de=Bellevue, QC; julie.gagne@mail.
mcgill.ca
Michael Schwalb
McGill University, Ste-anne-de=Bellevue, QC; michael.
schwalb@mail.mcgill.ca
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are an emerging versatile articial light source offering many advantages over conventional
articial light sources, including high energy efciency, long
life, and especially the possibility to test out the effects of many
different spectral combinations of wavelengths on plant growth
and development. This could eventually allow determination
of the ideal light emission spectrum for optimal plant growth,
allowing for lighting system designs tailored to optimize plant
growth while minimizing associated energy costs. The impact
of the photosynthetic rate of two plant species under different
wavelengths of LEDs is determined in this study. The photosynthesis rate verse LEDs at different wavelengths was analyzed.
The 14 specic wavelengths of LED (405, 417, 430, 450, 470,
501, 520, 575, 595, 624, 633, 662, 680, and 700 nm) and 3 plants
(tomato, lettuce, and petunia) were used in this study. The 14
specic wavelengths of LED were determined based on the unit
design, LED availability and pigment absorption spectra. The
LED array was controlled (current controlled) using a single
channel controller to produce uniform intensity of specic
wavelengths of light over the PAR spectrum. Specications of
the controller is a 24VDC, 2.0A maximum, 48 watt unit with
current selected and displayed (01.92ADC), automatic voltage
control. The intensity of the LED lighting system was calibrated
and measured before and after the test at canopy level using a
Ramon A. Arancibia*
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS; raa66@msstate.edu
Jeffrey L. Main
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS; jmain@ra.msstate.
edu
Mark Shankle
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS; Shankle@ra.msstate.
edu
S191
Esra Karacif
Konya, Turkey; esra.karacif@gmail.com
Tuttle
Joe Sullivan
University of Illinois, College Park, MD; jsull@umd.edu
Lon Kaufman
University of Illinois, Chicago, IL; lkaufman@uic.edu
Jack Gibbons
University of Illinois, Chicago, IL; tnjed@uic.edu
Danielle Orozco-Nunnelly
University of Illinois, Chicago, IL; dnunne2@uic.edu
DurreShahwar Muhammad
University of Illinois, Chicago, IL; dmuham2@uic.edu
Kyo Wakasa
Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo; k3wakasa@nodai.ac.jp
Tetsuya Yamada
Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo; k3wakasa@nodai.ac.jp
dihydro-zeatin riboside (DHZR) levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The stem water potential decreased with the
decreasing level of irrigation and with the increasing duration
of water stress. The DHZR concentration showed no significant
increase with mild water stress, but increased significantly
under severe water stress. No correlation was found between
foliar application of 100 ppm BA and the DHZR levels over
the three day period. However, the trees under water stress
showed relatively higher cytokinin levels as compared to the
other trees which included the trees under 100% ET as well as
those changed from 50% to 100% ET. The increase in DHZR
concentrations may be attributed to a possible stimulation of
cytokinin biosynthesis in the root-tips in response to the water
stress. DHZR has earlier been reported to increase with water
stress in other plant species. However, to determine the implication of altered cytokinin levels on the bud push and scion
growth in citrus, the effect of water stress on cytokinin export
and delivery rates must be explored.
2:152:30 PM
Timothy M. Spann
University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center,
Lake Alfred, FL; spann@ufl.edu
Muhammad A. Shahid*
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Punjab, Sargodha, Pakistan; and Cornell University, Ithaca, NY;
mas795@cornell.edu
Rashad M. Balal
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Punjab, Sargodha, Pakistan; uaf_rashad@yahoo.com
Neil Mattson
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; nsm47@cornell.edu
Muhammad Afzal
University of Sargodha, Sargodha; chafzal64@yahoo.com
Tahira Abbas
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad;
tara_9872004@yahoo.com
S193
Guodong Liu
University of Florida, Gaionesville, FL; guodong@ufl.edu
Ayako Kusakabe
Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Weslaco, TX;
ayako.kusakabe@tamuk.edu
Shad D. Nelson
Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Citrus Center, Kingsville,
TX; shad.nelson@tamuk.edu
3:153:30 PM
Pilar M. Gil*
Universidad Via del Mar, Via del Mar; pilar.gil@uvm.cl
Jorge Saavedra
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso; jorge.
saavedra@ucv.cl
Bruce Schaffer
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; bas@ifas.ufl.edu
Felipe Minoletti
Universidad Via del Mar, Via del Mar; fminolettis@hotmail.
com
Rosa Navarro
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso; rosa.
navarro.lisboa@gmail.com
Rashad M. Balal*
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Punjab, Sargodha, Pakistan; uaf_rashad@yahoo.com
Neil Mattson
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; nsm47@cornell.edu
Muhammad A. Shahid
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Punjab, Sargodha, Pakistan; mas795@cornell.edu
Francisco Garcia-Sanchez
CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia,
Spain; fgs@cebas.csic.es
Usman Ghazanfar
CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia,
Spain; usmanghazanfer@yahoo.com
S195
Concourse 1
3:303:45 PM
2:002:15 PM
Amr Hassan
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madsion, WI; arhassan@wisc.
edu
Jiwan P. Palta*
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; jppalta@wisc.edu
Taryn Bauerle*
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; bauerle@cornell.edu
Michael Dobres
NovaFlora, West Grove, PA; mdobres@novaflora.com
Zhanao Deng*
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; zdeng@ufl.edu
2:453:00 PM
Adam Moseley
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; aj072485@comcast.net
Carrie Reinhardt-Adams
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; rein0050@ufl.edu
Gary Knox
North Florida Res. & Ed. Ctr., Quincy, FL; gwknox@ufl.edu
Sandra B. Wilson
University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL; sbwilson@ufl.edu
S197
Qianni Dong
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; qiannidong@neo.
tamu.edu
Jake Ueckert
3:003:15 PM
Zhanao Deng*
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; zdeng@ufl.edu
Jinguo Hu
USDAARS, Pullman, WA; Jinguo.Hu@ars.usda.gov
Natalie Anderson
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; nanderson@tamu.edu
Ockert Greyvenstein
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; ockertfc@neo.tamu.
edu
Windsor
Shoaib-ur-Rehman
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad; shoaibhort@
gmail.com
M.A. Pervez
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad; pervez62@
hotmail.com
C.M. Ayub
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad; cmayyub91@
yahoo.com
M. Usman
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad; princemanan@
yahoo.com
A research project was carried out with the objective of comparing the composition and quantity of essential oil of Polianthes
tuberosa obtained from two different regions, i.e., Pattoki and
Faisalabad. To avoid volatilization losses the flowers were collected in the morning time and after preparation, the oil was
extracted through supercritical fluid extraction method using
CO2 as the solvent. The quantity of oil obtained, differed in both
cases as more oil was obtained from flowers of Pattoki region
and less oil was obtained from flowers of Faisalabad region. The
difference in the yield of essential oil of both regions was due to
the variation in temperature, seasonal rainfall, wind speed and
humidity of both regions. The quantity of absolute oil obtained
from flower of Pattoki region was 3 g per 20 Kg of tuberose
samples while in case of Faisalabad region was only 2 g per 20
Kg of tuberose. Physical and chemical analysis like color, refractive index, optical rotation, congealing point, acid number, ester
number, etc., were different in both cases. The comparison of
the chemical composition of oils revealed significant differences
among the quantities of all components in both oils.
2:152:30 PM
John Stolarczyk
Carrot Museum, Skipton; curator@carrotmuseum.co.uk
S199
Sastry S. Jayanty
San Luis Valley Research Center, Colorado State University,
Center, CO; sastry.jayanty@colostate.edu
Concourse 1
2:453:00 PM
Larry J. Cihacek
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; larry.cihacek@ndsu.edu
Clifford Hall
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; clifford.hall@ndsu.edu
Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
Sadanand Dhekney
University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY; sdhekney@uwyo.edu
Saroj Pramanik
Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD; saroj.pramanik@
morgan.edu
Anand K. Yadav
Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley, GA; yadava@fvsu.edu
Jeff Moersfelder
USDAARS, Davis, CA; Jeff.Moersfelder@ars.usda.gov
John Preece
USDAARS, Davis, CA; John.Preece@ars.usda.gov
Rebecca E. Stein
USDAARS, New Orleans, LA; rebecca.stein@ars.usda.gov
John C. Beaulieu
USDAARS, New Orleans, LA; John.Beaulieu@ars.usda.gov
Davis, California. Cultivars were specifically chosen to represent high versus low in aril color, acidity, sugars/sweetness and
astringency/bitterness. They included: Haku-botan, Nikitski
ranni, Wonderful(commercial), Myagkosemyannyi Rozovyi,
Fleischmans, Salavatski, Sin Pepe, Nusai, Ovadan,
DPUN0081 Wonderful, and Kara Gul. Fruit were harvested
in 2011, washed, dried, chilled (8 C), individually wrapped,
boxed carefully and transported overnight to the Food Processing & Sensory Quality, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center in New Orleans where they were
mechanically pressed in a juice pilot plant. A DVB/Car/PDMS
SPME volatile headspace extraction was accomplished with 10mL juice and isoamyl isovalerate in 20-mL vials for 12.5 minute
exposure at 40 C, prior to injection into a HP6890/5973 GC-MS
with a DB-5 column. Compounds were identified in triplicate
runs by HP ChemStation software searched against the NIST,
Wiley libraries and authentic standards. Preliminary analyses
have identified ethanol, hexanal, 3-hexen-1-ol, 2-nonanone and
alpha-terpineol to be recovered in the pressed whole-fruit juice
in most of the different cultivars. Other compounds (e.g. different C6 aldehydes and alcohols, pinenes, terpinolenes, isocineole,
terpineols, limonene, linalool) which could help to distinguish
the germplasm cultivars uniqueness and/or utility for juicing
will be differentiated. A long-term goal is to determine important
compounds in juices that have flavor importance, and conserve
them during juice filtration and pasteurization.
4:304:45 PM
Joanne A. Labate
PGRU, USDAARS, Geneva, NY; joanne.labate@ars.usda.gov
Larry D. Robertson
Seneca Falls, NY; lrobertson@pgru.ars.usda.gov
S201
Dupont
Nursery Crops
Moderator: Robert H. Stamps
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; rstamps@ufl.edu
4:004:15 PM
Kelly Norris
Ames, IA; graves@iastate.edu
Shrubs in the genus Dirca are rarely used despite their shade
tolerance and beauty. A trial of 81 plants, 27 of each of three
species, was established in 2007 near the border of USDA hardiness zones 5a and 4b to evaluate survival and growth. After
four winters, survival of Dirca mexicana (89%) was greater than
survival of Dirca palustris indigenous to Florida (44% survival)
and Dirca occidentalis (41% survival). Survival of Dirca palustris from Ontario, Canada, was intermediate (56%), but annual
stem extension was only 60% that of Dirca mexicana and Dirca
palustris from Florida. Surviving plants of Dirca mexicana and
Dirca palustris from Ontario showed minimal winter injury, but
tips of some stems of Dirca palustris from Florida and Dirca
occidentalis were killed. Our data on survival, winter injury,
plant heath, and stem extension of the California-endemic Dirca
occidentalis suggest it will be especially challenging to identify
genotypes adapted for use in the Upper Midwest. In contrast,
another narrowly endemic species, Dirca mexicana, has potential
as a new shrub for horticulture. Our results provide evidence
James E. Klett
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; jim.klett@colostate.
edu
Anthony J. Koski
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; tony.koski@
colostate.edu
in both fabric container types. In 2011 there were statistical differences within the three container types for caliper, height, leaf
area, leaf moisture percent, bottom root matting, and root ball
quality. The 201011 overwintering treatments were significant
for height, dry leaf, root and shoot weight, and leader growth;
consolidated plants had significantly larger root and shoot systems. BP containers had the greatest temperature fluctuations
in both overwintering treatments compared to fabric containers.
Special thanks to the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,
Colorado Department of Agriculture, Colorado State University
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado Nursery and Greenhouse Association and the Colorado
Nursery Research
4:455:00 PM
R. Thomas Fernandez
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; fernan15@msu.edu
B. Cregg
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; cregg@msu.edu
Amy Fulcher
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; afulcher@utk.edu
Robert L. Geneve
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; rgeneve@uky.edu
Genhua Niu
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
Sven Verlinden
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; sverlinden@wvu.edu
Mathieu Ngouajio
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ngouajio@msu.edu
T. Kijchavengku
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; thitisilp@gmail.com
Rafael Auras
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; aurasraf@anr.msu.edu
Guihong Bi
Truck Crops Branch, Mississippi State University, Crystal
Springs, MS; gb250@msstate.edu
Susmitha Nambuthiri
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; ssnamb2@uky.edu
Renee Conneway
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; krackerjack12@
hotmail.com
S203
Dana Ellison
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; dsellison05@gmail.
com
R. Thomas Fernandez
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; fernan15@msu.edu
Pascal Nzokou
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; nzokou@msu.edu
James S. Owen
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Virginia Beach,
VA; jim.owen@vt.edu
Daniel R. Bailey
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; bailed@spu.edu
Heather M. Stoven
Oregon State University, Aurora, OR; heather.stoven@
oregonstate.edu
John Selker
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; selkerj@engr.orst.edu
5:305:45 PM
Matthew Chappell
The University of Georgia, Athens, GA; hortprod@uga.edu
Trade Room
Youbin Zheng*
University of Guelph, Guelph Ont, ON; yzheng@uoguelph.ca
Janice Carmichael
Connon Nurseries C.B. Vanderkruk Holdings Ltd., Waterdown,
ON; jcarmichael@connon.ca
Cody Thompson
University of Guelph, Guelph ON; cthompso@uoguelph.ca
Katherine Vinson
University of Guelph, Guelph ON; kvinson@uoguelph.ca
Linping Wang
University of Guelph, Guelph ON; lwang@uoguelph.ca
Michael Dixon
University of Guelph, Guelph ON; mdixon@uoguelph.ca
S205
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Landscape Ontario, Canada Agricultural Adaptation Council, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
4:304:45 PM
4:154:30 PM
Jongyun Kim
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; jongyun@umd.edu
John D. Lea-Cox
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; jlc@umd.edu
An 8-month study was conducted in 2011 to quantify (a) capacitance sensor variability and (b) the spatial variability of
substrate volumetric water content (VWC) within the root zone
of two tree species grown in a pot-in-pot nursery production.
Dogwood (Cornus florida) and red maple (Acer rubrum) trees
were grown in a 75% pine bark: 25% recycled paper mixed
substrate in 57- and 114-L containers, respectively. The waterrelease curve for this substrate was determined with increasing
air pressure using a custom-built tension table, which simultaneously correlated the dielectric permittivity of 10HS sensors
(Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA) to decreasing substrate
VWC. 10HS sensors were then inserted at two different depths
(15 and 30 cm) in 10 dogwood and 10 red maple trees in two
blocks in the nursery. All cultural practices and irrigation events
were followed according to standard practices. Substrate VWC
and environmental data were recorded every 15 minutes using
EM50R nodes, utilizing a wireless network system and DataTrac
software (Decagon Devices, Inc.). We quantified 10HS sensor
Edward Bush*
Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; ebush@
agctr.lsu.edu
Ben Agnew
Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; ebush@
agctr.lsu.edu
Paul F. Monaghan
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; paulf@ufl.edu
4:455:00 PM
Tracy A. Irani
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; irani@ufl.edu
Paul R. Fisher
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; pfisher@ufl.edu
Irrigation water in ornamental greenhouse and nursery operations can be a source or dispersal mechanism for diverse
biological problems including algae, biofilm and pathogens.
Growers face the challenge of selecting between alternative
treatment technologies such as chlorination, copper ionization
and ozone for control of waterborne microbial problems. An
online modified Delphi survey was carried out to identify the
perceived key attributes of water treatment technologies for
control of [algae, biofilm, and pathogens] that growers should
consider in technology selection. A panel of three Expert Types
(43 ornamental growers, 28 water treatment industry suppliers,
and 34 research and extension faculty) was asked to rate their
level of agreement, on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree)
to 5 (strongly agree), on the importance of 23 listed financial,
social, technical, and environmental Attributes when selecting between treatment technologies. Response rate was 60%,
including 27 growers, 15 suppliers and 21 faculty. There was
a significant interaction between Attribute and Expert Type
(P < 0.05). Attributes with an average rating above 4.5 for all
Expert Types included residues that are not phytotoxic, effective control of plant pathogens; effective control of biofilm;
ease of monitoring; worker safety; low risk of environmental
impacts; and suitable for large operations. Cost was also perceived
as an important attribute, with low operating cost per volume
having a higher rating (4.17 0.64, mean standard devn.)
than low installation cost (3.37 1.15), with no statistical difference between Expert Types. Control of target microorganisms
varied in perceived importance from plant pathogens
(4.63 0.56), algae (4.39 0.781), and biofilm (4.31 0.81). A
lower rating for human food safety pathogens (3.61 0.90) was
probably influenced by this ornamental grower population and
nursery application of the technologies. All 23 attributes had an
average rating of at least 2.9 both across and within Expert Types.
Results suggest that selection of water treatment technologies
Erik Lichtenberg
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; elichtenberg@arec.
umd.edu
John D. Lea-Cox
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; jlc@umd.edu
S207
5:305:45 PM
Lorence R. Oki
University of California, Davis, CA; lroki@ucdavis.edu
John D. Lea-Cox
University of Maryland, College Park, MD; jlc@umd.edu
Windsor
Floriculture 2
Moderator: Jonathan Frantz
USDA/ARS, Orono, ME; Jonathan.Frantz@ars.usda.gov
4:154:30 PM
JingMing Zheng
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON; jingming.
zheng@agr.gc.ca
Celeste Little
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON; celeste.little@
agr.gc.ca
Paul Thomas
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; pathomas@uga.edu
S209
H. Brent Pemberton
Texas A&M University, Agr. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Overton, TX;
b-pemberton@tamu.edu
Pedro Osuna
Universidad Autonoma de Cd. Juarez, Juarez; pedro.osuna@
ag.tamu.edu
William R. Roberson
Texas A&M Agr. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Overton, TX; w-roberson@
tamu.edu
Scott A. Heckathorn
5:005:15 PM
Nicole Rud
Deanna Bobak
Genhua Niu*
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
Alycia Pittenger
USDAARS, Toledo, OH; alycia.pittenger@ars.usda.gov
Ki Sun Kim
Seoul National University, Seoul; kisun@snu.ac.kr
germinated. Thus, GA3 substitutes for warm but not cold stratification. However, seeds incubated at 15/6 C or 20/10 C for
8 weeks germinated to 74.2 2.9% or 30.1 5.9%, respectively,
after addition of 1,000 mgL-1 GA3. Although seeds require
89 months for germination after dispersal in nature, it took
only 2 months with the combination of alternative low temperature 15/6 C and 1,000 mgL-1 GA3. This will contribute to the
rapid propagation of Jeffersonia dubia plants for commercial
production.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Korea Institute of Planning
and Evaluation for Technology of Food, Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries
Tuttle
Rajendra P. Maurya*
The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown;
rajendra.maurya@cavehill.uwi.edu
S211
Nicole Spencer
University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR; foofinky@yahoo.
com
Jacob T. Moore
Pennsylvania State University, York, PA; jrf10@psu.edu
Ryan M. Jenkins
Pennsylvania State University, York, PA; jrf10@psu.edu
10:0010:15 AM
Raymond J. Schnell
Mars, Inc., Miami, FL; Ray.Schnell@effem.com
David Kuhn
USDAARS, Miami, FL; David.Kuhn@ars.usda.gov
Cecile Tondo
USDAARS, Miami, FL; cecile.tondo@ars.usda.gov
James Borrone
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; james.w.borrone@
okstate.edu
Robert E. Farrell
Pennsylvania State University, York, PA; jj@yahoo.com
Water is the most limiting resource in the environment. During episodes of drought, crop losses can be substantial due to
both direct and indirect effects of dehydration. Even irrigation
alternatives are not entirely satisfactory toward solving this
problem due to their expense and to competition for urban water
needs. It is therefore urgent that drought resistant and/or more
water use efficient crops be identified or developed. Fruit trees
are particularly difficult to monitor in the long term because
of the limitations associated with most drought measurements.
We have used suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to
identify genes from apple root, bark and stem responding to
simulated drought (40% of full saturation) and subsequent
recovery. Very few genes identified as up- or downregulated
in response to treatment overlapped between treatments. In
addition, very few genes overlapped between tissue. In order
to understand more fully the mechanisms associated with fruit
tree defense against dehydrative stress, we compared expression of select genes in root, bark, and leaf tissue from treated
plants and their well- watered controls. Similarly, comparisons
James Mattheis
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; james.mattheis@ars.usda.gov
Kate Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Yanmin Zhu
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; yanmin.zhu@ars.usda.gov
Timothy Artlip
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; timothy.artlip@ars.usda.gov
John Norelli
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; jay.norelli@ars.usda.gov
S213
Windsor
Teaching Methods 2
Moderator: Pamela B. Trewatha
Missouri State University, Springfield, MO; pbtrewatha@
missouristate.edu
9:4510:00 AM
There are many opportunities to expand the reach of horticulture well beyond traditional settings and students through
unique courses. This presentation showcases two successful
approaches to teaching undergraduates with diverse interests,
from every major. An Art of Horticulture experiential survey
course offers a deep exploration into self, the classroom, and
community, by engaging with the plant world in a creative
context. There are two distinct units that overlap throughout
the semester: plants used in/as art, and plants as a subject of art.
Students explore the ways in which plants can be used in or as
art, such as living sculpture methods (including turf-works and
tree sculpture, for example), and as a subject of art, including
botanical illustration, and watercolor painting. An Experiential
Garden-Based Learning in Belize class provides students with a
deeply reflective experience in garden-based learning by working
collaboratively with one another, and through working directly
with a non-governmental organization in the Toledo District of
Belize. This working partnership enables students to help to
establish new school gardens, assess and make improvements
to existing gardens, form linkages between the gardens and
the school curriculum, to collaborate with Mayan teachers.
The presentation will include an overview of assessments and
evaluation measures used as an alternative to traditional testing,
creative final project requirements, a participation rubric, and
reflective writing guidelines.
10:0010:15 AM
Being involved in hands-on independent research as an undergraduate student has been positively correlated to the pursue
of careers in science. A well-established method of students
gaining such experiences has been by conducting an independent project in a research laboratory of a faculty member
of their home institution. Unfortunately, only a fraction of
students are able to participate due to reasons ranging from a
lack of knowledge of opportunities, lack of faculty resources,
Michael T. Harrington
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL; mth9@ufl.edu
Aaron J. Sotala
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL; asotala@ufl.edu
Sandra B. Wilson
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Fort Pierce, FL; sbwilson@ufl.edu
The instructor sets up five regional field trips for students in the
area, plus assists distance students in setting up their own field
trips near their home institution. Information on the benefits and
disadvantages of online delivery from the instructors standpoint,
along with student feedback on the format will be presented.
10:4511:00 AM
Carlene A. Chase
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; cachase@ufl.edu
Teresa Briz
Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid; teresa.briz@upm.es
A new study abroad course on organic production and marketing was developed to add a significant international perspective
to the horticultural science undergraduate program especially
the organic crop production specialization at the University of
Florida (UF). The course was established as a result of a partnership with the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM) that
was funded by a USDA International Science and Education
grant. Ten undergraduate students participated in this two-credit
study abroad course in 2009, while six students were enrolled
in 2011. During a one-week period, students visited the UPM
campus and organic garden, diverse organic and biodynamic
farming operations, processors, and marketplaces around Madrid, as well as the Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research
(IVIA), a horchata factory, and organic farms in Valencia. The
course activities were designed to provide students with direct
interactions with UPM faculty, students, and organic producers, and allow students to compare the organic food systems,
standards, and issues between the U.S. and Spainthe leading
organic producer in Europe. Students were required to complete
a reflective daily travel journal and a comparative final report.
For the final report, each student selected a farming operation
from the places visited and analyzed critically different aspects
of production practices, holistic management, and marketing
strategies. Course evaluation results indicated that participants
in both years were greatly satisfied with the accommodations
and arrangements. They perceived this study abroad course as
an invaluable opportunity to obtain an important global perspective for professional development, which is not commonly
offered by regular courses. The study abroad experience enabled
students to achieve a comprehensive understanding of organic
and sustainable agriculture within a global context, encouraging them to think more critically about their role in sustainable
food system development at local, national, and international
levels. Meanwhile, the cultural exchange was deeply appreciated by students and was regarded as another valuable aspect
of the international experience. The students all stated that they
would highly recommend this study abroad course to their peers.
Feedback was also provided by students for further enhancement of course organization. Some students commented that the
S215
Sandringham
Ebenzer de O. Silva
Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza; ebenezer@cnpat.
embrapa.br
Francis X. Mangan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; fmangan@umext.
umass.edu
Group F. Ounder
ATHRO@nifa.usda.gov
First M. Ember
ATHRO@nifa.usda.gov
The views expressed in this abstract are those of the author and
do not represent the views of USDA. A youth club was created
to provide an animating environment for junior staff of the
provincial Directorates for Agriculture in northern Afghanistan.
The concept was to overcome Soviet-era rigidity and help make
the offices a positive place where staff can access both professional and recreational opportunities. Early activities included
English and computer classes, field trips, sports, and a weekly
lunch. Recently, USDA was able to co-organize a series of
capacity-building workshops for the agriculture directorates
in the northern provinces. We asked the youth organization to
manage the funds and organize the workshop. This, we hoped,
would give the organization additional credibility with their col-
S217
Windsor
Matthews Mark
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; mamatthews@
ucdavis.edu
Ken Shackel
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; kashackel@ucdavis.
edu
Fruit cracking leads to bunch rots in both tablegrapes and winegrapes and increased packing costs in tablegrapes. Biophysical,
anatomical, and cultural factors associated with cracking were
investigated in the cracking prone cultivar Flame Seedless by
varying ethephon, irrigation, and girdling practices over two
seasons in a commercial vineyard, and evaluating cracking and
skin properties. Berry skin has been widely regarded as a thin
shell that bears pressure from the internal flesh, such that berry
cracking in the form of skin failure should be associated with
either a high internal pressure or a weak skin. In ripe fruit, tissue
failure under an applied load has generally been attributable to
cell separation, but scanning electron microscopy of field and
water soaked cracked berries clearly showed that skin failure
was by cell wall fracture, suggesting either that skin cells have
particularly strong intercellular bonding, that failure may be
caused by high skin cell turgor, or both. Overall skin strength
was tested in the laboratory using a custom device (the berry
balloon system, BBS) designed to apply multiaxial stress to
an entire, intact berry skin. Under field conditions, ethephon
sprays caused the largest increase in cracking, followed by irrigation and girdling. In all treatments, skin stress and strain at
failure decreased markedly over berry development, indicating
that cracking susceptibility does increase as berries ripen. Skin
mechanical properties did not differ for berries with or without
ethephon spray in the field, however, exposing the berry skin to
an ethephon solution (1.5 M) during BBS testing caused about
an 18% reduction in skin strength. Also, intact berries soaked
in an ethephon solution cracked in one-half the time of berries
soaked in water. These results strongly suggest that cracking
susceptibility increases very soon after exposure to ethephon.
The failure to detect differences in skin properties using field
sampled berries may be due to the fact that only sound (noncracked) berries were selected for the lab tests, and these may
not have been typical of the berries that did crack in the field.
Irrigation treatments in both years caused clear differences in
midday stem water potential (SWP) over a range of 1.1 to 0.3
MPa. Berry firmness was positively correlated with SWP and
cell turgor pressure. In general, cracking, berry size, and firmness
were all reduced by reducing water, and there may be a threshold
SWP of about 0.8 MPa for these values to show decreases.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: AVF and CTGC funded all or
part of the research associated with this abstract
11:3011:45 AM
11:4512:00 PM
Yan Zhuang*
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; yanzh@ucdavis.edu
Paul E. Read*
University of Nebraska, Dept. of Horticulture, Lincoln, NE;
pread@unl.edu
James A. Schild
University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE; jschild1@unl.edu
Stephen J. Gamet
University of Nebraska, Dept. of Horticulture, Lincoln, NE;
sgamet@unl.edu
In Spring 2001, a grape cultivar trial was established at the University of Nebraska Panhandle Research and Extension Center
in Scottsbluff, NE. Initial plantings included 15 genotypes and
subsequent additions brought the total number of genotypes to
37. Yield results for harvests from 2003 to 2009 were recorded
and evaluated. Cultivars that exhibited good potential for western
Nebraska conditions included Frontenac, Valiant, Leon Millot,
Marechal Foch, Elvira, and deChaunac, with yields exceeding
an average of 10 lb per plant. Challenges experienced for grape
production in western Nebraska included spring freeze damage,
inability to overwinter consistently, insect damage, and high
pH-induced nutrient deficiencies. Advantages noted include low
disease pressure related to the dry climate and thus a potential
for organic grape production. Yield data and images of insect
problems and nutrient deficiencies will be presented.
12:0012:15 PM
Linda D. White
Oregon State University Extension Service, Myrtle Point, OR;
linda.white@oregonstate.edu
Tuttle
Propagation
Moderator: Matthew Chappell
The University of Georgia, Athens, GA; hortprod@uga.edu
11:15 11:30 AM
Todd P. West*
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; todd.p.west@ndsu.edu
Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND;
chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
S219
Matthew Chappell*
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; hortprod@uga.edu
Rajendra P. Maurya*
The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown; rajendra.
maurya@cavehill.uwi.edu
Christopher Clark
LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; cclark@agcenter.lsu.edu
Don La Bonte
LSU AgCenter, Barton Rouge, LA; dlabonte@agctr.lsu.edu
Nurit Firon
ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan;
vcfiron@volcani.agri.gov.il
Renae Moran
University of Maine, Orono, ME; rmoran@umext.maine.edu
Donglin Zhang
12:1512:30 PM
Jim Faust
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; jfaust@clemson.edu
Biological solutions to common production problems are welcomed by growers and consumers as our society continues to
raise its expectations for sustainability and reduced chemical
inputs. A relatively new mycorrhizal fungi, Piriformospora
indica, has shown promise to improve overall plant growth and
disease resistance of various plant species. One of the reported
plant responses of high importance to the floriculture industry
is increased adventitious root formation of slow-to-root annuals and perennials. All such vegetatively-propagated species
require an application of rooting hormone to produce a successful crop; however, auxin application increases labor time
as well as chemical usage. The objectives of this study were
to determine: 1) if P. indica can work successfully as a root
hormone substitute and 2) if the presence of P. indicastimulates
auxin production in the basal stem tissue of cuttings. Sterilized
S221
Shad D. Nelson
Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Citrus Center, Kingsville,
TX; shad.nelson@tamuk.edu
Astrid Volder
Stephen King
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; srking@tamu.edu
John L. Jifon
Texas AgriLife Research, Weslaco, Weslaco, TX; jifon@tamu.
edu
Greta Schuster
Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Citrus Center, Kingsville,
TX; greta.schuster@tamuk.edu
Balmoral
Allison Jones
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; jonesa40@msu.edu
R. Thomas Fernandez
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; fernan15@msu.edu
Kristin Getter
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; getterk@msu.edu
Patricia Huddleston
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; huddles2@msu.edu
Karina Gallardo
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; karina_
gallardo@wsu.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Alicia L. Rihn*
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; recka008@umn.edu
James R. McFerson
Washington Tree Fruit Res. Comm., Wenatchee, WA; mcferson@
treefruitresearch.com
Vicki McCracken
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; mccracke@wsu.edu
David Bedford
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; bedfo00!@umn.edu
Susan K. Brown
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Kate Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Audrey Sebolt
Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI; grantzau@msu.edu
Amy Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
Apple breeders are continually being challenged to meet supply chain members expectations through developing superior
apple cultivars; however, few studies address how apple traits
are prioritized. This study was conducted as part of a larger
study to determine important apple traits to all of the industrys
supply chain members. Specifically, the focus of this study was
the importance of fruit/tree quality traits to apple producers;
the traits included fruit crispness, fruit juiciness, fruit flavor,
brix, sugar-acid balance, shelf life at retail, freedom from storage disorders, disease resistance, and other. An ordered probit
model was used to investigate the relative importance of the
apple traits to producers. Results show that producers identified fruit flavor and fruit crispness as more important than fruit
firmness, shelf life, sugar-acid balance, freedom from storage
disorders, disease resistance, Brix, and fruit juiciness. Regional
differences were also noted. Specifically, disease resistance was
more important to Southeastern producers than Northwestern
producers. Additionally, fruit crispness was more important
to Midwestern producers than producers from other regions.
Our findings provide insights to producers preferences for
traits which can be of assistance when breeders develop new
apple cultivars.
12:1512:30 PM
Raheel Anwar
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; raheelanwar@uaf.edu.pk
S223
Hayk Khachatryan*
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; hayk@ufl.edu
Ben Campbell
Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, ON;
ben.campbell@vinelandresearch.com
Charles R. Hall
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; c-hall@tamu.edu
Bridget K. Behe
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; behe@msu.edu
Roberto G. Lopez
Purdue University, West Lafayete, IN; rglopez@purdue.edu
Jennifer Dennis
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; jhdennis@purdue.edu
Bridget K. Behe
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; behe@msu.edu
Sandringham
Gary R. Bachman
Coastal Res. & Ext. Center, Biloxi, MS; gbachman@ext.msstate.
edu
Susan DeBlanc
Coastal Res. & Ext. Center, Biloxi, MS; std17@ra.msstate.edu
Corey Wheeler
Coastal Res. & Ext. Center, Biloxi, MS; cnw69@msstate.edu
Mary Small
Jefferson County Extension, Golden, CO, Golden, CO; Mary.
Small@colostate.edu
Curtis Utley
Jefferson County Extension, Golden, CO, Golden, CO; cutley@
jeffco.us
Robert Cox
Arapahoe County Extension, Littleton, CO; rcox@co.arapahoe.
co.us
Carol OMeara
Boulder County Extension, Longmont, CO; comeara@co.boulder.
co.us
Carl Wilson
Denver County Extension, Denver, CO; carl.wilson@ci.denver.
co.us
S225
Aaron Boyson
University of Minnesota, Dulth, Duluth, MN; aboyson@d.umn.edu
Karen Jeannette
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; jean0027@umn.edu
Karen Jeannette
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; jean0027@umn.edu
Julie Weisenhorn
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; weise019@umn.edu
Mary Wilson
Michigan State University, Nova, MI; wilsonm1@msu.edu
Extension offices around the country are often a source for consumer gardening questions. With recent budget cuts resulting
in reduction in staff in many offices, Extension is left with the
question, How do we handle the gardening questions? Rather
than send the clientele to another source outside of Extension,
County office staff can refer them to the eXtension Ask an Expert
(AaE) widget located on County home pages, state pages, and
other various portals of entry to the University. The AaE program
helps to address the issue of not having sufficient staff to answer
questions. Minnesota, Michigan, and Ohio have trained Master
Gardener volunteers on the AaE widget to be used to assist the
Educators and county staff with these consumer gardening questions. This presentation introduces the AaE system developed
through eXtension as well as the logistics involved in training
volunteers, managing the system, pitfalls to be aware of, and
ensuring that research-based information is used by the volunteers. Through the use of the AaE project, Extension offices can
remain the face of consumer horticulture in the state while
at the same time, addressing County Extension office needs.
1:301:45 PM
2:002:15 PM
LoriAnne Barnett
USA National Phenology Network, Tucson, AZ; lorianne@
usanpn.org
Will Sheftall
University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL; sheftall@u.edu
1:452:00 PM
George Kish
Windsor
Ornamentals/Landscape and
Turf 2
Moderator: Brian J. Pearson
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; bpearson@u.edu
12:451:00 PM
S227
P.J. Robbertse
University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002; hannes.robbertse@up.ac.za
J.M. Steyn
University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002; martin.steyn@up.ac.za
Z. Apostolides
University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002; zeno.apostolides@up.ac.za
Moringa oleifera is becoming increasingly popular as an industrial crop due to its multitude of useful attributes as water
purifier, nutritional supplement and biofuel feedstock. Given
its tolerance to sub-optimal growing conditions, most of the
current and anticipated cultivation areas are in medium to low
rainfall areas. This study aimed to assess the effect of various
irrigation levels had on floral initiation, flowering and fruit set.
Three treatments namely, a 900 mm (900IT), 600 mm (600IT),
and 300 mm (300IT) per annum irrigation treatment were administered through drip irrigation, simulating three total annual
rainfall amounts. Individual inflorescences from each treatment
were tagged during floral initiation and monitored throughout
until fruit set. Flower bud initiation was 65.3% higher at the
300IT and 4.6% higher at 600IT compared to the 900IT. Fruit
set however, was 22.0% lower for the 300IT and 4.4% lower for
600IT, compared to the 900IT. Floral abortion, reduced pollen
viability, as well as moisture stress in the style were contributing
factors to the reduction in fruiting/yield observed at the 300IT.
Moderate water stress prior to floral initiation could stimulate
flower initiation, this should however be followed by sufficient
irrigation to ensure good pollination, fruit set, and yield.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Research Foundation,
South Africa
1:001:15 PM
Clinton C. Shock*
Oregon State University, Ontario, OR; Clinton.shock@
oregonstate.edu
Cheryl Parris
Oregon State University, Ontario, OR; cparris@fmtc.com
Monty Saunders
Oregon State University, Ontario, OR; monty.saunders@
oregonstate.edu
Nancy Shaw
USDA Forest Service, Boise, ID; nshaw@fs.fed.us
Marie-Luc Arpin
Interuniversity Research Center for the Life Cycle Products,
Processes and Services (CIRAIG), Montral; Marie-Luc.Arpin@
polymtl.ca
1:452:00 PM
Guihong Bi
Truck Crops Branch, Mississippi State University, Crystal
Springs, MS; gb250@msstate.edu
Andrew Koeser
University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, Fisher, IL; akoeser2@
illinois.edu
Vicky Anderson
University of Kentucky, Lexington; vicky.anderson85@gmail.
com
Renee Conneway
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; krackerjack12@
hotmail.com
Sven Verlinden
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; sverlinden@wvu.edu
S229
Rebecca Schnelle
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; rebecca.schnelle@uky.
edu
Ryan Stewart
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; rstewart@byu.edu
Richard C. Beeson*
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; rcbeeson@ufl.edu
Michael D. Dukes
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; mddukes@ufl.edu
Response of Selected Landscape Roses to Lowinput Cultural Practices, High Disease Pressure,
and Severe Heat and Drought Conditions
Gregory Church*
Texas AgriLife Extension Service, McKinney, TX; gtchurch@
ag.tamu.edu
David C. Zlesak
University of Wisconsin, River Falls, River Falls, WI; david.
zlesak@uwrf.edu
Derald A. Harp
Texas A&M University at Commerce, Commerce, TX; Derald_
Harp@TAMU-Commerce.edu
Kim Schofield
ABC Commercial Services, New Braunfels, TX; kshchofield@
abcservices.com
John Sloan
Texas AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX; dsloan@tamu.edu
Gaye Hammond
Houston Rose Society, Houston, TX; gayeh@lpm-triallaw.com
Pam Smith
Gerard Newsham
Steve George
LaShelle McCoy
Dupont
Gary Stutte
Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick; gary.w.stutte@nasa.
gov
Raymond Wheeler
NASA, Kennedy Space Center, FL;
raymond.m.wheeler@nasa.gov
S231
Cary A. Mitchell
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; cmitchel@purdue.edu
Chieri Kubota
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ckubota@ag.arizona.edu
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising addition to current supplemental greenhouse lighting technology. To promote
their adoption, supplemental LED light quality requirements
for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were investigated.
Cucumber is a widely used model species for photomorphogenic
studies and it is commonly grown in commercial greenhouses
where supplemental lighting is necessary. Previous studies using LED as a sole source of light to grow cucumber plants have
revealed the benets of increasing the blue:red photon ux ratio
(Hogewoning et al., 2010) but optimum blue photon ux for
supplemental lighting in greenhouse is not known. In our present
experiment, cucumber seedlings (cv. Cumlaude) were grown in a
greenhouse to reach the second true leaf stage with and without
supplemental red and blue LED lighting (PPF: 55 molm2s1).
Varied levels of blue photon ux at the same PPF created different blue:red photon ux ratios examined in this experiment.
The treatments were: 1) 0%Blue:100%Red (55 molm2s1 red
PPF); 2) 4%Blue:96%Red (2.2 blue and 52.8 red molm2s1
Chieri Kubota
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ckubota@ag.arizona.edu
Erik S. Runkle
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; runkleer@msu.edu
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are of increasing interest in controlled environment plant production due to their increasing
energy efciency and narrow bandwidth capability. Red light
is generally the most efcient at eliciting photosynthesis, but
little research has been published comparing growth responses
under different wavelengths of red, especially on ornamental
plants. We grew four popular bedding plant seedlings under six
sole-source LED lighting treatments that each delivered a PPF
of 160 molm2s1 with an 18-h photoperiod. All treatments
delivered 10% blue (peak = 446 nm) and 10% green (peak = 516
nm) light, with the remaining light quality percentages consisting of orange (peak = 596 nm) red (peak = 634 nm) hyper
red (peak = 664 nm) of 203030, 0800, 06020, 04040,
02060, and 0080, respectively. Seedlings of impatiens
(Impatiens walleriana SuperEln XP Red), marigold (Tagetes
patula Deep Orange), petunia (Petunia hybrida Wave Pink),
and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Early Girl) were grown
after germination for 31 to 45 d at a constant 20 C. Growth
parameters measured included stem length, shoot fresh and dry
weight, leaf area, and leaf number. Although some statistical
signicance was observed, there were no prevailing growth
response trends among light quality treatments. Therefore, we
conclude that varied ratios of orange, red, and hyper red light
have similar effects on plant growth when background levels
of green and blue light are provided. The choice of red LEDs
used for plant growth can depend on other factors, such as cost,
electrical efciency, and longevity.
Balmoral
Postharvest 3
Moderator: Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
1:151:30 PM
Jacqueline F. Nock
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; jfn3@cornell.edu
In-Kyu Kang
Kyungpook National University, Daegu; kangik@knu.ac.kr
Yanping Ma
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; myp1273@163.com
Yifan Cheng
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; yc724@cornell.edu
Michael F. Fargione
CCE Ulster, Highland, NY; mjf22@cornell.edu
Honeycrisp trees were sprayed with ReTain (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and Harvista (1-methylcyclopropene; 1-MCP) in
an orchard from the Hudson Valley, western New York and
Champlain regions of New York. Drop data and yield of fruit
picked to commercial color requirements were recorded over the
harvest period. Harvested fruit were either untreated or treated
with SmartFresh (1-MCP) and stored in air or controlled atmosphere (CA). ReTain and Harvista delayed fruit drop and color
development. Ethylene production and aroma volatiles of the
fruit was inhibited, as were starch indices and esh rmness,
although not consistently so. Little effect of preharvest treatment on rmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC) and acidity
after storage was detected. CA stored fruit was superior to air
stored fruit, but preharvest treatments sometimes increased risk
of carbon dioxide injuries in CA storage. SmartFresh treated air
stored fruit had higher titratable acidity, SSC, and lower greasiness than untreated fruit, and quality characteristics were similar
to those of CA stored fruit.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NYFVI; AgroFresh Inc; Valent
BioSciences; Federal Formula Funds, NE1036
1:301:45 PM
S233
David Rudell
USDA ARS, Wenatchee, WA; rudell@tfrl.ars.usda.gov
Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
James Mattheis
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; James.Mattheis@ars.usda.gov
David Rudell
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; rudell@tfrl.ars.usda.gov
2:002:15 PM
Andrew J. Macnish
University of California, Davis, CA; ajmacnish@ucdavis.edu
Elizabeth J. Mitcham
University of California, Davis, CA; ejmitcham@ucdavis.edu
Jinwook Lee
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; jinwook.lee@ars.usda.gov
David R. Rudell
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; david.rudell@ars.usda.gov
Younes Mostofi
University of Tehran, Karaj; ymostofi@ut.ac.ir
Cheryl R. Hampson
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC; cheryl.
hampson@agr.gc.ca
Paul A. Wiersma
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC; paul.
wiersma@agr.gc.ca
Generally internal ethylene concentration (IEC) and starch clearing index (SCI) are used to evaluate apple maturity for harvest
in North America. These two methods provide good information on the flesh maturation of apples. Chlorophyll decline in
apple peel was recognized as a potential criterion for maturity
assessment in the early 1990s, but has not been practical to use
because of the time required to extract chlorophyll from the peel.
Recently, non-destructive instruments measuring apple peel
chlorophyll using spectral reflectance of two chlorophyll-related
Henrik Tjellstrm
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; henrik@msu.edu
John Ohlrogge
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Ohlrogge@msu.edu
Randolph Beaudry*
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; beaudry@msu.edu
S235
Tuttle
Citrus Crops
Moderator: Jude W. Grosser
University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL; jgrosser@ufl.edu
1:301:45 PM
Remi Bonnart
USDAARS, Fort Collins, CO; remi.bonnart@ars.usda.gov
Robert R. Krueger
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA; rkrueger@ucr.edu
Richard Lee
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA; Richard.Lee@ars.usda.
gov
Robert Ebel
University of Florida, Immokalee, FL; rcebel@ufl.edu
Naveen Kumar
University of Florida, Immokalee, FL; naveenkumar@ufl.edu
The following study was conducted to determine if the abscission agent CMNP (5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole)
can produce nitrous oxide, if nitrous oxide (NO) promotes fruit
abscission, and if alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) can produce
NO. One-half of a Valencia tree was sprayed to drip with 300
ppm CMNP in Apr. 2011. Fruit detachment force (FDF) of treated
fruit decreased from 80 N to 10 N. NO increased in treated fruit
from undetectable to about 1.2 nM/g fresh wt by 48 hours after
application and declined to below 0.2 nM/g fresh wt by 120 h.
Additional untreated fruit were clipped from a Valencia tree
and dipped in a 2.0 mM solution of sodium nitroprusside, which
releases NO upon exposure to water. FDF of fruit dipped for
45 min in the solution and held at 25 C declined similarly as
application of CMNP to the field grown tree. FDF of treated
fruit held at 10 C did not decline. Fruit dipped in solutions
had ADH activity ranging from 35 nM/min to 0 nM/min for
the control and 1.5 mM CMNP, respectively, a result that has
been reported previously. Purified ADH in solution with CMNP
added produced NO. The results indicate that CMNP applied
to field grown trees may be converted to NO by ADH and that
the NO promotes abscission of sweet orange.
2:002:15 PM
Rebecca E. Stein
USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA; Rebecca.Stein@ars.usda.gov
Javier M. Obando-Ulloa
University of Chile, Santiago; jamaobul@gmail.com
Shifra Ben-Dor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; goldsmit@agri.huji.ac.il
Ilan Sela
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot; sela@agri.huji.ac.il
Eliezer E. Goldschmidt*
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot;
goldsmit@agri.huji.ac.il
in horticultural crops, but its physiological effects are as yet insufficiently understood. Recent studies indicate that movement
of proteins and small RNAs through the graft union might be
involved. Micro RNAs are known to play a significant role in
regulation of higher plants developmental and metabolic traits.
A distinction can be made, however, between major, ubiquitous,
strongly expressed micro RNAs and minor, species-specific
micro RNAs. The objective of the present study was to examine
the possibility that micro RNAs play a role in the modulation of
grafting effects. We adopted a screening approach, determining
the expression of a broad range of micro RNAs in citrus leaf
petioles, as affected by grafting. Four stock/scion combinations
(Merav mandarin and Star Ruby grapefruit scions Troyer
citrange and Citrus Volkameriana rootstocks), rootstock autografts and the non-grafted rootstocks were examined. Microarray comparisons of miRNA expression revealed significant
differences in major as well as minor micro RNAs. All grafting
combinations caused a dramatic reduction in the expression of the
major miR156 (and miR157) that appear to be associated with
reduction of juvenility in perennial woody plants. Expression of
miR894 also declined upon grafting. Differential, rootstock and
scion-dependent expression of the minor miR397 was found in
petioles of grafted scions, while in non-grafted rootstocks the
expression of miR397 was barely detectable. Bioinformatic
analysis confirmed the presence of miR397 in the citrus genome,
validated its sequence and demonstrated its ability to form a stem
loop. The differences in miR397 expression might be related to
copper and other micronutrient requirements of citrus stock-scion
combinations. Differences in other micro RNAs expression
will also be presented. These results suggest an involvement
of specific micro RNAs in engendering physiological effects of
grafting, although the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. Supported by funds of the Israeli Citrus Marketing Board.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Supported by funds of the Israeli
Citrus Marketing Board.
2:302:45 PM
Mark Hilf
USDA ARS USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; mark.hilf@ars.usda.gov
Michael Irey
Clewiston, FL; mirey@ussugar.com
S237
Gary Barthe
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; gab@ufl.edu
Paul Ling
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; pling@ufl.edu
Bill Castle
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; bcastle@ufl.edu
Fred Gmitter
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; fgmitter@ufl.edu
Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is the most horticulturally important and widely grown Citrus species in Florida and
worldwide. Approximately 90% of Florida orange production
and more than 30% of the world crop are used for processing.
Frozen concentrate orange juice has historically been the primary
product of the Florida industry, but more recently there has been
a strong shift to the more profitable fresh pasteurized not-fromconcentrate (NFC) product. The development of higher quality
oranges with expanded maturity dates will facilitate this change
and increase the competitive ability of the Florida industry.
Flagler
Plant Biotechnology
Moderator: Alan H. Chambers
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ac@ufl.edu
2:002:15 PM
Chris Dardick
USDA Appalachian Fruit Res. Sta., Kearneysville, WV; chris.
dardick@ars.usda.gov
Ann M. Callahan
USDA Appalachian Fruit Res. Sta., Kearneysville, WV; ann.
callahan@ars.usda.gov
Chinnathambi Srinivasan
USDA Appalachian Fruit Res Sta, Kearneysville, WV;
chinnathambi.srininvasan@ars.usda.gov
Ted M. DeJong
University of California, Davis, CA; tmdejong@ucdavis.edu
Jay Harper
Penn State University, University Park, PA;jharper@psu.edu
Doug Raines
USDA Appalachian Fruit Res. Sta., Kearneysville, WV; doug.
raines@ars.usda.gov
Sarah Castro
University of California, Davis, CA; scastro@ucdavis.edu
S239
Michelle L. Jones
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; jones.1968@osu.edu
Abdullah M. Shohael
Jahangirnagar University, Savar; amshohaelju@gmail.com
Jude W. Grosser
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; jgrosser@ufl.edu
Guan-Qiao Feng
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province;
1147106@njau.edu.cn
Zong-Ming Cheng*
Dept. of Plant Science, Knoxville, TN; zcheng@utk.edu
Vance M. Whitaker
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; vwhitaker@ufl.edu
Brian Gibbs
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; bgibbs3@ufl.edu
Anne Plotto
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
anne.plotto@ars.usda.gov
Kevin M. Folta
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; kfolta@ufl.edu
S241
Concourse 1
Floriculture 3
Moderator: Jinsheng Huang
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; huangj@ufl.edu
2:002:15 PM
Paul R. Fisher
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; pfisher@ufl.edu
William Argo
Blackmore Co., Belleville, MI; bargo@blackmoreco.com
2:152:30 PM
Paul Nelson
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; paul_nelson@ncsu.
edu
Dean Hesterberg
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; sscdlh@ncsu.edu
Ka Yeon Jeong
The Scotts Co., Marysville, OH; kay.jeong@scotts.com
Brian E. Whipker
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; brian_whipker@
ncsu.edu
Laura Chapin
Eileen Ramsay
2:302:45 PM
Mengmeng Gu*
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; mgu@tamu.edu
Fei Yu
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; fy29@
msstate.edu
S243
Sandringham
Fruit Breeding 2
Moderator: Ed Stover
USDAARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; ed.stover@ars.usda.gov
3:153:30 PM
Thomas G. Beckman
USDAARS, Byron, GA; tom.beckman@ars.usda.gov
Jos X. Chaparro
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jaguey58@ufl.edu
Jos X. Chaparro*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jchaparro@ifas.ufl.edu
Greg McCollum
USDAARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; greg.mccollum@ars.usda.
gov
R. Driggers
USDAARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; randall.driggers@ars.usda.
gov
M. Hoffman
USDAARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; mhoffman.az@gmail.com
M. Doud
USDAARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; melissa.doud@ars.usda.gov
Y-P Duan
USDAARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL; yongping.duan@ars.usda.gov
Richard Lee
USDAARS, NCGRCD, Riverside, CA; Richard.Lee@ars.usda.
gov
Gregory Reighard*
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; grghrd@clemson.edu
David F. Ritchie
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; david_ritchie@
ncsu.edu
W.R. Okie
USDAARS, Byron, GA; william.okie@ars.usda.gov
Ksenija Gasic
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; kgasic@clemson.edu
Gregory Reighard
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; grghrd@clemson.edu
W.R. Okie
USDAARS, Byron, GA; william.okie@ars.usda.gov
Ksenija Gasic*
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; kgasic@clemson.edu
S245
Windsor
Natalie R. Bumgarner
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH;
bumgarner.169@buckeyemail.osu.edu
Passive heating by low and high tunnels as well as active rootzone heating systems are proven tools in horticultural production.
However, impacts of their individual and combined application
on vegetable crop yield, composition and plant microclimates
are often under-reported. In two studies at the Ohio Agricultural
Research and Development Center in Wooster, OH, we set out
to enhance the record of management strategy effects on abiotic
environmental conditions and cropping variables in open field
and high tunnel settings across a number of years and seasons.
In total, temperature data were recorded at 15-min. or 30-min.
intervals over 7 years in up to five high tunnels (4 measuring
6.4 14.6 m and 1 measuring 9.1 24.4 m) covered with a
single layer of 6-mil. film and managed per the requirements of
cool- and warm-season crops. The 4-year study involving the
3:153:30 PM
Carol Miles*
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
Sacha Johnson
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; sacha.
johnson@email.wsu.edu
Debra A. Inglis
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.
edu
Xin Zhao
3:303:45 PM
Judy Thies
Steven Kirk
Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; KirkS@
lincolnu.edu
Donald W. Dickson
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; dwd@ufl.edu
Maria L. Mendes
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; mlmendes@ufl.edu
USDAARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC; judy.
thies@ars.usda.gov
S247
4:004:15 PM
Sanjun Gu*
Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; sanjun.gu@
lincolnu.edu
4:154:30 PM
Steven Kirk
Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; kirks@
lincolnu.edu
Michael G. Bausher*
Heirloom tomatoes have always been popular at farmers markets for their heritage, novelty and premium price. However,
the lack of pest-resistance and vigor limit the production of
heirloom tomatoes for most farmers market vendors. Tomato
grafting is an emerging technique in the United States which
has the potential of providing disease resistance and enhancing
vigor and yield for heirloom tomatoes, if appropriate rootstocks
are utilized. The objective of this study was to investigate the
grafting compatibility of heirloom tomatoes to selected rootstock
species. Twenty-one heirloom varieties were chosen in the 2011
growing season and grafted onto Maxifort and Beaufort rootstocks using the silicon tube grafting method. Grafting success
was above 90% for all combinations, reflecting no incompatibility issues. Grafted transplants were then planted in the field
with non-grafted scion varieties as controls. The experiment
was conducted as a completely randomized design with three
replications. Visual observations on plant growth during the growing season did not indicate any incompatibility among grafted
plants. Longitudinal slices at the grafted unions did not show
any interruption in xylem and phloem tissues. Stem diameters
measured at centimeter below and above the graft union did
not show significant difference, as indicated by the ratio of 1.05.
Grafted Beefsteak, Brandywine, Durzba, Kentucky Beefsteak,
and Auntie Rubys German Green had thicker stems than the
non-grafted controls. In conclusion, all 21 heirloom tomato
varieties grew well on Maxifort and Beaufort rootstocks and
Daniel O. Chellemi
USDAARS, USHRL, Fort Pierce, FL; dchellemi@ars.usda.gov
* * *
Poster Abstracts
2013 Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Miami, Florida
Tuesday, July 31, 2012
Grand Ballroom
Computer Applications in
Horticulture
(095) Reaching Pecan Growers Online:
The Northern Pecans Blog
William Reid*
Kansas State University, Chetopa, KS; wreid@ksu.edu
The current revolution in electronic communication technologies requires that extension professionals rethink the methods
they use to reach and educate their target audience. I created
the Northern Pecans Blog to take advantage of the new media
format and provide real time information for pecan growers in
the northern portions of the pecan belt. The blog format allows
me to harness the power of color photography, has no limits on
word count, and is easily accessible from multiple platforms. In
developing the blog, I have found it important to both educate
and entertain my online audience in order to encourage return
traffic to the site. Each post tells a story with words, illustrations
and photographs. Posts follow the growing season with field
observations and reminders of important orchard activities. The
blog is also interactive. After attending a pest scouting school,
growers report their pest observations via email; I tabulate the
data, and then share the data with the online community. The
blog also contains how to posts, that provide easily-accessible,
online training information. Online readership for the Northern
Pecans Blog has steadily increased each month since the first
post was made in September 2010. Growers report that they
actively use the blog to plan management activities in their
own pecan groves. The Northern Pecans Blog has developed a
national and international following often reaching an audience
unaware of Extension or K-State programs.
S249
Kevin Lombard*
New Mexico State University, Farmington, NM; klombard@
nmsu.edu
metrics. The research and data, plus detailed resource requirements, will provide other outreach organizations a blueprint for
designing (and paying for) their own programs.
Grand Ballroom
Extension
(054) Evaluating the Reach and Collaborative
Opportunities of a National Social Media Effort
Karen Jeannette*
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; jean0027@umn.edu
Terri James
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE; tjames2@unl.edu
Sarah Baughman
eXtension InitiativeEvaluation & Research SpecialistMilitary
Families Partnership, Blacksburg, VA; sarahbaughman@
eXtension.org
Monica A. David
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; modavid@uiuc.edu
Alexandra Stone
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; stonea@hort.oregonstate.
edu
Michelle Wander
Urbana, IL; mwander@illinois.edu
Heather Darby
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; heather.darby@uvm.edu
James Riddle
University of Minnesota, Lamberton, MN; riddl003@umn.edu
Grand Ballroom
Mark A. Kroggel
The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; kroggel@ag.arizona.edu
S251
Ju Ho Choi
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; juho.choi@ndsu.edu
Lance Brower
North Dakota State University, Jamestown, ND; lance.brower@
ndsu.edu
Mark E. Uchanski
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; uchanski@nmsu.
edu
Natalie Bumgarner*
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; bumgarner.169@buckeyelink.
osu.edu
Peter P. Ling
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; ling.23@osu.edu
Wee F. Lee
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; lee.2010@osu.edu
Robert C. Hansen
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; hansen.2@osu.edu
Grand Ballroom
John Chater*
California Polytechnic Institute and State University, San Luis
Obispo, CA; jchater@calpoly.edu
S253
Research was conducted in southwestern Puerto Rico to determine the effects of two biostimulants on fruit retention and
size of Villa Flor mango. The biostimulants evaluated were
an agricultural formulation of blended amino acids fortified
with potassium (AminoQuelant-KTM), and an extract of the
alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Stimplex) for agricultural use.
The alga extract and the amino acid blend were sprayed separately on the mango leaves until run-off, using the rates of 0
(control), 1, and 2 L/ha per application. The biostimulants were
first applied at flowering, and applications were repeated 3 and
6 weeks later. The treatments were established in a complete
randomized block design with 5 replications. Inflorescences
were selected, tagged, and evaluated for fruit retention every 2 weeks until fruit harvest, when fruit number, size, and
weight were determined. Both rates of the two biostimulants
Eric J. Hanson
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; hansone@msu.edu
Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are an important horticultural crop, but are slow to establish in colder
Wagner A. Vendrame
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; vendrame@ufl.edu
Silvia Nietsche
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaba;
silvia.nietsche@unimontes.br
Jonathan Crane
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; jhcr@ufl.edu
Kimberly K. Moore
Fort Lauderdale, FL; klock@ufl.edu
Grand Ballroom
Kimberly K. Moore
Fort Lauderdale, FL; klock@ufl.edu
S255
Kimberly K. Moore
Fort Lauderdale, FL; klock@ufl.edu
Sandra B. Wilson*
University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL; sbwilson@ufl.edu
Mack Thetford
University of Florida, IFAS, Milton, FL; thetford@ufl.edu
Richard J. Henny
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; hennyrjz@ufl.edu
Jianjun Chen*
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@ifas.ufl.edu
Terri Mellich
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; tmellich@ufl.edu
Jietang Zhao
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@ufl.edu
Harlene Hatterman-Valenti
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; h.hatterman.valenti@
ndsu.edu
S257
J.E. Altland
USDAARS, Wooster, OH; james.altland@ars.usda.gov
J.S. Owen
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia
Beach, VA; jsowen@vt.edu
Heather M. Stoven
Oregon State University, Aurora, OR; heather.stoven@
oregonstate.edu
Grand Ballroom
Scott A. Heckathorn
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH; scott.heckathorn@utoledo.edu
Sasmita Mishra
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH; sasmita.mishra@utoledo.edu
Deanna Bobak
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH; deanna.bobak@utoledo.edu
2.50%, whereas Adriana, Australe, Coastal Star, and Forellenschluss were low accumulators with a mean of about 1.33%.
Fresh wt of cultivars had no correlation with Ca concentration.
This experiment notes that selection of nutrient regimes and
cultivars can be utilized to manage Ca accumulation in lettuce.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: UMass Experiment Station,
Amherst MA
Allen V. Barker
Allen V. Barker
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; barker@pssci.umass.
edu
Touria El-Jaoual
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; eaton@umext.umass.
edu
Geunhwa Jung
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; jung@psis.umass.edu
Touria El-Jaoual
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; eaton@umext.umass.
edu
Geunhwa Jung
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; jung@psis.umass.edu
S259
Samantha Levy
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; slevy1@my.tnstate.edu
Karen Bateman
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; karenkbateman@
yahoo.com
Dharma Pitchay
Tennessee State University, Nashville,, TN; dharma.pitchay@
tnstate.edu
Romaine lettuce is considered as one of the nutrient-dense lettuce varieties with excellent source of vitamins and minerals.
However, inadequate information is available on nutritional status
of the crop, and tissue macro- and micronutrient standards for
optimal quality produce. Therefore, the study was conducted
to investigate the impact of macro and microelement stress on
the nutritional values of Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
longifolia), and to generate data on tissue elemental content at
various stages of nutrient stress. Plants were grown by providing mM concentration of macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and
microelements (Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn) for control (complete
treatment) and the rest were deprived of an element under static
hydroponic system in a glass greenhouse. The plant tissues sampled at two different stages (early and late), significantly declined
in value in response to the deprived macro- or micronutrient. The
sensitivity of lettuce to a particular element based on number of
days for the development of visual deficiency symptoms differs
with respect to a particular deprived macro or micronutrients.
The shoot fresh and dry mass declined significantly, more so at
the late deficiency stage. Images of visual deficiency symptoms
of macro- and microelements were chronologically documented
in the order of appearance for each deficient element. The tissue
standards and values associated with various stages of deficiency
were also documented. Compared to the nutrient deprived plants,
the rate of elemental uptake and partitioning was significantly
greater in normal plants.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: International Plant Nutrition
Institute
P.E. Fixen
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Merced, CA; pfixen@ipni.
net
Stewart Reed
USDAARS, Miami, FL; stewart.reed@ars.usda.gov
Christopher Dunn
USDAARS, Miami, FL; Christopher.dunn@ars.usda.gov
Gordon Garry
USDAARS, Miami, FL; garry.gordon@ars.usda.gov
Osman Gutierrez
USDAARS, Miami, FL; osman.gutierrez@ars.usda.gov
Hamide Gubbuk
Akdenis University, Antalya; hgubbuk@akdeniz.edu.tr
Sadiye Gozlekci
Akdenis University, Antalya; sgozlekci@akdeniz.edu.tr
The present study was carried out to evaluate the mineral content
of five popular mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties in South
Florida. The macro/micro nutrients and heavy metal content
of Haden, Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt Irwin mango
leaves after harvest were determined. Sixty leaves were randomly
selected from three different locations (four trees per location)
within an 85-ha field at the National Germplasm Repository,
Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS) in Miami, FL.
The soil was a Krome (Loamy-skeletal, carbonic, hyperthermic
Lithic Udorthents). The precipitation was 1.29 inches from
Nov. through Feb. 200809 and 9.52 inches from Nov. to Feb.
200910. The soil pH ranged between 77.5. The mango trees
were fertilized every 6 months with an NPK rate of 8412
at 1 lb per inch of trunk diameter. Micronutrients applied with
fertilizer were: Mg (4%), S (0.56%), Mn (1.01%), Cu (0.05%),
Fe (1.36%), Zn (0.14%), and B (0.06%). Sixty leaves randomly
selected from the entire tree were harvested and taken to the
laboratory for analysis. Preliminary results demonstrated variations among cultivars and locations. Some of these variations
could be the result of varietal differences. Furthermore, locations
and soil structure, with associated differences in minerals content, may have contributed to differences in the level minerals,
heavy metals. Results from this work demonstrated that most
of the minerals available in the soil at even low levels could be
extracted and taken by the trees in almost enough quantities.
This is important because this could impact the amount and type
of fertilizer applied during the fertilization process.
Carol J. Lovatt
University of California, Riverside, CA; carol.lovatt@ucr.edu
Ben Faber
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
bafaber@ucdavis.edu
Theodore Radovich
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; theodore@hawaii.
edu
Norman Arancon
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI; normanq@hawaii.edu
Nguyen Hue*
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; nvhue@hawaii.edu
S261
Grand Ballroom
Postharvest 1
(001) Easy and Economic Production
Techniques of Clear Pear Juice
Sun-Hee Yim*
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Naju;
sunny4756@korea.kr
Jang-Jeon Choi
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Naju;
cjj190@korea.kr
Jin-Ho Choi
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Naju;
pearchoi@korea.kr
Seung-Hee Nam
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
namsh100@korea.kr
Yoon-Kyeong Kim
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Naju;
horti8992@korea.kr
Han-Chan Lee
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Naju;
l0hc0811@korea.kr
clear pear juice. There were three steps including the filtration,
clarifying, and anti-browning in order to produce clear juice.
For the filtration with cheese cloth, filter paper (Whatman #4),
or centrifugation (10 min at 10,000 rpm), pear juice efficiently
filtered with centrifugation since pear juice showed the highest
L value (lightness) and lowest yellowness (a value). Among
various clarifying agents, gelatin, bentonite or pectinase clarified
effectively pear juice but tannin or egg albumin did not. The
mixture of gelatin(0.2%) and bentonite (0.5%) did clarify well
the pear juice with low turbidity. Among anti-browning agents
(0.1%) like L-ascorbic acid, NaCl, or citric acid, ascorbic acid
prevented the browning of pear juice with the lowest browning
index value (2.62), compared to that of NaCl (2.74), or citric
acid (2.87). In conclusion, these results suggest that clear pear
juice could be manufactured easily and economically by the
combination of centrifugation, 0.2% gelatin plus 0.5% bentonite
addition and 0.1% L-ascorbic acid addition
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This study was financially
supported by Rural Development Administration (Project No.
PJ 907072)
Sam-seok Kang
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Naju;
npssk014@rda.go.kr
Kyungho Won*
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Naju;
pulpelune@korea.kr
Han-Chan Lee
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Naju;
l0hc0811@korea.kr
Sherzod Rajametov
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Naju;
sunny4756@korea.kr
Sun-Hee Yim
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Naju;
sunny4756@korea.kr
Seung-Hee Nam
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
namsh100@korea.kr
Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) has been processed into pear
juice, perry, or fresh cut. However, pear processed products
have a tendency to spoil or change easily into brown color.
Various artificial additives have been added to prevent color
change or fruit spoilage. In this study, physiochemical properties of 7 novel Asian pear cultivars were evaluated to find out
the browning or spoilage resistant cultivar for fresh cult or pear
juice. A total of 7 cultivars, Chuwhangbae, Niitaka, Noksu,
Wonhwang, Manpungbae, Whangkeumbae, and Seolwon,
were harvested and stored at 2 C until before processing. Fruit
peel was brown color (Chuwhangbae, Niitaka, Wonhwang,
Manpungbae) or green color (Whangkeumbae, Seolwon,
Jacqueline F. Nock
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; jfn3@cornell.edu
Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
William B. Miller
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; wbm8@cornell.edu
S263
Alice Biotteau
Fort Pierce, FL; Alice.Biotteau@ars.usda.gov
Clotilde Leclair
Fort Pierce, FL; Clotilde.Leclair@ars.usda.gov
Elizabeth Baldwin
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
liz.baldwin@ars.usda.gov
Jinhe Bai
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
jinhe.bai@ars.usda.gov
Jan Narciso
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
jan.narciso@ars.usda.gov
Greg McCollum
USDAARS, Ft., Pierce, FL; greg.mccollum@ars.usda.gov
Fred Gmitter
Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL; fgg@
crec.ifas.u.edu
Mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) have relatively short maturity windows , typically lasting 48 weeks. Although maturity
windows for standard mandarin cultivars are well know, it needs
to be determined for recently developed mandarin hybrids. Our
objective was to quantify changes in avor of new mandarin
hybrids over two harvest seasons in order to better dene time
of optimum maturity; standard commercial mandarin cultivars
were included for comparison. Fruit avor was evaluated by a
panel (n = 10) trained to evaluate citrus fruit. Nine descriptors
of fresh mandarin avor were agreed upon by the panelists prior
to evaluation. Fruit were harvested in the 201011 and 201112
seasons. At each harvest, fruit were washed, sanitized, peeled,
and halved longitudinally; one half of each fruit was evaluated
by the taste panel, and the other half was analyzed for quality
parameters (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and avor
volatiles). Prior to serving, mandarin segments were sliced, cut
and mixed in a bowl to assure that each panelist would evalu-
Rong Cao
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON; rong.cao@agr.
gc.ca
Rymond Yang
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON; rymond.yang@
agr.gc.ca
Leslie Campbell-Palmer
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; Leslie.
campbell@agr.gc.ca
Priyanka Chaudhary*
Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, College Station, TX;
chau659@tamu.edu
G.K. Jayaprakasha
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; gjayaprakasha@ag.tamu.edu
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; b-patil@tamu.edu
Ron Porat
Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Center, Bet Dagan;
rporat@volcani.agri.gov.il
Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is a commercial technique used to extend the shelf life of fruits by the application
of low O2, high CO2, and high humidity. Low O2 and high
CO2 conditions normally slow down the metabolic activity in
fruits, which helps to maintain fruit quality and reduce postharvest disorders. However, effect of MAP on the levels of
bioactive compounds present in Star Ruby grapefruit is unknown. In the present study, effect of two commercial MAP
plastic bags, viz. micro-perforated (MI) Xtend plastic bags
(modified atmosphere and humidity) and macro-perforated
(MA) Xtend plastic bags (modified humidity) on the bioactive
compounds present in Star Ruby grapefruit were evaluated.
Grapefruits were stored for 16 weeks at 10 C. Fruits were collected at an interval of 4 weeks; juice samples were prepared
by blending 3 peeled whole fruits and analyzed for carotenoids,
limonoids, flavonoids and furocoumarins along with fruit
quality parameters. -carotene was highest in control fruits
followed by fruits stored in MI bags and was lowest in fruits
David Obenland*
USDAARS, Parlier, CA; david.obenland@ars.usda.gov
Sue Collin
University of California, Parlier, CA; collin@uckac.edu
Jim Sievert
University of California, Parlier, CA; sievert@uckac.edu
Mary Lu Arpaia
University of California, Parlier, CA; arpaia@uckac.edu
S265
Maarten Hertog
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee; Maarten.Hertog@biw.
kuleuven.be
Bart Nicola
BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee,
Belgium; Bart.Nicolai@biw.kuleuven.be
Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbw3@cornell.edu
James Giovannoni
USDAARS, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY; jjg33@
cornell.edu
James Mattheis
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; James.Mattheis@ars.usda.gov
Jinwook Lee
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; jinwook.lee@ars.usda.gov
Rachel Leisso
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; Rachel.Leisso@ars.usda.gov
David Buchanan
USDAARS, Wenatchee, WA; David.Buchanan@ars.usda.gov
David Rudell*
USDA Tree Fruit Research Lab, Wenatchee, WA; rudell@tfrl.ars.
usda.gov
select those that best reflect scald risk status in a range of experimental conditions known to affect scald development as
well as in a commercial setting.
Jordan Yancy
University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL; jordanyancy@gmail.
com
Lucimeire Pilon
University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL; lu_pilon@hotmail.
com
Cuifeng Hu
University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL; cuifenghu@ufl.edu
Jan Narciso
USDAARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL;
jan.narciso@ars.usda.gov
Thomas Burks
University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL; TFBurks@ifas.ufl.edu
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Teaching Methods
(081) Toward a National Consensus on Learning
Outcomes for the Horticulture Curriculum
Marvin P. Pritts*
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; mpp3@cornell.edu
Pat Crawford
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; crawf203@msu.edu
Kelly Millenbah
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; millenba@msu.edu
Eva Kassens-Noor
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ekn@msu.edu
Mike Orth
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; orthm@msu.edu
Eron Drake
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; drakeero@msu.edu
S267
James A. Schrader
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; jschrade@iastate.edu
Richard J. Gladon
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; gladon@iastate.edu
Jeffery K. Iles
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; iles@iastate.edu
Susan Kelly
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; sakelly@ufl.edu
Teresa Olczyk
Laura Christensen
Kansas State University, Olathe, KS; growers@ksu.edu
Katie Nixon
Lincoln University in Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; nixonk@
lincolnu.edu
Marlin Bates
University of Missouri Extension, Kansas City, MO; batesma@
missouri.edu
Like many areas across the United States, Kansas City has a
strong need to grow new vegetable and specialty crop farmers
as well as provide education for existing ones. The Growing
Growers Farmer Education program was established to address
this need and to train these new farmers on effective growing
practices. As a collaboration between Kansas State University
The population of Florida gets further from the primary producers and an understanding of their connection to the land with
rampant urbanization. The extension service must reach out to
these atypical clientele to provide services and to ensure they
realize the proximity of agriculture to their communities and
the importance of agriculture to their well being. Farm tours
have been used by many county extension offices to showcase
local agricultural industries to politicians and curious citizens
to encourage support and understanding for agriculture. At the
same time the agricultural tours can be a useful tool to promote
and market extension programs and their importance in education
of agricultural producers, urban residents and elected officials
making budget decisions affecting operations of the extension
service. The experiences of three county extension directors,
from a rural, a semi-rural, and a metropolitan county, in promoting agriculture through the use of farm tours indicate similar
objectives and impacts. A variety of implementations have been
tested, from self-guided tours to tightly scheduled bus tours.
Nanette Diffoot
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; nanette.
diffoot@uprm.edu
Vivian Navas
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; vivian.
navas@upr.edu
S269
Kauahi Perez
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; bronsonp@hawaii.
edu
Martin McGann
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; mrm19@psu.
edu
Dan T. Stearns
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA;
dts3@psu.edu
M.L. Robinson
University of Nevada Coop. Extension, Las Vegas, NV;
robinsonm@unce.unr.edu
From 1999 until 2009, the Las Vegas Valley population grew
from 500,000 to nearly 2.5 million. This created a challenge: to
meet pest management needs with minimum impact on residents
and the environment. As pesticide usage expands, concerns about
their environmental effects also expand. This results in a need to
increase community educational outreach. Pesticide training has
traditionally been conducted as stand-alone programs for specific
groups such as pest control operators, farmers and nurserymen.
The University of Nevada Cooperative Extension Horticulture
team looked at new clientele groups to target, such as Commercial Training Conferences, Master Gardener training, Prison
Horticulture training, Invasive Weed management programs, and
other community programs whose clientele and staff must also
understand IPM principles. Integrating IPM training into other
programming reaches users effectively. It has proven successful
in Master Gardener training by including a section on IPM and
pesticide safety. A CEU training track was added to a large green
industry training, which met a stated need from many landscape
professionals. One important but overlooked group is those who
work in areas other than horticulture. Employees and staff in
other areas of organizations such as Las Vegas mega-resorts are
now being targeted. This includes those who control funding.
Good educational efforts in a community such as Las Vegas
encompass many partners and a diverse clientele.
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Sheri B. Crabtree
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; sheri.crabtree@kysu.
edu
Jeremiah D. Lowe
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; jeremy.lowe@kysu.edu
Shawn Wright
University of Kentucky, Jackson, KY; Shawn.wright@uky.edu
Martin Stone
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY;
martin.stone@wku.edu
S271
Jos Grageda
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y
Pecuarias (INIFAP), Hermosillo, Sonora; grageda.jose@inifap.
gob.mx
Gerardo Martnez
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y
Pecuarias (INIFAP), Hermosillo, Sonora;
martinez.gerardo@inifap.gob.mx
Jesus Arreola
Universidad Autnoma de Chapingo, URUZA, Torreon Coahuila
27085; jgarreola@chapingo.uruza.edu.mx
Arnulfo Marquez
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y
Pecuarias (INIFAP), Hermosillo SONORA;
marquez.arnulfo@inifap.gob.mx
Besides the effect of alternate bearing to decrease yield in offyears, also low nut yield in pecans growing under subtropical
regions had occurred in seasons preceded by winters with very
low chilling accumulation. Also, alternated periods of warm
and cold conditions during dormancy are common and its effect on nut yield is unknown. The objective of this study was to
determine the effect of weather during dormancy on commercial
pecan nut yield. The effects of temperature, relative humidity and
precipitation of November, December, January, and February
on commercial nut yield of pecans growing under subtropical
conditions were examined by linear regression analysis. The
growing area studied has an elevation of 70 m and is located
in Northwest Mxico between 28N and 29N and 111W and
112W. Using a temperature base of 7.2 C, from 1 Nov. to 28
Feb., chilling hours ranged from 142 in warm winters to 232
in cold winters, in a 10-year span (19992009). Independent
variables were the average and the standard deviation (SD)
of daily chilling hours (base temperature 10 C, minus hours
above 25 C), daily high temperature, daily low temperature,
daily average temperature, daily range temperature, and daily
relative humidity. Also cumulative precipitation was included.
Period from 1 Nov. to 28 Feb. was divided by month (November, December, January, and February), bimonthly (November
+ December, December + January, and January + February),
and for the whole period (1 Nov.28 Feb.). The only significant
effect was found with the standard deviation of the February
Chilling (kg/ha= 105.8 + 439 SD February daily chilling;
r2 = 0.53*) and the standard deviation of the February daily
minimum temperature (kg/ha= 104.8 + 680.8 SD daily low
temperature; r2 = 0.47*). No significant responses were detected
for precipitation and relative humidity. The higher the variation
in daily chilling hours and minimum temperature represent the
presence of periods of cold and warm days. According to data,
Dawn VanLeeuwen
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; vanleeuw@
nmsu.edu
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Vegetable Breeding
(363) Identification of Lettuce Germplasm Lines
Resistant to Banded Cucumber Beetle
Huangjun Lu*
University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL; hjlu@ufl.edu
Gregg Nuessly
University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL; gnuessly@ufl.edu
Alan Wright
University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL; alwr@ufl.edu
Nancy T. Eannetta
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; nte1@cornell.edu
Giulia M. Stellari
SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; gmstellari@gmail.com
Michael Mazourek
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; mm284@cornell.edu
Soon Oh Park
Texas Agr. Experiment Station, Weslaco, TX; so-park@tamu.edu
Man Hyun Jo
Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension
Services, Yesan; manhyunjo@korea.kr
Su Ryun Choi
Chungnam National University, Daejeon; ssrchoi@empas.com
Tae Il Kim
Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension
Services, Yesan; teilk@korea.kr
Mi Kyoung Won
Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension
Services, Yesan; wmk1117@korea.kr
Eun Mo Lee
Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension
Services, Yesan; emlee@korea.kr
S273
Jing Zhou
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; zsuping@tnstate.edu
Marsha Palmer
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; zsuping@tnstate.edu
Tara Fish
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; zsuping@tnstate.edu
Kevin Howe
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; zsuping@tnstate.edu
Theodore W. Thannhauser
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; zsuping@tnstate.edu
Mark W. Farnham*
USDAARS, Charleston, SC; mark.farnham@ars.usda.gov
Mark Hutton
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; mark.hutton@maine.edu
Jeanine Davis
North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC; jeanine_davis@
ncsu.edu
Wythe Morris
Virginia Cooperative Extension, Hillsville, VA; morrisw@vt.edu
Thomas Bjrkman
Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY; tnb1@cornell.edu
Takumi Sakayori*
Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571; agrisys@isc.meiji.ac.jp
Kenji Nashima
Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nagoya University,
Nagoya 464-8601; agrisys@isc.meiji.ac.jp
Katsuhiro Shiratake
Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nagoya University,
Nagoya 464-8601; agrisys@isc.meiji.ac.jp
Takashi Ikeda
Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571;
agrisys@isc.meiji.ac.jp
Grand Ballroom
Mikel R. Roe
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; roexx016@umn.edu
Adrian D. Hegeman
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN;
hegem007@umn.edu
Kathryn L. Cook
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; cook0278@umn.edu
James J. Luby
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Brodie McCarthy
California State University, Fresno, CA; brodster43@mail.
fresnostate.edu
Hemant Gohil
California State University, Fresno, CA; hgohil@csufresno.edu
S275
Gerald S. Dangl
University of California, Davis, CA; gsdangl@ucdavis.edu
Andrew Walker
University of California, Davis, CA; awalker@ucdavis.edu
Guopin Chen
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning;
caomuming79@126.com
Taile Xie
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning;
caomuming79@126.com
Rende Wen
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning;
caomuming79@126.com
Xiongjun Cao
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning;
caomuming79@126.com
Hongyan Li
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning;
caomuming79@126.com
Jiang Lu*
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; jiang.lu@famu.edu
Xia Xu
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; xia.xu@famu.edu
Fitz Bradley
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; fitz.bradley@famu.edu
Elina D. Coneva
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; edc0001@auburn.edu
Edgar Vinson
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; vinsoed@auburn.edu
John R. Clark
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jrclark@uark.edu
Raymond Kessler
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; kessljr@auburn.edu
James Spiers
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; jds0017@auburn.edu
Joyce Ducar
Sand Mountain Research and Extension Center, Crossville, AL;
ducarjt@auburn.edu
Arnold W. Caylor
North Alabama Horticulture Research Center, Cullman, AL;
cayloaw@auburn.edu
tolerant cultivars studied at the SMREC include Black Spanish, Blanc du Bois, Champanel, Conquistador, Cynthiana, Favorite, Lake Emerald, Seyval Blanc, Seyval
Blanc grafted on Coudrec 3309, Stover, and Villard Blanc.
The experimental vineyard planted at the NAHRC includes
Conquistador, Stover, Mars, and Neptune as standards
for processing and table grape cultivars and 12 advanced selections from the University of Arkansas grape breeding program.
The experimental design utilized in both vineyards is a randomized complete-block design with 4 replications. During 201011,
data were collected to determine vine pruning weight, trunk cross
sectional area, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll rates. Vine early
shoot development, percentage of open flowers, and veraison
progression were also assessed throughout the growing season.
Total yield per vine, mean cluster weight, average berry weight,
and soluble solids content were measured. The results suggest
Champanel was the most vigorously growing grape among
the PD tolerant cultivars in our test. Blanc du Bois, Seyval
Blanc and Seyval Blanc/3309C had early ripening season,
while Cynthiana and Lake Emerald had late ripening season.
Villard Blanc produced the largest yield of 16.5 kg/vine and
had the greatest mean cluster weight of 238.13 g. Champanel
produced the largest berries of 4.2 g on average. Selection A2245
was the most vigorously growing vine in the advanced selections
trial, and A2574 had the highest yield of 15.06 kg/vine. Table
grape selection A2807 had the largest mean cluster weight
of 485.4 g on average and the greatest mean berry weight of
5.8 g. Research will continue and multiple season data is going
to provide more complete evaluation on suitability of growing
hybrid bunch grape cultivars in Alabama and the Southeast.
Bernd Maier
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM;
bernaier@nmsu.edu
Michael K. ONeill
New Mexico State University, Farmington, NM;
moneill@nmsu.edu
S277
W. Cowgill
cowgill@aesop.rutgers.edu
P.V. Oudemans
oudemans@aesop.rutgers.edu
G.C. Pavlis
pavlis@aesop.rutgers.edu
P. Nitzsche
nitzsche@aesop.rutgers.edu
Peter C. Andersen*
University of Florida, Quincy, FL; pcand@ufl.edu
Grand Ballroom
Nall Moonilall
USDAARS, Miami, FL; nallmoonilall@aol.com
Nancy D. Epsky
USDAARS, Miami, FL; Nancy.Epsky@ars.usda.gov
Robert R. Heath
USDAARS, Miami, FL
Ricardo Joseph
USDAARS, Miami, FL
Jean-Marc Gandonou
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX; gandonou@txstate.edu
Robert R. Tripepi*
University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; btripepi@uidaho.edu
Composted dairy manure has good potential for use as a potting mix amendment. However, some prospective consumers
have concerns that harmful fecal microorganisms might survive
the composting process. The changing bacterial communities
in dairy manure over 9 months of composting were analyzed
using 454 pyrosequencing. DNA was extracted from 10-day,
3-, 6-, and 9-month-old compost and the V1 through V3 region
amplified by PCR using mixture of the 27F primer composed
of equal concentrations of seven degenerative primers and
unique tagged reverse primers targeting the 534 region. The
DNA analysis technique resulted in 83,555 quality sequence
reads that could be classified. Representatives of 18 different
bacterial phyla were identified. The dominant phyla were
the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Chloroflexi. The relative
abundances of the different phyla changed over time, with
microbial composition changing the most between the 10-day
and 3-month-old compost. In the 10-day-old compost, the
Firmicutes were the dominant phyla, comprising 68% of the
bacterial community. The relative abundance of this group decreased significantly during the other months, but it remained
the dominant phyla averaging around 30% of the population.
The second or third most prevalent groups were either the
Actinobacteria or the Proteobacteria depending on the composts age. Analysis of the sequencing results at the genus level
revealed that bacterial diversity was high, comprising of 472
different genera, although the relative abundance of the majority of genera was low (comprising less than 1%). Sixty-two
S279
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Richard J. Campbell
Fairchild Tropical Gardens Research Center, Miami, FL;
rcampbell@fairchildgarden.org
Noris Ledesma
Fairchild Tropical Gardens Research Center, Miami, FL;
nledesma@fairchildgarden.org
Bradley C. Bennett
Florida International University, Miami, FL; bennett@fiu.edu
Nathan C. Phillips
Middle Tennessee State University
Daniel C. Messick
Middle Tennessee State University
Khalid Matthew
University of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Kingshill; matthew.khalid@gmail.com
Thomas W. Zimmerman
University of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Kingshill; tzimmer@uvi.edu
Kimberly J. Whitlock*
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; kwhitlo1@
utk.edu
Carl E. Sams
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; carlsams@utk.edu
Samantha Jones
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; sammijheygirlhey@
gmail.com
Curt R. Rom
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; crom@uark.edu
Penelope Perkins-Veazie
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; penelope_
perkins@ncsu.edu
S281
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Citrus Crops
(353) Response of Government and the Citrus
Industry to the Discovery of Asian Citrus
Psyllid in Arizona
Glenn C. Wright*
University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ; gwright@ag.arizona.edu
G. John Caravetta
Arizona Department of Agriculture, Phoenix, AZ; jcaravetta@
azda.gov
In Oct. 2009, about 3 months after the first find of Asian Citrus
Psyllid (ACP) in San Luis Rio Colorado Sonora, a colony of
ACP was found just across the border in San Luis, AZ. Since
then, 12 additional sites have been found in Arizona, all except
two in Yuma County. Less than 50 individual ACP have been
found since 2009 and all have been eradicated. No ACP found
in Arizona has yet tested positive for HLB. As of now, much of
southwestern and southern Arizona is under federal quarantine
for ACP and trees and fruit that move out of the quarantine area
require special treatment to eradicate ACP. The response of the
Arizona Department of Agriculture to the discovery of ACP
has been to increase trapping and eradication activities using
Larry W. Duncan
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; lwduncan@ufl.edu
Jude W. Grosser
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; jgrosser@ufl.edu
G.K. Jayaprakasha
Texas A&M University, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center,
College Station, TX; gjayaprakasha@ag.tamu.edu
John L. Jifon
Texas AgriLife Research, Weslaco, Weslaco, TX; jifon@tamu.edu
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, College Station, TX;
b-patil@tamu.edu
Pedro Valadez-Ramrez
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; pvaladez84@yahoo.
com.mx
Marco-Tulio Buenrostro-Nava
Gilberto Manzo-Snchez
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; gilberto_manzo@
yahoo.com
Manuel Robles-Gonzalez
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y
Pecuarias (INIFAP), Colima 28984; mmrobles55@hotmail.com
Jos-Joaqun Velzquez-Monreal
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Colima 28984; jvelazquezmon@yahoo.com.mx
Robert C. Ebel
Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee,
FL; rcebel@u.edu
Kelly M. Morgan
Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee,
FL; conserv@u.edu
S283
Timothy M. Spann
University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center,
Lake Alfred, FL; spann@ufl.edu
Cody Narciso
University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; xiphius75@gmail.com
Diann Achor
Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred, FL; dsar@ufl.edu
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Mark A. Tucker
Purdue University & YDAE, West Lafayette, IN; orvis@purdue.
edu
Steven K. McKinley
Purdue University & YDAE, West Lafayette, IN; orvis@purdue.
edu
Kathryn S. Orvis
Purdue University & YDAE, West Lafayette, IN; orvis@purdue.
edu
Christine E. Coker
Coastal Research & Extension Center, Biloxi, MS; cec117@
ra.msstate.edu
Kristen Wagner
University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; krwagner@cals.arizona.edu
Linda Thieken
University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; lthieken@cox.net
S285
Jozsef Racsko
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; racsko.1@osu.edu
Grand Ballroom
Jos Gonzlez-Valdivia
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; vcm_2969@prodigy.net.mx
Sergio O. lvarez-Lpez
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; zurdo2312@hotmail.com
Luis E. Cossio-Vargas
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; cossioluiseduardo@inifap.
gob.mx
Martha E. Ibarra-Estrada
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; marthaibarra2@hotmail.com
Ricardo Goenaga*
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR; ricardo.goenaga@ars.usda.gov
Chuanjiu He
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; c-he@neo.tamu.edu
Hypobaria (low total atmospheric pressure) is essential in sustainable, energy-efficient plant production systems for long-term
space exploration and human habitation on the Moon and Mars.
There are also important engineering, safety and materials handling advantages of growing plants under hypobaric conditions,
including reduced atmospheric leakage from extraterrestrial base
environments. It is important to predict or model plant growth
and edible biomass production for human consumption during
space exploration. Net daily carbon gain (CDG) was used to
model plant growth rate and mass balance in our low pressure
plant growth system (LPPG) designed for a NASA life support
system. There was a linear correlation between accumulated
CDG and measured total plant, leaf and root dry mass. Edible
fresh mass can also be predicted from the model. The model
could fit hypobaric and hypoxic environments with ethylene
scrubbed or allowed to accumulate. We evaluated the model via
analysis between direct measurements and modeled data. There
was a highly significant linear relationship between modeled
and measured data indicating that errors can be predicted from
the LPPG system.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NASANAJ04HF31G
John Norelli
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; jay.norelli@ars.usda.gov
Timothy Artlip
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; tim.artlip@ars.usda.gov
Schuyler S. Korban
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; korban@uiuc.edu
John Phillips
USDAARS, Wyndmoor, PA; john.phillips@ars.usda.gov
Carole Bassett
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; carole.bassett@ars.usda.gov
John Norelli
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; jay.norelli@ars.usda.gov
Timothy Artlip
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; tim.artlip@ars.usda.gov
CBF transcription factors regulate a host of genes (CBFregulon) that respond to low temperature and play a role in
S287
Robert C. Ebel
University of Florida, Immokalee, Florida; rcebel@u.edu
Cankui Zhang
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cz46@cornell.edu
Neil Mattson
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; nsm47@cornell.edu
Andres Uribe
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota; auribe@unal.edu.co
Augusto Ramirez-Godoy*
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota; augramirezg@unal.
edu.co
Hermann Restrepo-Diaz
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota; hrestrepod@unal.
edu.co
Caiti Steele
USDAARS, Las Cruces, NM; caiti@nmsu.edu
Cameron Radosevich
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; radcam@nmsu.edu
Richard Heerema
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; rjheerem@nmsu.
edu
Jorge Saavedra
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso; jorge.
saavedra@ucv.cl
Bruce Schaffer
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; bas@ifas.ufl.edu
S289
Jorge Prez
Universidad Via del Mar, Via del Mar; js.perezquiroz@gmail.
com
Rosa Navarro
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso; rosa.
navarro.lisboa@gmail.com
Ramn Guevara-Gonzlez
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Quertaro; ramonggg66@
gmail.com
Edmundo Mercado-Silva*
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Queretaro 76150;
mercado@uaq.mx
until the harvest. If cold requirements are not met, a high incidence of defects bulbs is observed. The mechanism by which
the low environmental temperatures start molecular expressions of genes that lead to the bulb formation is not known.
The objectives of this work were differentially to describe
the transcriptome profile of garlic sprouts of cloves stored at
5 C during 5 weeks and room temperature (RT) as well as to
observe the plant developing and quality bulbs in both storage conditions. Two storage conditions were studied; i) garlic
bulbs (cv. Coreano) stored at RT for two consecutive seasons
(200910 and 201011) (RT RT) and ii) garlic bulbs stored
for 5 weeks at 5 C in both seasons (5 5). One cloves set of
each condition storage were planted at Cosio Aguascalientes,
Mexico to study their development in field. The DNAc 5 5
sprouts created a library of 85 clones whose bio informatics
analysis showed 28 unigenes; 64.28% were stress response
proteins, 14.28% were metabolism proteins, 10.71% structural
proteins, 7.14% transcription factors and 3.57 % without homology. Differential hybridization of 5 5 and RT RT libraries
and its Southern analysis identified 48 constituent genes, 20
over expressed genes (eleven were phenyl alanine ammonium
lyase isozymes and two related to fructans metabolism) and 17
repressed genes. Plants from cloves stored at 5 C ahead the
harvest time 42 days in comparison with RT plants, but they had
lower height, yield and leaves number but also low incidence
of undifferentiated bulbs.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: CONACyT
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Young-Hee Lee
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
yhlee4@rda.go.kr
Yun-Chan Huh
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
wmelon@korea.kr
Woo-Moon Lee
the National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
wmlee65@rda.go.kr
Dong-Kum Park
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
dkpark@rda.go.kr
Moo-Kyung Yoon
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
yoonmk@rda.go.kr
Chiwon W. Lee*
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
Monosporascus root rot or vine decline caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is widely distributed in the major cucurbit
crop growing areas in Korea. Most watermelon, muskmelon
and Oriental melon crops are grown in plastic greenhouses in
the southern part of the country where the spread of the disease
is severe. First isolated in 1993 from the diseased roots of the
bottle gourd-grafted watermelon plants, M. cannonballus has
been found in wilted plants of muskmelon grown in greenhouses
with temperatures often higher than 30 C. The high temperature
greenhouse growing conditions favor disease development on
muskmelon plants especially during the fruit ripening stage.
Because of this disease, the stable and sustainable production
of muskmelon crops has been a challenge to many growers. As
an effort to develop new cultivars resistant to M. cannonballus,
various germplasm materials of Cucumis melo (muskmelon)
including commercial lines and hybrids were evaluated in this
study. Seeds were surface sterilized in 3% Clorox for 20 minutes and rinsed in sterile water under a laminar flow transfer
hood. After seed coat removal, the naked seeds were cultured on
agar medium with the pathogen (M. cannonballus) inoculums.
Among the 42 genetic materials (28 commercial varieties, 9
accessions, 8 germplasms including domestic lines) tested, the
seedlings of Rio Gold and Tokyo Early showed resistance
to the pathogen, while seedlings of Busan 914 and Busan
920 showing only a partial resistance. The rest of the genetic
materials were susceptible to the disease. Findings of this study
may well be used for further selection and breeding of new
muskmelon cultivars resistant to M. cannonballus.
Morthemer Ortiz
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR;
morthemerortiz@gmail.com
Jim Beaver
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; j_beaver@
hotmail.com
Dimuth Siritunga*
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; dimuth.
siritunga@upr.edu
Jeongran Lee
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; kongsarang@
korea.kr
Jeong-ro Lee
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; jrmail@korea.kr
Gi-An Lee
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; gkntl1@
korea.kr
Gyu-Taek Cho
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; gtcho@korea.kr
S291
Onsuk Hur
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; onshur09@
korea.kr
Myeong-Cheol Lee
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; mcleekor@
korea.kr
Chang-Yung Kim
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; kimcy@
korea.kr
Hyung-Jin Baek
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon; hjbaek@
korea.kr
Don R. LaBonte
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA; dlabonte@agctr.lsu.edu
Michael D. Coffey
University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA;
m_d_coffey@yahoo.com
Many physiological races of the cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen (CPM) Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) Braun & Shishkoff
have been reported on melon (Cucumis melo L.). Melon accession
PI 313970 is the only reported source of host plant resistance
to race S, which first appeared in Imperial Valley, CA in Spring
2003. Race SD, which overcomes resistance in PI 313970, occurred in single spore isolates from collections of CPM from
Imperial Valley and on melons in a greenhouse at Salinas, CA
following many years of growing PI 313970 year-round in the
greenhouse. Variants of races S and SD, designated SW and
SDW, infect watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum
& Nakai]. Four hundred thirty melon accessions were evaluated
for new host plant resistance to races 1, S, SW, SD and SDW
in controlled-inoculation greenhouse tests at Riverside, CA in
Ramon A. Arancibia
Mississippi State Univ., MAFES, Pontotoc, MS; raa66@msstate.
edu
Sweetpotato consumption and acreage is increasing, but production costs now exceed $4,000 per acre and the high use of
hand labor erodes profitability. Strides to mechanize and reduce
labor input are difficult because many of the popular varieties
are highly susceptible to skinning damage. A preponderance
of damage is unsightly for marketing and accentuates rots and
weight loss in storage. Our interest is to assess the differences
in skinning resistance in varieties of sweetpotato, including
those with a putatively tougher skin. Although the objective is
straightforward, quantitative measurements are difficult. Results
suggest that a water jet skinning meter developed at North Carolina State University, has the capacity to discriminate between
varieties which skin easily in contrast to those with more durable
skin. Furthermore, our technique also includes an assessment of
desiccation at the wound site and underscores the importance
wound healing as an equally important goal. The techniques
developed in this study will be useful in developing selection
protocols in breeding programs.
Beiquan Mou
USDAARS, Salinas, CA; beiquan.mou@ars.usda.gov
Kathryn Fontenot
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA;
kkfontenot@agcenter.lsu.edu
Carl Motsenbocker
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA;
cmotsenbocker@agcenter.lsu.edu
S293
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Organic Horticulture 1
(066) A Comparative Analysis of Organic Retail
Market Trends in Gainesville, Florida
Meagan J. Collins*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; majicjoy@ufl.edu
Xin Zhao
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; zxin@ufl.edu
Zhifeng Gao
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; zfgao@ufl.edu
Fawzy Hashem
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
fmhashem@umes.edu
Brett D. Smith
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
bdsmith@umes.edu
Corrie P. Cotton
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
cpcotton@umes.edu
Patricia Millner
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; pat.millner@ars.usda.gov
Samantha Levy
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; slevy1@my.tnstate.
edu
Grija Levy
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; grijavj@yahoo.com
Dharma Pitchay
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; dharma.pitchay@
gmail.com
Hee-chul Hong
Jeonnam Biofood Technology Center Jeonnam Bioindustry
Foundation, Jeonnam; hhclove@nate.com
Mi-Ae Bang
Jeonnam Biofood Technology Center Jeonnam Bioindustry
Foundation, Jeonnam; methyl@nate.com
You-Seok Lee
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
majorfood@korea.kr
Seung-Hee Nam
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
100shnam@korea.kr
Jeong-Hwa Kang
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjh777@korea.kr
Dong-Sub Kim
Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; akkai@snu.ac.kr
Hae-Young Na
Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; naksuc@daum.net
Changhoo Chun
Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; changhoo@snu.ac.kr
Jong-Bun Seo
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
bongyun@korea.kr
Kyung-Ju Jung
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
jkj9613@korea.kr
Kyeong-Ju Choi
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjchoi@korea.kr
Jeong-Hwa Kang
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjh777@korea.kr
You-Seok Lee
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
majorfood@korea.kr
Seung-Hee Nam
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
namhs100@korea.kr
Myeong-Seok Kim
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
bongyun@korea.kr
Kyung-Ju Jung
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
jkj9613@korea.kr
Kyeng-Ju Choi
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjchoi@korea.kr
S295
Min-Su Park
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
pms55@korea.kr
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Pomology
(298) Assessing the Role of the Pistil in Sweet
Cherry Fruit Set
Lu Zhang
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; lu.zhang5@email.wsu.
edu
Matthew D. Whiting
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; mdwhiting@wsu.edu
Yunyang Zhao*
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; yunyang.zhao@email.
wsu.edu
David Woolley
Massey University, Palmerston North 4442; d.woolley@massey.
ac.nz
Ian Warrington
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Ltd.,
Havelock Nort;
Ben.vanHooijdonk@plantandfood.co.nz
D. Stuart Tustin
Horticulture & Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Havelock
North, New Zealand, Havelock North; stustin@hort.cri.nz
Sun-Hee Yim
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Naju;
sunny4756@korea.kr
Jang-Hyun Park
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
tealove7@korea.kr
Hee-Jeong Chae
Hoseo University, Asan; sunny4756@korea.kr
Yoo-Suk Lee
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
majorfood@korea.kr
Kyung-Ju Choi
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjchoi@korea.kr
Graciela M. Colavita
Comahue National University, Cinco Saltos RN; pigarriz@gmail.
com
Laura I. Vita
Comahue National University, Cinco Saltos RN; pigarriz@gmail.
com
S297
Rachel B. Elkins
University of California Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA;
rbelkins@ucdavis.edu
Janet Turner
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; janet.turner@
oregonstate.edu
Janet Turner
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; janet.turner@
oregonstate.edu
Debra Laraway
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; debra.laraway@
oregonstate.edu
Richard L. Bell
USDAARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Charles Town,
WV; richard.bell@ars.usda.gov
Yeuseok Kwon
Chungchungbukdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services,
Cheongwon; demian09@korea.kr
Kiueol Lee
Chungchungbukdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services,
Cheongwon; kylee8831@korea.kr
S299
Sheri B. Crabtree
Jeremiah D. Lowe
Sheri B. Crabtree*
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; sheri.crabtree@kysu.edu
Jeremiah Lowe
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; jeremy.lowe@kysu.edu
A leaf and fruit fungal spot has been observed in pawpaw consisting of a complex of Mycocentrospora asiminae, Rhopaloconidium asiminae Ellis and Morg., and Phyllosticta asiminae
Ellis and Kellerm. Symptoms include tan spots with dark brown
borders on leaves, and dark brown to black superficial spots on
the fruit epidermis. Leaves displaying these symptoms were
collected from plantings at the Kentucky State University Research Farm and positively identified as Phyllosticta leaf spot
by the University of Kentucky Plant Diagnostic Lab. Cracking
is occasionally observed on pawpaw fruit. It was hypothesized
that there may be a correlation between incidence of Phyllosticta fruit spot on pawpaw and fruit cracking, due to epidermal
damage by the fungus. The objective of this study was to determine if Phyllosticta fruit spot and cracking incidence varied
by cultivar, and if there was any correlation between fruit spot
occurrence and fruit cracking. Ripe fruit were harvested three
times per week from a mature pawpaw planting consisting of
two pawpaw cultivars (Sunflower and Susquehanna) grafted
onto seedling rootstock. Percent coverage by Phyllosticta fruit
spot was visually estimated, and fruit cracking was evaluated for
each fruit harvested. In 2010, a positive correlation was found
Kirk W. Pomper
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; kirk.pomper@kysu.edu
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; jeremy.lowe@kysu.edu
Jujubes, also called Chinese dates, are native to China and have
been cultivated in China for more than 4000 years. Jujubes have
small, fragrant, and greenish-yellow colored flowers. As the
deciduous fruiting branches (branchlets) grow, single flower
or flower clusters start to initiate at the leaf axils. Unlike other
tree fruit species, jujube completes its flower bud initiation,
blooming, fruit setting, and fruit maturation all within one
growing season. Fifty-two jujube cultivars were observed for
their blooming type at the NMSU Alcalde Center; in addition,
several cultivars were also examined for their pollen release
and pollen germination. Among the 52 observed cultivars, 21
cultivars are morning-blooming type with flower buds slitting
around 9:0010:00 AM. The remaining 31 cultivars are afternoonblooming type with flower buds slitting around 2:004:00 PM.
The pollen release period for the morning-blooming type is 10:00
AM2:00 PM, while for the afternoon blooming type it is from
3:004:00 PM of the same day to 10:00 AM of the next day. There
were very limited pollens left in the anther after 4:00 PM of the
same day for the morning type and after 12:00 PM of the next
day for the afternoon type. The pollen germination rates ranged
from 0% to 68% depending on the cultivar and sampling time.
In general, the afternoon-blooming cultivars had higher pollen
germination rate in the morning, while the morning-blooming
cultivars had higher pollen germination rate from 11:00 AM
4:00 PM. Fitzgerald (morning-blooming) and Sihong (afternoon-blooming) had the highest pollen germination rates among
the 24 cultivars examined. The cultivar Sugarcane had very
low pollen germination rate and high aborted pollen rate, which
partially contributed to its low fruit set at Alcalde. Sherwood
was another cultivar with very low fruit set and its high aborted
pollen rate could be one of the reasons for its low fruit set.
Yang-Yik Song
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, GunwiGun, Geyongbuk; songyy@rda.go.kr
Moo-Yong Park
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, GunwiGun, Geyongbuk; parkmy@rda.go.kr
Hun-Joong Kweon
National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, GunwiGun, Geyongbuk; kwonhj@rda.go.kr
Jinsu Lee
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jslee@ufl.edu
This study was carried out to determine the effects of long term
light-emitting diode (LED) lighting on the growth, structure of
mesophyll tissue and photosynthesis of 10-year-old Fuji/M.26
apple. LED lighting was provided during the night after sunset
for 20 weeks from 10 June to Oct. 2011. Experimental treatments
consisted of the control, far-red LEDs (730 nm, 2 and 4 hours)
and red LEDs (620 nm, 2 and 4 hours) using 20 LEDs/Printed
Circuit Board/tree. Results showed that there was no difference
among the treatments on the photosynthesis of the leaf at the
12 July growth stage. However, leaf photosynthesis under the
far-red LED treatment was significantly higher than the other
treatments at harvest stage on 19 Oct. Also, the mesophyll tissues
under the far-red LED lighting appeared loosened compared to
the control at the 12 Oct. stage. Regarding fruit quality, soluble
solid and acid contents of fruits under the red and far-red LEDs
(4 h exposure) were lower than the control.
Keith S Yoder
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester,
VA; ksyoder@vt.edu
Leon Combs
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester,
VA; lecombs@vt.edu
S301
Yiannis G. Ampatzidis
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; yiannis.ampatzidis@
wsu.edu
Matthew D. Whiting
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; mdwhiting@wsu.edu
Yunyang Zhao*
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; yunyang.zhao@email.
wsu.edu
linearly from tight cluster to full open by 90%. Only lament and pedicel length were inuenced by temperature both
being shorter under cold conditions. Pedicel length was about
15% shorter comparing high and low temperature regimes
and increased by 71% between tight cluster and full open.
Filament length increased linearly throughout sampling stages,
increasing by 3.5-fold between the earliest and latest stages.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission and WSU Agricultural Research Center
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Raymond Schnell
Mars, Inc., Miami, FL; Ray.Schnell@effem.com
J. Michael Moore
USDAARS, Miami, FL; John.Moore@ars.usda.gov
Christopher Dunn
USDAARS, Miami, FL; Christopher.Dunn@ars.usda.gov
Brooke Borgert
USDAARS, Miami, FL; Tutucool250@aol.com
Jacob Barkow
USDAARS, Miami, FL; jakebarkow@yahoo.com
David Jenkins
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR; david.jenkins@ars.usda.gov
Angel Marrero
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR; angel.marrero@ars.usda.gov
Vanessa Forbes
University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill; vforbes@uvi.edu
tested in the field. Varieties selected with the cayenne (long and
thin) type, bell shape fruits as well as round and wrinkled used
as seasoning peppers. Transplants of all eight varieties were
planted on 10 Oct. 2011 into rows 120 cm apart. Spacing was
60 cm within row. The trial was laid out by using a randomized
complete block design with three replications and fields were
irrigated with drip irrigation. Six harvests were conducted during
the crop cycle. Data were collected on plant growth, tolerance
to insect pests and diseases, marketable fruits, fruit weight, and
marketable yield. Fruits were graded by size and condition as
per U.S. Department of Agricultures grading system. Results
of Scoville heat unit test (pungency) showed that Caribbean
Red is the hottest pepper among all the eight varieties tested.
White King was mildest pepper. No serious pests and diseases
were observed in the crop. All eight varieties did set fruits during
the season and were rated good or excellent in disease tolerance, yield, taste, and adaptability. Frequent rainfall during the
late growing and harvest period affected quality production at
some extent. Results of variety trials conducted on eight pepper
varieties are discussed.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDANIFA (Hatch)
Biostimulant based on alga extracts have been reported to accelerate in-nursery growth of citrus, avocado, and other fruit
crop species grown for transplants. There are no reports of
the effect of biostimulants based on marine alga extracts on
breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seedlings. The objective of this
research was to determine the effects of rates of an extract of
the marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum on breadfruit seedlings
grown for rootstock. The experiments were conducted in
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, in 2011 and 2012. The biostimulant
used was a formulation of an Ascophyllum nodosum extract
approved for organic systems (Stimplex). Seedlings 12-cm
tall, growing in 2-L polyethylene bags in a substrate of alluvial
soil and compost, were sprayed to run-off every 2 weeks with
aqueous solutions of the biostimulant at rates 0 (check), 1.0,
2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mL/L. A completely randomized design with
10 replications was used. The plants were managed organically.
During 3 months, seedling height and stem diameter at 10 cm
above the ground were measured every 15 days. Chlorophyll
concentration in the most recent fully-expanded leaves was
measured monthly using a SPAD meter. Results were submitted
to regression analysis. Plant growth and chlorophyll concentration in expanded leaves were affected by biostimulant rate. The
highest values for seedling height and stem diameter were found
when using the biostimulant rates of 2.5 to 5.0 mL/L, whereas
chlorophyll concentration in expanded leaves was highest at
the biostimulant rates of 5.0 to 10.0 mL/L. The results of this
research indicate that growth of breadfruit plants for rootstock
may be accelerated using Ascophyllum nodosum extracts.
S303
Anna Bastien-Gilbert
University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix; tzimmer@uvi.edu
Jewelle Ible
University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix; tzimmer@uvi.edu
from the roots into the canopy. Surface-disinfested 5-mm2 infected sorrel pieces of vascular tissue plated on one-half-strength
potato dextrose agar (PDA), produced salmon-colored fungal
colonies. On banana leaf agar, single-spored strains produced
the following microscopic characters of Fusarium oxysporum:
copious microconidia on monophialides, infrequent falcate
macroconidia and terminal and intercalary chlamydospores.
Sorrel seedlings were inoculated with isolates recovered from
diseased plants by placing a mycelial plug (5 mm2, PDA) over
a small incision 5 cm above the soil line and then covering the
site with Paralm. Paralm was removed after 1 week and plants
were incubated under ambient temperatures (20 to 32 C) in full
sun for an additional 5 weeks (experiment 1) or 7 weeks (experiment 2). Compared with mock-inoculated (wound + Paralm)
control plants. In addition, the DNA of Fusarium oxysporum
isolates collected from diseased sorrel samples in St. Croix is
currently in storage. The next step will be to generate partial,
elongation factor 1- (EF1-) sequences and compare with
those previously reported for this gene.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDATSTAR
Jorge E. Pea
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; jepena@u.edu
Rancy C. Ploetz
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; kelly12@u.edu
Edward A. Evans
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; eaevans@u.edu
Thomas W. Zimmerman*
University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, VI; tzimmer@uvi.edu
Grand Ballroom
Thomas Butzler
Pennsylvania State Extension, University Park, PA; tmb124@psu.
edu
Timothy Elkner
Pennsylvania State Extension, University Park, PA; tee2@psu.edu
Lee Stivers
S305
Miguel Gomz
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; mig7@cornell.edu
Thomas Bjrkman*
Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY; tnb1@cornell.edu
Bharat P. Singh
Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA; singhb@fvsu.edu
Bharat P. Singh
Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA; singhb@fvsu.edu
Yoon Ah Jang
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
limejya2@korea.kr
Jun Gu Lee
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
goahead1@korea.kr
Young Chul Um
National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Suwon;
ycum0403@korea.kr
Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
Jaeho Park
Cheongwon; kimij@korea.kr
Taejung Kim
Chungchungbukdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services,
Cheongwon; orchidtj@korea.kr
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different organic liquid fertilizer(OLF) for fertigation on growth and
fruit quality of tomato in Korea. OLF fermented from 22 Jan.
to 16 Apr. at plastic house in 2009. Treatments was given with
soybean meal+poultry manure (1:1, w/w), poultry manure+rice
bran (1:1, w/w), soybean meal+rice bran (SM+RB, 1:1, w/w),
and chemicals (control). We fertigated low concentration about
5% of OLF every week from 2 weeks after planting in 2010. The
obtained results from this study were summarized as follows;
The redness of hunters color value was high in OLF treatments.
The soluble solids content was in chemicals as 6.3 Brix and in
OLF treatments as 5.9 to 6.4 Brix. The appearance rate of fruit
blossom-end rot was high in control as 20% and that of OLF
treatments was low as 4.7% to 7.0%. The fruit yield increased
in OLF treatments 13% to 38% compare to control. The portion
of over 150 g per fruit was high in OLFs as 70.5% to 72.3% but
that of control was 66.7%.
Rebecca N. Brown
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; brownreb@uri.edu
S307
David T. Handley
Univiersity of Maine, Monmouth, ME; dhandley@umext.maine.
edu
Mark Hutton*
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; mark.hutton@maine.edu
Will Brinton
Woods End Laboratory, Mount Vernon, ME; lab@woodsend.org
This study evaluated two composts, leaf and yard waste (LY)
and biosolids (BS) as soil amendments at three application rates
on sweet corn production in an Agawam fine sandy loam during
the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. In 2010, 80 lb of P2O5was
broadcasted as recommended by soil tests. No additional fertilizer
was added in either year. BC 0805 sweet corn (82 days), was
planted on 34-inch rows with a plant population of approximately
28,000 plants per acre. Composts were hand applied at the rates
of 0, 10, 20, and 40 tons per acre and incorporated with a Perfecta
harrow in three replicated plots. A cover crop of oats was planted
in Aug. 2010 after harvest over the entire research area. In 2011,
each plot was split in half. One-half received the same treatment as in 2010. The second half did not receive any additional
Lorenzo Jarquin-Enriquez*
Universidad Politecnica de Guanajuato, Celaya;
ljarquin@upgto.edu.mx
Daniel I. Leskovar
Texas AgriLife Research, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement
Center, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,
Uvalde, TX; d-leskovar@tamu.edu
Kevin M. Crosby
Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX; kcrosby@ag.tamu.edu
Astrid Volder
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; avolder@ag.tamu.
edu
Cultivar evaluations for drought tolerance and irrigation management are very important in water-limited, arid regions of the
United States. This study was conducted to investigate the effect
of deficit irrigation (50% vs. 100% crop evapotranspiration,
ETc) on three melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars (Mission and
Da Vinci, reticulatus type and Super Nectar, inodorus type).
Overall, deficit irrigation significantly reduced photosynthetic
rate (Pn) by 30% and stomatal conductance (gs) by 21%. The
highest average Pn (20.53 molm2s1 of CO2) and gs (0.31
molm2s1 of H2O) were recorded in Mission and Super Nectar, respectively. Transpiration rate and leaf water use efficiency
were not significantly affected by either irrigation or cultivar.
Throughout the development period, physiological traits were
affected by cultivar and irrigation regimes. At fruit set Pn and gs
were reduced with deficit irrigation in all cultivars but recovered
only in Da Vinci. Deficit irrigation significantly enhanced root
length density (RLD; cmcm3) in Mission (120%), decreased
RLD in Da Vinci (19%) and did not affect in Super Nectar.
Deficit irrigation significantly reduced marketable yield (43%)
in Super Nectar but not in Mission and Da Vinci. Thus,
Super Nectar (inodorous type) appeared to be more sensitive
to drought stress, likely through reduction in Pn. Da Vinci and
Mission (reticulatus type) exhibited some drought tolerance,
showing no yield reductions along with improved Pn and RLD,
Robert C. Hochmuth
Live Oak, FL; bobhoch@ifas.ufl.edu
Grand Ballroom
Crop Physiology
(140) Skin Lignification Is Associated with
Resistance to Skinning in Sweetpotato Storage
Roots
Ramon A. Arancibia*
Mississippi State University, MAFES, Pontotoc, MS; raa66@
msstate.edu
Xiang Wang
Mississippi State University, MAFES, Pontotoc, MS; xw119@
msstate.edu
S309
Jeffrey L. Main
Mississippi State University, MAFES, Pontotoc, MS; jmain@
ra.msstate.edu
Michael A. Arnold
Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX;
ma-arnold@tamu.edu
David Byrne
Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX;
d-byrne@tamu.edu
Anna Armitage
Galveston, TX; armitaga@tamug.edu
Andrew King
Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX;
aking@tamu.edu
Liners of sea marigold, Borrichia frutescens (L) DC, were potted into 2.3-L containers lled with pine bark based media and
grown in greenhouse conditions. Plants were drenched
with ve levels of paclobutrazol (0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/
pot a.i.) {()-(R*,R*)--[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]--(1,1dimethylethyl)-IH-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol} or uniconazole (0,
0.5, 1,2, or 4 mg/pot a.i.) [(E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol]. In a separate experiment,
plants in 2.3-L containers were treated with paclobutrazol (0,
50, 100, 200, or 400 mgL1 a.i.) , uniconazole (0, 25, 50, 100, or
200 mgL1 a.i.) or daminozide (0, 2500, 5000, 10000, or 20000
mgL1 a.i.) {[butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)]}
as spray applications. Both experiments were a completely
randomized orthogonal contrast design. Growth measures included height, width, internode length, ower count, leaf dry
mass, stem dry mass, root dry mass, leaf number, leaf area, and
ornamental rating for both experiments. Compared to controls,
drench applied paclobutrazol (40 mg/pot a.i.), drench applied
uniconazole (4 mg/pot a.i.), and spray uniconazole (200 mgL1
a.i.) decreased shoot mass 53%, 27%, and 43%, respectively.
Daminozide and spray applied paclobutrazol did not reduce
shoot dry mass compared to controls. Only spray applied uniconazole affected specic leaf area (SLA = leaf area / leaf mass),
increasing SLA 21% at 200 mgL1 a.i. Paclobutrazol applied as
a drench (40 mg/pot a.i.) reduced height 55% and uniconazole
applied as a drench (4 mg/pot a.i.) reduced height 36%. Drench
applied paclobutrazol had greater discrimination amongst treatment levels and greater height control than uniconazole. Spray
applications at tested levels of plant growth regulators (PGR)
did not result in height control. In general, drench application
of PGRs resulted in height control of B. frutescens and spray
applied PGRs had minimal effect.
Dean A. Kopsell
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; kopsell@utk.edu
Carl E. Sams
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; carlsams@utk.edu
Calcium (Ca) transport into leaves and fruit via xylem water
movement is determined by transpiration rates and plant growth.
Phloem sap accounts for most of the water used for fruit expansion; however, Ca required for proper fruit development comes
from xylem sap. High leaf transpiration and vigorous vegetative
growth is thought to restrict Ca movement into low-transpiring
tomato fruit, a causal factor for the physiological disorder blossom end rot (BER). ABA is known to regulate stomatal closure,
leaf transpiration, and plant water potential. Our objective was
to analyze the effect of foliar ABA application on Ca partitioning, fruit quality, and incidences of BER in greenhouse-grown
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Mountain Fresh Plus).
The experimental design was a randomized complete block in
a split plot factorial arrangement consisting of main plots of Ca
treatments at 60, 90 180 mg/L, and sub plots of ABA at 0 and
500 mg/L with 6 replications. Calcium treatments were applied
continuously through the irrigation system, while ABA treatments were applied foliarly once per week from anthesis to nal
harvest. Marketable tomato fruit numbers were not inuenced by
Ca, ABA, or their treatment interactions. Fruit size signicantly
(P 0.05) increased with increasing Ca treatments. Fruit size was
also positively affected by ABA application (P 0.05). There
Daniel I. Leskovar
Texas AgriLife Research, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement
Center, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,
Uvalde, TX; d-leskovar@tamu.edu
Jeong-Hee Choi
Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi-Do; choijh@kfri.re.kr
Kushad M. Mosbah
University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL; kushad@
illinois.edu
Elizabeth H. Jeffery
University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL; ejeffery@
illinois.edu
John A. Juvik
University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL; juvik@
illinois.edu
John A. Juvik
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; juvik@illinois.edu
S311
Xin Li
Shandong Agriculture University, Taian; lix@sdau.edu.cn
Yanli Hu
Shandong Agriculture University, Taian; huyl@sdau.edu.cn
Ling Guo
Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093; lingguo27@hotmail.com
Grand Ballroom
Fruit Breeding 1
(371) Identification of Intergeneric
Hybridization in Aronia mitschurinii using
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
Analysis
Peter J. Leonard
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; peter.leonard08@gmail.com
Mark H. Brand*
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; mark.brand@uconn.edu
Bryan A. Connolly
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; bryan.connolly@uconn.edu
Donglin Zhang*
University of Maine, Orono, ME; donglin@maine.edu
Through the selection process of collecting pollen from 20 individuals of Malus Red Splendor and the subsequent testing of
their offspring in 4 different geographic locations, 6 of the 20
selections were ultimately chosen as pollinators for providing
better single fruit weight, transect and longitudinal diameter,
firmness, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble
acid content, ascorbic acid content, and anthocyanin content of
the fruit skin when compared to the control group of open pollinated Malus Snowdrift. The six chosen (Nr. 2167, Nr. 2119,
Nr. 5353, Nr. 1379, Nr. 1450, and Nr. 1539) have been selected
as pollinators for both fruiting and ornamental tree applications
because of their genetics that provide stronger physiological and
biochemical indicators, as tested, in their offspring.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Beijing Botanical Garden
James Bradeen
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; jbradeen@umn.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
David Bedford
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; bedfo001@umn.edu
Matthew Clark
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; clark776@umn.edu
Yingzhu Guan
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; yingzhu.
guan@email.wsu.edu
Benjamin Orcheski
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; bbo5@cornell.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Katherine Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Susan Brown
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; cpeace@
wsu.edu
Dorrie Main
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; dorrie@
wsu.edu
Amy Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
Yingzhu Guan
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; yingzhu.
guan@email.wsu.edu
S313
Katherine Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
James R. McFerson
Washington Tree Fruit Res. Comm., Wenatchee, WA; mcferson@
treefruitresearch.com
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA;
cpeace@wsu.edu
Kate Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; cpeace@wsu.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Susan Brown
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Cari Schmitz
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN;
schm1984@umn.edu
Matthew Clark
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; clark776@umn.edu
Benjamin Orcheski
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Jos Bejarano-Alczar
IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Crdoba; jose.bejarano@
juntadeandalucia.es
Angjelina Belaj
IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Crdoba;
angjelina.belaj@juntadeandalucia.es
Ral De la Rosa
IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Crdoba;
raul.rosa@juntadeandalucia.es
Dolores Rodrguez-Jurado
IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Crdoba;
dolores.rodriguez.jurado@juntadeandalucia.es
Lorenzo Len*
IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Crdoba;
lorenzo.leon@juntadeandalucia.es
Penelope Perkins-Veazie
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; penelope_
perkins@ncsu.edu
S315
Thomas G. Beckman
USDAARS, Byron, GA; tom.beckman@ars.usda.gov
Jos Chaparro
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jaguey58@ufl.edu
Rachel Odom
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ctigress@ufl.edu
Jos Chaparro
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jaguey58@ufl.edu
Ien-chie Wen
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng Taichung;
icwen@tari.gov.tw
Murali Bellamkonda
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; murali.bellamkonda@
wsu.edu
Cameron P. Peace
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; cpeace@wsu.edu
Amit Dhingra
Washington State University, Pullman, WA; adhingra@wsu.edu
Dean Glawe
Pullman; glawed@wsu.edu
Gary Grove
Pullman; grove@wsu.edu
Grand Ballroom
Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
The objective of this research was to investigate how the variation in bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration in fertilizer solution
inuences the growth, stolon (daughter plant) production, and
development of physiological disorders during the vegetative
propagation of Seolhyang strawberry plants. Cold-treated
mother plants at 3 true-leaf stage were transplanted into wooden
boxes (30 cm 30 cm, 20 cm deep) containing coir dust + perlite
(7:3, v/v) and fertilized with a modied Hoagland solution containing 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 mgL1 of HCO3 as a constant
feed as needed. The electrical conductivity (EC) in the nutrient
solution was maintained at around 1.2 dS/m. The deciency
symptoms for B, Zn and Fe appeared on mother plants 60 days
after transplanting in the treatments with 240 mgL1 HCO3. The
deciency symptoms in this treatment were spread to all plant
parts including newly formed stolons in 90 days after transplanting. The treatments with 60 and 90 mgL1 HCO3 did not show
signicant difference in mother plant growth. When determined
120 days after transplanting, HCO3 concentrations higher than
120 mgL1 suppressed mother plant growth with reduced leaf
numbers, chlorophyll contents and fresh weights. Plant growth
suppression became more severe as HCO3 concentrations were
elevated. In 120 days of treatment, the number of daughter plants
produced per mother plant was 23 and 13 in the treatments with
60 and 240 mgL1 HCO3, respectively. The fresh weight and
total length of newly formed stonons per mother plant decreased
from 185.2 g and 853 cm to 123.6 g and 544 cm, respectively,
when HCO3 concentration was increased from 60 mgL1 to 240
mgL1 in nutrient solution. The result of this study shows that
elevated nutrient HCO3 concentrations are detrimental to the
growth and production of new stolons by Seolhyang strawberry
plants during the vegetative propagation phase.
Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
Bo Kyung Shin
Chungnam National University, Daejeon; bk871003@gmail.com
Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; chiwon.lee@ndsu.edu
S317
Husein Ajwa
University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; haajwa@ucdavis.edu
Jonathan Hunzie
University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; jahunzie@ucdavis.edu
Romio Serohijos
University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; rlserohijos@
ucdavis.edu
Grija Vijayan
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; grijavj@yahoo.com
Karen Bateman
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; karenkbateman@
yahoo.com
Dharma Pitchay
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; dharma.pitchay@
gmail.com
Kimberly A. Williams
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; kwilliam@ksu.edu
Todd Cavins
Sun Gro Horticulture, Stillwater, OK; toddc@sungro.com
Silicon-accumulating plant species may benefit from supplemental silicon application during production with stronger stems
and disease resistance. A greenhouse experiment was conducted
to compare two methods of silicon supplementation: a weekly
drench with a solution of 20.8% Si02 from potassium silicate
(AgSil 25TM) and pre-plant incorporation of 50.1% Si02 from the
dry powder wollastonite (Vansil W-10TM) at both a low and high
rate (1.5 and 3 g Vansil per liter of substrate) into a peat-based
mix. A control with no Si was also included. Growth of Helianthus
annuus Ring of Fire plants was evaluated at mid- and endcrop. The weekly silicon drench resulted in the shortest plants.
Compared to the untreated control, the wollastonite and AgSil
treatments all resulted in increased silicon concentrations in the
substrate and plant tissue. The silicon level in the substrate and
resulting silicon tissue concentrations were comparable between
the low rate of wollastonite and the weekly AgSil drench. The
high rate of wollastonite provided the highest silicon level in
the substrate when compared to any other treatment, and tissue
Si was comparable to the AgSil drench. Both wollastonite rates
resulted in a higher substrate pH than the untreated control or
AgSil drench. Therefore, horticultural substrate manufacturers
and crop producers may reduce the amount of lime when wollastonite is incorporated pre-plant into peat-based substrates.
Pre-plant incorporation of wollastonite shows promise as a less
labor-intensive means to provide silicon to crops that accumulate
it during production.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Sun Gro Horticulture Ltd.
John Yzenas
Edward C Levy Co., Dearborne, MI; jyzenas@levyco.net
Russell Friedrich
USDAARS, Toledo, OH; russell.friedrich@ars.usda.gov
of Si availability. Additionally, the ornamental crop zinnia (Zinnia elegans) was grown in containers with slag and compared
to zinnia grown in conditions receiving no supplemental Si or
supplemental Si from different sources. Silicon availability
differed greatly among slag types, with extraction methods not
always able to predict silicon bioavailability. There appeared
to be little change in silicon supply over time among the slag
types. Some slag types caused pH to rise out of recommended
range for plant growth, behaving like a liming agent. Perhaps
most significantly, we detected no heavy metals in the leaves of
zinnia, even after supplying doses of slag that were 30x above
rates that would be applied in the field. Overall, some slag types
appeared to have promise as a silicon source, but caution must
be used to avoid pH rise.
David E. Kopsell*
Illinois State University, Normal, IL; dkopsell@ilstu.edu
Carl E. Sams
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN;
carlsams@utk.edu
Plant responses to biotic and abiotic environmental stress conditions involve coordinated control of oxidant concentration in a
variety of plant organelles. Plants utilize the rapid production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to limit penetration of biotic
pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most stable and nonradical ROS. Within cellular metabolism, H2O2 is produced when
O2 encounters protons in a reaction catalyzed by superoxide
dismutase. Superoxide radicals are a main product of the photoreduction of O2 within thylakoids, and subsequently become
converted to H2O2. Plant tissues can tolerate high concentrations
of H2O2. H2O2 also act as a signal molecule for coordinated
plant growth and morphogenesis. Studies have demonstrated
the ability of to alleviate abiotic stress conditions through exogenous applications of H2O2; however, what remains unclear
is the ability of use H2O2 to promote production of anti-oxidant
compounds linked to nutritional quality in specialty vegetable
crops. The objective of this research was to induce production of
anti-oxidant carotenoid phytochemicals in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) through exogenous applications of H2O2. Genovese
basil plants were grown in nutrient solution culture. At 28 days
after sowing, plants were exposed to daily applications of H2O2
at concentrations of 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.8; 1.6; and 3.2 mMol.
Basil shoot tissues were harvested after 6 days of treatment applications, freeze-dried, and measured for pigments and mineral
elements. There were significant decreases in shoot tissue and
root tissue fresh mass with increasing H2O2 concentration in
nutrient solutions. Shoot tissue -carotene, lutein, neoxanthin,
total carotenoid pigments, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total
chlorophyll pigments increased then decreased in response to
increasing H2O2 concentrations. Increasing H2O2 concentrations
S319
Monica Ozores-Hampton
University of Florida, IFAS/SWFREC, Immokalee, FL; ozores@
ufl.edu
Jerry B. Sartain
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; sartain@ufl.edu
Donald J. Merhaut*
University of California, Riverside, CA; donald.merhaut@ucr.edu
Maren Mochizuki
University of California, Riverside, CA; maren.mochizuki@ucr.edu
Toan Khuong
University of California, Riverside, CA; toan.khuong@ucr.edu
Julie Newman
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
jpnewman@ucdavis.edu
Oleg Daugovish
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
odaugovish@ucdavis.edu
Ben Faber
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, CA;
bafaber@ucdavis.edu
Jose de Soto
Hansen Agricultural Center, Santa Paula, CA; jfdesoto@ucdavis.
edu
Arturo Keller
University of California, Santa Barbara, CA; keller@bren.ucsb.edu
Grand Ballroom
Postharvest 2
(015) Properties of Nucleases Associated with
Watersoaking and Programmed Cell Death in
Ethylene-treated Cucumber Fruit
Jinsu Lee*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jslee@u.edu
Donald J. Huber
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; djhuber@u.edu
Eduardo C. Vallejos
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; vallejos@u.edu
Maricruz Ramrez-Snchez*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; mramirez16@u.edu
Donald J. Huber
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; djhuber@u.edu
Jing-Ping Rao
Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100;
dqr0723@163.com
James H. Lee
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jhleej@u.edu
Zhengke Zhang
Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou
571737; zhangzhengke@hotmail.com
S321
(017) 1-Methylcyclopropenemediated
Phosphorylation of Ethylene Receptor in
Tomato Fruit: Implications for Inhibition and
Recovery of Ripening Capacity
Yusuke Kamiyoshihara
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ykamii06@gmail.com
Harry J. Klee
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; hjklee@u.edu
Donald J. Huber*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; djhuber@u.edu
phosphorylation state of LeETR4 in response to NBD application/removal is consistent with the reversible inhibitory effect of
NBD unlike 1-MCP. Based on these observations, we assumed
that the phosphorylation state of ETR is related to the progress
of fruit ripening. We next examined the effect of 1-MCP on
LeETR4 phosphorylation state in fruit subjected to extended
storage. 1-MCP treatment at mature-green stage resulted in
persistent phosphorylation state through nine days, which was
consistent with strong inhibition of ripening. This observation
indicates that 1-MCPengaged LeETR4 was neither degraded
nor dephosphorylated during storage. By contrast, in fruit
treated with 1-MCP at turning stage, phosphorylated LeETR4
disappeared at 4 days and non-phosphorylated form appeared.
This alternation of phosphorylation status is consistent with
faster ripening recovery in 1-MCPtreated turning compared
with mature-green fruit. Taken together, phosphorylation status
of LeETR4 closely paralleled ripening progress. We conclude
that the primary response to 1-MCP treatment is maintenance or
induction of ETR phosphorylation, resulting in the suppression
of ethylene signaling and inhibition of ripening.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: AgroFresh, Inc. and SCRI Grant
2009-51181-05783
Angelos I. Deltsidis
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; adeltsidis@u.edu
Jeffrey K. Brecht
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jkbrecht@u.edu
Ramon A. Arancibia
Mississippi State Univ., raa66@msstate.edu
Mary S. Bowen
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; MBowen@
agcenter.lsu.edu
Organic acids are important constituents of flavor and other quality attributes in sweetpotatoes. Changes in organic acid content
were determined in Beauregard and Evangeline sweetpotato
roots after 7 days of curing at 21 C and 32 C. Malic acid was
the principal organic acid in roots of both cultivars at harvest
and after curing. Citric and succinic acids were the secondary
and tertiary organic acids detected. Malic and succinic acids
increased during curing, while citric acid decreased. The increase
in malic and succinic acid content during curing was accentuated at the higher curing temperature (32 C). Concurrently, the
decrease in citric acid during curing was more pronounced at
32 C than 21 C. Total organic acid content slightly increased
in both cultivars after curing.
Penelope Perkins-Veazie*
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; penelope_
perkins@ncsu.edu
Guoying Ma
North Carolina State University and Department of Agriculture,
Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia, Putrajaya; guoying_ma@ncsu.
edu
S323
Harwinder S. Sidhu*
University of Georgia, Tifton, GA; harsidhu@uga.edu
Smiljana G. Ban
Institute of Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split; smilja@
krs.hr
Eleni D. Pliakoni
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; epliakoni@u.edu
Jeffrey K. Brecht
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jkbrecht@u.edu
Fresh tomato fruit are chilling sensitive, but their sensitivity has
been reported to decrease as they ripen. Modied atmosphere
packaging (MAP) with reduced O2 and elevated CO2 slows
the ripening process and has been found to reduce tomato
chilling injury (CI) symptoms. Changes in the amounts of
certain volatiles may be an indication of the occurrence of CI.
Some of these compounds have been reported to contribute
to the fresh tomato aroma. For some other fruits, 6-methyl5-hepten-2-one (MHO), which gives a fruity/oral aroma,
has been found to remain stable or decrease during storage
at ambient temperatures and decrease at lower temperatures. In this study, pink ripeness stage tomatoes were stored
in MAP at 12.5 (the reported chilling threshold temperature),
15 or 18 C for 20 days. Gas exchange was allowed through
microporous lms covering three different sizes of holes on the
containers. CO2 was injected into the packages immediately
after sealing to establish 3% to 10% CO2 (expected equilibrium concentrations). Measurements of gas concentrations
were made every 2 days and homogenized tissue samples for
volatile identication were taken and stored in the freezer at
the same time. Aroma volatiles were identied by GC-MS
using SPME headspace analysis. Several volatile compounds
were found to change during the storage period. The amount of
total volatiles decreased during 20 days of storage in all treatments. Total aldehydes increased in fruit that were stored at 18
C for 20 days, but at 12.5 C aldehyde levels did not change
for both MAP and air treatments. Also, total aldehydes as a
percentage of total volatiles was higher in fruit stored in air
than in MAP. MHO as a percentage of total aroma volatiles was
higher in fruit stored in air than in MAP, but was unaffected by
storage temperature. Thus, MAP did not overcome aroma loss in
Sandra Mendoza-Diaz
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Quertaro; smendoza@uaq.
mx
Edmundo Mercado-Silva
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Queretaro 76150;
mercado@uaq.mx
0.6138 mg GAE/g, respectively). HPLCDADESIMS analysis showed five anthocyanins in samples of outer scale-leaves,
which were identified as cyanidin 3-glucoside and its malonyl
and acetoyl derivates, two of these compounds have not been
reported previously in garlic. Results indicated that storage at
low temperature induced the accumulation of anthocyanins and
total phenolic compounds and their HPLC profile of anthocyanins
were slightly different in both storage conditions.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: CONACyT
Steven A. Sargent
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; sasa@ufl.edu
Joel Reyes-Cabrera
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jereyes@ufl.edu
Lincoln Zotarelli
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lzota@ufl.edu
S325
Grand Ballroom
Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) berries have a relatively tough skin and a range of flesh textures from soft to
firm. Fourteen muscadine cultivars and selections and two
Vitis vinifera samples were evaluated for berry texture using
a TA-XT2i texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, Surrey,
UK) equipped with a 2-mm cylinder punch. Test speed was
1 mm/second and contact force was 1 g. Berries were punctured at the equator and maximum force and deformation at
first peak were recorded for 40 berries for each genotype. The
2-mm cylinder punch demonstrated good separation of both
within muscadine genotypes and between muscadine and vinifera
table grape cultivars. Deformation at first peak (DFP) represents
the distance the probe moves from initial contact with the berry
surface until the skin ruptures. Maximum force (MF) represents
the maximal force recorded by the probe until skin rupture. Ideal
fresh market grape berry texture is generally considered to be
a tender skin in combination with a crisp flesh. A tender skin
would be represented by a low MF and a crisp flesh would be
represented by a small DFP. DFP varied nearly two fold among
muscadine genotypes. The highest DFP occurred among genotypes like Cowart, GA 5-1-28, and Nesbitt with soft pulps
similar to Vitis labrusca berries. The lowest DFP occurred
among UGA selections and releases like Lane, GA 6-1-219,
and GA 4-3-147 which were selected for firm flesh. Notably,
GA 4-3-147 had a DFP similar to the vinifera table grapes.
Lowest MF among muscadine genotypes was recorded in GA
4-3-147 at nearly 8 N and highest MF was 12.5 N for Nesbitt.
However, even the lowest MF for the muscadine genotypes
was still over twice that of the vinifera table grapes. Texture
analysis of muscadine showed a wide range for both DFP and
MF. Selections chosen for firm flesh resulted in DFP similar to
vinifera table grapes. While there was good variation for MF
among muscadine genotypes, much improvement still needs to
be made to have skin tenderness comparable to vinifera berries.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Southern Region Small Fruit
Consortium
Richard P. Marini
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; rpm12@psu.
edu
B.K. Gugino
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; bkg@psu.edu
K. Demchak
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; efz@psu.edu
George Meyer
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; gmeyer1@unl.edu
Stacy Adams
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; sadams1@unl.edu
M. Elizabeth Conley
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; mconley2@unl.edu
Ben Loseke
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; bloseke@unl.edu
Paul Read
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; pread1@unl.edu
Clay Wingfield
University of Arkansas, Hope, AR; cwingfield@uaex.edu
Chistopher I. Vincent
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; civinve@uark.edu
Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jgrw@ufl.edu
Rebecca L. Darnell
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; rld@ufl.edu
S327
Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jgrw@ufl.edu
James W. Olmstead
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jwolmstead@ufl.edu
the end of each growing season in Citra but not in Haines City.
After the second growing season, micropropagated plants of all
cultivars had more canes, total shoot number was greater only
for micropropagated Jewel plants, and there was no significant
effect of propagation method on total shoots, size, or dry weight
for Primadonna.
Gil Buller
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; gil.buller@oregonstate.
edu
A planting of Elliott northern highbush blueberry was established in Oct. 2003. Treatments were: 1) raised beds constructed
with or without the incorporation of sawdust; 2) with or without
application of a sawdust mulch after planting; and 3) nitrogen
(N) fertilizer rate (low: 2256 kg/ha; medium: 67168 kg/ha;
and high: 112269 kg/ha, depending on planting age). There
was no significant effect of N rate on machine-harvested yield
which increased from 10.8 t/ha in 2006 to 21.1 t/ha in 2011.
While cumulative yield has not been affected by incorporation
of sawdust or mulch, plots in which sawdust was incorporated
before planting had a higher cumulative yield if no mulch was
used (103.3 t/ha vs. 93.6 t/ha for mulched) whereas the opposite was true for plots in which no sawdust was incorporated
(89.1 t/ha and 94.6 t/ha, for bare soil or with sawdust mulch,
respectively). While leaf N concentration has been lower than
recommended standards in some years, this has had no negative impact on yield. Nitrogen fertilization with the high rate
decreased average berry weight in all years. Plots in which no
sawdust was incorporated before planting had greater berry
weight when sawdust mulch was used (2.13 g) compared to
unmulched plots (2.09 g). To date, there has been no treatment
effect on the firmness of berries picked by hand, just prior to
machine harvest. Plants fertilized with the low rate of N had a
lower fruit N concentration at harvest in 2010, but not in 2011.
Fertilization rate and use of sawdust before or after planting
has affected soil organic matter and nutrient content. Soil pH of
plots fertilized with the high rate of N was lower than in plots
fertilized with the medium or low rate of N in 2010. Implications of planting management on long-term sustainability will
be presented.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Oregon Blueberry Commission
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
Emily Vollmer
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; vollmere@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Jessica R. Bowerman
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; jrb0043@auburn.edu
Elina Coneva
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; edc0001@auburn.edu
Kenneth M. Tilt
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; tiltken@auburn.edu
Eugene K. Blythe
Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS; blythe@pss.
msstate.edu
Donna Marshall
USDAARS, Poplarville, MS; Donna.Marshall@ars.usda.gov
S329
Grand Ballroom
James E. Klett*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; jim.klett@colostate.
edu
weedy plant species were sown into growing media prior to the
first application of herbicide products. For each experiment,
the herbicide products were applied two times, with the second
application 6 weeks after the first. Counts of weedy plant species growing in each container were taken in August. Height
and width measurements were recorded for each plant at the
beginning and end of each experiment. Phytotoxicity data were
collected periodically after herbicide applications. Each plant
was harvested in mid August, placed in a paper bag, dried in a
drying oven, and then weighed to determine dry mass. Results
indicate that weed control efficacy improved when herbicides
were applied at rates greater than the 1X rate. When applied at
the three rates evaluated, Echelon, Freehand, and Snapshot had
no adverse effects on the crop plants on which they evaluated.
Certainty at all three rates stunted the growth and damaged some
of the Liatris spicata plants.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA IR-4 Project (http://ir4.
rutgers.edu/)
Bonnie H. Ownley
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; bhownley@mail.ag.utk.
edu
Annette L. Wszelaki
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; wszelaki@utk.edu
Carl E. Sams
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; carlsams@utk.edu
David M. Butler
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; dbutler@utk.edu
Mark W. Farnham
USDAARS, Charleston, SC; mark.farnham@ars.usda.gov
Shad D. Nelson
Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Citrus Center, Kingsville, TX;
shad.nelson@tamuk.edu
Mamoudou Setamou
Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Weslaco, TX; mamoudou.
setamou@tamuk.edu
Salvador Guzmn-Gonzlez*
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; sguzman@ucol.mx
S331
Ramrez-Milans Merary-Nataly
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; meray@ucol.mx
Luciano Martnez-Bolaos
Universidad Autnoma de Chapingo, Oaxaca; crus_academica@
yahoo.com.mx
Blondy Canto-Canch
Centro de Investigacin Cientfica de Yucatn, Mrida, Yucatn;
cantocanche@cicy.mx
Ignacio Islas-Flores
Centro de Investigacin Cientfica de Yucatn, Mrida, Yucatn;
ignacio@cicy.mx
Mario Orozco-Santos
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrcolas y
Pecuarias, Tecomn, Colima, C.P.28930; orozco.mario@inifap.
gob.mx
M. Bhan
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; bhan.manish@gmail.com
Bala Rathinasabapathi
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; brath@ufl.edu
Carlene A. Chase*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; cach@mail.ifas.ufl.edu
Richard Smith
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH; richard.smith@unh.
edu
Monica Elliott
University of Florida, Davie, FL; melliott@ufl.edu
Timothy K. Broschat
University of Florida, Davie, FL; tkbr@ufl.edu
Grand Ballroom
Bioenergy
(108) Strategies for Increasing the Harvest
Window of Sweet Sorghum in Arizona
Valerie H. Teetor
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; teetor@ag.arizona.edu
Abdullah Otkem
University of Harran, Sanliurfa; aoktem33@yahoo.com
Carl L. Schmalzel
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; cschmalz@u.arizona.edu
Dennis T. Ray*
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; dtray@email.arizona.edu
S333
Young-Ju Jeon
Chungnam National University, Daejeon; gjlee@cnu.ac.kr
Do-Soon Kim
Seoul National University, Seoul; dosoonkim@snu.ac.kr
Geung-Joo Lee*
Chungnam National University, Daejeon; gjlee@cnu.ac.kr
The genus Miscanthus has been focused as an alternative bioenergy crop because of its higher productivity potential, non-food
crop, marginal land use and stress resistance. However, despite
the agronomic and economic significance, the whole genome
and molecular markers study of the Miscanthus is primitive.
Molecular markers associated with agriculturally important
traits can be used for MAS (Marker Assisted Selection) at early
stage to accelerate breeding of valuable cultivars. In the previous
study, we obtained the ESTs (Expressed sequence tags) from the
cDNA libraries using different tissue of leaf and rhizome in the
M. sinensis (diploid) and M. sacchariflorus (tetraploid). In this
study, we used a SSR search-module program SciRoKo to find
SSR markers. The number of SSR motif in the EST library was
1,158 for M. sacchariflorus (leaf: 549, rhizome: 609) and 1,724
for M. sinensis (leaf: 948, rhizome: 776). The most common
repeat motifs were tri-nucleotide, while penta-nucleotide was
lowest. Among the SSR markers detected, major tri-nucleotide
repeats were CCG and AGC. Based on the ORF Predictor to
screen the SSR location in the genome, the majority of the
SSR motifs were located in the ORF regions than untranslated
regions (UTR). Even though the tri-nucleotides were localized
in the ORF region highly, di- and tetra-nucleotides were more
frequent in UTR regions. We will use those SSR markers to
identify enhanced biomass Miscanthus genotype and to map
the quantitative trait loci (QTL) of interest.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was supported by
grants from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program, RDA
and from the IPET, MFAFF of Korea.
George Anotnious
Kentucky State Univ., Frankfort, KY; george.antonious@kysu.edu
Thomas G. Ranney
NC State University, Mills River, NC; tom_ranney@ncsu.edu
Genhua Niu
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
Hui Li*
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; hli@my.tnstate.edu
Charles R. Hall
Suping Zhou
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; zsuping@tnstate.edu
Brya Monk
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; bmonk@my.tnstate.edu
High-quality water supply is often limited to gardening and landscaping in many regions of the world. Soil salinity is exacerbated
due to irrigation with low quality water. A greenhouse study
was conducted to evaluate six garden rose cultivars (Caldwell
Pink, Marie Pavie, New Dawn, The Fairy, Knock Out,
and Carefree Delight) in response to salt stress. Plants grown
in 5.7-L containers with a peat-based substrate were subjected
to three salinity levels, 1.5 (control), 4.0 and 8.0 dS/m electrical
conductivity (EC) (moderate and high salinity levels). The salt
solutions were prepared by adding sodium chloride (NaCl) and
calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 2:1 molar ratio to nutrient solution
containing 125 mgL1 15 N2.2 P12.4 K. At moderate and high
salinity levels, shoot growth decreased in all cultivars with the
exception of New Dawn, and with Marie Pavie and Caldwell
Pink having the greatest growth reductions (69% and 68%,
respectively) at 8.0 dS/mEC. Flower numbers decreased at high
and moderate salinity levels in all cultivars except New Dawn
and Knock Out. In The Fairy, Marie Pavie, and Knock
Out, no differences were found in leaf conductance between
1.5 and 4.0 dS/m EC, and it was reduced at 8.0 dS/m EC in all
cultivars. Caldwell Pink and The Fairy had greatest reductions
in leaf conductance at 8.0 dS/m EC, followed by Marie Pavie,
New Dawn, Carefree Delight, and Knock Out. Chlorophyll
fluorescence decreased as salt level increased, which was lowest
in Caldwell Pink. The six rose cultivars responded differently
to elevated salinity, and New Dawn was considered to be more
tolerant to salt stress compared to the other five cultivars with
its least reductions in shoot growth and flower numbers and
highest chlorophyll fluorescence.
Gary Moorman
Kathleen Brown
Grand Ballroom
Floriculture
(257) Response of Selected Garden Rose
Cultivars to Salt Stress
Xiaoya Cai*
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; tstarman@tamu.edu
S335
arrangement and T5 fluorescent tubes were included. The sunflowers were propagated from seeds and transplanted 10 d later
into 10 cm diameter containers. The plants were grown under
the distinct light sources for 16 daily h, during a limited 14-d
period initiated at transplant for the first set of plants and 14 d
following transplant for a second set of plants. Photosynthetic
photon flux (400 to 700 nm) at plant height was approximately
150 molm2s1. The plants were compared to sunflowers grown
in a greenhouse of natural light supplemented with high-pressure
sodium irradiance. Preliminary results suggest the various light
sources support proper growth and development with only minor
differences in rate of flowering and morphology. On average,
flowering was recorded 8 weeks following transplant at a plant
height of 25 cm and 20 developed leaves below the flower.
Ki Sun Kim*
Seoul National University, Seoul; kisun@snu.ac.kr
This study was conducted in a commercial greenhouse to examine the effects of summer cooling control during forcing culture
of Cymbidium Red Fire and Yokihi, which included night
interruption (NI) in winter. The greenhouse was divided into
two sections for separate cooling control during the long day
summer season. One section was cooled by a mist system (Mist),
while the other was cooled by a shade screen (Shade). During
short day season, the plants were grown with NI with low light
intensity (LNI) of 37 molm2s1 or high light intensity NI
(HNI) of 120 mom2s1 for 4 hours (22:0002:00 HR), whereas
the control plants were grown under natural short day condition.
Summer cooling for 9 weeks and winter night interruption for
16 weeks were employed twice during the experimental period
of two years. Day temperature was approximately 2 C lower
in the Mist than Shade, while the relative humidity of the Mist
and Shade was 80 5% and 55 5%, respectively. The daily
light integral of the Shade compartment was only 48% that of
the Mist condition. The time to flowering pseudobulb emergence
from initial planting for Red Fire and Yokihi was reduced
by LNI and HNI regardless of the cooling treatments but the
promotion effect was more in the Mist condition than the Shade.
Leaf number and pseudobulb diameter increased more in the
Mist condition than in Shade after 1 year cooling treatment. The
plants that received NI followed by Mist condition flowered
within 2 years, however, none of the plants flowered under the
Shade condition. The time to flowering of the plants decreased
and the number of flowers increased more in HNI than in LNI
group. Cymbidium Red Fire and Yokihi could reach flowering within two years by summer cooling with Mist and winter
forcing by NI treatment.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Research Foundation
of Korea
Chun-Lin Su
Academia Sinica, Taipei; chunsu@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Ming-Che Shih
Academia Sinica, Taipei; mcshih@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Candice Miller
University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, Fisher, IL; mille116@
illinois.edu
Gary Kling
University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, Fisher, IL; gkling@
illinois.edu
Daniel F. Warnock
Monsanto, St. Louis, MO; daniel.f.warnock@monsanto.com
Recent market research indicates that the adoption of biocontainers as part of a sustainable growing and sales strategy
is an effective means of garnering consumer interest. Plastic
container alternatives are commercially available in a wide
variety of shapes and sizes. However, use of biocontainers
among commercial growers is still relatively sparse. Past survey work has attributed this, in part, to concerns regarding the
compatibility of biocontainers with existing production practices. This comprehensive project compares the performance of
seven biocontainers to a conventional plastic control in actual
S337
Brian E. Jackson
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; brian_jackson@
ncsu.edu
William C. Fonteno
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Bill_Fonteno@
ncsu.edu
Genhua Niu
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
William R. Roberson
Texas A&M University, Agr. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Overton, TX;
w-roberson@tamu.edu
Pedro Osuna
Universidad Autonoma de Cd. Juarez, Juarez; pedro.osuna@
ag.tamu.edu
Plant growth regulators (PGR) are often used to enhance branching and hence increase the number of flowering shoots of many
ornamental crops. In this study, the effectiveness of three PGRs,
Augeo, Configure, and Florel, at two rates as a foliar spray on
branching and plant performance of two cultivars of Verbena
sp. (Balazvelu Aztec Blue Velvet and Balazwilro Aztec
Wild Rose) were investigated in greenhouse experiments in
two Texas locations (El Paso and Overton). Overton is in the
humid sub-tropics while El Paso has an arid environment.
Rooted cuttings were transplanted to 4-inch square pots during mid-May and PGRs were applied as a foliar spray 8 days
after transplanting in both locations. To compare the efficacy
of PGRs, a group of untreated and un-pinched plants served as
un-pinched controls, and another group of untreated but pinched
plants served as pinched controls. At Overton, 23 days after
treatment, the quality rating was higher than the untreated-notpinched for all of the treatments except Augeo at 800 ppm and
Configure at 300 ppm. Both Florel rates at 500 and 1000 ppm
were better than the control. Thirty-three days after treatment,
the quality rating, flower number, and shoot number was best
on plants treated with Augeo at 400 and 800 ppm. At El Paso,
the PGR treated plants had lower visual quality rating regardless of cultivar. The effect of PGR on shoot number varied with
cultivar. Phytotoxicity was observed with all treatments in El
Paso, but only with the high rate of Configure in Overton. The
difference in response to PGRs between locations is likely due
to the difference in climate zone.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: IR-4
Michelle L. Jones
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; jones.1968@osu.edu
William R. Roberson
Texas A&M University, Agr. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Overton, TX;
w-roberson@tamu.edu
Cassandra Kerr
The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH; kerr.215@osu.edu
Brian E. Jackson*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; brian_jackson@
ncsu.edu
William C. Fonteno
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Bill_Fonteno@
ncsu.edu
Jean-Christopher Domec
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; jdomec@ncsu.edu
William C. Fonteno
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Bill_Fonteno@
ncsu.edu
Brian E. Jackson*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; brian_jackson@
ncsu.edu
Much work has been done to determine the moisture characteristics of various components of horticultural substrates. However,
wood based components have not been fully explored. Moisture
retention curves of two wood materials were compared to some
traditional substrate components peat, coir, and perlite. Freshly
S339
Richard L. Harkess
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; rharkess@
pss.msstate.edu
Patricia Knight
Coastal Res. & Ext. Center, Biloxi, MS; tricia@ra.msstate.edu
M. Tomaso-Peterson
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; mariat@pss.
msstate.edu
Eugene K. Blythe
Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS; blythe@pss.
msstate.edu
Charles H. Gilliam
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; gillic1@auburn.edu
gcm3)] were measured before, during, and the day after the heat
event. In addition, leaf samples were collected at the end of the
heat event, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored
in a 80 C freezer until determination of glutathione reductase
concentration. Prior to the heat event, Pn, Gs, and LAI showed
no significant differences among treatments. After the third day
of the heat event, heat-treated plants had significantly higher Pn
readings compared with nontreated plants maintained at ideal
conditions (P = 0.0088). However, after the heat event, Pn and
Gs were similar among all treatments, whereas LAI was greater
in impatiens sprayed with Pageant 48 or 24 hr before the heat
event compared to the nontreated plants receiving no heat event
(P = 0.0039). Preliminary enzyme analysis indicates impatiens
treated with Pageant did not have increased concentration of glutathione reductase (P = 0.3282). Based on these results, Pageant
applied to impatiens does not appear to increase heat tolerance.
Andrew Koeser
University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, Fisher, IL; akoeser2@
illinois.edu
Vicky Anderson
University of Kentucky, Lexington; vicky.anderson85@gmail.com
Michael R. Evans
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; mrevans@uark.edu
Rebecca A. Schnelle
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; rebecca.schnelle@uky.edu
J. Ryan Stewart
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; rstewart@byu.edu
Sven Verlinden
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;
sverlinden@wvu.edu
Past biocontainer research in greenhouse production has generated mixed results with regard to plant growth and appearance.
In several instances, conventional plastic containers have
outperformed biocontainers alternatives. However, these differences were typically seen in studies where watering was applied
uniformly across container types without regard to individual
container porosity. As such, differences in plant performance
may be confounded by the presence of unequal media moisture
levels. This study expands on past research, comparing nine
commercially available biocontainers (i.e., bioplastic, bioplastic
sleeve, coir, pressed-manure, peat and paper, slotted rice-hull,
solid rice-hull, straw, and wood pulp) to a conventional plastic
control. Short-term (Sunpatiens Compacta) and long-term
(Lavender Elegans Ice) crops were grown for 6 weeks and 12
weeks, respectively. Irrigation need was monitored by pot type
and applied as needed to limit differences in media moisture
conditions. Plant volume and soil chemistry measures (EC and
pH) were collected on a bi-weekly basis. At the conclusion of
the experiment, final leaf area and aboveground dry weights
Grand Ballroom
Adolfo Quiles
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR; adolfo.quiles@ars.usda.gov
Melanie Harrison-Dunn*
Tomas Ayala-Silva
USDAARS, Miami, FL; tomas.ayala-silva@ars.usda.gov
Dario J. Chavez*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; darioch@ufl.edu
Thomas G. Beckman
USDAARS, Byron, GA; tom.beckman@ars.usda.gov
W.R. Okie
USDAARS, Byron, GA; william.okie@ars.usda.gov
Jos X. Chaparro
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jaguey58@ufl.edu
S341
Brian Scheffler
USDAARS, MSA Genomics Laboratory, Stoneville, MS; Brian.
Scheffler@ars.usda.gov
Ricardo Goenaga
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR;
ricardo.goenaga@ars.usda.gov
The USDAARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station is responsible for conserving germplasm of a number of important
agricultural crop species. Among these, a Musa spp. collection
has been established and is comprised of diploid, triploid, and
tetraploid accessions of cultivated, ornamental, wild and hybrid
accessions. The collection is maintained in the field for characterization purposes and in tissue culture as a backup and for
distributions. As a crop that needs to be vegetatively-propagated
frequently, as in vitro plants are established and as accessions
are added to the collection, care must be taken to avoid propagation mistakes. In an effort to estimate genetic diversity, to
develop reference DNA profiles for clonal accessions and in
order to identify any potential propagation mistakes, a set of
22 CIRAD-developed and Global Musa Genomics Consortium
(GMGC) recommended SSR markers were screened on a total
of 893 Musa spp. DNA samples. DNA samples for each accession were collected from four replicate field-grown plants and
from a single individual replicate tissue culture plantlet and
analyzed with representative DNA reference samples from the
GMGC. Twenty-one out of the 22 SSR markers amplified well
and generated an average number of 14.8 alleles per locus. The
SSR locus, mMaCIR01 produced 26 alleles with 5 alleles being
produced for mMaCIR307. Profiles for clonal plants from the
field, tissue culture and from reference samples matched well
across all 21 loci showing the techniques reproducibility. The
average number of alleles, gene diversity estimates and representative accessions within subgroups indicate good genetic
diversity for cultivated Musa spp. Cluster analysis showed that
the accessions in the collection grouped according to their ploidy
level and genomic compositions. The SSR markers used in the
study were useful in distinguishing among most accessions to
the subgroup level. However, observed phenotypic differences
ReGie Smith
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; regie.smith@kysu.edu
Kirk W. Pomper
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; Kirk.pomper@kysu.
edu
Jacob Botkins
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; jacob.botkins@kysu.edu
Sheri B. Crabtree
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY; sheri.crabtree@kysu.
edu
Nianhe Xia
South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou; nhxia@scib.ac.cn
Richard J. Henny
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; hennyrjz@u.edu
Jianjun Chen*
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@u.edu
Pablo Jourdan
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; jourdan.1@osu.edu
Pablo Jourdan*
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; jourdan.1@osu.edu
Coreopsis and Rudbeckia are two genera of herbaceous ornamentals which have many species native to the United States.
Since 2006 both genera have been priorities for conservation at
the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center (OPGC), a gene bank
which is part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Plant
Germplasm System. About 28 species of Coreopsis are native to
the U.S. including annual, perennial, subshrub and shrub forms;
the OPGC currently conserves over 100 accessions representing
19 species. Rudbeckia is a genus of 23 species of annual, biennial,
and perennial types; currently over 200 accessions of Rudbeckia
representing 18 species are being conserved at the OPGC. To ll
S343
Andrea Wolfe
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; wolfe.205@osu.edu
Pablo Jourdan*
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; jourdan.1@osu.edu
Lyn Gettys
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lgettys@ufl.edu
Kimberly K. Moore*
University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL; klock@ufl.edu
Floyd M. Woods
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; woodsfm@acesag.auburn.edu
Daike Tian
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; tiandai@auburn.edu
Robert P. Flynn*
New Mexico State University, Artesia, NM; rflynn@nmsu.edu
Brindha Narasimhamoorthy
Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA; brindha.narasimhamoorthy@
kemin.com
John A. Greaves
Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA; john.greaves@kemin.com
Veronica Vallejo
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; vallejov@msu.edu
Randolph Beaudry
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; beaudry@msu.edu
James F. Hanock
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; hancock@msu.edu
Ryan M. Warner
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; warnerry@msu.edu
Grand Ballroom
Organic Horticulture 2
(057) Physiochemical and Functional Properties
of Organic or Conventional Strawberry
Seung-Hee Nam*
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
namsh100@korea.kr
Jeong-Hwa Kang
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjh777@korea.kr
Bong-Yun Oh
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
bongyun@korea.kr
S345
Kyung-Ju Jung
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
jkj9613@korea.kr
Min-Soo Park
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
pms55@korea.kr
Recently, organic fruits or vegetables receive the increased attention since people are aware of personal health and environment.
However, little scientific data have been given for benefits of
organic fruits and consumers trust. In this study, strawberries
were cultivated conventionally or organically and their qualities were evaluated with respect to physiochemical properties
and physiological functions. Organic strawberry showed 2
times harder and 1.2 times sweeter but 15% lower fruit weight,
compared to those of conventional one. Organic strawberry
had a 22% and a 11% higher amount of dietary fiber and crude
protein, than those of conventional one, respectively. Organic
strawberry contained a half amount of essential minerals like
iron (4.3 vs. 8.8 ppm), magnesium (1.0 vs. 1.4 ppm), zinc (1.4
vs. 2.6 ppm), but did no difference in other compounds like
sodium and potassium, compared to those of conventional one.
For functional characterization, organic strawberry had a 55%
higher amount of beta-carotene (13.1 g/100 g), but 11% or 14%
lower amounts of vitamin C (44.5 mg/100g) or flavonoids (2.9
mg/g), compared to conventional strawberry. There are similar
with total phenolic contents between conventional and organic
ones. In addition, organic strawberry showed higher antioxidant
and NO scavenging activities with 167 uM of vit C eq. and a
35%, compared to those of conventional strawberry with 149
uM of vit C eq. and a 25%, respectively. Overall, those results
indicate that organic strawberry exhibited better product quality
and physiological functions than conventional strawberry. This
study was financially supported by Jellanamdo Agricultural
Research and Extension Services.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This study was financially
supported by Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension
Services
Carolyn Lowry
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; lowrycar@msu.edu
Daniel C. Brainard
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; brainar9@msu.edu
John B. Masiunas
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; masiunas@uiuc.edu
In order to get the benefits of a cover crop, the cover crop must
grow vigorously. One of the main determinants of growth rate
is planting date. We determined the appropriate planting dates
for late-summer cover crops for use on organic vegetable farms
in the Great Lakes region. We measured how quickly soil
was covered and the ability to compete with weed seedlings,
as well as biomass production during the available growing
(059) Impact of Cover Crop Based Reducedtillage Systems on Eggplant Yield, Weed
Populations, and Soil Quality in Organic and
Conventional Production
David M. Butler*
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; dbutler@utk.edu
Gary E. Bates
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; gbates@utk.edu
The detrimental impacts of intensive soil tillage on soil quality are well documented. However, research is still lacking on
the impact of alternative reduced-tillage systems on specialty
crop yields and weed control in the Mid-South, USA. This is
especially true in the case of organic specialty crop production
systems, where weed control in reduced-tillage settings cannot
rely on synthetic herbicides. In order to evaluate these questions, a field study was implemented beginning in Oct. 2010
in Knoxville, TN to evaluate cover crop based reduced-tillage
organic and conventional production systems in comparison
to conventionally tilled, plasticulture controls. Treatments included: 1) OrgTill- organically-managed plasticulture system
with conventional tillage following a wheat (Triticum aestivum
cv. Haas Cover)crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum cv.
Dixie) cover crop; 2) OrgRT- organically-managed reducedtillage system planted into roll-killed wheat-crimson clover
cover crop residue; 3) ConTill- conventionally-managed plasticulture system with conventional tillage following a wheat
cover crop; and 4) ConRT- conventionally managed reducedtillage system planted into herbicide-killed wheat cover crop
residue. Plots were sized 2.4 m by 9.1 m and were arranged in
a randomized complete-block design with four replicates. In
early May 2011, cover crops on were terminated and eggplant
(Solanum melongena cv. Traviata) planted. Total yield of mar-
William Evans
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; wbe@
ra.msstate.edu
Vasile Cerven
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; vc116@
msstate.edu
This study evaluated the effects of pre-plant compost incorporation and subsequent fertigation during the growing season on
organic production of zinnia (Benarys Giant Mix) cut flowers in
a high tunnel. There were three pre-plant compost applications:
composted broiler litter, vermicompost, and control (no compost). The compost rate used was 6 tons/acre and the compost
was incorporated into the bed before laying the plastic mulch.
Under each compost treatment, there were three fertigation
treatments: no fertilizer, organic low [100 ppm nitrogen (N)
from MultiBloom, a liquid catfish processing byproduct], and
organic high (200 ppm N from MultiBloom). Each treatment
combination included 16 zinnia plants which were planted half
ft apart. Each treatment combination was replicated 3 times.
Plants were transplanted into the beds in early September and
each plant was supplied with 200 mL of solution from each
fertigation treatment once a week. Zinnia stems were harvested
as soon as the blooms were completely opened, starting from
early October through November. Results indicated that during
early stage of plant growth, plants that received compost had
significantly higher SPAD reading than plants did not receive
any compost, and plants that received composted broiler litter
had significantly higher SPAD reading than plants that received
vermicompost. Plants that received composted broiler litter had
significantly higher plant growth index than plants that received
no compost. However, plants that received vermicompost had
similar plant growth index as plants received no compost. Results also indicated that both pre-plant compost incorporation
Sarah M. Reynolds*
Starkville, MS; sbm110@msstate.edu
Cover crops and chicken litter compost are two methods used
to improve soils and vegetable crop production. A study is
underway at Crystal Springs, MS, testing the influence of four
cover crops: sunnhemp, sesame, sorghumsudan grass, and a
sunn hemp + sesame blend, in combination with four concentrations of chicken litter compost: 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 tons/
acre. The cover crops, in four replicates, were established in
Summer 2011, mowed and incorporated in. The chicken litter
concentrations were applied within each subplot and tilled before
bedding of broccoli cv. Marathon. Soil tests were done before
and after the cover crop was incorporated, total tissue analysis
was done on cover crop haulms and the harvested broccoli was
weighed and counted in marketable and unmarketable groups.
While the lowest yield resulted from sorghum with no chicken
litter compost, the highest yield resulted from sunn hemp with
2.5 t/acre chicken compost. Comparing the marketable yield,
sorghum with no chicken litter compost produced the lowest and
sunn hemp with 2.5 t/acre chicken litter compost had the most.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA Southern SARE
Neil Mattson
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; nsm47@cornell.edu
S347
Guixia Wang
Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of
Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; wgxia1972@163.com
Peggy Chang
J&P Research, Inc., Naples, FL; jpch4250@juno.com
Yushen Huang
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; maple.yushen@gmail.com
Caroline R. Hamilton
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; carolbr@ufl.edu
Linlin Chang
Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of
Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; zxin@ufl.edu
Xin Zhao
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; zxin@ufl.edu
Carlene A. Chase
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; cachase@ufl.edu
Caroline R. Hamilton
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; carolbr@ufl.edu
Ekaterina Jeliazkova
Univ. of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY; ekaterinaj.pubs@gmail.com
Dennis Rowe
Grand Ballroom
The Veterans Memorial Rose Garden at Mississippi State University is a formal rose garden where a large variety of roses are
grown with access to both researchers and public visitors. Fiftythree cultivars of roses from a number of classes and grown on
R. fortuniana rootstock, Dr. Huey rootstock or on their own
roots are included in the collection. These roses were planted in
spring, 2008 in ground beds around the periphery of the garden
to demonstrate genetic diversity within the genus. Data was
collected in November, 2008 and October, 2009 and included
plant height, plant width, blackspot rating (incorporating both
defoliation and infection), flower quantity and quality, foliage
quantity and quality, and plant habit and vigor. The Horsfall
Barratt rating scale was used to generate scores for black spot
(Horsfall and Barratt, 1945). Quality ratings were based on a
scale of 1 to 10, worst to best and also averaged to provide an
overall index of quality. Data are analyzed using the Glimmix
and Corr Procedures of SAS. Growth types ranged from a large
climber to a miniature rose. Plant height, is positively correlated
to plant width (r = 0.68, P < 0.01), volume (r = 0.84, P < 0.01),
and plant habit and vigor (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). Blackspot ratings
also range greatly, especially since data is only from late fall
when many roses are near winter defoliation and the climate has
cooled. Blackspot is inversely correlated to flower (r = 0.30,
P < 0.02) and foliage quantity and quality (r = 0.59, P < 0.01),
as well as quality average (r = 0.46, P < 0.01). Plant width is
positively correlated to blackspot (r = 0.27, P < 0.04), possibly
S349
John F. Karlik
University of California Coop. Extn., Bakersfield, CA; jfkarlik@
ucdavis.edu
Anna D. Howell
University of California, Ventura, CA; adhowell@ucdavis.edu
Derald A. Harp*
Texas A&M University, Commerce, Commerce, TX; Derald_
Harp@TAMU-Commerce.edu
David C. Zlesak
University of Wisconin, River Falls, River Falls, WI; david.
zlesak@uwrf.edu
Steve George
Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Dallas, TX; s-george3@tamu.edu
Alan Zuk
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; alan.zuk@ndsu.edu
Kevin Rue
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; kevin.rue@ndsu.edu
Salinity and waterlogging are two major abiotic stresses commonly associated with irrigated soils. In this study, four lowinputs turfgrass species (tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, blue
grama, and buffalograss) were germinated under well-drained
(control), waterlogged (i.e. flooded), saline (NaCl 5 gL1), or
saline-waterlogged conditions in the greenhouse. Flooding with
tap water did not inhibit seed germination or seedling growth
although a low salt accumulation in the soil (soil salinity = 2.5
dS/m) was observed. Seedling number (SN), shoot fresh weight
(SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), and the longest root length
(LRL) were significantly decreased under saline and salinewaterlogged conditions with reductions ranging from 20.3%
of the control in LRL to 70.0% of the control in RFW. Higher
reductions in germination and seedling growth were observed
in the salinity treatment, compared to the combined stresses,
although soil salinity levels were similar between these two
treatments (soil salinity = 29.9 dS/m in the salinity treatment and
31.9 dS/m in the combined saline-water-logged treatment). Tall
Kevin Rue
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; kevin.rue@ndsu.edu
Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB), an osmoprotectant increases tolerance to stresses including salinity in various
plants, information on turfgrass, however, is limited. In this study,
GB, was used to prime turf seeds for enhancement of salinity
tolerance during the seed germination and seedling stage when
plants are more sensitive to stresses. Seeds of perennial ryegrass
(PR, moderately salt tolerant), tall fescue (TF, moderately salt
tolerant), creeping bentgrass (CB, moderately salt sensitive),
and Kentucky bluegrass (KB, salt sensitive) were unprimed or
primed with 50, 100, 150, or 200 mM solution of GB or distilled
water (DW) and then germinated in the solution of DW, mannitol
(causing osmotic stress only), or NaCl ( causing both osmotic
and ionic stresses) (their osmotic potential and salinity level
were and 0.1 MPa and 0.1 dS/m, 1.0 MPa and 0.1 dS/m, and
1.0 MPa and 14.6 dS/m, respectively). Seed germination and
seedling growth in mannitol or NaCl solution were improved
after seeds were primed with GB. Different turf species showed
different responses to osmotic stress and ionic stress. No difference in germination and seedling growth of PR, TF, and KB was
observed between mannitol and NaCl treatments, indicating that
osmotic stress appeared to more critical than ionic stress. For
CB, the seed germination rate and seedling growth were lower
in NaCl than in mannitol, showing an accumulative effect of
both osmotic and ionic stresses.
Gerald Smith
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT; tracyaod@montana.edu
Yaling Qian
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; yaqian@colostate.edu
Grand Ballroom
Postharvest 3
(027) Biophysical and Hormonal Changes
Can Trigger Postharvest Needle Abscission in
Balsam Fir
Mason T. MacDonald
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, NS;
m2macdonald@nsac.ca
S351
Rajasekaran Lada*
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, NS; rlada@nsac.ca
Postharvest needle abscission is a consequence of complex interactions among physiological, biophysical and hormonal factors.
Efforts are being made to determine significant biophysical and
physiological events related to postharvest needle abscission. It
is known that initial postharvest average water consumption is
0.2 mLg1 per day, but gradually decreases by over 75%. It is
hypothesized that some degree of postharvest water stress exists,
which is manifested in changes in several biophysical parameters.
Further, the changes in key endogenous hormones postharvest
are yet unknown . Branches were collected from a clonal orchard
and placed in water. Parameters such as needle loss, water use,
relative water content, capacitance, membrane injury, and xylem
pressure potential were recorded once a week until complete
needle shed occurred. In addition, needles were sampled at the
beginning of the experiment and during peak needle abscission
and then subjected to hormonal analysis. It was found that needle
abscission occurred within 24 days. During this time water use
decreased by 50%, relative water content decreased by 23%,
capacitance decreased by 64%, membrane injury increased by
100%, and xylem pressure potential decreased 4-fold. Abscisic
acid increased by 32-fold and trans-zeatin riboside increased by
4-fold during peak abscission. Other cytokinins such as cis-zeatin
riboside, isopentenyl adenosine, trans-zeatin-O-glucoside, and
dihydrozeatin riboside all doubled during abscission. Finally,
there was a 95% decrease in indole-3-acetic acid. Observed
changes in all biophysical parameters, as well as abscisic acid,
could be indicative of a possible postharvest water stress or
dehydration. It is possible that dehydration-induced changes
in biophysical and hormonal factors trigger and/or modulate
postharvest needle abscission.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: AIF/NSERCCRD
Rajasekaran Lada*
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, NS;
rlada@nsac.ca
Rajasekaran Lada*
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, NS; rlada@nsac.ca
Rajasekaran Lada
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, NS; rlada@nsac.ca
Samuel K. Asiedu
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS; asiedu@nsac.ca
Tanya G. Falbel
University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, WI; tgfalbel@wisc.
edu
Brad M. Binder
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; bbinder@utk.edu
Sara E. Patterson
University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, WI; spatters@wisc.
edu
In ethylene-sensitive plants, such as carnation, ethylene perception is considered an indispensable requirement to initiate
and perpetuate the ethylene-mediated senescence program.
Ethylene binding antagonists, such as 1-methylcyclopropene
(1-MCP) compete for ethylene binding and block senescence.
Despite its antagonistic propensity, plants treated with 1-MCP
often recover sensitivity to ethylene post-treatment. We used
carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. Glacier) to determine
the relationship between petal inrolling patterns and the expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene
signaling after treatment of petals with ethylene and 1-MCP.
Petal inrolling began after 10 h of ethylene treatment and petals
were completely inrolled within 1 h from the rst visible sign of
inrolling. In these petals, ethylene biosynthetic genes DcACS1
and DcACO1 increased greatly, but receptor and response
genes DcETR1 and DcCTR1 were initially high and decreased
gradually. When petals were treated with 100 nLL1 1-MCP and
then treated daily with 10 LL1 ethylene, we monitored the
gene expression changes after treatment with 1-MCP one, two,
or multiple times at 3 d intervals. This study revealed that the
mRNA levels of DcETR1 and DcCTR1 gradually decrease during
ethylene treatment, but increase at certain times during ower
development, and that this increase occurs concomitant with
onset of petal inrolling. The results suggest that after treatment
with 1-MCP, ethylene receptors genes are transcribed during
ower development. The newly generated receptor proteins
are likely to be bound with ethylene, leading to the observed
recovery of ethylene-sensitivity in the petals post-treatment of
1-MCP. The current study also suggests that ethylene binding to
new receptors is prevented by successive treatment of 1-MCP
prior to regaining of ethylene-sensitivity, resulting in repression
of petal senescence and inrolling.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: AgroFresh
S353
Jun Song*
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; songj@agr.
gc.ca
Tim Huges
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; Tim.huges@
agr.gc.ca
Craig Doucette
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; lihua.fan@agr.
gc.ca
Leslie Campbell-Palmer
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; Leslie.
campbell@agr.gc.ca
Grand Ballroom
Gowrishanker Srinivasan
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; srigshan@iastate.edu
David Grewell
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; dgrewell@iastate.edu
William Graves*
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; graves@iastate.edu
Rajasekaran Lada
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, NS; rlada@nsac.ca
Cut and peel, or Individually Quick Frozen (IQF) baby carrots are the recently introduced high value carrot products of
the industry. Even though there are four baby grades, Fancy
is the most preferable grade for IQF baby carrots processing.
A critical issue with cut and peel carrot processing is the incidence of non uniform roots and lower percentage of required
baby grades (only 30% to 33% out of total root weight). The
objective of this experiment was to understand the relationship between soil moisture and seedling emergence to develop
a soil moisture based seedling emergence model for cut and
peel carrots. This experiment was conducted under controlled
environmental growth chamber conditions with 8 different
moisture regimes (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90
cbars). Growth chambers were adjusted to provide the following environmental conditions: 21 C daytime temperature and
15 C night temperature, with a photoperiod of 16 hours at a
light intensity of 180 molcm2s1. Sealed, transparent, plastic
boxes (30 cm in length) were filled with topsoil. The variety,
Triton, was seeded 2.5 cm deep at the rate of 85 seeds/30 cm and
the experimental design adopted was a completely randomized
block design (RCBD). Soil moisture potential was continuously
monitored using Watermark soil moisture probes installed just
below the seeding depth. The number of seedlings emerged per
day was monitored until completion of seedling emergence.
Soil moisture potentials of 30 and 40 cbars showed quick and
uniform seedling emergence compared to the other treatments.
There was no seedling emergence at 90 cbars suggesting that
soil moisture potential has a great role to play in delaying or
inhibiting carrot seedling emergence, which may be one of the
reasons for low Fancy grade recovery.
Yoo-Suk Lee
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
majorfood@korea.kr
Seung-Hee Nam
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
namsh100@korea.kr
Bong-Yun Oh
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
bongyun@korea.kr
Mi-Hyang Jang
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
roscent@korea.kr
Kyung-Ju Jung
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
jkj9613@korea.kr
Kyung-Ju Choi
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
kjchoi@korea.kr
Min-Soo Park
Jellanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju;
pms55@korea.kr
Sundari Velayudhan
Irvine, CA; velusunvel@aol.com
S355
Josh Freeman
Painter, VA; joshfree@vt.edu
James G. Tokuhisa
Blacksburg, VA; tokuhisa@vt.edu
Shubin K. Saha*
Purdue University, Vincennes, IN; ssaha@purdue.edu
Sara Hoke
Purdue University, Vincennes, IN; shoke@purdue.edu
Susan Colucci
Waynesville, NC; sue_colucci@ncsu.edu
Michael Hannah
Clanton, NC; m.hannah@hmclause.com
Xin Zhao
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; zxin@ufl.edu
Danielle D. Treadwell
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ddtreadw@ufl.edu
Michael R. Alligood
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; allybad@ufl.edu
Donald J. Huber
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; djhuber@ufl.edu
Nicholas S. Dufault
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; nsdufault@ufl.edu
S357
Dean A. Kopsell
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; dkopsell@
utk.edu
Mark W. Farnham
USDAARS, Charleston, SC; mark.farnham@ars.usda.gov
Phillip Griffiths
Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY; pdg8@cornell.edu
Mark Hutton
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; mark.hutton@maine.edu
Jeanine Davis
North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC; jeanine_davis@
ncsu.edu
Wythe Morris
Virginia Cooperative Extension, Hillsville, VA; morrisw@vt.edu
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) consumption has increased in the United States, driven at least partially by recognition
that it is highly nutritious and contains high concentrations of
glucosinolates (GS). Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites
in broccoli that when digested have a detoxifying effect. In particular, glucoraphanin and other GSs present in broccoli break
down into anti-carcinogenic isothiocyanates (ITCs). The GS
data presented here is part of a USDASCRI sponsored research
project aimed at improving the consistency and profitability of
broccoli production under growing conditions in the eastern
United States. This project consists of a multi-disciplinary team
of plant breeders, physiologists, production specialists, and
economists. The teams goal is to develop a substantial eastern
broccoli industry in the next 510 years. Producing broccoli in
the eastern United States will reduce shipping cost and contribute
to a more regionally based food production system. Broccoli
production has traditionally been more challenging in this region
due to variability in climatic conditions. Eastern climates often
result in greater plant stress and disease incidences, resulting in
inconsistent yield and quality. Therefore, the major emphasis of
this project is to develop cultivars better adapted to production
in the eastern United States while improving consistency in
yield and nutritional quality. Since GSs are a significant health
benefit of broccoli consumption and play a role in plant pest
resistance; one of our team goals is to increase GS concentrations in new cultivars. The data in this presentation represent
an effort to determine the genetic and environmental factors
that have the greatest influence on GS profiles among current
Carl E. Sams
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; carlsams@utk.edu
Mark W. Farnham
USDAARS, Charleston, SC; mark.farnham@ars.usda.gov
Phillip Griffiths
Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY; pdg8@cornell.edu
Mark Hutton
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; mark.hutton@maine.edu
Jeanine Davis
North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC; jeanine_davis@
ncsu.edu
Wythe Morris
Virginia Cooperative Extension, Hillsville, VA; morrisw@vt.edu
Grand Ballroom
Cecile Tondo
USDAARS, Miami, FL; cecile.tondo@ars.usda.gov
David Kuhn
USDAARS, Miami, FL; david.kuhn@ars.usda.gov
Alan Meerow
USDAARS, Miami, FL; alan.meerow@ars.usda.gov
J. Michael Moore
USDAARS, Miami, FL; John.Moore@ars.usda.gov
Richard J. Campbell
Fairchild Tropical Gardens Research Center, Miami, FL;
rcampbell@fairchildgarden.org
Noris Ledesma
Fairchild Tropical Gardens Research Center, Miami, FL;
nledesma@fairchildgarden.org
Osman Gutierrez
USDAARS, Miami, FL; osman.gutierrez@ars.usda.gov
Raymond J. Schnell
Mars, Inc., Miami, FL; Ray.Schnell@effem.com
Cari Schmitz
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; schm1984@umn.edu
Yingzhu Guan
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; yingzhu.
guan@email.wsu.edu
Benjamin Orcheski
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; bbo5@cornell.edu
James Luby
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; lubyx001@umn.edu
Katherine Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Susan Brown
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; skb3@cornell.edu
Cameron Peace
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; cpeace@
wsu.edu
Dorrie Main
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; dorrie@
wsu.edu
Amy Iezzoni
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; iezzoni@msu.edu
S359
Silvia Nietsche
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaba; silvia.
nietsche@unimontes.br
Jonathan Crane
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; jhcr@ufl.edu
Efforts on introduction, collection, characterization, documentation, and preservation of genetic material are required. The
evaluation of morphological and reproductive characteristics in
previous studies with jatropha revealed a considerable amount
of genetic variability that can be utilized to optimize characteristics directly related to yield. The objective of this study was
to specifically evaluate the reproductive characteristics of 15
jatropha accessions in South Florida. For each accession, plant
sexuality, inflorescence type, flower initiation, total number of
flowers per inflorescence, number of male and female flowers
per inflorescence, male:female flower ratio, fruit initiation, total
number of fruits, number of fruits per branch, fruit set, fruit
fresh weight, fruit yield, seed ripening, total number of seeds,
number of seeds per fruit, seed fresh weight, seed dry weight,
seed yield, seed length, thickness and width,100-seed weight,
and oil content were evaluated. Number of inflorescences and
inflorescence set were evaluated for two flowering span periods,
while remaining characteristics were evaluated during three different seasons; spring, summer, and fall. Data were submitted
to analysis of variance and the phenotypic correlation between
pairs of floral, fruit, and seed components was evaluated for
all jatropha accessions. Two flowering spans were identified
throughout one year of evaluations, March through May, and
August through November, respectively. Seeds ripened within
90 days and a 3-month harvest period was identified for each
flowering span. There was significant variability among accessions for flowering characteristics, flowering spans and the
interactions between them. The total number of flowers ranged
from 68 to 225 for the first flowering span, and from 73 to 155
for the second flowering span. Maximum female flowers were
10 to 15, for the first and second flowering spans, respectively.
Summer season favored female-type inflorescences, while Spring
and Fall favored middle-type inflorescences. Significant differences were also observed for number of fruits per bunch and fruit
set between flowering spans. Seed and oil characteristics also
differed significantly. Phenotypic correlations were significant
for all traits. The variability found in this study for jatropha
accessions if of high importance for germplasm selection and
application in crop improvement programs.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: FDACS - Farm to Fuel Grants
Program
Silvia Nietsche
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaba; silvia.
nietsche@unimontes.br
Biofuels and bioenergy encompass a wide range of alternative sources of energy of biological origin. Jatropha (Jatropha
Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese*
Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ; jenjc@aesop.rutgers.edu
Josh Honig
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; honig@aesop.rutgers.edu
Veeran D. Rajah
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; divino@eden.rutgers.edu
Debashish Bhattacharya
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; bhattacharya@aesop.
rutgers.edu
Nahla Bassil
USDAARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis,
OR; Nahla.Bassil@ars.usda.gov
Jeannie Rowland
USDAARS, Beltsville, MD; rowlandj@ba.ars.usda.gov
James Polashock
USDAARS, Chatsworth, NJ; polashock@aesop.rutgers.edu
Nicholi Vorsa
Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ; vorsa@aesop.rutgers.edu
The first genetic map of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) has been constructed, comprising 14 linkage groups
totaling 879.9 cM with an estimated genome coverage of 82.2%.
This map, based on four mapping populations segregating for field
fruit rot resistance, contains 136 distinct loci, and provides the
first foray in the identification of regions associated with fruit rot
resistance. Mapped markers include blueberry simple sequence
repeat (SSR) and cranberry sequence-characterized amplified
region (SCAR) markers previously used for fingerprinting
cranberry cultivars. In addition, SSR markers were developed
near cranberry sequences resembling genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis or defense against necrotrophic pathogens,
or conserved orthologous set (COS) sequences. The cranberry
SSRs were developed from next-generation cranberry genomic
sequence assemblies; thus, the positions of these SSRs on the
genomic map provide information about the genomic location
(but not the orientation) of the sequence scaffold from which
they were derived. The use of SSR markers near functional
sequences, in particular the COS-associated SSRs, plus 33 SSR
markers from blueberry, enables comparisons of the cranberry
map with other plant species maps. Regions of the cranberry map
showing synteny with grape, and a more limited conservation
with A. thaliana, were identified. The cranberry map utilized
markers that are highly informative and readily transferable to
other crosses and closely-related species. Located on this map
are quantitative trait loci (QTL) for field fruit rot resistance
(FFRR, three loci), fruit weight (two loci), titratable acidity (one
locus), and sound fruit yield (one locus). The sound fruit yield
QTL was located near one of the fruit weight QTL, but might be
pleiotropic. Two of the FFRR QTL are in regions of conserved
synteny with grape and span defense gene markers, and the
third FFRR QTL spans a flavonoid biosynthetic gene, however,
functional attribution at this point is premature. Ultimately, a
more densely populated map will be required, resulting in the
12 linkage groups which comprise the cranberry karyotype. This
map will be used to facilitate future cranberry breeding efforts,
particularly for improving fruit rot resistance.
On Sook Hur
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
oshur09@korea.kr
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Man-Jung Kang
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
mjkang@korea.kr
Na Young Ro
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
nonanona@korea.kr
Do-Yoon Hyun
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
dyhyun@korea.kr
Gyu-Taek Cho
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon; gtcho@
korea.kr
Yu-Mi Choi
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
cym0421@korea.kr
Hyung-Jin Baek
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
hjbaek@korea.kr
Chang-Yung Kim
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
kimcy@korea.kr
Josh A. Honig
Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ; honig@aesop.rutgers.edu
Jennifer Vaiciunas
Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ; jennifer.vaiciunas@rutgers.edu
Thomas J. Molnar
Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ; molnar@aesop.rutgers.edu
European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a high-value, lowinput crop traditionally grown in Mediterranean regions. Its
production in the U.S. is limited due to its susceptibility to the
devastating fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB), which
is found only in North America. Currently, there are limited
sources of genetic resistance to this disease found in C. avellana.
Development of hazelnuts with stable genetic resistance could
significantly increase the acres of hazelnut production in the
U.S. At Rutgers, the screening of large germplasm collections
of C. avellana from Eastern Europe and parts of Russia has
identified numerous new plants expressing resistance to EFB.
However, other than geographic origin, little is known about the
genetic diversity and relatedness of these new potential sources
of resistance. In this study, 170 EFB-resistant and tolerant
seedlings, as well as 179 known cultivars and breeding selections representing a wide spectrum of geographic origins and
a number of known sources of EFB-resistance, were assessed
using 30 genomic SSR markers. The goal was to examine the
relatedness and genetic diversity present in and among the new
seedlings to identify potential novel sources of EFB-resistance,
as well as to evaluate the seedlings in respect to known cultivars
and existing sources of EFB resistance. The resulting SSR data
was used to evaluate polymorphism information content, allele
frequencies, and heterozygosity. Additionally, cluster analysis
was performed on the data and relationships were resolved between new EFB resistant seedlings and standard cultivars known
to confer disease resistance. By better understanding genetic
diversity in the new germplasm, the hazelnut breeding program
will be able to direct its efforts into utilizing and maintaining
multiple, unrelated sources of resistance in its breeding lines,
where goals of developing durable, long-lasting resistance to
EFB is a priority.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, the Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science, and
USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Competitive Grant
2009-51181-06028
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; mehlenbs@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; vidyasas@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Gyu-Taek Cho
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; gtcho@rda.go.kr
Ho Cheol Ko*
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; hchko@rda.go.kr
Ho-Sun Lee
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; hosun83@rda.go.kr
Young-Ah Jeon
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; yjeon@rda.go.kr
Jung-Sook Sung
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; sjs7861@rda.go.kr
Sok-Young Lee
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; lsy007@rda.go.kr
Chang-Yung Kim
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; kimcy@rda.go.kr
Yeon-Gyu Kim
NAAS, RDA (Rep. of Korea), Suwon; ygkim55@rda.go.kr
The world-wide capacity of genebanks for ex-situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly since the
1970s, improving the access of crop breeders to landraces, and
wild relatives (Wright, 1997). In south Korea, systematic seed
germplasm management was begun at the Rural Development
Administration (RDA) in 1985 and consequently genebank
system was established in 1988. The RDA genebank, National
Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) of south Korea, preserve 173,217
accessions of plant seed germplasm and 10.7% (18,509 accessions) of whole preserved germplasm is occupied by horticultral
PGR by 2011. Horticultural PGR preserved in NAC is composed
with 67 genera of crops including pepper (3,817 accessions),
tomato (2,040 accessions), cabbages (1,690 accessions) and
etc. According to horticultural plant sub-group, fruit-vegetable
is the biggest group with 60% of accession share and leafy
vegetable (19%), root vegetable (10%), bulb vegetable (8%),
and ornamental (3%) follow subsequently. In aspect of PGR
status, landrace is dominant part of conserved accession and
then developed cultivar, wild relatives, cultivated material, wild,
and weedy type follow subsequently. Recently characterization
and evaluation of horticultural PGR have been activated for 3
years in NAC, which are useful for breeders and users focused
on disease-resistance or active ingredient. It will promote utilization of horticultural PGR and development of horticultural
crop breeding program for both human being and sustainable
agriculture in near future.
Alfredo Alves
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; Alfredo.Alves@ars.
usda.gov
Linda Manthey
USDAARS, Peoria, IL; Linda.Manthey@ars.usda.gov
Terry Isbell
USDAARS, Peoria, IL; Terry.Isbell@ars.usda.gov
Cassava (Manihot esculenta; Euphorbiaceae) is the only commercial species of the genus cultivated mainly for its starchy
tuber roots. Cassava seeds are known to be rich in oils and fats.
However, there are very few reports on the fatty acid profile
in cassava seeds and its wild relatives. Wild cassava species
usually produce higher numbers of seeds with large diversity
in shape and size. Seeds of 12 Manihot species (75 accessions)
from the Embrapa collection in Brazil were analyzed for fatty
acid profile using gas chromatography. All species contained five
predominant fatty acids. The concentration of the fatty acids was:
palmitic (C16:0) 9.021.7%, stearic (C18:0) 1.911.2%, oleic
(C18:1) 12.431.2%, linoleic (C18:2) 45.972.3%, linolenic
(C18:3) 0.83.2%. The concentration of the fatty acids varied
significantly within species and between accessions. The collection of Embrapas Manihot germplasm contains a large source
of variability for fatty acid composition, probably influenced
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Ann Greene
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; agreene175@ufl.edu
Tyler Baras
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; tylermbar@ufl.edu
Rachel Wallace
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; rachyrach@ufl.edu
Sarah Dickerson
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; sdickerson@ufl.edu
Adriana Clinton
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; aaclinton13@ufl.edu
Jose Castano
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jocasta21@ufl.edu
Edward Viera
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ed.viera@ufl.edu
Alexandra Rucker
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; alex.m.rucker@gmail.com
Alves Cristiane
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; calves@ufl.edu
Lucianne Vilharinho
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lucianne@insikiran.ufrr.br
Genetic diversity in Capsicum species offers great opportunities to breed cultivars improved in levels of fruit antioxidant
compounds, brilliant colors, and flavor with interesting shape
and size. This research, performed in an innovative educational
effort by undergraduate students, evaluated the inheritance of fruit
shape, fruit size, fruit color, pungency, pericarp thickness,and
flavor in several commercial cultivars and their crosses. In
a cross involving two open-pollinated heirloom cultivars,
Round of Hungary and Bulgarian Carrot, the red mature
fruit color and pungency were dominant traits over yellow
fruit color and sweet taste, wavy pericarp was recessive over
smooth pericarp and pericarp thickness was semi-dominant.
Pericarp extracts of Bulgarian Carrot had significantly greater
antioxidant activity compared to those of Round of Hungary
using ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. However,
total amount of extractable carotenoids were significantly greater
in mature fruits of Round of Hungary than those of Bulgarian Carrot. Fruits of F1 plants for Bulgarian Carrot Round
of Hungary had total carotenoid levels comparable to Round
of Hungary. Immature fruit color of cultivar Islander cultivar
purple due to anthocyanin accumulation. This trait was dominant
in crosses with yellow-fruited Bulgarian Carrot and red-fruited
Ladybug. Inheritance patterns of fruit color, pungency and fruit
size confirmed previous genetic studies in peppers. Further data on
carotenoid levels, antioxidant activities and fruit anthocyanin coloration are valuable new information to build cultivars enhanced
for high levels of pro-vitamiin A carotenoids, and anthocyanins
combined with interesting fruit size and shape.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, Univ. of Florida
Noemi Tel-Zur*
Ben Gurion University, Sde-Boquer 84990; telzur@bgu.ac.il
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Cynthia Haynes
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; chaynes@iastate.edu
Christopher Cerveny
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; cbc35@cornell.edu
Lester Wilson
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; lawilson@iastate.edu
Robert Austin
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; rob_austin@ncsu.edu
Scott King
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; seking3@ncsu.edu
Ivan Salamon
Presov University, Slovakia, Presov; salamon@fhpv.unipo.sk
Daniela Grulova
Presov University, Slovakia, Presov; pavollabun@yahoo.com
Valtcho Jeliazkov*
University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY; valtcho.pubs@gmail.com
Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) is a perennial herb with segmented stem. The plant produces spring and summer stems. Sum-
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Lesion length was recorded over eight weeks and the percentage
of shoot infection was calculated. Disease susceptibility varied
among species. Susceptibility ranged from 0% to 100% shoot
necrosis with a mean of 36% among species. Ten species fell
below the 5% shoot infection that was used as the acceptable
disease threshold. Cotoneaster arbusculus, C. atropurpureus,
C. dielsianus, and C. splendens had no symptoms (0% shoot
infection). Additionally, there were six species that exhibited
symptoms below the disease threshold. Our results agree with
previous reports that C. franchetti and C. simsonii exhibit fire
blight resistance. We also report fire blight susceptibility level
for eight other species, which have not previously been screened
for fire blight susceptibility.
Joseph Tychonievich
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; tychonie@msu.edu
Wangchu Lobsang
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; lobsang1974@
gmail.com
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Ryan Contreras*
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; ryan.contreras@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Cotoneaster is a diverse genus in the family Rosaceae, with approximately 400 species of highly variable plants from ground
covers to trees. A limited number of species are available in the
nursery trade. The common species commercially available are
valued for their ability to flourish in difficult sites. Although
cotoneasters are well adapted for abiotic stresses, many species
are highly susceptible to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora, Burrill, Winslow et al.). Fire blight is a bacterial disease endemic
to North America and has a wide host range in the sub-family
Maloideae. The disease is vectored by floral and vascular feeding
insects and also is spread by rain splash and mechanical injury.
Symptoms result in flower and shoot necrosis and in severe
infection the entire plant may be killed. Previous reports on
disease resistance Cotoneaster spp. are conflicting and comprise
a limited range of the genus. Our objectives were to clarify
previous results and expand knowledge of disease resistance of
unreported taxa. In this experiment, 31 species of cotoneaster
were arranged in a glasshouse in a randomized complete-block
design. Susceptibility to fire blight was determined by foliar assay
with isolate EA153 at a concentration of 1.53 109 CFUmL1.
Cornelius Barry
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; barrycs@msu.edu
Ron Miller
Pensacola, FL; rhodokiller@cox.net
Rick Lewandowski
Greenville, DE; rick1517@gmail.com
Jenny Xiang
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC;
jenny_xiang@ncsu.edu
Wagner Vendrame
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; vendrame@u.edu
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Victoria Magnusson
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; vick.magnusson@
ndsu.edu
David Stelly
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; stelly@tamu.edu
Kevin Crosby
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; k-crosby@tamu.edu
David Byrne*
Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX;
d-byrne@tamu.edu
Rose chromosome number ranges from 14 to 56 and understanding the dynamics of rose chromosome numbers can help
On Sook Hur
National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon;
oshur09@korea.kr
H. Brent Pemberton
Texas A&M Agr. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Overton, TX; b-pemberton@
tamu.edu
Genhua Niu
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
David Byrne
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; d-byrne@tamu.edu
David Byrne*
Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX;
d-byrne@tamu.edu
Xinwang Wang
Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M
System, Dallas, TX; xw-wang@tamu.edu
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Donita L. Bryan
University of Wisconsin, Platteville, Platteville, WI; bryand@
uwplatt.edu
Raul I. Cabrera
Texas A&M System, Uvalde, TX; r-cabrera@tamu.edu
Geoffrey C. Denny
University of Florida, IFAS, Parrish, FL; geoff@
gcdennyhorticulture.com
Jason J. Griffin
Haysville, KS; jgriffin@oznet.ksu.edu
Jeffery K. Iles
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; iles@iastate.edu
Andrew R. King
sites. Some Montezuma Cypress survived with minimal winter injury as far north as Kansas (20 C), while some species
type baldcypress and genotypes from transitional populations
between eastern provenances of baldcypress and Montezuma
cypress from the Texas Hill Country survived 31 C. Studies
are needed to confirm longer term cold tolerances. Some clones
of Montezuma cypress and the transitional Texas Hill Country
populations had reduced foliar chlorosis compared to the species
type baldcypress clones on high pH soils, but results were variable. Severe to moderate foliar damage from Cercosporidium
sequoiae (Ellis and Everth.) W.A. Baker and Partridge infections
limited the potential for use of all clones tested at the Florida sites.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Tree Research and Education
Endowment Fund.
Gary W. Knox
University of Florida, Quincy, FL; gwknox@ufl.edu
Garry V. McDonald
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; gmcdonal@uark.edu
Cynthia B. McKenney
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; cynthia.mckenney@ttu.edu
D. Thayne Montague
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; thayne.montague@ttu.edu
Genhua Niu
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
Daniel K. Struve
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; struve.1@osu.edu
Amy L. Shober
University of Florida, IFAS, Wimauma, FL; alshober@ufl.edu
Nancy West
University of Florida, IFAS/GCREC, Wimauma, FL; nwest@ufl.
edu
Hongmei Ma
U.S. National Arboretum, Beltsville, MD; Hongmei.Ma@ars.
usda.gov
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Tarliane M. Tavares
Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE;
agrotmt@yahoo.com.br
Raimundo W. de Figueiredo
Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE; gueira@ufc.br
Ricardo E. Alves*
Embrapa Labex-US/TAMU, College Station, TX; ricardo.alves@
embrapa.br
John R. Stommel
USDAARS, Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables
Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; john.stommel@ars.usda.gov
Eunhee Park
USDAARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; eunhee.
park@ars.usda.gov
Robert A. Saftner*
USDAARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; robert.
saftner@ars.usda.gov
Variability in the concentrations of capsaicinoids and capsaicinoid analogs which contribute to avor and nutritional
quality of Capsicum baccatum peppers is not well understood.
Using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
absorbance and electrospray mass spectroscopic detection, we
evaluated capsaicinoids and their analogs in mature green fruit
from 224 non-cultivated and cultivated accessions of C. baccatum var. baccatum, C. baccatum var. pendulum, C. baccatum
var. umbilicatum and C. baccatum var. praetermissum acquired
from the USDA/ARS Capsicum genebank in Grifn, GA. Concentrations of total capsaicinoids and associated pungency scores
among accessions ranged from 3 to 12,522 microg/g dry weight
and 46 to 194,278 Scoville heat units (SHU), respectively, with
median values of 3,165 microg/g dry weight and 47,667 SHU.
Likewise, concentrations of individual capsaicinoids ranged from
essentially none (< 2) to 8,323, 7,409, 996, 301, 293, 163, 126,
115, and 30 microg/g dry weight for capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihyrocapsaicin, coeluting homocapsaicins, N-vanillyl
decanoate, homodihydrocapsaicin II, N-vanillyl octanoate,
homodihydrocapsaicin I and norcapsaicin, respectively, with
associated median values of 1,918, 818, 151, 49, 35, 21, 7, 6,
and 5 microg/g dry weight. Capsaicin was generally the most
abundant capsaicinoid amongst accessions followed by dihyrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin. The total concentration
of essentially non-pungent capsaicinoid analogs, capsiate,
dihydrocapsiate, capsiconiate and dihydrocapsiconiate, ranged
between non-detectable and 1,315 microg/g dry weight with
a median value of 160 microg/g dry weight. Variability in the
concentrations of capsaicinoids, and the capsinoid and capsiconinoid capsaicinoid analogs was sufciently large that genetic
manipulation may enable the development of improved C. baccatum cultivars with novel avor and nutritional attributes and
the introgression of these desirable attributes into pepper (C.
annuum) breeding lines.
Kurt D. Nolte
University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ; knolte@ag.arizona.edu
Produce is perceived to be healthy and nutritious due to documented health benets derived from consumption. Moreover,
consumers also demand quality produce that has minimal risk of
food-borne pathogens. However, over the years the number of
outbreaks arising from the consumption of fresh vegetables has
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John A. Juvik
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; juvik@illinois.edu
Guoying Ma
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; guoying_ma@
ncsu.edu
Gina Fernandez*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; gina_fernandez@
ncsu.edu
David Ehret
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC; David.Ehret@agr.
gc.ca
Chaim Kempler
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC; Chaim.Kempler@
agr.gc.ca
Kevin Usher
Pacic Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC; Kevin.
Usher@agr.gc.ca
Cecil Stushnoff
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; stushnof@lamar.
colostate.edu
David G. Holm
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; David.Holm@
colostate.edu
Tatiana Zuber*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; titou420@hotmail.
com
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Erdal Ozkan
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; ozkan.2@osu.edu
Richard D. Derksen
USDAARS, Wooster, OH; rich.derksen@ars.usda.gov
Michael E. Reding
USDAARS, Wooster, OH; mike.reding@ars.usda.gov
Christopher M. Ranger
USDAARS, Wooster, OH; christopher.ranger@ars.usda.gov
Luis Canas
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; canas.4@osu.edu
Charles R. Krause
USDAARS, Wooster, OH; charles.krause@ars.usda.gov
James C. Locke
USDAARS, Toledo, OH; jim.locke@ars.usda.gov
Stanley C. Ernst
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Ernst.1@osu.edu
Randall H. Zondag
The Ohio State University, Hort. & Crop Sci., Columbus, OH;
zondag.1@osu.edu
Amy Fulcher*
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; afulcher@utk.edu
Robin Rosetta
Oregon State University, Aurora, OR; Robin.Rosetta@
oregonstate.edu
Yu Chen
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; chen.1257@osu.edu
Jiabing Gu
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; jiabinggu@live.cn
Hui Liu
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; liu.1769@osu.edu
Yue Shen
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; shen.439@osu.edu
Alfredo A. Rios
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; rios.43@osu.edu
ture and foliage density for shade trees. Both sprayers had
automatic controllers (computer program, a signal generation
and amplification unit, and pulse width modulated solenoid
valves, but different algorithms and circuit designs). The controllers manipulated nozzles to produce variable-rate spray
outputs based on tree characteristics and plant occurrence in real
time. Within the spray range, the sprayers had the capability to
adjust spray outputs to provide the quantity of spray deposition
and coverage as required by specific applications. Application
qualities were field tested against industry standard application rates using multiple plant species. Spray deposition and
coverage of the hydraulic boom sprayer were determined for
five tree species with heights ranging from 2.8 to 8.1 ft, and
were compared with 60 and 100 gpa constant-rate applications.
Air-assisted sprayer performance was tested at three different
plant phenological stages, and was compared with two conventional air-assisted spray systems at a 50 gpa application rate.
Compared to the variable-rate boom sprayer, constant-rate applications of 60 and 100 gpa generally produced excessive spray
deposition and coverage with unnecessary runoff. Conventional spray application rates estimated with the tree-row
volume method were 131, 60, 40, 36, and 28 gpa, compared
with variable rates of 38, 32, 25, 16, and 16, respectively. The
variable-rate sprayer reduced spray volume up to 86.4% and
70.8% compared to a constant 100 gpa and tree-row volume
estimated rate applications, respectively. Pest control for select
insects and diseases was not different from conventional sprayers. Air-assisted intelligent sprayer coverage and deposition
inside canopies were more stable over different growth stages
at approximately 40% coverage compared to approximately
4590% saturated coverage for the same air-assisted sprayer
(non-intelligent control) and a conventional air-assisted sprayer.
Compared to the constant application rate of 50 gpa (considered
a half-rate), the intelligent sprayer reduced the application rate
by 70%, 66%, and 52% in April, May, and June, respectively.
Laboratory and field tests demonstrated that both variable-rate
sprayers controlled spray outputs by continually matching
canopy characteristics, which reduced off-target losses, and has
potential to drastically decrease pesticide use and associated
economic inputs, increase environmental quality, and enhance
worker safety.
Arthur Allen
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
alallen@umes.edu
Eric May
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
ebmay@umes.edu
Fawzy Hashem
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
fmhashem@umes.edu
Nancy Chepketer
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD;
nchepketer@umes.edu
Peter Kleinman
USDAARS, University Park, PA; pjk9@psu.edu
Ray Bryant
USDAARS, University Park, PA; ray.bryant@ars.usda.gov
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Propagation
(149) The Effect of Cutting Type and Auxin
Treatment on Rooting of Cupressus cashmeriana
Matthew D. Taylor*
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; mtaylor@
longwoodgardens.org
Annie Raup
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; raupae@gmail.com
Sylvie Lalibert
Universit du Qubec Montral, Montral, QC; laliberte.
sylvie@uqam.ca
Sylvie Jenni*
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec J3B 3E6, QC; sylvie.
jenni@agr.gc.ca
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Stephen D. Sparrow
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK; sdsparrow@
alaska.edu
M. Sean Willison
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK; gbgardensuaf@
gmail.com
Cary A. Mitchell
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN;
cmitchel@purdue.edu
Thomas G. Beckman
USDAARS, Byron, GA; tom.beckman@ars.usda.gov
Jos X. Chaparro
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jaguey58@ufl.edu
Yuta Yokoyama
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531;
yuta.triple2@gmail.com
Satoshi Yamasaki
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531;
terrific_dribbling@hotmail.co.jp
Masataka Ono
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531;
piiichan0131@gmail.com
Takahiro Tezuka
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531; t
ezuka@plant.osakafu-u.ac.jp
Masayuki Oda
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531;
moda@plant.osakafu-u.ac.jp
Kazuhiko Mitsukuri
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531;
kmitsukuri@nara-edu.ac.jp
Satoshi Yamasaki
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531; terrific_
dribbling@hotmail.co.jp
Ryohei Hirose
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531;
ryohiro1127@msn.com
Takahiro Tezuka
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531; tezuka@
plant.osakafu-u.ac.jp
Masayuki Oda*
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai Osaka 599-8531; moda@
plant.osakafu-u.ac.jp
Organogenesis is unstable in tomato plants in vitro. Determinations of concentrations and valances in growth regulators
for explants from various plant parts and cultivars are complicated. As recently-developed complete decapitation method
(CDM), in which main and all lateral stems were cut to
S377
Huijie Zeng
Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha; run507@163.com
Jietang Zhao
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@ufl.edu
Juan Chen
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; juanchen@ufl.edu
Xiaoming Wang
Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha; wxm1964@163.com
Richard J. Henny
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; hennyrjz@ufl.edu
Jianjun Chen*
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@ufl.edu
Mohamed Shahba
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; shahbam@lamar.
colostate.edu
Harrison G. Hughes
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; hghughes@lamar.
colostate.edu
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Public Horticulture
(092) Scan, Link, and Learn: QR Codes and
Readers Can Be Useful Tools for Learning in
Arboreta and Botanic Gardens
Paul C. Siciliano*
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; siciliano@purdue.edu
able online for most devices. Once the code is read, the user is
directed to a specified web page where they can learn about an
object that has been tagged, a practice known as mobile-tagging.
In the arboretum, QR codes will direct students and visitors to
the arboretum website where information about location specific
plants will be available. Users will have immediate access to a
plants identification characteristics, landscape value, cultural
requirements, and maintenance needs. In addition, students will
be able to create their own location and time-relevant content
through access to social networks, where they can post comments on virtual walls associated with locations. They can use
such platforms to reflect on their experiences, document their
observations, and connect with other learners in specific courses
to share information as they study a particular plant. The idea of
linking specific objects to information is not new, but QR codes
combine simple and affordable creation with real-time, easy
access. As a result, QR codes could inspire extensive thinking
and innovation around the development of learning resources
connected to locations and objects in informal learning environments like botanic gardens and arboreta.
Patricia R. Drackett
The Crosby Arboretum, Mississippi State Universtiy Extension,
Picayune, MS; drackett@ext.msstate.edu
S379
Peggy McKillip
Baker Arboretum, Bowling Green, KY; peggy.mckillip@wku.edu
The Baker Arboretum is a private garden affiliated with Western Kentucky University. The garden emphasizes collections
of conifers and Asian maples among its over 1100 taxa on 15
acres. Baker Arboretum is used as a living teaching and research
laboratory. It was established in 1970 and a plant database
began in 1991. A survey of the database over the past 20 years
reveals trends in survival of over 100 conifer taxa representing over 1300 living specimens. Survival analysis of monthly
planting dates showed a distribution in which the greatest deaths
occurred in mid-summer with lesser amounts in early spring
and late fall. Yearly analysis showed that the greatest deaths
occurred during the dry, hot summers of 1994, 199899, and
2002. Utilizing the American Conifer Societys size classification
there was a direct relationship between plant size and survival.
Miniature plants (excluding groundcovers) died at 13.6% n =
128, while the greatest deaths occurred for large plants 29.6%
n = 170. Plant shape was correlated with survival, as well. Bun
or cushion-shaped plants experienced the greatest death rate,
>40% (n = 205), while vase-shaped plants experienced the
least death, 1% (n = 54). When plants were categorized as to
their water needs, the greatest death occurred for those plants
requiring the most soil moisture > 50% death (n = 145) while
those requiring dry soils died about 7% of the time (n = 915).
We believe that an examination of existing plant databases
will reveal the strengths and weaknesses of such collections as
well as unrecognized trends. These data may also reveal areas
of cultural, procedural, or climatic deficiencies and corrective
actions can be implemented and justified.
David R. Bryla
USDAARS, Corvallis, OR; brylad@onid.orst.edu
Emily Vollmer
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; vollmere@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Dan M. Sullivan
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; dan.sullivan@
oregonstate.edu
A long-term systems trial was established to evaluate management practices for organic production of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The factorial
experiment included two planting bed treatments (flat and
raised beds), source and rate of fertilizer (feather meal and
fish emulsion applied separately at a low, 2957 kgha1 N, or
high rate, 57102 kgha1 N, depending on planting age), weed
management (sawdust mulch, compost topped with sawdust
mulch, or weed mat), and cultivar (Duke and Liberty).
The planting was established in Oct. 2006 and was certified
organic in 2008. Cumulative yield, over four fruiting seasons (200811) was 18% higher on raised beds than on flat
ground. Duke plants fertilized with feather meal had greater
yield than those fertilized with fish emulsion, but yield of
Liberty was not affected by the source or rate of fertilizer applied. In both cultivars, fertilization with the high rate of fish
emulsion (57 kgha1 N, 200709; 102 kgha1 N, 201011)
increased fruit firmness and percent soluble solids, but reduced
berry weight compared to the low rate of fish emulsion or the
use of feather meal. Weed mat was the best option for weed
management, while yard debris compost plus sawdust mulch
resulted in the most weeds and the highest weed-control cost;
yield however was similar between the two treatments and higher
in two out of three years than when using sawdust mulch alone.
Plants mulched with weed mat required additional irrigation to
maintain the same soil water content as those mulched with sawdust or compost plus sawdust, especially when grown on raised
beds. Growth and yield of the best treatment combinations
have been similar to well-managed conventional production
systems.
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
John R. Clark
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M. Elena Garcia
Bernadine C. Strik*
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR; strikb@hort.oregonstate.edu
Robert Martin
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; bob.martin@ars.usda.gov
Diego Quito-Avila
Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador; quitod@
onid.orst.edu
Bindu Poudel
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; bpoudel@uark.edu
Jana Lee
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; jana.lee@ars.usda.gov
Hannah Burrack
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; hannah_burrack@ncsu.
edu
D.T. Johnson
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; dtjohnso@uark.edu
Terrence Kirkpatrick
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; tkirkpatrick@uark.edu
Inga Zasada
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; inga.zasada@ars.usda.gov
William M. Wintermantel
USDAARS, Salinas, CA; bill.wintermantel@ars.usda.gov
Sead Sabanadzovic
Mississippi State University; SSabanadzovic@entomology.
msstate.edu
Most modern cultivars of berry crops are often tolerant, asymptomatic, to single virus infection. It was thus a surprise, when
fresh market blackberries in the southeast United States showed
severe virus-like symptoms often associated with declining
plants. The disease was named Blackberry yellow vein disease
(BYVD) since the most common symptom is vein banding
whereas chlorosis, mottling, and in severe cases, decline and
plant death have also been observed. Originally and because of
the geographic distribution of the disease, it was assumed that
Tobacco ringspot virus was a major component of the problem.
Test for this and other common Rubus viruses like Raspberry
bushy dwarf and Strawberry necrotic shock failed to reveal any
association with the disease, and thus, research was initiated
to identify the causal agents of the disorder and study their
epidemiology. In the last few years and as part of the SCRI
project Management of Rubus complexes in Rubus we have
identified more than 15 viruses associated with BYVD. Most
of them are new to science whereas others are known viruses
that have been identified in blackberry for the first time. None
of the new viruses cause BYVD in single infections; the disease
develops when two or more viruses infect plants. Symptoms
are independent of the virus species infecting plants, whereas
severity appears to be directly correlated to the number of viruses infecting the plants. Vectors of the new viruses include
aphids, hoppers, whiteflies and mites, whereas some are seed
and pollen-transmitted. Mite-transmitted viruses are of major
concern as they are being discovered at an accelerated rate,
and it is very difficult to identify the vectors in the field as they
require microscopic examination. A group of pathologists,
entomologists and breeders are working closely to understand
the disease and implement measures that will its impact. Our
approach, given the great number of new viruses and vectors,
is to eliminate the vectors that are easier to control. This may
Ioannis Tzanetakis*
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; itzaneta@uark.edu
Robert Martin
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; bob.martin@ars.usda.gov
Raspberry crumbly fruit is a widespread disease most commonly caused by virus infections. In the last decade, crumbly
fruit symptoms have become more severe in Meeker red
raspberry in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States
and British Columbia (BC), Canada. The cause of crumbly fruit
in raspberry has long been attributed to Raspberry bushy dwarf
virus (RBDV), a pollen-borne virus. However, the identification
of two new viruses, Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV) and
Raspberry latent virus (RpLV), both present at high incidence
in northern Washington and BC, suggested the existence of a
new virus complex responsible for the increased severity of
the disease. A field experiment was established, consisting of
Meeker plants infected by single or mixed infections of RBDV,
RLMV, and RpLV in all combinations along with healthy plants.
During establishment in 2010, plants co-infected with RBDVRpLV-RLMV and RBDV-RLMV had a 71% and 76% reduction,
respectively, in primocane growth. Also in the first fruiting year,
plants co-infected with RBDV-RpLV-RLMV and RBDV-RpLV
had the lowest berry weights, firmness and number of drupelets.
Comparisons of virus titers across treatments revealed that the
titer of RBDV was increased approximately 400-fold in plants
co-infected with RLMV or RLMV-RpLV relative to the titer in
plants infected with RBDV alone or with RBDV and RpLV. The
significant increase in titer of RBDV in presence of RLMV in
the field was also found in greenhouse grown plants, suggesting
that environmental conditions do not have an impact on this
dramatic virus interaction. Neither RBDV nor RpLV had an
impact on titers of co-infecting viruses. Taken together, these
findings suggest that growth reduction and severe crumbly fruit
disease in Meeker are caused by a co-infection of RBDV and
RLMV or RpLV. RLMV and RpLV are transmitted by the large
raspberry aphid, Amphorophora agathonica. RLMV spreads
rapidly in northern Washington and BC with the incidence approaching 100% four years after planting. Studies are underway
to determine whether the enhanced titer of RBDV in the presence of RLMV also occurs in the pollen. If it does, then rate of
pollen transmission will be examined in plants with single or
mixed infections of these two viruses.
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William M. Wintermantel
USDAARS, Salinas, CA; bill.wintermantel@ars.usda.gov
Sead Sabanadzovic
Mississippi State University; SSabanadzovic@entomology.
msstate.edu
Ioannis Tzanetakis*
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; itzaneta@uark.edu
Danielle Lightle
Corvallis; danielle.lightle@gmail.com
Jana Lee
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; jana.lee@ars.usda.gov
Chad E. Finn
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; finnc@hort.oregonstate.edu
Inga Zasada
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; inga.zasada@ars.usda.gov
D.T. Johnson
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; dtjohnso@uark.edu
Hannah Burrack
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; hannah_burrack@ncsu.
edu
John R. Clark
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; jrclark@uark.edu
Sead Sabanadzovic
Mississippi State University; SSabanadzovic@entomology.
msstate.edu
William M. Wintermantel
USDAARS, Salinas, CA; bill.wintermantel@ars.usda.gov
Ioannis Tzanetakis*
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; itzaneta@uark.edu
Robert Martin
USDAARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; bob.martin@ars.usda.gov
M. Elena Garcia
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; megarcia@uark.edu
C. Vincent
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; civince@uark.edu
David Dickey
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; dadickey@uark.edu
Increasing production of blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson.) and the development of new worldwide markets
allows for important new opportunities in production. New
genotypes such as primocane fruiting (PF) blackberries can
extend the growing season and create benefits for both farmers
and consumers. As new cultivars, there are some important
cultural practices, including plants nutrition parameters, which
need to be researched in order to optimize yield and financial
returns. The objective of this research project was to determine
the optimum rate and time of nitrogen (N) application. This
study was conducted in 2011 at the University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville. Prime-Ark 45 blackberry plants were cultivated
under high tunnel conditions. There were four N treatments:
Trt. 1 (30 kgha1); Trt. 2 (40 kgha1); Trt. 3 (40 kgha1 - 50%
split application); and Trt. 4 (50 kgha1). Single applications
of N were completed on mid May and the split application of
50% on mid May and 50% after bloom (last week of July). Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 was utilized as source of nitrogen.
A CRB design was used with four blocks and five plants per
experimental unit. The following variables were measured: total
and marketable yield, fresh weight of plant above ground, cane
diameter; soil and foliar analysis for N content. Leaves for foliar
analysis were collected on 11 July. Total fruit yields for Trt. 2
and Trt. 3 (2.52 and 2.49 kg, respectively) were the higher and
significantly different than the other treatments. Although not
significantly different, marketable yield had a similar trend as
total fruit yield. Cane diameter and plant fresh weight were not
significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments. Although there
are not significant differences of N content in leaves among
treatments, Trt. 3 had the highest concentration of N at the end
of the season while the others showed a downward trend. No
significant differences among treatments were found for the following elements: P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Zn, and Cu while Mn
and B were significantly different. Preliminary results indicate
that either a single or split N application at rate of 40 kgha1
can result in acceptable yields.
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Stephanie Burnett
University of Maine, Orono, ME; sburnett@maine.edu
Susmitha Nambuthiri
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; ssnamb2@uky.edu
Amy Fulcher
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; afulcher@utk.edu
Robert L. Geneve
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; rgeneve@uky.edu
S383
S.J. Walker
New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM; swalker@nmsu.edu
Libby R. Rens*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; libbyrens@ufl.edu
Lincoln Zotarelli
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; lzota@ufl.edu
Marcelo Paranhos
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; marceloparan@ufl.edu
Joel Reyes-Cabrera
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jereyes@ufl.edu
Guilherme B. Buck
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; gbbuck@ufl.edu
Charles Barrett
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; soulpole@ufl.edu
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Fruit Breeding 2
(383) A Postharvest Quality Study of University
of Florida Strawberry Cultivars and Advanced
Selections
Yanina D. Perez Cayo*
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; yperez82@ufl.edu
Vance Whitaker
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; vwhitaker@ufl.edu
Strawberries are highly perishable fruits and have postharvest handling requirements including initial pre-cooling to
temperatures near 0 C and holding at 5 C thereafter to reduce decay and water loss during storage. It is important to
approximate the performance of University of Florida (UF)
strawberry advanced selections for their postharvest qualities
to determine their potential as cultivars. The objectives of
this study were to compare strawberry cultivars and advanced
breeding selections from the UF breeding program for some
postharvest attributes, evaluating the effect of storage at 4
C and 90% to 95% RH on weight retention, soluble solids
content (SSC), fruit appearance and calyx appearance across
three harvest dates in 2011. Due to availability and interest
several genotypes were evaluated: Bish, Galleta, Florida
Radiance, Strawberry Festival, Winterstar, and selections
UF2, UF3, UF4, and UF5. Five marketable fruit were packed
into each of four replicate clamshells per genotype. The weight
(g) and SSC (%) were recorded on the day of harvest and on
the 8th day after harvest. Appearance evaluations were done the
day of harvest and again on the 4th and 8th days after harvest
by three separate panelists using a non-structured 10 cm scale
where overall appearance was anchored from 0 = old, dull to
10 = fresh, glossy and calyx appearance was anchored from
0=wilted, brown to 10=turgid, green. Storage at 4 C for 8 days
differentially affected the fruit quality of strawberry cultivars
and advanced breeding selections from the UF breeding program. Strawberry Festival and Winterstar had the highest
weight retention of 95% and 94%, respectively. Galleta and
Strawberry Festival obtained the highest increase in SSC by
27% and 25%, respectively. UF5, Bish, Florida Radiance
and Winterstar had increased SSC of 3% to 8% after 8 days.
UF4, Strawberry Festival and UF3 obtained the highest overall
fruit appearance ratings after 8 days of storage. Strawberry
Festival, Winterstar, and UF3 were graded by the panelists
as having calyxes that were more turgid and green compared to
Bish, Florida Radiance, and UF2. The study indicated that
multiple advanced selections have quality after storage that is
comparable to commercial standards.
S385
Jude W. Grosser
University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL; jgrosser@ufl.edu
Jiang Lu
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; jiang.lu@famu.edu
Barbara J. Smith
USDA, Poparville, MS; barbara.smith@ars.usda.gov
Zhongbo Ren
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; zxren@hotmail.com
Fitz Bradley
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; fitz.bradley@famu.edu
Thomas G. Beckman
USDAARS, Byron, GA; tom.beckman@ars.usda.gov
Jos X. Chaparro
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jaguey58@u.edu
David Gibeaut
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; david.gibeaut@
oregonstate.edu
Ryan Contreras
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; ryan.contreras@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Matthew D. Whiting
Washington State University, Prosser, WA; mdwhiting@wsu.edu
Katherine Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, WA; kate_
evans@wsu.edu
Cheryl Hampson
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC; Cheryl.
Hampson@AGR.GC.CA
Michael E. Wisniewski
USDAARS, Kearneysville, WV; michael.wisniewski@ars.usda.
gov
S387
Nursery Crops
Wagner A. Vendrame
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; vendrame@u.edu
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Amy Fulcher*
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; afulcher@utk.edu
Michael Bauer
University of Idaho Extension, Bonner County, Sandpoint, ID;
mbauer@uidaho.edu
Jennifer Jensen
University of Idaho Extension, Boundary County, Bonners Ferry,
ID; jenjensen@uidaho.edu
Robert L. Geneve
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; rgeneve@uky.edu
R. Thomas Fernandez
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; fernan15@msu.edu
Guihong Bi
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; gb250@
msstate.edu
Genhua Niu
Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX; gniu@ag.tamu.edu
Amy Fulcher
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; afulcher@utk.edu
Nicholas A. Pershey
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; persheyn@msu.edu
Xueni Wang
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; wangxuen@msu.
edu
S389
William R. Graves*
Iowa State University, Ames, IA; graves@iastate.edu
R. Thomas Fernandez
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; fernan15@msu.edu
Bert Cregg
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; cregg@msu.edu
Mathieu Ngouajio
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ngouajio@msu.edu
Rafael Auras
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; aurasraf@anr.msu.
edu
Joseph P. Albano
USDAARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce,
FL; joseph.albano@ars.usda.gov
Kristoffer Barker
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; kobi.kris@gmail.com
Jonathan M. Lehrer
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; lehrerjm@farmingdale.edu
Jessica D. Lubell
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; jessica.lubell@uconn.edu
Jessica D. Lubell
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; jessica.lubell@uconn.edu
S391
Jonathan M. Lehrer
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; lehrerjm@farmingdale.edu
Mark H. Brand
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; mark.brand@uconn.edu
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) is a popular ornamental shrub appreciated for its hardiness and ornamental
attributes. Currently over 60 cultivars of barberry are sold
across the United States and Canada. These cultivars are identified using their botanical descriptions such as leaf color and
plant habit. Since plants are sold when young, differentiating
between cultivars with closely similar traits can be difficult
and mislabeling can occur. In addition, the nursery industry
has long suspected the widespread presence of subclones, or
variants, in some cultivars such as Crimson Pygmy. DNA
fingerprinting is a reliable technique that can be used for bar-
Cheryl R. Boyer
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; crboyer@ksu.edu
Jason J. Griffin
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; jgriffin@ksu.edu
Maureen E. Thiessen*
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; mthies1@tigers.
lsu.edu
Edward W. Bush
Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; ebush@
agctr.lsu.edu
Jeffrey S. Beasley
Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA;
jbeasley@lsu.edu
Daniel E. Wells
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; dwell11@tigers.
lsu.edu
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Marietta Loehrlein*
Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois; mm-loehrlein@
wiu.edu
Sustainable landscape practices address issues of water management, air quality, resource use, wildlife habitat and human
well-being. Some widely used practices include water conservation in the landscape known as xeriscaping, on-site storm water
management using rain gardens and green roofs, water harvesting
through various systems designed for the landscape, use of trees
for energy conservation in buildings, restoration of native plant
communities, and creation of wildlife habitat on golf courses
and residential properties. Sustainable landscape practices were
implemented on this residential property in western Illinois beginning in 2004. Prior to that, the property landscaping included
mostly turf as a groundcover, some yews as foundation plants
two shade trees and some weedy growth along a creek that runs
through the property. The property has a 112-ft-long curved
slope that was covered with turf. The creek that runs through
the property originates from farm field run-off and feeds into
the Lamoine River, which run into the Illinois River and then
the Mississippi River. The primary practices implemented on
the property were removal of turf and replacement with native
plants, creating plant communities, and increasing diversity of
the riparian plant community. To estimate management costs,
maintenance activities were recorded on an annual basis. Labor,
equipment, and material costs were summed for all activities
over the course of a year. In the process of implementing the
sustainable practices a total of 16,804 square feet of turf was
removed. It was mainly replaced with plants and mulch, although
two sets of steps were installed on either end of the slope. Labor
required for mowing was reduced by 13 hours over the period of
one season. As weed control in turf decreased over the course of
the season, it increased in shrub and flower beds. Pest problems
were minimal before and after implementation of the changes.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Ecoplace
The term sustainable landscaping has come into increasing usage in recent years. Regional differences in the definition and
S393
Susan Day
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; sdd@vt.edu
J. Roger Harris*
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; rharris@vt.edu
Yong Ha Rhie*
Seoul National University, Seoul; mrbig99@hanmail.net
Ki Sun Kim
Seoul National University, Seoul; kisun@snu.ac.kr
Jason J. Griffin
Kansas State University, Haysville, KS; jgriffin@ksu.edu
Raymond A. Cloyd
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; rcloyd@ksu.edu
For the past 30 years, North and South Americas, Europe, and
Asia have experienced an increased loss of landscape and forest
pines due to pine wilt disease. Pine wilt is a fatal disease caused
by the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and its
vector, the pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus spp.). The objective
of this study was to determine if southern pine sawyer beetle
(Monochamus titillator; SPSB) feeding preference could partially
explain tree species susceptibility to pine wilt and provide nonpreferred pine species alternatives for the landscape. Choice and
no-choice feeding preferences of SPSB were evaluated using
four species of pine as a preliminary investigation to determine
the potential of pine wilt tolerant/resistant pine species. In May
and June 2011, one newly emerged beetle (less than 24 hours old)
was placed into each 90 L feeding arena containing one shoot
of current season growth for four pine species (Pinus sylvestris,
Scots; P. ponderosa, ponderosa; P. strobiformis, southwestern
white; and P. taeda, loblolly) for the choice study and only one
shoot southwestern white pine for the no-choice study. Shoot
samples were fed on for 48 hours and assessed for feeding site
area and feeding area percent [(feeding site area total shoot
surface area) 100] using a leaf area scanner system (WinFolia, Regent Instruments Inc., Ottawa, Ontario). Choice feeding
area and percent feeding data revealed that Scots, ponderosa,
and loblolly pines were preferred feeding hosts for SPSB while
southwestern white pine was not preferred. However, no-choice
feeding area and percent feeding data did measure feeding on
southwestern white pine. No-choice feeding indicated that while
southwestern white pine was not a preferred feeding host for
SPSB in choice feeding tests and when faced to starve or subsist
by feeding on a non-preferred species, non-preferential feeding
may occur and potentially spread pine wilt. The preliminary
results from both the choice and no-choice studies will be used
for further evaluations determining pinewood nematode susceptibility of evaluated pines to pine wilt. Further investigations
to assess pine sawyer beetle feeding preferences and pinewood
nematode pathogenicity may result in identifying pine wilt
Robert A. Blanchette
University of Minnesota; robertb@umn.edu
Stan C. Hokanson
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; hokan017@umn.edu
Golden Canker is a common disease that frequently attacks pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia L.) causing branch dieback,
diffuse cankers, and occasionally stem mortality. The causal
agent, Cryptodiaporthe corni (Wehm.) Petrak, is commonly
found throughout much of the northcentral and eastern United
States. An evaluation of 40 asymptomatic stems of pagoda dogwood from five natural stands and managed landscapes across
Minnesota was completed. Surface sterilization was used to
eliminate contamination of microorganisms on the stem surfaces.
Results indicate that the fungus lives as an endophyte before
becoming pathogenic. When all sites were combined, the fungus
was found in 62.5% of the asymptomatic stems studied. A positive
correlation between stem diameter and presence of the fungus
was found. Discovery of a high percentage of asymptomatic
stems, which were infected in the managed landscape (44%),
suggests controlling the disease will be difficult. Furthermore,
these results suggest that removal of infected tissue may simply
reduce the visual impact of the disease without impacting the
future disease incidence of the pathogen on the infected plant.
Factors inciting a change in the fungus from a latent to active
form of infection need to be investigated.
Pamela B. Trewatha
Missouri State University, Springfield, MO; pbtrewatha@
missouristate.edu
S395
Benjamin Anderson*
University of Florida, Quincy, FL; anders16@ufl.edu
Gary W. Knox
University of Florida, Quincy, FL; gwknox@ufl.edu
Ann R. Blount
University of Florida, Quincy, FL; paspalum@ufl.edu
Cheryl L. Mackowiak
University of Florida, Quincy, FL; echo13@ufl.edu
Raul I. Cabrera*
Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System, Uvalde, TX;
r-cabrera@tamu.edu
Andrew R. King
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; aking@tamu.edu
Sean T. Carver
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; scarver@neo.tamu.
edu
Tim Allison
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; tima@ext.
msstate.edu
Brian Utley
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; brianu@ext.
msstate.edu
Amy Taylor
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; amyt@ext.
msstate.edu
Bonnie Coblenz
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; bonniec@ext.
msstate.edu
Linda Breazeale
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; lindab@ext.
msstate.edu
Keri Lewis
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS; klewis@ext.
msstate.edu
One of the most visible outreach efforts produced by the Mississippi State University Extension Service is the Southern
Gardening program. Though television, radio and newspaper
columns, Southern Gardening has been providing garden and
landscape information to Mississippians for 27 years. The goal of
Southern Gardening is to introduce new plants, educate gardeners
about plant uses and celebrate the fun of gardening. Seeing new
plants or learning how other home gardeners use plants in the
landscape is of interest to the home gardener. The newspaper
column and radio program were first produced in 1985, followed
by the television program in 1996. All have been produced 52
weeks a year since 1996. In the beginning the newspaper column
was called In Mississippi Gardens and the radio program
was called Gardening Mississippi Style. Both featured topics
of vegetable gardening and landscape horticulture interest. In
1996 with the addition of the television program the name was
changed to Southern Gardening for all three products. The
Southern Gardening products are distributed to appropriate outlets across Mississippi. The potential consumption of Southern
Gardening makes this effort one of the most visible outreach
efforts for Mississippi State University Extension Service. Twelve
television and cable outlets air the 2-minute Southern Gardening
television segments as a regular weekly feature with an audience
of up 500,000 viewers. Southern Gardening is also a weekly
feature of the Farmweek television program on Mississippi
Public Broadcasting and satellite nationwide on RFD-TV. The
newspaper column is a regular weekly feature in as many as two
dozen newspapers. It is also published on an intermittent basis
in many others. The total weekly readership is more than two
million. The daily 2-minute Southern Gardening radio programs
are a regular feature on 11 stations across the state.
Dawn VanLeeuwen
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; vanleeuw@
nmsu.edu
Green roofs are a popular technology used to address the environmental challenges of society, but their use in arid climates is
claimed unsupportable due to the lack of precipitation charac-
S397
Grand Ballroom
Zhijian Li
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; zjli@u.edu
Richard J. Henny
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; hennyrjz@u.edu
Dennis J. Gray
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; djg@u.edu
Jiahua Xie
North Carolina Central University, Drham, NC; jxie@nccu.edu
Jianjun Chen*
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@u.edu
Schuyler S. Korban*
University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL;
korban@illinois.edu
Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) is a valuable crop in United States and Florida. Molecular-genetic and
genomic studies in the cultivated strawberry are complicated by
its octoploid genome. An alternative is to investigate strawberry
biology using diploid strawberry (e.g., Fragaria vesca), which
shares a common ancestor with the cultivated strawberry. Diploid strawberry is fully sequenced, grows quickly from seed to
seed, and has a simple and remarkably small genome. We have
developed protocols for the Yellow Wonder F. vesca genotype
5AF7 (YW5AF7) which is a seven- generation inbred diploid
strawberry that has been well phenotyped. The optimization of
in vitro growth for seedlings and regeneration from leaf disks
has been performed. It was determined that MS media with B5
vitamins and 1% sucrose supported healthy in vitro plant growth.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested to obtain robust, high
regeneration efficiency. A combination of 1.5 M IBA with 15
M BA gave the highest percentage of shoots, (about 70% of
explants) and 5 shoots per explant within the same period. These
concentrations of plant growth regulators were selected after a
comprehensive test with three different types of cytokinins and
auxins over a range of concentrations. We have also identified
light conditions that best support adventitious shoot formation,
increasing the efficiency of the system. Transformation protocols
have been optimized, testing the effect of dark pre-incubation
periods. Validamycin A is also being tested in selection media to
obtain more rapid and reliable generation of transgenic plants.
The optimization of transformation efficiency makes the diploid
strawberry a useful tool for functional genomics.
Yuepeng Han
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan; yphan@wbgcas.cn
Schuyler S. Korban*
University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL;
korban@illinois.edu
Coloration of apple fruit is attributed to accumulation of anthocyanins, a class of plant flavonoid metabolites. Flavonoids are
ubiquitous in plants, and play important roles throughout plant
growth and development, and contributing to pigmentation of
flowers and fruits. MYB transcription factors (TFs) are highly
abundant in plants, and play important roles in regulation of
several pathways such as cellular morphogenesis, cell cycles,
and secondary metabolism. Previous efforts on characterization
of structural and regulatory genes involved in fruit coloration in
apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) have elucidated roles of some
genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that contribute
to accumulation of anthocyanin in skin of apple fruit. Moreover,
three transcription factors, MdMYB10, MdMYB1, and MdMYBA
have been isolated and characterized in apple, although these
are likely to be allelic. In this study, a novel apple MYB TF,
designated as MdMYB3, has been isolated, characterized, and
mapped to an apple linkage group. Transcripts of MdMYB3
transcript have been detected in all various tissues in apple,
including leaves, flowers, and fruits. Moreover, transcripts of
this transcription factor have been compared in red- versus
yellow-colored fruit. Functional analysis of MdMYB3 gene in
tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) revealed interesting variations
in flower color pigmentation as well as other morphological
characteristics. The regulatory role of this transcription factor
has been further elucidated in these studies.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This project was supported by
funds from USDANIFASCRI grant AG 2009-51181-06023
and the University of Illinois Office of Research Project no.
65-325.
Laura I. Gonzalez
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; li.gonzalez@ufl.edu
Kaylie Smith
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; kayliesmith11@hotmail.com
Kevin M. Folta
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; kfolta@ufl.edu
Judith M. Dumm
USDAARS, Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables
Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; judith.dumm@ars.usda.gov
Eggplant, Solanum melongena, fruit color is an important determinant of fresh product quality. Marketable fruit color varies
from white to green through varying shades of violet to black.
S399
Patricia Soria
CREC, Univesity of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL;
patricia.s.soria@gmail.com
Pedro Valadez-Ramrez
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; pvaladez84@yahoo.
com.mx
Gilberto Manzo-Snchez
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; gilberto_manzo@
yahoo.com
Marco-Tulio Buenrostro-Nava
Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima; marcobn@me.com
Wagner Vendrame
University of Florida, Homestead, FL; vendrame@u.edu
Barbara D Ambruzs
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; Barbara.Ambruzs@ars.
usda.gov
Gregory E. Holman
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; Gregory.Holman@ars.
usda.gov
Gayle M. Volk
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; Gayle.Volk@ars.usda.
gov
David Ellis
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; David.Ellis@ars.usda.
gov
Mark P. Widrlechner
Ames, IA; mark.widrlechner@ars.usda.gov
Jeffrey Carstens
USDAARS, Ames, IA; Jeffrey.Carstens@ars.usda.gov
Alfredo Alves
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; Alfredo.Alves@ars.
usda.gov
S401
Jenna Schnibbe
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; jenna.schnibbe@yahoo.
com
David Ellis
USDAARS, NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO; David.Ellis@ars.usda.gov
Guochen Yang*
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,
Greensboro, NC; yangg@ncat.edu
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Plasticulture
(099) High Tunnel Strawberries: Potential New
Crop for Small Acreage Growers in West Texas
Russell W. Wallace*
Texas AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Lubbock, TX;
rwwallace@ag.tamu.edu
Thomas Walters
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; twwalters@
wsu.edu
Carol A. Miles
WSU Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.edu
Annette L. Wszelaki
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; annettew@utk.edu
Debra A. Inglis
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.
edu
Adverse weather, particularly high winds and hail have prohibited strawberry production on the Texas High Plains. However,
consumer interest in fresh, locally available produce, and the
potential for higher grower profits have revived interest in
growing them in the region. High tunnels have been utilized
in other regions for season extension and climate modification,
and increased production of highly sensitive crops like strawberries. Five strawberry varieties were evaluated under high tunnel
culture versus the open field at the Texas AgriLife R&E Center
in Lubbock, TX, for yield and quality as part of a three-state
experiment with funding provided by NIFASCRI, SREP.
Plugs of Strawberry Festival, Chandler, San Andreas, LCN
and Albion, plus bare root Albion plants were transplanted
during Oct. 2010. The beds, previously laid with drip tape and
black plastic, were arranged in two staggered rows at 30 cm
apart. Ripe berries were first harvested on 21 Feb. and 5 Apr.
in high tunnels and open field plots, respectively, and harvests
terminated in mid-June. Marketable yields in high tunnels were
7.5 times greater (avg. 332 g/plant) and significantly higher
J. Moore-Kucera
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; Jennifer.moore-kucera@ttu.
edu
Carol Miles
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
Debra Inglis
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.
edu
R. Wallace
Texas A&M University, Lubbock, TX; rwwallace@ag.tamu.edu
A. Wszelaki
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; annettew@utk.edu
J. Martin
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; jmarti90@utk.edu
C. Miles
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; milesc@wsu.
edu
D.A. Inglis
Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA; dainglis@wsu.
edu
Consumers desire organically produced strawberries, but concerns about disease and pest management prevent many berry
growers from adopting organic practices. One common strawberry disease is Botrytis gray mold, which reduces marketable
yields and decreases the shelf life of harvested fruit. Strawberry
plants are also susceptible to Verticillium wilt, which reduces
yields by causing plant collapse. Plug plants of cultivars Albion, Strawberry Festival, LCN and Chandler, and bare
root plants of Albion and San Andreas were evaluated in
high tunnel and open field locations in western Washington. The
experiment was a split plot, with locations as main plots, and
cultivars/plant types as subplots. The losses due to Botrytis in
the tunnels were approximately 20% less than those in the open
field (1.1% and 5.4%, respectively; P = 0.0042). The effect of
cultivar/plant type on Botrytis incidence was highly significant
(P < 0.0001): Strawberry Festival and Chandler had less
Botrytis than Albion, San Andreas and LCN. Plants grown
under high tunnels had numerically, but not significantly, greater
Verticillium incidence and area under the disease progress curve
(AUDPC) values compared with those grown in the open field.
S403
L. Brandenberger
lynn.brandenberger@okstate.edu
B. Kahn
brian.kahn@okstate.edu
W. Roberts
warren.roberts@okstate.edu
M. Taylor
merritt.j.taylor@okstate.edu
Steven D. Upson
Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK; sdupson@noble.org
C. Rhola
Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK; ctrhola@noble.org
J. Laughlin
Oklahoma State University, julia.laughlin@okstate.edu
Studies was conducted over 2010 to 2012 assess the productivity of different cool season leafy green crops under high tunnel
culture at 4 locations across the central and eastern region of
Oklahoma. The objective was to determine the feasibility of
small scale commercial production during fall, winter and
spring. The four locations were Ardmore, Lane, Oklahoma City
and Tulsa. Each site used high tunnels covered by a single layer
of clear polyethylene film. Nine different cool season greens
were included: spinach, Swiss chard, romaine lettuce, collard,
kale, mustard, spinach mustard (mild type mustard), turnip and
broccoli raab (201011) or leaf lettuce (201112). Raised soil
beds were utilized at three sites and planting was on-grade at
the 4th location. Soils at all sites were prepared for planting by
soil testing to determine the levels of nitrogen, potassium, and
phosphorus and soil pH. Fertility levels were targeted at 120
lbs. of nitrogen and 150 lbs. per acre for each of phosphorus
and potassium. Plots were direct seeded in late September
Amanda Brown
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; brown@umext.
umass.edu
Clifton A. Martin
Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center, Wooster, OH;
martin.2422@osu.edu
Ruth Hazzard
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; rhazzard@umext.
umass.edu
Andrew Cavanagh
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; acavanagh@psis.
umass.edu
Grand Ballroom
Postharvest 4
(033) Samples of Intact Aa (Euterpe
oleracea Mart.) Fruit Belonging to Different
Batches Affect Model Performance for Total
Anthocyanin Content Prediction using Nearinfrared Spectroscopy (NIR)
Gustavo Henrique de Almeida Teixeira*
Universidade de So Paulo, Faculdade de Cincias Farmacuticas
de Ribeiro Preto, Ribeiro Preto; gustavo@fcfrp.usp.br
Aa (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) fruit has a dark-purple skin colour due to the presence of anthocyanins which have excellent
functional properties, high antioxidant capacity. The standard
methods to quantify anthocyanin are destructive, time consuming,
generate chemical residues and sometimes require specialized
procedures. Therefore non-invasive and/or nondestructive techniques have been used to determine quality parameter of fruits and
vegetables e.g. the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Although
the apparent simplicity of NIRS the use of fruit samples from
different batches is probably the most important factor that may
affect model performance, as the fruit matrix may be subjected
to within-tree, within-orchard, fruit age and seasonal variability.
This study describes the model performance of total anthocyanin
content prediction of intact aa fruit (E. oleracea Mart.) using
NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy based on different validation procedures. The models we have developed were obtained
from aa fruits samples collected during 201011 at 3 harvest
S405
Samuel Salazar-Garcia
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; samuelsalazar@prodigy.net.
mx
Ricardo Goenaga
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR; ricardo.goenaga@ars.usda.gov
Site specific fertilization (SSF) defines the type and rate of fertilizer needed for individual orchards. This study presents preliminary results (201011) of a medium term project to quantify the
effects of SSF on yield, fruit size, quality, and shelf-life of Kent
mango. Two orchards are used for the study and are located in
Acaponeta (irrigated) and San Blas (rain fed) counties, Nayarit,
Mexico, respectively. Planting distance in both orchards is 10
10 m, about 100 trees/ha. At each orchard, three fertilization
treatments were evaluated: 1) Normal rate, which considers the
demand of the tree to produce 20 tons/ha; 2) High rate (normal
rate + 50 %); 3) Control (no fertilization). The elements supplied
in the fertilizer mixture were N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and
B. They were applied in July and Sept. 2010. A factorial design
with 20 tree-replications per treatment was used. At full bloom
20 panicles per tree were tagged. Fruit were harvested when
they reached 1,800 thermal units (Base temperature = 10 C).
At harvest, yield (kg/tree), fruit size (length, diameter, weight,
and caliber), and initial quality (external appearance, skin color,
pulp firmness, pulp color, and total soluble solids content) were
recorded. Another set of fruit was stored at market simulation
conditions (22 2 C; 75 10% RH) until reaching the consumption ripeness stage. Shelf-life was evaluated periodically
and quality was assessed again at consumption time. Significant
differences were found for fertilizer treatments, especially for
yield and fruit size. The normal dose resulted in bigger fruit
when compared to high and control treatments. For initial quality, significant differences were detected for pulp firmness and
total soluble solids content, while at consumption differences
were detected for pulp color and total soluble solids content,
all of them in favor of the normal dose. Fertilization treatments
did not affect shelf-life.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: INIFAP, CONACYTFORDECYT, GOBIERNO DEL ESTADO DE NAYARITSEDER
Jorge A. Osuna-Garcia*
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; osuna.jorgealberto@inifap.
gob.mx
Clment Vigneault
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec J3B 3E6, QC;
clement.vigneault@agr.gc.ca
Ricardo Goenaga
USDAARS, Mayaguez, PR; ricardo.goenaga@ars.usda.gov
Samuel Salazar-Garcia
INIFAP, Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit; samuelsalazar@prodigy.net.
mx
Penelope Perkins-Veazie
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC; penelope_
perkins@ncsu.edu
Gina Fernandez
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; gina_fernandez@
ncsu.edu
Edmundo Mercado-Silva*
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Quertaro; mercasilva20@
yahoo.com.mx
Ma Esthela Vzquez-Barrios
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Quertaro;
tita_evb@yahoo.com
Sergio Romero-Gmez
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Quertaro; ser69rom@
gmail.com
Sandra Olimpia-Mendoza
Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro, Quertaro; smendoza@uaq.
mx
The hot water treatment (46.1 C for 75110 min.) is a mandatory process to export mango fruit from Mexico to the United
States and others countries in order to prevent the spread of
Mexican fruit y (Anastrepha ludens), but this process affects
the fruit sensory quality. Radiation with gamma rays into
0.15 to 1.0 kGy range is a safety alternative to this treatment
which is approved by FDA and APHIS ofces. Previous data
indicated that mango cv Ataulfo irradiated at doses 0.84
kGy developed spongy tissue and internal color changes but
its origin is unknown. The aim of this work was to determine
changes in the microstructure, weight loss (WL), total soluble
solids (TSS), total starch (TS), total sugars (TSU), and and
activity-amylase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and
polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in mango cv. Ataulfo from Oaxaca,
Mexico, in maturity stage irradiated at 0, 0.6, and 1.0 kGy,
stored for 19 days at 10 C, 20 C, and transferred from 10 C
to 20 C. Spongy tissue development was observed at 0.6
kGy dose, indicating higher susceptibility respect of previous
reports. At 10 C, the variables values were statistically lower
than 20 C except and activity-amylases. At 1 kGy and 10
C, the TSS and TSU values were lower (9.2 Brix and 8.43
mg/100 g) in fruits with spongy tissue respect to control fruit
(13.2 Brix and 22.08 mg/100 g, respectively); the -amylase
activity was higher for the same temperature and irradiation dose
(12.53 mg maltose/mg protein min) than control fruits (10.57
mg maltose/mg protein min). TS content gradually decreased
(10% to 1.6%) while TSU increased over the time. Fruits at 20
C and 1.0 kGy, showed maximum and -amylase activities
and spongy tissue development in comparison to control fruit
(36.89 and 20.60 mg maltose/mg protein min, respectively). The
activities of PPO and PAL did not explain the color changes.
The behavior of amylases activities did not explain completely
the spongy tissue development and although there were micro
S407
Grand Ballroom
Rebecca L. Darnell
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; rld@u.edu
James W. Olmstead
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jwolmstead@u.edu
Bhavana Viswanathan
bhavanavis@googlemail.com
W. Todd Watson
dendrodoc@earthlink.net
Grand Ballroom
Jeanine M. Davis
North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC; jeanine_davis@
ncsu.edu
Mark W. Farnham
USDAARS, Charleston, SC; mark.farnham@ars.usda.gov
Miguel Gomz
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; mig7@cornell.edu
Phillip Griffiths
Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY; pdg8@cornell.edu
Mark Hutton
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; mark.hutton@maine.edu
Dean A. Kopsell
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; dkopsell@
utk.edu
James R. Myers
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; myersja@hort.
oregonstate.edu
Carl E. Sams
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; carlsams@utk.edu
Justin Smith
Bejo Seeds USA, Yuma, AZ; J.Smith@bejoseeds.com
Alfredo B. Lorenzo*
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; alfredo.lorenzo@famu.
edu
Bravo Brown
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; bravo1.brown@famu.
edu
Effective Microorganisms (EM) is a microbial inoculant designed to improve soil condition and to increase production
while reducing the use of chemicals and other synthetic compounds. A field study was conducted to comparatively examine
the effects of EM and traditional nutrient sources on fresh leaf
yield of collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala ) and
postharvest soil chemistry. The study, a 4 4 RCBD was conducted on the Research and Extension Center Farm of Florida
A&M University, Quincy, FL, during Fall 2011. The treatments
were 202 kg/ha of N as ammonium-nitrate fertilizer, mushroom
compost, EM at 0.1% per hectare, and control. Seedlings were
planted on raised beds covered with black plastic, and drip irrigated. The crops were harvested approximately 12 weeks after
planting. Data collected includes plant height, plant weight, leaf
length, leaf width, root length, and root weight. The fresh yield
in kilograms per hectare was derived using aboveground plant
weight. Approximately 2 weeks after harvesting, soil cores were
removed at 015.24 cm and 15.2430.5 cm and were processed
and subjected to physical and chemical analyses. All data were
statistically analyzed using SAS 9.3. Results showed fresh leaf
yield was significantly higher in plots treated with ammoniumnitrate fertilizer and mushroom compost than those treated with
EM and control. Preliminary analysis of soil chemistry showed
no significant differences among the treatments in concentrations of P, NO3, TKN; pH, OM, and CEC. This study will be
continued to establish more accurate information.
Mark Hutton*
University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; mark.hutton@maine.edu
S409
Mio Nakamura
Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571; agrisys@isc.meiji.ac.jp
Takashi Ikeda
Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571; agrisys@isc.meiji.ac.jp
no significant difference. We found that root growth was influenced by a scion, but the root permeability was not. These
results indicate that the root permeability of rootstock was not
influenced by scion, but the root area was. Because the total
amount of absorbed solute might be different, the fresh weight of
the aerial parts was different at S/m and the other grafted plants.
Rebecca N. Brown
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; brownreb@uri.edu
Rebecca Sideman
Kent D. Kobayashi*
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; kentko@hawaii.edu
Michelle K. Lazaro
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; mlazaro@hawaii.edu
Nicholas Warren*
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH; ndf5@unh.edu
* * *
S411
A
Abbas, Tahira .............................................................................S193
Abney, Kristin ....................................................................S93, S405
Abrams, Suzanne R....................................................................S154
Achenbach, Jef ...........................................................................S156
Achor, Diann ................................................................................ 284
Adams, Azure.............................................................................S352
Adams, Carrie Reinhardt ............................................................. 256
Adams, Stacy .............................................................................S326
Adegbidi, Anselme.......................................................................S96
Adkins, Craig ................................................................... S111, S112
Afton, William ............................................................................. 293
Afzal, Muhammad .....................................................................S193
Agehara, Shinsuke ...........................................................S173, S311
Agnew, Ben ................................................................................S206
Agunga, Robert ..........................................................................S146
Ahmad, Amjad ..................................................................S150,S151
Ahmad, Iftikhar ..........................................................................S183
Ahmed, Waqar ...........................................................................S223
Ahmed, Zienab F.R. ...................................................................S166
Ahouangassi, Damien ..................................................................S96
Ajwa, Husein..............................................................................S318
Albrecht, Elena ..........................................................................S371
Albano, Joseph P. ............................................ S73, S74, S337, S390
Albrigo, Leo Gene .............................................................S189, 284
Albrecht, Ute ..............................................................................S100
Alem, Peter ................................................................................S209
Allen, Arthur ..............................................................................S374
Alligood, Michael R...................................................................S357
Allison, Tim ...............................................................................S397
Almeida, Domingos ...................................................................S116
Almenar, Eva ...................................................................S116, S167
Alston, Diane .............................................................................S180
Altland, J.E................................................................................... 258
Altland, James ..............................................................................S99
Alva, Ashok................................................................................S137
lvarez-Lpez, Sergio O. ............................................................ 286
Alves, Alfredo ..................................................................S363, S401
Alves, Ricardo E. ................................................... S153,S216, S371
Ambruzs, Barbara D ..................................................................S401
Ampatzidis, Yiannis G. .......................................... S181,S182, S302
Andersen, Peter C. ....................................................................... 278
Anderson, Benjamin ..................................................................S396
Anderson, Natalie ......................................................................S198
Anderson, Neil O. ................................................... S129,S196,S198
Anderson, Vicky.................................................... S151, S229, S340
Anwar, Raheel ............................................................................S223
Anotnious, George .....................................................................S334
Apostolides, Z. ...........................................................................S228
Arago, Fernando Antonio S. de ................................................S216
Arancibia, Ramon A............................ S107, S191, 292, S309, S323
B
Babadoost, Mohammad .............................................................S140
Bachman, Gary R. ......................................... S94, S225, S285, S397
Baek, Hyung-Jin ..............................................................S292, S362
Bai, Jinhe............................................................... S167, S168, S264
Bailey, Daniel R. ........................................................................S204
Balal, Rashad M. ...............................................................S193,S195
Baldo, Angela.............................................................................S110
Baldwin, Elizabeth ...........................................................S168, S264
Ballington, James .................................................. S123, S145, S315
Ban, Smiljana G. ........................................................................S324
Bang, Mi-Ae ..............................................................................S295
Baras, Tyler ................................................................................S364
Barickman, T. Casey ..................................................................S310
Barker, Allen V. ..................................................... S139, S150, S259
Barker, Kristoffer .......................................................................S391
Barkow, Jacob ............................................................................S302
Barnes, Jared ..............................................................................S242
Barney, Danny L. .......................................................................S389
Barnett, LoriAnne ......................................................................S227
Barrett, Charles ................................................................S172, S385
Barry, Cornelius .........................................................................S366
Barthe, Gary ...............................................................................S238
Bassett, Carole L. .................................................. S110, S212, S287
Bassil, Nahla ...................... S86, S87, S94, S144, S145, S146, S361
Bastas, Kubilay Kurtulus ........................................ S142,S184,S192
Bastien-Gilbert, Anna ................................................................S304
Bateman, Karen..................................................... S260, S294, S318
Bates, Gary E. ............................................................................S346
Bates, Marlin ..............................................................................S268
Bauer, Michael ...........................................................................S389
S413
C
Cabrera, Raul I. ..................................................... S370, S384, S396
Cahn, Michael ............................................................................S159
Cai, Bin ......................................................................................S241
Cai, Xiaoya ........................................................................................
Callahan, Ann M. .......................................................................S239
Calovic, Milica...........................................................................S386
Calsoyas, Israel ..........................................................................S384
Camberdella, Cynthia ..................................................................S78
Campbell, Ben............................................................................S224
Campbell-Palmer, Leslie ....................................... S169, S264, S354
Campbell, Richard J. ............................................. S102, S280, S359
Canas, Luis.................................................................................S374
Cantliffe, Daniel J. .....................................................................S139
Canto-Canch, Blondy ...............................................................S332
Cantwell, Marita I. .....................................................................S165
Cao, Con Mei .............................................................................S325
Cao, Muming .............................................................................S276
Cao, Rong ..........................................................................................
S264
Cao, Xiongjun ............................................................................S276
Capik, John M. ...........................................................................S153
Caravetta, G. John ......................................................................S282
Carleo, Jenny.....................................................................S133,S174
Carmichael, Janice .....................................................................S205
Carmichael, Travis R. ................................................................S392
Carpenter, Brandon ....................................................................S170
Carrillo-Mendoza, Omar ............................................................S244
Carson, Luther C. .............................................................S320, S356
Carstens, Jeffrey .........................................................................S401
Carver, Sean ...............................................................................S310
Carver, Sean T. ...........................................................................S396
Castano, Jose ..............................................................................S364
Castle, Bill..................................................................................S238
Castro, Sarah ..............................................................................S239
Cavanagh, Andrew .....................................................................S404
Cavins, Todd ..............................................................................S319
Caylor, Arnold W. ......................................................................S277
Cayo, Yanina D. Perez ...............................................................S385
Cerven, Vasile ..................................................................S134, S347
Cerveny, Christopher .................................................................S365
Cetin, Serife ...............................................................................S142
Culumber, Mae...........................................................................S180
D
da Silva, Wedja S. ......................................................................S153
da Silveira, Mrcia Rgia S. ......................................................S371
Dadasoglu, Fatih ........................................................................S142
Dai, Wenhao ...............................................................................S368
Dalotto, Todd ...............................................................................S67
Dandekar, Abhaya M. ................................................................S130
Dangl, Gerald S..........................................................................S276
Darby, Heather ...................................................... S162, S163, S251
Dardick, Chris ............................................................................S239
Darnell, Rebecca L...........................................................S327, S408
Das, Sushma Parankush .............................................................S361
Daugovish, Oleg ................................................................S74, S320
David, Monica A. .......................................................................S250
David, Pierre Raphal ................................................................S375
Davies, Fred T. ...........................................................................S287
Davies, Frederick S. ...................................................................S189
Davis, Jeanine ............................................. S274, S358, S365, S408
Davis, Thomas M. ........................................................................S86
Day, Susan..................................................................................S394
de Arago, Fernando Antonio S. ................................................S153
De Chapman, Gail Hansen .........................................................S230
de Figueiredo, Raimundo W. ...........................................S153, S371
de Freitas, Sergio Tonetto ..........................................................S234
De la Rosa, Ral ........................................................................S315
de Soto, Jose...............................................................................S320
DeBlanc, Susan ..........................................................................S225
DeJong, Ted M. ..........................................................................S239
Delate, Kathleen ...........................................................................S78
Deltsidis, Angelos I. .........................................................S322, S324
DeMarais, Samuel ......................................................................S219
Demchak, K. ..............................................................................S326
Deng, Zhanao ...................................................................S197, S198
Dennis, Jennifer .........................................................................S224
Denny, Geoffrey C. ....................................................................S370
Derksen, Richard D....................................................................S374
Derr, Jeffrey F. ...........................................................................S112
DeVetter, Lisa Wasko .................................................................S329
Dhekney, Sadanand ....................................................................S200
Dhillon, Narinder P.S. ................................................................S122
Dhingra, Amit ............................................................................S316
Diaz-Perez, Juan Carlos ...................................................S108, S324
Dickerson, Sarah ........................................................................S364
Dickey, David ..................................................................S133, S383
Dickson, Donald W. ...................................................................S247
Diez-Gonzalez, Francisco ............................................................S79
Diffoot, Nanette .........................................................................S269
Dixon, Michael ..........................................................................S205
Djidonou, Desire ........................................................................S138
do Carmo, Jssica S. ..................................................................S370
S415
E
Eakes, Donald J..........................................................................S126
Eames-Sheavly, Marcia..............................................................S214
Eannetta, Nancy T. .....................................................................S273
Eaton, Touria El-Jaoual ....................................................S139, S150
Ebel, Robert .......................................................... S236, S283, S288
Ebel, Roland...............................................................................S151
Egilla, Jonathan N. .....................................................................S138
Ehlenfeldt, Mark ................................................... S135, S136, S145
Ehret, David ...............................................................................S373
Einhorn, Todd........................., S100 S129, S131, S181, S298, S387
Ekici, Oznur .....................................................................S142, S185
El-Jaoual, Touria ........................................................................S259
Elkner, Timothy .........................................................................S305
(ONLQV5DFKHO%66
Elliott, Monica L. ...................................................... S83, S84, S333
Ellis, David ................................................................................S402
Ellis, David D.............................................................................S401
Ellison, Dana ..............................................................................S204
F
Faber, Ben ............................................................... S74, S261, S320
Falbel, Tanya G. .........................................................................S353
Fallahi, Bahar .............................................................................S114
Fallahi, Esmaeil Essie......................................... S114, S131, S155
Fan, Lihua ..................................................................................S354
Fargione, Michael F. ..................................................................S233
Farnham, Mark W. ..............................S69, S274, S331, S358, S409
Farrell, Robert E...............................................................S110, S212
Faust, Jim ...................................................................................S221
Fazio, Gennaro .......................................................... S86, S88, S101
Feibert, Erik B.G. .............................................................S172, S228
Felter, Liz A. ..............................................................................S207
Feng, Fengjuan...........................................................................S131
Feng, Guan-Qiao ........................................................................S241
Fernandez, Felicidad Fernandez ................................................S146
Fernandez, Gina ........... S132, S146, S372, S407, S315, S380, S382
Fernandez, R. Thomas .....................S203 , S204, S222, S389, S390
Fernandez, Victoria ....................................................................S113
Feygenberg, Oleg .......................................................................S165
Fields, Jeb S. ..............................................................................S339
Filichkin, Sergei .........................................................................S146
Finn, Chad E. ......... S86, S89, S144, S145, S147, S329, S380, S382
Firon, Nurit ................................................................................S221
Fish, Tara ....................................................................................S274
Fisher, Paul F. .............................................................................S104
Fisher, Paul R. ....................................................... S158, S207, S242
Fitzgerald, Caragh B. .................................................................S409
Fitzpatrick, George.......................................................................S91
Fixen, P.E. ........................................................................S159, S260
Fletcher, Kim ...............................................................................S75
Fleener, Ann ...............................................................................S126
Flynn, Robert P...........................................................................S345
Folta, Kevin M. ............................................. S95, S187, S241, S399
Fontenot, Kathryn ......................................... S94, S175, S227, S293
Fonteno, William C. .........................................................S338, S339
G
Gagne, Julie................................................................................S191
Galdiano, Renato..............................................................S367, S401
Gall, Elizabeth............................................................................S285
Gallardo, Karina .................................................................S86, S223
Gamet, Stephen J. ......................................................................S219
Gandonou, Jean-Marc ................................................................S279
Gao, Zhifeng ..............................................................................S294
Gapper, Nigel .............................................................................S266
Garces, Javier .............................................................................S269
Garcia, M. Elena .....................S133, S162, S163, S327, S380, S383
Garcia-Sanchez, Francisco .........................................................S195
Gardner, Cassel S. ......................................................................S409
Garfinkel, Andrea R. ..................................................................S184
Garner, Lauren C........................................................................S253
Garriz, Patricia I. ........................................................................S297
Garry, Gordon ............................................................................S261
Garza, Diego ......................................................................S92, S331
Gasic, Ksenija ................................................... S85, S86, S87, S245
Gast, Timothy C. ........................................................................S120
Geneve, Robert L. ................................................. S203, S383, S389
Geng, Fang .................................................................................S221
Gent, Martin P.N. .............................................................S110, S258
George, Steve ........................................................ S179, S231, S350
Georgi, Laura .............................................................................S361
Gergela, Douglas..............................................................S139, S172
Getlawi, Ahmed .........................................................................S379
Getter, Kristin...................................................................S222, S224
Gettys, Lyn .................................................................................S344
Gezan, Salvador .........................................................................S143
Ghazanfar, Usman ......................................................................S195
Giacomelli, Gene A. ...................................................................S214
Gibbons, Jack .............................................................................S192
Gibbs, Brian ...............................................................................S241
Gibeaut, David ...................................................... S132, S181, S387
Gilberto, Manzo-Snchez ..........................................................S331
S417
Gu, Sanliang...............................................................................S275
Guan, Wenjing .................................................................S247, S357
Guan, Yingzhu .............................................. S87, S313, S314, S359
Gubbuk, Hamide ........................................................................S261
Guest, David ................................................................................S74
Guevara-Gonzlez, Ramn ........................................................S290
Gugino, B.K. ..............................................................................S326
Guillet, Pierre ...............................................................................S96
Guldan, Steve .............................................................................S130
Guney, Deniz..............................................................................S160
Gunter, Christopher ....................................................................S357
Guo, Ling ...................................................................................S312
Gurr, Ian .....................................................................................S150
Gutierrez, Osman .................................................. S212, S261, S359
Guzmn-Gonzlez, Salvador ................................ S283, S331, S400
Gwag, Jae Gyun .........................................................................S362
H
Hagen, Ethan D. .........................................................................S383
Haggerty, Luke L. ......................................................................S275
Hahn, Michael ............................................................................S136
Hale, Frank....................................................................... S111, S112
Hall, Charles R. ................................................................S224, S335
Hall, Clifford ..............................................................................S200
Ham, In Ki .................................................................................S273
Hamilton, Caroline R. ................................................................S348
Hamilton, John .............................................................................S76
Hamilton, Sue ............................................................................S173
Hammond, Gaye ........................................................................S230
Hampson, Cheryl. ............................................................S235, S387
Han, Yuepeng .............................................................................S399
Han, Ziduan................................................................................S188
Hancock, James F............................................ S86, S89, S144, S145
Handique, Utpal .........................................................................S283
Handley, David T. ......................................................................S308
Handwerker, Thomas .................................................................S374
Hannah, Michael ........................................................................S357
Hanock, James F. .......................................................................S345
Hansen, Robert C. ......................................................................S253
Hansey, Candice N. ......................................................................S75
Hanson, Eric J. ...........................................................................S254
Hao, Xiuming.............................................................................S209
Harbut, Rebecca ...............................................................S187, S329
Harkess, Richard L.....................................................................S340
Harp, Derald A. ................................................................S230, S350
Harper, Jay .................................................................................S239
Harrington, Michael T. ...............................................................S214
Harris, J. Roger ..........................................................................S394
Harrison-Dunn, Melanie ............................................................S341
Harrison G. Hughes ...................................................................S379
Harrison, Howard F. ...................................................................S331
Harrison, Nigel A. ........................................................................S84
I
Ibarra-Estrada, Martha E. ...........................................................S286
Ible, Jewelle ...............................................................................S304
Ibrahim, Amir.............................................................................S185
Iezzoni, Amy .................................S86, S87, S88, S223, S313, S359
Infante-Casella, M......................................................................S108
Ikeda, Takashi ..................................................................S275, S410
Iles, Jeffery K. ..................................................................S268, S370
In, Byung-Chun..........................................................................S353
Inglis, D................................................................... S72, S109, S403
Inglis, Debra........................................S71, S171, S246, S402, S403
Inoue, Eiichi ...............................................................................S202
Inwood, Sarah E. Eichler ...........................................................S346
Irani, Tracy A. ............................................................................S207
Irey, Michael ......................................................... S120, S168, S237
Irish, Brian .............................................................. S75, S102, S342
Isakeit, Thomas ..........................................................................S186
Isbell, Terry ................................................................................S363
Ishimaru, Megumi ......................................................................S166
Islas-Flores, Ignacio ...................................................................S332
Itle, Rachel A. ..................................................................S143, S145
Iungerman, Kevin ......................................................................S164
Izumi, Hidemi ............................................................................S165
J
Jacobson, Dianne ...............................................................S85, S105
Jackson, Brian E...............................................................S338, S339
Jackson, Tori Lee .......................................................................S308
James, Terri ................................................................................S250
K
Kahn, B. .....................................................................................S404
Kahn, Tracy L. ...........................................................................S119
S419
Kaiser, Clive...............................................................................S161
Kakita, Tomomi .........................................................................S410
Kamiyoshihara, Yusuke .............................................................S322
Kang, In-Kyu .............................................................................S233
Kang, Jeong-Hwa.................................................. S295, S345, S355
Kang, Man-Jung.........................................................................S362
Kang, Sam-seok .........................................................................S262
Kang, Seok-Beom ............................................................S130, S301
Kannangara, Tissa ......................................................................S373
Karacif, Esra ....................................................................S142, S192
Karagoz, Kenan..........................................................................S142
Karlik, John F. ............................................................................S350
Karlsson, Meriam.......................................................................S336
Karp, David A. ...........................................................................S118
Kasina, Muo .................................................................................S96
Kassens-Noor, Eva .....................................................................S267
Kaufman, Lon ............................................................................S192
Kay, Kiesha ................................................................................S350
Keller, Arturo .............................................................................S320
Kelly, Susan ...............................................................................S268
Kempler, Chaim .........................................................................S373
Kennedy, Colleen .......................................................................S143
Keyes, Michael ..........................................................................S229
Kerr, Cassandra ..........................................................................S339
Kessler, Raymond ......................................................................S277
Khachatryan, Hayk ....................................................................S224
Khan, Ahmad Sattar ...................................................................S238
Khan, M. Awais ..........................................................................S398
Khuong, Toan .............................................................................S320
Kijchavengku, T. ........................................................................S203
Kim, Chang-Yung ................................................. S292, S362, S363
Kim, Dong-Sub ..........................................................................S295
Kim, Do-Soon ............................................................................S334
Kim, Hye-Ji ................................................................................S335
Kim, Ikjei .........................................................................S179, S299
Kim, Jongyun ..............................S80, S81, S182, S205, S206, S208
Kim, Ki Sun .......................................................... S211, S336, S394
Kim, Moo Jung ..........................................................................S407
Kim, Myeong-Seok ....................................................................S295
Kim, Tae Il .................................................................................S273
Kim, Taejung ....................................................................S180, S307
Kim, Yeon-Gyu ..........................................................................S363
Kim, Yoon Jin ............................................................................S336
Kim, Yoon-Kyeong ....................................................................S262
Kim, Yoon-Kyeoung ..................................................................S262
King, Andrew ........................................................ S310, S370, S396
King, Scott .................................................................................S365
Kingsley-Richard, Sara ....................................................S162, S163
King, Stephen.............................................................................S222
Kirk, Steven .......................................................... S170, S247, S248
Kirkpatrick, Terrence .................................................................S381
Klee, Harry J. .............................................................................S322
L
Labate, Joanne A. .......................................................................S201
La Bonte, Don ..................................................................S221, S292
Labun, Pavol ..............................................................................S365
Lada, Rajasekaran ................................................. S352, S353, S355
Lafta, Abbas ...............................................................................S293
Lalibert, Sylvie .........................................................................S375
Lambrinos, John...........................................................................S99
Lamont, William J. .....................................................................S108
S421
M
M, Ganga....................................................................................S177
M, Jawaharlal .............................................................................S177
Ma, Guoying ......................................................... S132, S323, S372
Ma, Hongmei .............................................................................S370
Ma, Yanping ...............................................................................S233
Macnish, Andrew J.....................................................................S234
MacDonald, Mason T. ................................................................S351
Mackowiak, Cheryl L. ...............................................................S396
Maeda, Hiroshi...........................................................................S147
Magnusson, Victoria ..................................................................S368
Maia, Geraldo A. ........................................................................S153
Maier, Bernd ..............................................................................S277
Main, Dorrie.....................................................................S313, S359
Main, Doreen .......................................................................S86, S88
Main, Jeffrey L...................................................... S191, S310, S323
Majsztrik, John...................................................................S73, S207
Makani, Mildred ..............................................................S141, S325
Malik, Aman Ullah.....................................................................S238
Malladi, Anish ............................................................................S136
Manan, Abdul.............................................................................S199
Mangan, Francis X. ....................................................................S216
Manthey, Linda ..........................................................................S363
Manzo-Snchez, Gilberto ................................................S283, S400
Marcum, Kenneth B. ..................................................................S177
Marika, Michael ...........................................................................S83
Marini, Richard P. ............................................................S164, S326
Marino, Silvia R. ..............................................................S135, S328
Mark, Matthews .........................................................................S218
Maronek, Dale M. ......................................................................S127
Marquez, Arnulfo .......................................................................S272
Marrero, Angel ...........................................................................S303
Marshall, Donna.........................................................................S329
Marsh, Lurline............................................................................S294
Martin, Cliff G. ..........................................................................S142
Martin, Clifton A........................................................................S404
Martin, J. ....................................................................................S403
Martin, Jeff .........................................................................S71, S133
Martin, Michael..........................................................................S220
Martin, Robert ....................................................... S380, S381, S382
Martin, Thibaud ...........................................................................S96
Martnez-Bolaos, Luciano........................................................S332
Martinez-Espinoza, A. ...............................................................S178
Martnez, Gerardo ......................................................................S272
Martinez-Vazquez, Roque ..........................................................S308
Masiunas, John B. ......................................................................S346
Massa, Gioia D.................................................................S106, S231
Mathews, Deborah M...................................................................S84
Mathey, Megan M. .....................................................................S144
Mattheis, James ..................................................... S213, S234, S266
Matthew, Khalid .........................................................................S280
Mattson, Neil............................................... S193, S195, S288, S347
Maurya, Rajendra P. .........................................................S211, S220
May, Brandon .............................................................................S300
May, Eric ....................................................................................S374
Mays, N. .....................................................................................S161
Mazourek, Michael ....................................................................S273
McAfee, J. ..................................................................................S161
McAfee, Jason............................................................................S163
McAnally, Fiona ........................................................................S173
McBride, Kaitlyn .......................................................................S256
McCallum, Susan .......................................................................S145
Mockery, Brodie ........................................................................S275
McCarty, D. Grant......................................................................S330
McCollum, Greg ......................................... S119, S237, S244, S264
McCollum, T.G. .........................................................................S120
McCoy, LaShelle........................................................................S231
McCracken, Vicki ......................................................................S223
McCreight, James D.........................................................S122, S292
McDonald, Garry V. ...................................................................S370
McFerson, James R. ................................................ S86, S223, S314
McGann, Martin.........................................................................S270
McKenney, Cynthia B. ...............................................................S370
McKillip, Peggy .........................................................................S380
McKinley, Steven K. ..................................................................S285
Meador, Dustin P. .......................................................................S158
Meagy, Md J.....................................................................S150, S259
Meerow, Alan W.........................................................................S239
Mehlenbacher, Shawn A. ...........................................................S362
Melendez, Meredith ...................................................................S174
Melgar, Juan Carlos .............................................. S194, S222, S289
Melgoza, Francisco ....................................................................S194
Mellich, Terri .............................................................................S256
Mendes, Maria L. .......................................................................S247
Mendoza-Diaz, Sandra ...............................................................S325
Merary-Nataly, Ramrez-Milans ..............................................S332
Mercado-Silva, Edmundo ..................................... S290, S325, S407
Merhaut, Donald J..............................................................S74, S320
Merk, Heather ..............................................................................S76
Merrill, Alan...............................................................................S125
Mes, Peter ....................................................................................S67
Messick, Daniel C. .....................................................................S280
Merwin, Ian ......................................................................S101, S129
Meyer, George............................................................................S326
Meyer, Mary Hockenberry ...............................................S106, S226
Michaels, Thomas E...................................................................S103
Michalski, Greg..........................................................................S160
Mickelbart, Michael V................................................................S160
Mickel, Robert ...........................................................................S174
Midden, Karen S. .......................................................................S156
Mikkelsen, Robert ................................................. S158, S159, S260
Miles, C. ...........................................................................S109, S403
Miles, Carol............. S70, S71, S72, S152, S171, S246, S402 , S403
Millenbah, Kelly ........................................................................S267
Miller, Candice...........................................................................S337
Miller, Diane Doud ............................................... S155, S254, S286
Miller, Ron .................................................................................S367
Miller, William B. ......................................................................S263
Millner, Patricia .........................................................................S294
Minoletti, Felipe.........................................................................S195
Miranda, Mario ..........................................................................S164
Mishra, Sasmita..........................................................................S258
Mitcham, Elizabeth J. ................................................................S234
Mitchell, Cary ....................................................... S148, S232, S376
Mitsuhashi, Ryo .........................................................................S275
Mitsukuri, Kazuhiko ..................................................................S377
Mochizuki, Maren ..................................................... S74, S83, S320
Mockler, Todd ............................................................................S146
Moersfelder, Jeff ........................................................................S201
Mohney, Michael .......................................................................S270
Molnar, Thomas J.............................................................S153, S362
Monaghan, Paul F. .....................................................................S207
Monk, Brya ................................................................................S335
Montague, D. Thayne.................................................................S370
Montero-Rojas, Maria ................................................................S291
Montoya, John............................................................................S279
Montri, Dru ................................................................................S173
Moonilall, Nall ...........................................................................S279
Moore, J. Michael ............................................................S302, S359
Moore, Jacob T. ..........................................................................S212
Moore, Kimberly K....................................... S90, S255, S256, S344
Moore-Kucera, J. .................................................... S71, S152, S403
Moorman, Gary ..........................................................................S335
Morales-Payan, J. Pablo.......................S97 , S99, S102, S254, S303
Moran, Renae ........................................................ S162, S163, S221
Morgan, Kelly M........................................................................S283
Morris, Brad ...............................................................................S334
Morris, Wythe ..................................................................S274, S358
Mosbah, Kushad M. ...................................................................S311
Moseley, Adam ..........................................................................S197
Mostofi, Younes .........................................................................S235
Motamayor, J.C. ...........................................................................S76
Motsenbocker, Carl E. .....................................................S127, S293
Mou, Beiquan.............................................................................S293
Moura, Carlos Farley H. ............................................................S153
N
Na, Hae-Young...........................................................................S295
Naeve, Linda ................................................................................S98
Nair, Ajay ...................................................................................S170
Nakamura, Mio ..........................................................................S410
Nam, Chun Woo .........................................................................S307
Nam, Seung-Hee ...............................S262, S295, S297, S345, S355
Nambuthiri, Susmitha ........................................... S203, S383, S389
Nandwani, Dilip .........................................................................S303
Naor, Amos ................................................................................S190
Narasimhamoorthy, Brindha ......................................................S345
Narayan, Ramani..........................................................................S70
Narciso, Cody ............................................................................S284
Narciso, Jan ......................................................................S264, S266
Naschitz, Shaul ..........................................................................S190
Nashima, Kenji ..........................................................................S275
Nath, Prem ............................................................ S123, S216, S355
Navarro, Rosa ..................................................................S195, S290
Navas, Vivian .............................................................................S269
Nawaz, Muhammad Azher.........................................................S223
Naznin, Most Tahera ..................................................................S191
Neal, Joseph C. ................................................................ S111, S112
Needham, Douglas C. ......................................................S126, S128
Negre-Zakharov, Florence ...........................................................S95
Neily, Will ........................................................................S155, S156
Nelson, Eric Bronson .................................................................S162
Nelson, Jason S. ...............................................................S159, S318
Nelson, Ken................................................................................S154
Nelson, Paul ...............................................................................S242
Nelson, Shad D. ............................................ S92, S194, S222, S331
Newman, Julie....................................................................S74, S320
Newsham, Gerard ......................................................................S231
Ngouajio, Mathieu ..............................S96, S140, S157, S203, S390
Nicola, Bart ...............................................................................S266
Nienhuis, James ...............................................................S106, S185
Nietsche, Silvia ................................................................S255, S360
Nitzsche, P. .................................................................................S278
Nitzsche, Peter ...........................................................................S108
Niu, Genhua ...........................S203, S210, S229, S335, S338, S369,
..........................................................................................S370, S389
Nixon, Katie ...............................................................................S268
Nock, Jacqueline F. ..........................................................S233, S263
Nolte, Kurt D. ............................................................................S371
Norelli, John.......................................................... S213, S287, S387
S423
O
Obae, Samuel G. ........................................................................S392
Obando, Warner Orozco.............................................................S344
Obando-Ulloa, Javier M...................................................S201, S236
Obenland, David ........................................................................S265
OCallaghan, Angela M. ..................................................S175, S270
OConnor, Alison Stoven ........................................ S85, S203, S225
Oda, Masayuki ...........................................................................S377
Odom, Rachel ..................................................................S315, S316
ODonnell, Jill............................................................................S190
Ogden, Elizabeth ........................................................................S136
Ogutu, Rose................................................................................S138
Oh, Bong-Yun ....................................................... S295, S345, S355
Ohlrogge, John ...........................................................................S235
Okie, W.R. ........................................................................S245, S341
Oki, Lorence R. ..........................................................................S208
Olczyk, Teresa ............................................................................S268
Olimpia-Mendoza, Sandra .........................................................S407
Olmstead, James W. ..................S95, S135, S145, S146, S328, S408
Olmstead, Mercy A. ...................................................................S299
Olsen, Richard T. .......................................................................S122
Olszewski, Michael ....................................................................S155
Omar, Ahmad A. ........................................................................S240
Omari, Fatuma .............................................................................S96
OMeara, Carol ..........................................................................S225
OMeara, Lucas..........................................................................S205
ONeill, Barbara .........................................................................S174
ONeill, Michael K. ...................................................................S277
Ono, Masataka ...........................................................................S377
Oraguzie, Nnadozie................................................... S86, S88, S316
Orbovic, Vladimir ......................................................................S400
Orcheski, Benjamin....................................... S87, S313, S314, S359
Orozco-Nunnelly, Danielle ........................................................S192
Orozco-Santos, Mario ................................................................S332
Orzolek, Michael D. .....................................................................S71
Orth, Mike ..................................................................................S267
Ortiz, Morthemer .......................................................................S291
Orvis, Kathryn S. .......................................................................S285
Osorio, Luis F.............................................................................S143
Osuna, Pedro ....................................................................S210, S338
Osuna-Garcia, Jorge A. ..............................................................S406
Othman, Mona ...................................................................S98, S318
Othman, Yahia A. .......................................................................S289
Otkem, Abdullah ........................................................................S333
P
Palma, Marco ...............................................................................S92
Palmateer, Aaron J. ....................................................................S304
Palmer, Marsha ..........................................................................S274
Palta, Jiwan P. ............................................. S165, S166, S192, S196
Pant, Archana ...................................................................S139, S261
Panter, Karen L. ...............................................................S182, S184
Panthee, Dilip.......................................................... S67, S200, S201
Paparozzi, Ellen T. .....................................................................S326
Paranhos, Marcelo............................................................S172, S385
Park, Dong-Kum ........................................................................S290
Park, Eunhee ..............................................................................S371
Park, Eun Young ........................................................................S317
Park, Jaeho .................................................................................S307
Park, Jang-Hyun.........................................................................S297
Park, Min-Soo ..................................................................S346, S355
Park, Min-Su ..............................................................................S296
Park, Moo-Yong .........................................................................S301
Park, Moo-Yong .........................................................................S130
Park, Soon Oh ............................................................................S273
Parris, Cheryl .............................................................................S228
Parrot, Laurent .............................................................................S96
Parsons, Robert ................................................................S162, S163
Patil, Bhimanagouda S. ...............S91, S124, S68, S148, S265, S283
Pattathil, Sivakumar ...................................................................S136
Patterson, Sara E. .......................................................................S353
Paull, Robert .................................................................. S139 , S150
Pavlis, G.C. ................................................................................S278
Pavlista, Alexander D.................................................................S141
Peace, Cameron ........ S76, S86, S87, S88, S313, S314, S316 , S359
Pearson, Brian ................................................................ S227 , S228
Peck, Gregory Michael ..............................................................S301
Peet, Mary M. ..............................................................................S78
Pemberton, H. Brent ................................... S210, S338, S339, S369
Pea, Jorge E. .............................................................................S304
Peng, Hui....................................................................................S149
Peng, Ying-Chun ........................................................................S184
Pereira, Marlon C.T....................................................................S360
Q
Qian, Yaling ...............................................................................S351
Quiles, Adolfo ............................................................................S341
Quito-Avila, Diego ...........................................................S381, S382
R
Rabin, J. .....................................................................................S108
Racsko, Jozsef ....................................................... S155, S254, S286
Radosevich, Cameron ................................................................S289
Radovich, Theodore .................................... S139, S150, S151, S261
Raines, Doug ..............................................................................S239
S425
S
Saa, Sebastian ............................................................................S113
Saavedra, Jorge ...............................................................S195, S289
Sabanadzovic, Sead..........................................................S381, S382
Saftner, Robert A........................................................................S371
Saha, Shubin K...........................................................................S356
Saidi, Mwanarusi .........................................................................S96
Sakayori, Takumi .......................................................................S275
Salamon, Ivan ............................................................................S365
Salazar-Garcia, Samuel ....................................................S286, S406
Saleem, Basharat Ali ..................................................................S238
Saltveit, Mikal ............................................................................S166
Sams, Carl E............................S281, S310, S319, S330, S358, S409
Samach, Alon .............................................................................S165
Samtani, Jayesh B. .....................................................................S123
Sanchez, Elsa .............................................................................S305
Sanclemente, Maria Angelica ....................................................S189
S427
T
Takeda, Fumiomi ...............................................................S95, S188
Talke, Raymond ...........................................................................S91
Tanaka, Hideyuki .......................................................................S377
Tarar, Ghazal ..............................................................................S176
Tarara, Julie M. ..........................................................................S107
Tavares, Tarliane M....................................................................S370
Taylor, Amy................................................................................S397
Taylor, M. ...................................................................................S404
Taylor, Matthew D. ....................................................................S375
Taylor, Milton D...........................................................................S74
Tebeau, Andrew .........................................................................S180
Teetor, Valerie H. .......................................................................S333
Teixeira, Gustavo Henrique de Almeida ....................................S405
Tel-Zur, Noemi.................................................................S144, S364
Tezuka, Takahiro ........................................................................S377
Thannhauser, Theodore W. ........................................................S274
Thetford, Mack ..........................................................................S256
Thieken, Linda ...........................................................................S285
Thies, Judy .................................................................................S247
Thiessen, Maureen E. .................................................................S393
Thomas, Paul..............................................................................S209
Thompson, Cody ........................................................................S205
Thro, Ann Marie.........................................................................S217
Tian, Daike .................................................................................S344
Tilt, Kenneth M. .........................................................................S329
Tjellstrm, Henrik ......................................................................S235
Toivonen, Peter M.A. .................................................................S235
Tokach, Mary Kay......................................................................S257
Tokuhisa, James G. ....................................................................S356
Tomaso-Peterson, M. .................................................................S340
Tondo, Cecile ...................................................................S212, S359
Touchell, Darren H.....................................................................S334
Trader, Brian ....................................................................S126, S128
Treadwell, Danielle D. .................................................................S77
Thro, Ann Marie.........................................................................S115
Tian, Shengke.............................................................................S114
Tieman, Denise M. .......................................................................S95
Treadwell, Danielle D. .......................................... S118, S251, S357
Trewatha, Pamela B. ............................................. S214, S215, S395
Tripepi, Robert R. ......................................................................S279
Tucker, Mark A. .........................................................................S285
Tucker, Zachary .........................................................................S316
Turner, Janet .....................................................................S132, S298
Tustin, D. Stuart .........................................................................S296
Tychonievich, Joseph .................................................................S366
Tzanetakis, Ioannis ............................................... S380, S381, S382
Tzarfati, Raanan .........................................................................S237
U
Uchanski, Mark E. .....................................................................S252
V
Vaiciunas, Jennifer .....................................................................S362
Valadez-Ramrez, Pedro ...................................................S283, S400
Vallejos, Eduardo C. ..................................................................S321
Vallejo, Veronica ........................................................................S345
van de Weg, Eric ...........................S86, S87, S88, S144, S313, S359
Van Deynze, Allen .......................................................................S76
Van Hooijdonk, Ben ...................................................................S296
van Iersel, Marc ............... S80, S93, S178, S205, S209, S210, S220
van Rooyen, Zelda .....................................................................S100
Vandenlangenberg, Kyle ............................................................S185
VanDerZanden, Ann Marie ..........................................................S91
VanHeyningen, Tambryn .............................................................S90
VanLeeuwen, Dawn .........................................................S272, S397
Varakorn, Leelavoravongse........................................................S166
Vargas, Oscar L. .........................................................................S158
Vashisth, Tripti .................................................................S136, S187
Vzquez-Barrios, Ma Esthela ....................................................S407
Veitch, R. Scott ..........................................................................S352
Velandia, Margarita ....................................................................S173
Velayudhan, Sundari ..................................................................S355
Velzquez-Monreal, Jos-Joaqun..............................................S283
Vendrame, Wagner ..........................S255 , S360, S367, S388 , S401
Verlinden, Sven ..........................................................................S340
Verlinden, Sven ................................................................S203, S229
Verma, Sujeet .....................................................................S87, S313
Vescera, Mina.............................................................................S410
Vidalakis, Georgios ....................................................................S118
Viera, Edward ............................................................................S364
Vigardt, April L. .........................................................................S137
Vigneault, Clment ....................................................................S406
Vijayan, Grija ...................................................................S260, S318
Vilharinho, Lucianne..................................................................S364
Villordon, Arthur Q. ...............................................S111, S220, S324
Vimolmangkang, Sornkanok......................................................S399
Vincent, C. .................................................................................S383
Vincent, Christopher I. .....................................................S133, S327
Vinson, Edgar .............................................................................S277
Vinson, Katherine ......................................................................S205
Vinyard, Bryan T. .......................................................................S136
Viswanathan, Bhavana ...............................................................S408
Vita, Laura I. ..............................................................................S297
W
Wadsworth, Larry.........................................................................S70
Wagner, Kristen..........................................................................S285
Wajsbrot, Charles .......................................................................S256
Wakasa, Kyo ..............................................................................S192
Waliczek, Tina Marie .......................................................S176, S279
Walker, Andrew..........................................................................S276
Walker, S.J. ................................................................................S384
Wallace, R. .........................................................................S71, S403
Wallace, Rachel..........................................................................S364
Wallace, Russell W...........................................................S107, S402
Walsh, Christopher S..................................................................S169
Walsh, Maud ..............................................................................S175
Walters, S. Alan..................................................... S137, S156, S216
Walters, Thomas............................................ S71, S188, S402, S403
Wander, Michelle .......................................................................S251
Wang, Guixia .............................................................................S348
Wang, Linping............................................................................S205
Wang, Longling..........................................................................S165
Wang, Xiang.....................................................................S191, S309
Wang, Xiaoming ........................................................................S378
Wang, Xinwang..........................................................................S369
Wang, Xueni.......................................................... S203, S389, S390
Ward, Daniel ......................................................... S133, S278, S299
Warmund, Michele .....................................................................S154
Warner, Ryan M. ..............................................................S345, S366
Warnock, Daniel F......................................................................S337
Warpeha, Katherine....................................................................S192
Warren, Nicholas........................................................................S411
Warren, Peter..............................................................................S227
Warrington, Ian ..........................................................................S296
Wasilwa, Lusike A. ......................................................................S96
Watkins, Chris ............................................................................S130
Watkins, Christopher B. ............................. S233, S234, S263 , S266
Watson, W. Todd ........................................................................S408
Wattoo, Khalid Saeed.................................................................S223
Weaver, Geoffrey .......................................................................S210
Weber, Courtney A. ....................................................................S146
Weebadde, Cholani Kumari ...................................... S86, S87, S223
Wehner, Todd C..........................................................................S122
Weisenhorn, Julie .......................................................................S226
Weis, Sarah.................................................................................S139
Weller, Stephen C.........................................................................S97
Wells, Daniel E. .........................................................................S393
Wen, Ien-chie .............................................................................S316
Wen, Rende ................................................................................S276
Werayawarangura, Woradee.......................................................S160
West, Nancy ...............................................................................S370
West, Todd P. ....................................................................S121, S219
Wheeler, Corey ..........................................................................S225
Wheeler, Raymond.....................................................................S231
Whipker, Brian E. ......................................................................S242
Whitaker, Bruce ...............................................................S149, S234
Whitaker, Vance ..................................S86, S143, S187, S241, S385
White, Linda D...........................................................................S219
White, Sarah A. ................................................S72, S74, S111, S112
Whitehead, Wayne F. .................................................................S306
Whiting, Matthew D. ........................S181, S182, S296, S302, S387
Whitlock, Kimberly J. ................................................................S281
Widrlechner, Mark P. .................................................................S401
Wiersma, Paul A. .......................................................................S235
Williams, Kimberly A. .....................................................S159, S319
Williams, R. ...............................................................................S159
Williamson, Jeffrey G. .................................. S95, S135, S327, S328
Williamson, Keith ......................................................................S109
Williams-Woodward, Jean ............................................... S111, S112
Willison, M. Sean.......................................................................S376
Wilson, Alexa R. ........................................................................S160
Wilson, Carl ...............................................................................S225
Wilson, L. George ........................................................................S96
Wilson, Lester ............................................................................S365
Wilson, Matt S. ..........................................................................S395
Wilson, Mary ...................................................................S175, S226
Wilson, P. Christopher .................................................................S73
Wilson, Sandra B. ................................................. S197, S214, S256
Wilson, S. Evan ..........................................................................S388
Windham, Alan .......................................................................... S111
Wingfiled, Clay ................................................................S133, S327
Wintermantel, William M. ...............................................S381, S382
Winzeler, H.E. ............................................................................S164
Wiseman, P. Eric ........................................................................S394
Wisniewski, Michael ............................................. S213, S287, S387
Wolf, Shmuel .............................................................................S190
Wolfe, Andrea ............................................................................S344
Wollaeger, Heidi M. ...................................................................S233
Won, Kyungho ...........................................................................S262
Won, Mi Kyoung........................................................................S273
Wood, Bruce W. ...............................................................S120, S154
Woods, Floyd M.........................................................................S344
Woolard, Derek D. .....................................................................S154
Woolley, David...........................................................................S296
Wright, Alan ...............................................................................S273
Wright, Glenn C. ..............................................................S282, S305
Wright, Shawn ...........................................................................S271
Wszelaki, A. ............................................................ S71, S133, S403
Wszelaki, Annette L. ..................................... S77, S173, S330, S402
Wyatt, Lindsay E. .......................................................................S273
Wyenandt, C. Andrew ................................................................S133
S429
Y
Yadav, Anand K. ........................................................................S200
Yamada, Tetsuya ........................................................................S192
Yamasaki, Satoshi ......................................................................S377
Yancy, Jordan .............................................................................S266
Yang, Guochen ...........................................................................S402
Yang, Nannan .............................................................................S245
Yang, Rymond............................................................................S264
Yang, Tianbao ............................................................................S149
Yang, Wei Qiang ..............................................................S136, S146
Yang, XiaoTang..........................................................................S169
Yao, Shengrui .............................................................................S130
Yao, Shengrui .............................................................................S301
Yim, Sun-Hee...................................................................S262, S297
Yoder, Keith S ............................................................................S301
Yokoyama, Yuta .........................................................................S377
Yoon, Moo-Kyung .....................................................................S290
Young, Kelly .............................................. S140 , S142, S174, S285
Young, Mac ..................................................................................S92
Yu, Fei ........................................................................................S243
Yu, Jiaming ................................................................................S333
Yu, Xiaojing ...............................................................................S169
Yu, Ya-Chi ..................................................................................S337
Yue, Chengyan ........................................................ S86, S223, S224
Yun, Song Joong ........................................................................S147
Yzenas, John ..............................................................................S319