Automatic Gate Controller
Automatic Gate Controller
Automatic Gate Controller
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
gate.
7. Cost reduction and ease of installation are also considered for this mechanism.
CHAPTER -2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND
Gates are commonly used nowadays at residential area. A gate is a point of entry
to a space enclosed by walls, or an opening in a fence. Gates may prevent or control entry
or exit, or they may be merely decorative. Today many gate doors are opened by an
automated gate operator. Those gates come with many special features. The need for
automatic gates has been on the increase in recent times. The system described here
incorporates the use of actuator to control the movement of the gate automatically. The
automatic gate described here automates the entrances to parking lots of residential
homes, organizations, automobile terminus, and public car parks. It uses a remote control
convenience to avoid the stress of manually opening and closing the gate. The technology
used eliminates gate monitoring and manning by human beings. The gates have to
perform gyrations by open, auto reverse, stop, fully close and fully stop. It provides
convenient access and intelligent features that makes it distinct from all other gates which
bring it so close to a security device. Those gates come with different type of mechanism
such as sliding, swing, folding, and barrier gate. Those mechanisms have their own
working principle and feature but, automatic gate design seem limited at the local market.
Most of the product is imported from outsider supplier. The price of the product also
seems expensive. Cost study and new mechanism design, can be marketable toward
wider customer at lower cost and new innovation of auto gate mechanism can enhance
local design capability.
trained person to install the mechanism to the gate. Some gate mechanisms also need to
be attached with rail on the ground, this seems to be inconvenience and need a lot of
work force to install the track. Development of automatic gate mechanism should help in
term of cost reduction and ease of installation.
2.5 LIMITATION
The limitation for this project is hard to collect data about the automatic gate mechanism.
Automatic gate are normally for commercial purpose and it is impossible for the product
company to expose their own design and working principle of the product.
CHAPTER -3
LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will provide the detail description literature review done according to title of
design of automatic gate mechanism. Automatic gate mechanisms act as the actuator part
for the gate system and provide motion in order to open or closed the gate. The on-board
circuit board receives a signal from an access control (like a keypad or a control) and tells
the automatic gate opener to open or close the gate, reverse it if an obstacle is in its path.
The automatic gate mechanism available type includes arm type for swing gate, rack and
pinion sliding type, and cubic underground automatic systems for swing gates.
separate gates for pedestrians. Exposed, reachable pinch points on a gate are potentially
hazardous and must be eliminated or guarded. Outward swinging gates with automatic
operators should not open into a public area. The operating controls for an automatic gate
must be secured to prevent the unauthorized use of those controls. The controls for an
automatic gate should be located far enough from the gate so that a user cannot
accidentally touch the gate when operating the controls. An automatic gate operator
should not be installed on a gate if people can reach or extend their arms or legs through
the gate. Such gates should be guarded or screened to prevent such access (Automated
Gates Ltd. 2009).
Hand held remotes, are radio transmitters. Use to control gate opening/closing for a
certain range. Gate openers refer to the gate mechanism or actuators that use to provide
motion for the gate opening and closing activities. Next automatic gate control to
seriously consider is the keypad. It will allow visitors without remotes to enter the
property with a numeric code. The codes are easily programmed and may be changed
frequently. These units are designed for all weather conditions (Prestige Door and Gates
Ltd .2008).
A visitor leaving the property needs to open the gate. One way is to have a keypad
on the inside, or a simple push button that will open the gate. More convenient is the exit
sensor. An exit sensor is buried alongside the driveway and detects moving metal. A
vehicle, motorcycle or bicycle passing the sensor will open the automatic gate. It will also
sense a lawn mower and some childrens toys and may not be the best choice for every
situation. Receive signal form the remote and respond to it. The signal then will be
processing for gate opening (Prestige Door and Gates Ltd .2008).
When you are considering an automatic gate opener, you need to decide whether you
want a gate to swing open or to slide open when you need to get in. The convenience and
security of a gate opener not only offers ease and convenience, but the security of
installing a gate opener keeps interlopers from being able to get vehicles in to take things
off of your property.
It is important that you plan carefully because it is very expensive to install a gate opener.
You need to make sure that you get the right one, because of the cost involved if the one
you purchase does not fit your needs. This is not something you can go into in a
haphazard way. Do your research, know exactly what you want and get advice from
professionals to make your experience as stress-free as possible. There are several styles
and options from which to choose, so plan everything with careful consideration.
10
There are a lot of mechanisms in market. The mechanisms of automatic gate also
refer to the actuator. Mechanism is the component for automatic gate that provide
movement.
3.5.1. Sliding Gate Openers
The sliding gate is built to run parallel with your fence lines, thus taking up less room to
save space. Some sliding gate openers come with a single operator, which is used when
you have only one gate. However, if you have a double gate, you will need to have two
operators, as each gate will require its own separate operator.
When considering a sliding gate opener, you must consider how much you expect your
gate opener to be used. If it will just be for light use, such as for your home or for light
use in your business, you will be able to purchase a gate opener built for lighter use.
11
However, if your gate opener will be subjected to heavy daily usage, you will need to
purchase a more heavy duty gate opener that can stand up to the daily use.
Many choose the sliding gate openers for their driveways because cars will be parked
right inside the gates on the driveway. A swinging gate would not be suitable for a
driveway gate because cars would have to be parked far enough out of the way to keep
from getting hit by the swinging gate.
The sliding gate will slide open along tracks that have been placed across the driveway
and the operator uses a cog that fits perfectly into the tracks that are toothed, allowing the
cog to slide easily when opening.
Many sliding gate opener reviews have been good, mentioning the ease of installation
and satisfaction with the overall performance of the opener. You might want to consider
researching a gate opener buyers guide to help you find the right gate for your purposes.
Aleko is great provider of gate openers that the discerning buyer should look into. Aleko
also thinks green with the production of their solar panels that run gate openers. Check
out a gate opener buyers guide to see what you can find out about solar panel powered
swing gate openers. They also have swing gate openers that have back-up batteries in
case there is a power failure so that your swing gate will open whenever you need it to
open.
3.5.2 Swing Gate Openers
Swing gate openers are built to be durable and have the power to swing the heaviest
gates. One great addition to having an automatic gate opener is the US underground
sensor, which is installed under the ground in a strategic spot so that your gate will open
automatically for you to go through and close after you have cleared the gate. This could
be a great addition and it is a great time-saver. No more getting out in inclement weather
to open and close those pesky gates.
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Swing gates usually work more quietly and have less repair issues because there are not
as many moving parts as are found in slide gates. However, as stated before, the area
where you are considering a gate opener may be small and tight, therefore, not suitable
for a swing gate. Also, if the drive is on a slope, the swing gate would not be the best
choice.
US Automatic offers some solid, heavily built gate openers which have received five star
ratings from a majority of customers. US Automatic builds gate openers that can satisfy
any customers needs.
While swing gates for residential uses are lighter, heavy wrought iron gates are made for
those heavy duty jobs where gates will be opening and closing on a frequent daily basis.
Choose from electric, battery and solar powered gate openers.
3.5.3. Dual Gate Openers
Mighty Mule makes a very heavy duty dual gate opener easily opens those large double
gates. You can check out the specifications of dual gate openers online to find out exactly
what dimensions you need to install. According to reviews, and
13
the manufacturers promises, the gate openers are easily installed within 2-3 hours. You
get a heavy duty fix for a few hours of your time. And just think of the time you can save
from not having to get in and out of vehicles, as well as finally being able to stay out of
bad weather.
14
waste time buying an opener that does not fit your needs. This would not only be a big
waste of time for you, but would also be quite an expense on your finances.
When you get ready to get those gate openers, you need to make sure that the spot where
you intend to install them is near a 110 Volt AC power source. Of course, you can always
buy solar powered dual gate openers if no 110 Volt AC power source is available.
No matter the company you choose to buy your gate openers from, make sure that you
read reviews from other customers. You will want to know about the quality and ease of
installation. Also find out if the company provides good service if something quits
working. Its your gate, so take charge and get it right the first time.
3.5.4 Linear Drive with Screw Drive and Piston Rod
This is the arm type automatic gate mechanism for swing gate. This mechanism using
screw driven piston type where actuated by hydraulic cylinder. This type of mechanism
produce Accurate path and position control, High force output use for heavy duty
automatic gate with extra weight, provided with self-locking system, Ideal for level
regulation, lifting and other applications with intermittent operations (Parker Hannifin
Corporation. 2008).
Installation instructions, Use the threaded holes in the free end cap and a mid-section
support close to the motor end for mounting the linear actuator. The linear actuator can be
fitted in any position. To prevent contamination such as fluid ingress, the actuator should
be fitted with its sealing band facing downwards (Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).
Maintenance, all moving parts are long-term lubricated for a normal operational
environment. This arm type automatic mechanism product recommends a check and
lubrication of the linear drive, and if necessary a change of wear parts, after an operation
time of 12 months or 300 km travel of distance. Please refer to the operating instructions
supplied with the drive (Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).
15
Figure 3.6: Screw driver and piston rod for swing gate
Figure 3.7: Screw driver and piston rod mechanism for the low part
16
Figure 3.8: Screw driver and piston rod mechanism for the upper part
3.5.5 Cubic Underground Automatic Systems for Swing Gates
Valuable gates or those of a special design require "invisible" automatic
systems in order to avoid altering their aesthetic appearance. The standard
underground Cubic range, designed to be positioned so that it is aligned with the
hinge of the leaf, amply satisfies such requirements because it is easy to insert
beneath existing paving, especially when this is of high value. However,
sometimes stone or granite paving may heavily condition the positioning of a
hinge aligned buried automatic system. The alternative Cubic Flexi range has
been created to solve this problem, and is extremely flexible in its installation. This
type of mechanism was drive by motor to actuate the arm (MAG Malaysia
Automatic Gate. 2005).
Features, Good quality with MAG system major components are made of
top grade tough, durable and rust resistance material, Fast and silent where the
actuator is capable for 90 opening within only 8 to 10 seconds and is
exceptionally quiet in operation, Last longer. Gear box is submerged in oil bath for
more protection.
CHAPTER -4
18
20
Name
Purpose
GND
TRIG
below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being
2/3 VCC by default if CTRL is left open).
OUT
RESE
T
CTRL
THR
DIS
VCC
Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to
the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. In
most applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It is usual to connect a
10 nF capacitor between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent interference. The CONTROL
21
VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable multivibrator with a frequencymodulated output.
Modes
The IC 555 has three operating modes:
1. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS
pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched
switches.
2. Monostable mode in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse
generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free
switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and so on.
3. Astable (free-running) mode the 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator.
Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can be
used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length (e.g.,
selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature
sensor and the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature). The
use of a microprocessor-based circuit can then convert the pulse period to
temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.
4.2.2 RELAY
A relay is
Many
relays
use
an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solidstate relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
22
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
.However, there is little in the way of official documentation to suggest he had made
the discovery prior to 1837.[5]Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual
coils. On a single coil device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is
applied with one polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil
device, when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC
23
controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to
differentiate between operate and reset commands.
4.2.3 BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections provided to power electrical devices. A discharging battery has a
positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked
negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow
and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be
completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the
movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery
to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device
composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to additionally include
devices composed of a single cell.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline
battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable
batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid
batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics.
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Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing
aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in
sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries
have
much
lower specific
energy (energy
per
unit
mass)
than
common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of
electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.
4.2.4 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
Electrolytic capacitor is the generic term for three different capacitor family members:
All electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode (+) is made of
a particular metal on which an insulating oxide layer forms by an odization, acting as
the dielectric of the electrolytic capacitor. A non-solid or solid electrolyte which covers
the surface of the oxide layer in principle serves as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of
the capacitor.
Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic
capacitors havebased on the volumea much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product
compared to ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, but a much smaller CV value than
electrochemical super capacitors.
25
The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for
passing or bypassing low-frequency signals up to some mega-hertz and for storing large
amounts of energy. They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power
supplies and DC link circuits for variable-frequency drives, for coupling signals
between amplifier stages, and storing energy as in a flashlamp.
Figure 4.7: Most common styles of aluminum and tantalum electrolytic capacitors
Standard electrolytic capacitors are polarized components due to their asymmetrical
construction, and may only be operated with a higher voltage (ie, more positive) on the
anode than on the cathode at all times. Voltages with reverse polarity, or voltage or ripple
current higher than specified (as little as 1 or 1.5 volts may suffice), can destroy the
dielectric and thus the capacitor. The destruction of electrolytic capacitors can have
catastrophic consequences (explosion, fire).
Bipolar electrolytic (aka non-polarized) capacitors which may be operated with either
polarity are special constructions with two anodes connected in reverse polarity.
4.2.5 RESISTANCE
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass
an electric
current through
that
conductor.
The
inverse
quantity
is electrical
conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance
shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of
electrical resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured
in Siemens (S).
26
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and
length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some
resistance, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.
27
a semiconductor
device used
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
28
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in
1926[13] and
practically
implemented
in
1947
by
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of
electronics,
and
paved
the
way
for
smaller
and
and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in
electronics,[14] and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in
Physics for their achievement.[15]
29
CHAPTER-5
WORKING
30
WORKING
When supply given by two separate 9V battery. Each battery provides voltage
direction.
When we press the micro switch voltage at pin2 (IC555) voltage reduced to zero.
At the same time voltage at pin 3 increases, which is connected to the base of npn
31
CHAPTER -6
ADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS
32
33
6.2 APPLICATIONS
Typical sites where automatic gates are especially suitable include those listed below:
1. Automatic gates are used in public parking, residential building parking.
2. Delivery areas for retail outlets (in particular supermarkets and other retailers on
out-of-town developments)
3. Waste disposal and recycling plants.
4. Water processing plants.
5. Shopping mall entrance.
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CHAPTER -7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
35
36
REFERENCES
[1] Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC An Interview with Hans Camenzind. The
Semiconductor Museum. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
[2] "The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry". Georgi Dalakov.
[3] Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity-From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. John Wiley
& Sons. p. 311.
[4] Thomas Coulson (1950). Joseph Henry: His Life and Work. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
[5] https://books.google.co.uk/books?
ei=xPkZVZ3BFNbWavGogpAO&id=xjUhAQAAIAAJ&dq=Early+Electrical+C
ommunication&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Henry+Relay
[6] Crompton, T. R. (2000-03-20). Battery Reference Book (third Ed.). Newnes.
p. Glossary 3. ISBN 0080499953. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
[7] Pauling,
Linus
Electrolysis. General
(1988).
Chemistry.
"15:
New
Oxidation-Reduction
York:
Dover
Reactions;
Publications,
Inc.
Power Shift: DFJ on the lookout for more power source investments.
37
[11]
p. 43.ISBN 978-0-8493-9648-9.
[12]
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