Giáo Khoa Hoá Vô Cơ - Võ H NG Thái (Vietsciences - 2006)

Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn
ng Ha hc thng gp
Vietsciences-V Hng Thi
17/04//06
Sau khi thi u t ti (tt nghip ph thng), hc sinh khng c ghi danh t do hc
hc bt c i hc no trong nc, k c cng hay t, m phi qua mt k thi tuyn vo
hc. thi tuyn vo cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin, th hc sinh phi thi ba mn l ton, l,
ha hoc ton, sinh, ha. Cuc thi tuyn ny kh gay go, to cng thng, p lc ln i v
ngi hc, cng nh ph huynh, v t l c vo hc H ch khong 20-30% s hc sinh
u t ti. Mun lm bi c mn ha hc (cng nh cc mn khc), hc sinh phi nm
vng cc kin thc m mnh hc ph thng (mn ha hc c dy t lp 8 n lp 12).
Ti son v h thng ha cc kin thc ha hc ny nhm gip cho mc ch n tp cho
cc em. V phc v cho cc em hc sinh ph thng, nn t ng m ti dng cng phi ging
nh sch gio khoa VN.
Chng trnh Ha hc
Chun b thi v i hc: S oxi ha kh
Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun
Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh
Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 1
Cc phn ng v c thng gp khc
Cc phn ng oxi ha kh thng gp khc
========
A- Vn 1 ha v c
I. S oxi ha (S OXID HA)
S oxi ha l mt i lng qui c. Tnh c s oxi ha gip ta nhn din nhanh
cht oxi ha, cht kh, vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh v cn bng c cc
phn ng oxi ha kh
I.1. nh ngha
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l mt i lng cho bit kh nng cho hoc nhn
in t ca nguyn t nguyn t trong mt phn t. N bng in tch xut hin
trn nguyn t nguyn t vi gi thit tt c phn t cc hp cht u gm cc
ion - mt - nguyn - t to nn. Ngi ta qui c, mt lin kt cng ha tr phn
cc (c cc) coi nh mt lin kt ion, vi cc i in t gp chung b ko hn v
pha nguyn t no c c m in ln hn.
Nh vy, s oxi ha bng in tch tht nu l mt lin kt ion, bng in tch
qui c (biu kin) nu l mt lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.
Th d:
NaCl
CaO
Na+ Cl- ( ion tht s) xNa = +1 ; xCl = -1
(x: s oxi ha)
Ca2+ O2- (ion tht s) xCa = +2 ; xO = -2
HCl (kh)
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xCl = -1
H2O
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xO
= -2
NH3 (Amoniac)
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xN = -3

(ion qui c)
CH4 (Metan)
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xC = -4

(ion qui c)
I.2. Cc qui c (qui tc) tnh s oxi ha
I.2.1. Trong n cht
S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng khng (0).

Th d:
xNa = 0
Na
xH = 0
H2
xN = 0
N2 (Nit, Nitrogen)
xO = 0
O2 (oxi, oxygen)
xO = 0
O3 (ozon)
[O] (oxi nguyn t)
xO = 0
[H] (hiro nguyn t, hydrogen nguyn t)
xH = 0
He
xHe = 0
Cl2
xCl = 0
Fe
xFe = 0
I.2.2. Trong hp cht
Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht bng khng (0).

Th d:
H2SO4
2xH + xS + 4xO = 0
KMnO4
xK + xMn + 4xO = 0
K2Cr2O7
2xK + 2xCr +7xO = 0
C12H22O11
12xC + 22xH + 11xO = 0
HNO3
xH + xN + 3xO = 0
_ Kim loi kim

[ Liti (Litium, Li), Natri (Natrium, Na), Kali (Kalium, K), Rubii (Rubidium, Rb), Xezi
(Cesium, Cs), Franxi (Francium, Fr) ] trong hp cht lun lun c s oxi ha bng
+1.
Th d:
NaCl
xNa = +1
KOH
xK = +1
Li2O
xLi = +1
CH3COONa
xNa = +1
K2SO4
xK = +1
Na
xNa = 0
xK = 0
Li
xLi = 0
- Kim loi kim th

Canxi (Calcium, Ca), Stronti (Strontium, Sr), Bari (Barium, Ba), Rai (Radium,
Ra) ] cng nh Berili (Berilium, Be), Magie (Magnesium, Mg) trong hp cht lun
lun c s oxi ha bng +2.
Th d:
CaO
BaSO4
Mg(NO3)2
Ba(OH)2
Ca(HCOO)2
xCa = +2
xBa = +2
xMg = +2
xBa = +2
xCa = +2
Mg
xMg = 0
Ca
xCa = 0
Ba
xBa = 0
- Hiro (Hidrogen, H)
trong hp cht hu ht c s oxi ha bng +1. Nhng H trong cc hirua (hidrur)
kim loi c s oxi ha bng -1.
Th d:
HNO3
xH = +1
H2SO4
xH = +1
C2H5OH
xH = +1
C6H12O6
xH = +1
H2O2
xH = +1
NaH (Natri hirua, Hidrur natrium)
xH = -1
CaH2 (Canxi hidrua, Hidrur calcium)
xH = -1
H2
xH = 0
[H]
xH = 0
- Oxi (Oxigen, O)
trong hp cht hu ht c s oxi ha bng -2. Nhng O trong cc peoxit (peroxid, O-O-) c s oxi ha bng -1. O trong hp cht vi Flo (Fluor, OF2) c s oxi ha
bng +2.
Th d:
HNO3
xO = -2
KMnO4
xO = -2
H2SO4
xO = -2
C6H5NO2
xO = -2
K2Cr2O7
xO = -2
H2O
xO = -2
H2O2 (H-O-O-H, Hiro peoxit, Peroxid hidrogen)
xO = - 1
Na2O2 (Na-O-O-Na, Natri peoxit, Peroxid natrium)
xO = -1
CaO2 (Canxi peoxit, Peroxid calcium)
xO = -1
OF2 (F-O-F, oxi florua, Fluorur oxigen)
xO = +2
O2 (Oxi)
xO = 0
O3 (ozon)
xO = 0
[O]
xO = 0
(Oxi nguyn t)
I.2.3. Trong ion
Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca ion.

Th d:
Na+
O2 NH4+
xNa = +1
xO = -2
xN + 4xH = +1
Fe3+
xFe = +3
MnO4-
xMn + 4xO = -1
MnO42-
xMn + 4xO = -2
SO32-
xS + 3xO = -2
Ag+
xAg = +1
Cr2O72-
2xCr + 7xO = -2
Cu2+
xCu = +2
Bi tp 1
Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c gch di trong cc cht sau:
KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2, Mn2+, MnO4-, MnO42-, Mn, MnSO4, MnCl2, HNO3, HNO2,
NO3-, NO2, NO2-, N2, NH4+, NH4NO3, N2O, NO, N2O3, N2O5, KNO3, N2O4, (NH4)
SO4, CuO, Cu, Cu2O, Cu2+, CuSO4, CuCl, CuCl2, Cu(OH)2, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe,
Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, FeS2, FeCO3, Fe3+, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, CaC2, Al4C3,
2
C, CO, CO2.
Bi tp 1'
Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c gch di trong cc phn t v ion sau y:
K2Cr2O7, Cr, Cr3+, K2CrO4, Cr2O72-, Cr2(SO4)3, Cr2O3, CrO42-, CrCl3, CrO2-, CrO,
Cr2O3, CrO3, Cr(OH)3, Na2Cr2O7, CrBr3, NaCrO2, H2SO4, H2SO3, FeSO4, SO3,
SO32-, Na2S2O3, Na2S4O6, S, S8, SO42-, SO2, H2S, SF6, FeS2, FeS, K2S, KHS,
H3PO4, P4, P, P2O5, P2O3, PH3, PO43-, AlO2-, KAlO2, HCl, Cl2, Cl-, KClO3, NaClO,
ClO-.
Ghi ch
G1.
Hu ht cc nguyn t ha hc trong bng h thng tun hon l kim loi, ch c
mt s t l phi kim (khng kim loi).
Sau y l 11 phi kim thng
gp:
H
C
Si
Cl
Br
I
Dng n cht ca 11 phi kim trn l:
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2.
G2.
Kim loi khng c s oxi ha m. Kim loi c s oxi ha bng 0 trong n cht, c
s oxi ha dng trong cc hp cht (Bi v kim loi ch cho in t, th hin tnh
kh, ch khng nhn in t). Nguyn t no c s oxi ha m (trong hp cht)
th l nguyn t phi kim.
G3. m in
m in ca mt nguyn t l mt i lng cho bit kh nng thu ht cc in
t gp chung trong mt lin kt cng ha tr ca nguyn t nguyn t . m
in cng ln th s thu ht cc in t gp chung cng nhiu. Flo (F, Fluor) c
m in ln nht, bng 4, cc kim loi kim c m in nh nht, nh hn 1.
Sau y l tr s m in ca mt s nguyn t thng gp:
Nguyn
t
m
in
2,5
2,1
3,5 3,0
Cl
Br F
2,8 2,7 4,0
Ca
Na
2,4 1,04 1,0 0,9
G4.
Lin kt gia hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t th khng tnh s oxi ha. Ni
cch khc, s oxi ha ca lin kt ny bng 0. (V m in hai nguyn t ca
cng mt nguyn t bng nhau, nn cc in t gp chung c phn phi u
gia hai nguyn t, lin kt cng ha tr khng cc, khng xut hin in tch, nn
s oxi ha bng khng).
H-H Cl-Cl O=O
NN
H3C-CH3 H2C=CH2
HCCH
H2NNH2
xH = xCl = xO =
0
0
0
xN = 3xH + xC 2xH + xC = xH + xC
0
0
=0
=0
2xH
+ xN
=0
G5.
Cacbon (Carbon, C) trong hp cht hu c ch c ha tr 4 duy nht, nhng C c
th c cc s oxi ha: -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4. tnh s oxi ha ca
tng nguyn t C trong phn t mt cht hu c th ta phi vit cng thc cu to
(CTCT) ca cht ra, v s oxi ha ca mi nguyn t C bng tng s s oxi ha
ca cc lin kt quanh nguyn t C ny, trong s oxi ha ca lin kt gia C vi
C th khng tnh (bng 0). S oxi ha trung bnh ca C bng trung bnh cng s oxi
ha ca cc nguyn t C c mt trong phn t. S oxi ha trung bnh c th khng
nguyn. C th tnh s oxi ha trung bnh nhanh hn bng cch ch cn cn c vo
cng thc phn t (CTPT).
Khi cn bng phn ng oxi ha, c th ch cn cn c vo s oxi ha trung bnh.
Th d:
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t cacbon, s oxi ha trung bnh ca C trong cc
phn t hp cht hu c sau y:
Propan (CH3CH2CH3), Axit axetic (CH3COOH), Acrolein (CH2=CH-CHO), Glucoz
(mch h) (HOCH2CHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHO).
Bi tp 2
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, O, N, Cl trong cc phn t cht hu c sau y:
Bi tp 2
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, H, N, O trong cc phn t hu c sau:
Glixin (Glicin, H2N-CH2-COOH); Axit lactic (Acid lactic, CH3-CHOH-COOH); Axit
cloaxetic (Acid cloroacetic, Cl-CH2-COOH); Anilin (C6H5-NH2); Nitrobenzen (C6H5NO2); ietylete (Dietyl eter, C2H5-O-C2H5); Ru benzylic (C6H5-CH2-OH); Lizin
(Lysin, H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHNH2-COOH); Cloropren (2-Clobuta ien-1,3
CH2=CH-CCl=CH2); Metylamin (CH3-NH2); Axit acrilic (CH2=CH-COOH).
Bi tp 2
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, H, N, O trong cc phn t hu c sau:
Benzanehit (Benzaldehid, C6H5-CHO); Phenol (C6H5-OH); Glixerin (Glicerin,
CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH); p-Cresol (p-CH3-C6H4-OH); Axit fomic (Acid formic,
HCOOH); Axit picric (2,4,6-Trinitrophenol); TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluen); Axit
glutamic (HOOC-CH2-CH2-CHNH2-COOH); Alanin (CH3-CHNH2-COOH); Isopren
(CH2=CH-CCH3=CH2); Axit -aminoenantoic (H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
COOH); Axit aipic [ Acid adipic, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH ].

Cho bit:
Nguyn t:
m in
C
2,5
Cl
2,1
3,5
3,0
2,8
G.6. Phn bit khi nim ha tr vi s oxi ha
nh ngha ha tr:
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l mt i lng cho bit kh nng kt hp ca mt
nguyn t nguyn t vi bao nhiu nguyn t khc to thnh phn t mt
cht.
Ngi ta chn nguyn t hiro lm n v ha tr (H c ha tr 1). Do , ha tr
ca mt nguyn t l bng s nguyn t H (hay s nguyn t ha tr 1 tng
ng) m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th kt hp to thnh phn t
mt cht.
Vi phn t AHn th A c ha tr n.
Th d:
HCl
H2O
Cl c ha tr 1
O c ha tr 2
NH3
N c ha tr 3
CH4
C c ha tr 4
PCl5
P c ha tr 5
SO2
S c ha tr 4
SO3
S c ha tr 6
Mn2O7
Mn c ha tr 7
Nh vy, ha tr l mt s nguyn dng, cn s oxi ha l in tch, nn c th

m hoc dng.
Khi ni ha tr m, ha tr dng (ha tr ion), thc cht l ni v s oxi ha.
G.7.
H c ha tr 1 duy nht trong mi cht; O c ha tr 2 duy nht trong mi cht.
Nhng H c th c cc s oxi ha +1, 0, -1. O c th c cc s oxi ha -2; -1; 0;
+2.
G.8. Ha tr ion
Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l bng in tch xut hin trn nguyn t ca
nguyn t khi n hin din dng ion. Ha tr ion cho bit s in t m mt
nguyn t ca nguyn t cho hoc nhn to thnh ion tng ng.
Nh vy ha tr ion cng chnh l s oxi ha nhng ha tr ion l bng in tch
tht, cn s oxi ha c th ch l in tch biu kin (qui c).
Th d:
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Na c ha tr ion l +1 (Natri nhn 1 in t) Cl c

ha tr ion l -1 (Clo nhn 1 in t)
MgF2
Mg2+ 2F-
Mg c ha tr ion l +2 (Mg cho 2 in t) F c ha

tr ion l -1 (F nhn 1 in t)
CaO
Ca2+ O2
Ca c ha tr ion l +2 (Ca cho 2 electron) O c ha tr

ion l -2 (O nhn 2 electron)
Al2S3
2Al3+ 3S2-
Al c ha tr ion l +3 S c ha tr ion l -2
G.9. Cng ha tr (Ha tr cng ha tr)

Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l bng s in t ha tr m mt nguyn t ca
nguyn t a ra gp chung to lin kt cng ha tr.
Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t bng s lin kt cng ha tr xut pht t nguyn
t i ra trong cng thc cu to.
Cng ha tr cng chnh l ha tr ca nguyn t , nhng khi nim ha tr tng
qut hn (Cng ging nh khi nim s oxi ha tng qut hn ha tr ion).
Th d:
H - Cl H c cng ha tr 1 (H a ra 1 in t ng gp to lin kt cng ha

tr)
Cl c cng ha tr l 1 (Cl a ra 1 in t ng gp to lin kt cng htr)
H c cng ha tr 1
N c cng ha tr 3
H c cng ha tr 1
C c cng ha tr 4
Bi tp 3
Hy cho bit ha tr, s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t, ion sau y:
Nc
(H2O); Hiropeoxit (Peroxid hidrogen, H2O2); St (II) sunfua (Sulfur st (II), FeS);
Pirit st (FeS2); Canxi cacbua (Carbur calcium, CaC2); Nhm cacbua (Al4C3); Kali
pemanganat (Permanganat kalium, KMnO4); Axit sunfuric (Acid sulfuric, H2SO4);
Kali sunfat (K2SO4); Etilen (C2H4); Axetilen (Acetilen, C2H2); Mesitilen (1,3,5Trimetylbenzen); Kali icromat (K2Cr2O7); Kali cromat (K2CrO4); Axit picric (2,4,6Trinitrophenol); Oxi (O2); Ozon (O3, gi s coi ozon c cu to vng); NO3-; NH4+;
SO42-; Cu2+; MnO42; Fe2+; Fe3+; CrO42-; Cr2O72-; NO2-. O2-, O22-; Axit nitr
(HNO2).
Bi tp 3'
Hy xc nh ha tr, s oxi ha, ha tr ion, cng ha tr (nu c) ca cc nguyn
t trong cc cht sau y:
Benzen (C6H6); Natri oxit (Na2O); Natri peoxit (Na2O2); Axit photphoric (Acid
phosphoric, H3PO4); ng (II) clorua (Clorur ng (II)); ng (I) clorua: Amoniac;
Axit nitric; Bari nitrat; Axit hipoclor (HClO); Axit clor (HClO2); Axit cloric
(HClO3); Axit pecloric (HClO4); Canxi peoxit (CaO2); Hidro sunfua (Sulfur
hidrogen, H2S); Hidro pesunfua (Persulfur hidrogen, H2S2); o - Cresol (o - Metyl
phenol); Vinyl clorua (CH2=CH-Cl); Iot (Iod, I2); I-; S2-; S22-; N3-; Vinylaxetilen
(CH2=CH-CCH).
Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun

http://vietsciences.free.fr
http://vietsciences2.free.fr V Hng Thi
http://vietsciences.org

ng Ha hc thng gp
11/02/06
Chng trnh Ha hc
Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun
II. Phn ng oxi ha- Kh

II.1. Phn ng oxi ha- kh (Oxid ha - kh)
Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng trong nguyn t hay ion ny nhng in t cho nguyn
t hay ion khc.
Hay: Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng trong c s cho, nhn in t; Hay: Phn ng oxi
ha kh l phn ng trong c s thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t.
Th d:
Zn + CuSO4
0
Zn
Fe
0
Fe
0
2Al +
ZnSO4 + Cu
+2
Cu2+
2HCl
+1
2H+
0
3/2O2
+2
0
Zn2+ + Cu
FeCl2
+2
Fe +
2+
+3 -2
Al2O3
H2
0
H2
II.2. Cht oxi ha (Cht oxid ha, Cht b kh)
Cht oxi ha l cht nhn in t c hay l cht c s oxi ha gim sau phn ng. Cht oxi
ha sau khi nhn in t s to thnh cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp). Do , cht oxi
ha cn c gi l cht b kh.
Th d: Cu2+, H+ , O2
Cht oxi ha cng mnh khi cng d nhn in t.
II.3. Cht kh (Cht b oxi ha, Cht b oxid ha)
Cht kh l cht cho in t c hay l cht c s oxi ha tng sau phn ng. Cht kh sau
khi cho in t s to thnh cht oxi ha tng ng. Do , cht kh cn c gi l cht b
oxi ha.
Th d: Zn, Fe, Al
Cht kh cng mnh khi cng d cho in t.
Cch nh: Kh cho, O nhn (Cht kh cho in t, cht oxi ha nhn in t)
II.4. Phn ng oxi ha (Qu trnh oxi ha, S oxi ha, Phn ng nhn
in t)
Phn ng oxi ha l phn ng trong cht kh cho in t to thnh cht oxi ha tng
ng (cht oxi ha lin hp).
Th d:
0
+2
Zn2+
Zn -2e
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Zn2+ l cht oxi ha tng ng (cht oxi ha lin hp) ca cht kh Zn.
Zn l cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp) ca cht oxi ha Zn2+.
II.5. Phn ng kh (Qu trnh kh, S kh, Phn ng nhn in t)
Phn ng kh l phn ng trong cht oxi ha nhn in t to thnh cht kh tng

ng (cht kh lin hp).
Th d:
+2
Cu2+ + 2e
Cht oxi ha
0
Cu
Cht kh
Cu l cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp) ca cht oxi ha Cu2+.

Cu2+ l cht oxi ha tng ng (cht oxi ha lin hp) ca cht kh Cu.
II.6. Phn ng oxi ha v phn ng kh lun lun i chung vi nhau v

to thnh phn ng oxi ha - kh.
Th d:
Zn
- 2e
2+
Zn2+
Cu
Cu + 2e
________________________
Zn2+ + Cu
Zn + Cu2+
Phn ng oxi ha
Phn ng kh
Phn ng oxi ha - kh
II.7. Qui lut din tin ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch
Phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra trong dung dch theo hng gia cht kh mnh vi cht oxi ha
mnh to cht oxi ha v cht kh tng ng yu hn.
Th d:
Phn ng Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu xy ra c l do Zn c tnh kh mnh hn Cu v Cu2+
c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Zn2+.
Phn ng Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 xy ra c l do Cl2 c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Br2 v
Br- c tnh kh mnh hn Cl-.
II.8. Cp oxi ha kh (i oxi ha kh. K hiu Ox/Kh)

Cp oxi ha kh l tp hp gm hai cht, cht oxi ha v cht kh tng ng (cht oxi ha v
cht kh lin hp), trong cht oxi ha c t pha trc, cht kh tng ng t pha sau
v cch nhau bng mt gch dc (Ox/Kh).
Th d:
Fe2+/Fe, Ag+/Ag, Al3+/Al, 2H+/H2, Cl2/2Cl-, Fe3+/Fe2+, Cu2+/Cu, Cu2+/Cu+
Trong mt cp oxi ha kh th mnh ca cht oxi ha v ca cht kh ngc nhau. Ngha
l nu cht oxi ha rt mnh th cht kh tng ng s rt yu v ngc li, nu cht kh rt
mnh th cht oxi ha tng ng s rt yu.

Th d:
Vi cp K+/K th do K c tnh kh rt mnh nn K+ c tnh oxi ha rt yu.
Vi cp Au3+/Au th do Au c tnh kh rt yu nn Au3+ c tnh oxi ha rt mnh.
II.9. Dy th in ha (Dy hot ng ha hc cc kim loi, Dy

Beketov)
Trong dy th in ha, ngi ta sp cc kim loi (tr H l phi kim) theo th t, t trc ra
sau, c mnh tnh kh gim dn; Cn cc ion kim loi tng ng (ion dng) theo th t,
t trc ra sau, c mnh tnh oxi ha tng dn.
K
Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni
Chiu mnh tnh kh gim dn.
Sn
Pb H Cu Ag
K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+

Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+
Chiu mnh tnh oxi ha tng dn.
Hg
Pt
Au
Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+
Cch nh: Khi Cn Nt, M Nhm Mang Zp Crom- St, Nt Thic - Ch, Hay ngBc. Hao Ph Vng.
II.10. Th in ha chun (E0 OX/Kh)

Th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng ln v i s th cht oxi ha cng
mnh, cht kh tng ng cng yu; Cn th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no
cng nh v i s th cht oxi ha cng yu, cht kh tng ng cng mnh.
E0Ox1/Kh1 > E0Ox2/Kh2

Ox1 > Ox2
Tnh oxi ha:

Tnh kh:
Kh1 < Kh2
Th d:
Thc nghim cho bit: E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ >E0Cu2+/Cu > E0Fe2+/Fe
Do ,
tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+
tnh kh:
Ag < Fe2+ < Cu < Fe
Sau y l tr s th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh thng gp (Ngi ta xc

nh c cc tr s ny l do thit lp cc pin in ha hc gia cc cp oxi ha kh khc vi
cp oxi ha kh hiro . Vi in cc hiro c chn lm in cc chun v qui c E02H+/H2
= 0 V)
Cp oxi
ha/kh
Th in ha chun (E0Ox/Kh, Volt,

Vn) (Th kh chun)
K+/K
-2,92
Ca2+/Ca
-2,87
Na+/Na
-2,71
Mg2+/Mg
-2,37
Al3+/Al
-1,66
Mn2+/Mn
-1,19
Zn2+/Zn
-0,76
Cr3+/Cr
-0,74
Fe2+/Fe
-0.44
Ni2+/Ni
-0,26
Sn2+/Sn
-0,14
Pb2+/Pb
-0,13
Fe3+/Fe
-0,04
2H+(axit)/H2 0,00
Cu2+/Cu+
+0,16
Cu2+/Cu
+0,34
Cu+/Cu
+0,52
Fe3+/Fe2+
+0,77
Ag+/Ag
+0,80
Hg2+/Hg
+0,85
Pt2+/Pt
+1,20
Au3+/Au
+1,50
Lu
L.1.
E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E02H+/H2 >
E0Fe2+/Fe > E0Zn2+/Zn

(+0,80V)
0,44V)
(+0,77V)
(-0,76V)
(+0,34V)
(0,00V)
(-
Tnh oxi ha: Ag+> Fe3+ > Cu2+ > H+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+
Tnh kh:
Ag < Fe2+ < Cu < H2 < Fe < Zn
L.2.
Fe
Fe2+(dd)
+3
Fe
Fe
Cht kh
+2
3+
2Fe2+
(dd)
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh:

Fe > Fe2+
Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ > Fe2+
Th d:
Fe + FeCl2
Fe + 2FeCl3
Fe + Fe2(SO4)3
3FeSO4
3FeCl2
L.3.
Cu
Fe2+ (dd)
0
+2
+3
Cu
+
2Fe2+
2Fe3+
+2
(dd) Cu2+ +
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Tnh kh: Cu > Fe2+

Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ > Cu2+
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:
Th d:
Fe + CuSO4
FeSO4 + Cu
Cu + FeSO4
Cu + Fe2(SO4)3
Cu + 2Fe(NO3 )3
CuSO4 + 2FeSO4
Cu(NO3 )2 + 2Fe(NO3 )2
Cu + Fe(CH3 COO)2
Cu + 2Fe(HCOO)3
Cu(HCOO)2 + 2Fe(HCOO)2
L.4.
Ag+(dd)
Fe3+(dd)
(Dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (III) khng c xy ra phn ng

oxi ha kh, nhng c th xy ra phn ng trao i)
+1
+
Ag+(dd)
Cht oxi ha
+2
Fe2+(dd)
Cht kh
0
Ag
+
Cht kh
+3
Fe3+
Cht oxi ha
Tnh kh: Fe2+ > Ag

Tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+
Th d:
AgNO3
+ Fe(NO3 )3
AgNO3
+ Fe(NO3 )2
3AgNO3 + 3Fe(CH3 COO)2

AgNO3
+ Fe(CH3 COO)3
Ag + Fe(NO3 )3
3Ag + 2Fe(CH3 COO)3 + Fe(NO3 )3
Nhng:
+ FeCl3
3CH3 COOAg + FeBr3
3AgNO3
3AgCl+ Fe(NO3 )3 (Phn ng trao i)

3AgBr + Fe(CH3 COO)3 (Phn ng trao i)
L.5.
Fe(d) + 2Ag+(dd)
Fe2+ + 2Ag
Fe + 3Ag+(dd, d)
Fe3+ + 3Ag
V:
Fe + 2Fe3+(dd)
3Fe2+
Ag+(dd) + Fe2+(dd)
Ag + Fe3+
Th d:
Fe(d) + 2AgNO3
Fe(NO3 )2 + 2Ag
Fe + 3AgNO3 (d)
Fe(NO3 )3 + 3Ag
Fe + 3CH3 COOAg (d)
Fe(CH3 COO)3 + 3Ag
Fe(d) + 2AgClO3
Fe(ClO3 )2 + 2Ag
L.6.
3Zn(d) + 2Fe3+(dd)
3Zn2+ + 2Fe
Zn + 2Fe3+(dd, d)
Zn2+ + 2Fe2+
V:
Zn + Fe2+
Zn2+ + Fe
2Fe3+ + Fe
3Fe2+
Th d:
3 Zn(d) + 2FeCl3
3ZnCl2 + 2Fe
Zn + 2FeCl3 (d)
ZnCl2 + 2FeCl2
Zn + FeCl2
ZnCl2 + Fe
Zn + Fe2(SO4 )3 (d)
ZnSO4 + 2FeSO4
3Zn(d) + 2Fe(NO3 )3
3Zn(NO3 )2 + 2Fe
L.7.
Tng qut, kim loi ng (Cu) khng tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II), nhng
ng c th tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II) clorua to ng (I) clorua. Nguyn nhn
l do CuCl kt ta (khng tan trong dung dch nc).
0
+2
Cu
+
Cu2+(dd)
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
+1
2Cu+
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng khng xy ra l do: Tnh kh: Cu < Cu+

Tnh oxi ha: Cu2+ < Cu+
Cu + CuCl2(dd)
2CuCl
Cu + CuSO4 (dd)
Cu + Cu(NO3)2 (dd)
L.8.
+1
Cu+ +
Cht kh
+1
+2
Cu
Cu
+
Cu
Cht oxi ha Cht oxi ha Cht kh
+
2+

Cu+ > Cu
Tnh oxi ha: Cu+ > Cu2+
0
0
2+
(E Cu+/Cu = 0,52V > E Cu /Cu+ = 0,16V)
Th d:
Cu2O + H2SO4 (l)
[ Cu2O + H2SO4 (l)
Cu2SO4 + Cu2SO4
CuSO4 + Cu + H2O
Cu2SO4 + H2O
2Cu + 2CuSO4 ]
(CuCl khng tan trong nc, cn cc mui ng (I) khc, ni chung, khng tn ti)
Bi tp 4
vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi ng (Cu) vo tng dung dch sau y: Fe2
(SO4 )3; FeCl2; Cu(CH3COO)2; CuSO4 ; CuCl2; AgNO3; NaNO3; HNO3(l); NaNO3 trn vi HCl;
HCl; HCl c ha tan O2; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(l) c ha tan O2; Fe(NO3)3; Fe(CH3COO)2 ; HNO3(,
ngui); HNO3(, nng); Al(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2 ; Fe(CH3COO)3; HgCl2; Hn hp Cu(NO3)2 -
H2SO4 (l).
Bi tp 4'
Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi st (Fe) vo tng dung dch sau y: FeCl2;
Fe(NO3)3; CuSO4; ZnSO4 ; HCl; AgNO3(d); CH3COOAg(thiu); HNO3(l); KNO3; KNO3 trn vi
HCl; H2SO4 (l); H2 SO4 (, ngui); H2SO4 (, nng); FeBr3; FeSO4 ; HNO3(, ngui); HNO3(,
nng); CH3COOH; CH3COOAg(d); Cu2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Mg(HCOO)2 .
Bi tp 5 (Tuyn sinh i hc khi A, nm 2003)

Trn mt cht oxi ha vi mt cht kh trong dung dch. Phn ng c xy ra khng? Nu c
th theo chiu no? Cho th d minh ha.
Trong dy in ha ca kim loi, v tr mt s cp oxi ha kh c sp xp nh sau: Al3+/Al;
Fe2+/Fe; Ni2+/Ni; Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag. Hy cho bit:
Trong s cc kim loi Al, Fe, Ni, Ag, kim loi no phn ng c vi dung dch mui st (III).
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Phn ng gia dung dch AgNO3 v dung dch Fe(NO3)2 c xy ra khng? Nu c, hy gii
thch v vit phng trnh phn ng.
Bi tp 5'
Th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh theo chiu gim dn nh sau:
E0 Ox/Kh : Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > Fe2+/Fe > Zn2+/Zn.
Hy so snh mnh gia cc cht oxi ha v gia cc cht kh trong cc cp oxi ha kh
trn.
Vit phn ng (nu c) khi cho:
Trn dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (II).
Cho bt kim loi bc vo dung dch mui st (III).
Cho bt st vo dung dch mui bc c d.
Cho bt st vo dung dch mui km.
Cho bt km vo dung dch mui st (III) c d.
Cho bt ng vo dung dch mui st (III).
Bi tp 6
Cho 4,48 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm FeCl3 0,2M v Fe2(SO4)3 0,25M.
Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c m gam cht rn v dung dch A.
Tnh m.
Xc nh nng mol (mol/l) ca dung dch A.
Nu c cn dung dch A, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
(Cho bit cc mui FeCl2, FeSO4 u ha tan c trong nc)
(Fe = 56; Cl = 35,5; S = 32; O = 16)

S: m = 0,56g; FeCl2 0,3M; FeSO4 0,75M; 7,62g FeCl2; 22,8g FeSO4
Bi tp 6'
Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo mt cc c cha 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,225M. Khuy u
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c m gam cht rn v 400 ml dung dch A.
Tnh m.
Tnh nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch A.
(Fe = 56; Ag = 108)
S: m = 9,72g; Fe(NO3)2 0,075M; Fe(NO3)3 0,025M

Cho 18,5 gam hn hp Z gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 long un nng
v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc),
dung dch Z1 v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi.
Vit cc phn ng.
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3.
Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Z1.

(Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14)
S: HNO3 3,2M; 48,6g
Bi tp 7'
Cho 1,95 gam bt km vo 200 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M, khuy u. Sau khi kt thc
phn ng, thu c x gam cht rn v dung dch Y.
Tnh x.
C cn dung dung dch Y, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
(Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16)
S: x = 0,28g; 4,83g ZnSO4; 6,84g FeSO4
Bi tp 8
Cho t t a mol bt kim loi st vo mt cc ng dung dch cha b mol AgNO3. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a,
b c cc trng hp ny v tm s mol mi cht thu c theo a, b cc cht thu c
(khng k dung mi H2O) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 8'
Cho t t dung dch cha b mol AgNO3 vo mt cc ng a mol bt Fe. Vit cc phng trnh
phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b c cc

trng hp ny v tnh s mol cc cht thu c theo a, b (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng
trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9
Cho t t x mol bt kim loi km (Zn) vo mt cc ng dung dch c ha tan y mol FeCl3.
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h

gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung
mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9'
Yu cu ging bi tp 6, nhng by gi cho t t dung dch cha y mol FeCl3 vo cc ng x
mol bt km.
Cu hi n phn I, II
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.

m in ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.

Phn ng oxi ha kh l g? Cho th d minh ha.
Cht oxi ha l g? Ti sao cht oxi ha cn c gi l cht b kh? Cho th d.
Cht kh l g? Ti sao cht kh cn c gi l cht b oxi ha?. Cho th d.
Phn ng oxi ha l g? Phn bit s oxi ha vi cht oxi ha. Cho th d.
Phn ng kh l g? Phn bit s kh vi cht kh. Cho th d.
Pht biu qui lut chiu din tin ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch. Cho th d minh
ha.
Hy lit k dy th in ha (dy hot ng cc kim loi) trong chng trnh ph thng v
ngha ca n.
Cp oxi ha kh l g? mnh ca cht oxi ha v ca cht kh tng ng (lin hp) c lin
quan th no? Cho hai th d c th minh ha.
Thc nghim cho bit th t in th ca cc cp oxi ha kh nh sau:
Au3+/Au > Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > 2H+/H2 > Fe2+/Fe> Zn2+/Zn > K+/K
Hy sp theo th t mnh tnh oxi ha gim dn v mnh tnh kh gim dn ca cc

cht oxi ha, cht kh c trong cc cp trn.
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, O, N, Cl trong cc phn t hp cht hu c sau y:
Cloetan (Cloroetan, Cl-CH2-CH3); Propilen (CH2=CH-CH3); Anilin; Nitrobenzen; Axit benzoic
(C6H5-COOH); Etilenglicol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH); Metyletyl ete (Etyl metyl eter, CH3-O-C2H5); Axit
metacrilic (CH2=CCH3COOH); Alanin (Axit 2-aminopropanoic); Vinylclorua (CH2=CHCl); Ru

alylic (CH2=CHCH2OH).
Hy cho bit ha tr, ha tr ion, cng ha tr (nu c) v s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t trong
cc phn t hp cht sau y: Natri clorua (Clorur natrium); Etilen; Bari oxit; Nc; Hiro
peoxit (Peroxid hidrogen); Hirua sunfua (Sulfur hidrogen); Hirua pesunfua; Kali sunfua;
Propan; Glixin (Axit aminoaxetic); Axit sunfuric; Glixerin; Kali oxit; Etylamin (CH3CH2NH2);
Anilin; Km clorua; Ru etylic (Etanol); Glicocol (Glixin); Fomanehit (Formaldehid, Metanal,
HCHO).
Cho t t x mol bt kim loi st vo dung dch cha y mol bc axetat (acetat bc). Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y
c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng
vi tng trng hp trn.
Cho t t dung dch c ha tan a mol bc axetat vo mt cc c cha b mol bt kim loi st.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h
gia a, b ng vi tng trng hp trn (khng k H2O).
Cho t t x mol kim loi km vo dung dch cha y mol Fe2(SO4)3. Vit cc phng trnh phn
ng c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c th xy ra tng trng hp trn v tnh s

mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp.
Yu cu nh bi 19 khi cho t t dung dch cha a mol Fe2(SO4)3 vo mt cc ng b mol bt
Zn.
Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho bt Fe vo tng dung dch sau y: Cu(NO3)2; Fe
(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2; AgNO3 d; AgNO3 thiu; Mg(NO3)2; HNO3(l); HNO3(, nng); HNO3(,
ngui); KNO3; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(, nng); H2SO4(, ngui); KNO3 trn vi H2SO4 long; HCl;
CH3COOH.

Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org v http://vietsciences2.free.fr V
Hng Thi

ng Ha hc thng gp - Th in ha chun
20/02/06
Chng trnh Ha hc
Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun
====================
II.10. Th in ha chun (E0 OX/Kh)
Th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng ln v i s th cht oxi ha

cng mnh, cht kh tng ng cng yu; Cn th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha
kh no cng nh v i s th cht oxi ha cng yu, cht kh tng ng cng
mnh.
E0Ox1/Kh1 > E0Ox2/Kh2
Tnh kh: Kh1 < Kh2
Tnh oxi ha: Ox1 > Ox2
Th d:
Thc nghim cho bit: E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E0Fe2+/Fe
Do , tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+
tnh kh: Ag
<
Fe2+ <
Cu
<
Fe
Sau y l tr s th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh thng gp (Ngi

ta xc nh c cc tr s ny l do thit lp cc pin in ha hc gia cc cp oxi
ha kh khc vi cp oxi ha kh hiro . Vi in cc hiro c chn lm in cc
chun v qui c E02H+/H2 = 0 V)
Cp oxi ha/kh
Th in ha chun
(E0Ox/Kh, Volt,
Vn) (Th kh
chun)
K+/K
-2,92
Ca2+/Ca
-2,87
Na+/Na
-2,71
Mg2+/Mg
-2,37
Al3+/Al
-1,66
Mn2+/Mn
-1,19
Zn2+/Zn
-0,76
Cr3+/Cr
-0,74
Fe2+/Fe
-0.44
Ni2+/Ni
-0,26
Sn2+/Sn
-0,14
Pb2+/Pb
-0,13
Fe3+/Fe
-0,04
2H+(axit)/H2
0,00
Cu2+/Cu+
+0,16
Cu2+/Cu
+0,34
Cu+/Cu
+0,52
Fe3+/Fe2+
+0,77
Ag+/Ag
+0,80
Hg2+/Hg
+0,85
Pt2+/Pt
+1,20
Au3+/Au
+1,50
Lu
L.1.
E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E02H+/H2 > E0Fe2+/Fe >
(+0,80V)
(+0,77V)
(0,00V)
(-0,44V)
(-0,76V)
Tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > H+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+
Tnh kh :
L.2.
(+0,34V)
E0Zn2+/Z
Ag < Fe2+ <
Cu
<
H2 <
Fe
<
Zn
Fe
Fe2+(dd)
+3
Fe
+2
Fe3+(dd)
Cht kh
2Fe2+
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh /Cht oxi ha

Tnh kh:
Fe
Fe2+
>
Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ > Fe2+
Fe
FeCl2
Fe
2FeCl3
Fe
Fe2(SO4)3
3FeCl2
3FeSO4
L.3.
Cu
Fe2+ (dd)
+3
Cu
+2
2Fe3+ (dd)
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
+2
Cu2+
Cht oxi ha
2Fe2+
Cht kh

Tnh kh:
Cu > Fe2+
Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ >
Cu2+
Th d:
Fe
CuSO4
Cu
FeSO4
Cu
Fe2(SO4)3
FeSO4
CuSO4 +
2FeSO4
Cu
Cu
2Fe(NO3)3
Cu
Cu
Cu(NO3)2
2Fe(NO3)2
Fe(CH3COO)2
2Fe(HCOO)3
Cu(HCOO)2
2Fe(HCOO)2
L.4.
Ag+(dd)
Fe3+(dd)
(Dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (III) khng c xy ra phn ng oxi ha
kh, nhng c th xy ra phn ng trao i)
+1
Ag+(dd)
+2
Fe2+(dd)
+3
Ag
Fe3+
Cht oxi ha Cht kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Fe2+
Tnh kh:
Tnh oxi ha: Ag+
>
>
Ag
Fe3+
Th d:
AgNO3
Fe(NO3)3
AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
3AgNO3 + 3Fe(CH3COO)2
AgNO3 +
Ag
Fe(NO3)3
3Ag + 2Fe(CH3COO)3 + Fe(NO3)3
Fe(CH3COO)3
Nhng:
3AgNO3
+ FeCl3
3CH3COOAg
L.5.
+ FeBr3
3AgCl
3AgBr
Fe(NO3)3
(Phn ng trao i)
Fe(CH3COO)3 (Phn ng trao i)
2Ag+(dd)
Fe2+
2Ag
+ 3Ag+(dd, d)
Fe3+
3Ag
Fe(d) +
Fe
Th d:
Fe
2Fe3+(dd)
Ag+(dd) +
Fe2+(dd)
3Fe2+
Ag
Fe3+
Th d:
Fe(d)
Fe
3AgNO3(d)
Fe
3CH3COOAg (d) Fe(CH3COO)3 +
Fe(d) +
2AgNO3
2AgClO3
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(NO )
+ 3Ag
3 3
Fe(ClO )
3 2
3Ag
2Ag
L.6.
3Zn(d)
Zn
2Fe3+(dd)
2Fe3+(dd, d)
3Zn2+
Zn2+
2Fe2+
V d:
Zn2+ + Fe
3Fe2+
3 Zn (d) +
2FeCl3
3ZnCl2 +
Zn
2FeCl3 (d)
ZnCl2
Zn
FeCl2
Zn
Fe2(SO4)3 (d)
ZnSO4
2Fe(NO3)3
3Zn(NO3)2
Zn
Fe2+
2Fe3+ + Fe
V d:
3Zn (d) +
ZnCl2 +
+
2Fe
2FeCl2
Fe
2FeSO4
+
2Fe
2Fe
2Ag
L.7.
Tng qut, kim loi ng (Cu) khng tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II), nhng
ng c th tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II) clorua to ng (I) clorua.
Nguyn nhn l do CuCl kt ta (khng tan trong dung dch nc).
0
+2
Cu
Cht oxi ha
+1
Cu2+(dd)
2Cu+
Cht kh
Cht kh /Cht oxi ha
Phn ng khng xy ra l do:

< Cu+
Tnh kh:
Cu
Tnh oxi ha:
Cu2+ < Cu+

2CuCl
Cu
CuCl2(dd)
Cu
CuSO4(dd)
Cu
Cu(NO3)2(dd)
L.8.
+1
+1
Cu+
Cht kh
+2
Cu+
Cht oxi ha
Cu2+
Cht oxi ha
Cu
Cht kh

Tnh kh:
Cu+ > Cu
Tnh oxi ha: Cu+ > Cu2+
(E0Cu+/Cu = 0,52V > E0Cu2+/Cu+ = 0,16V)

Th d:
Cu2O
H2SO4(l)
CuSO4
Cu
[ Cu2O +
H2SO4(l)
Cu2SO4
H2O
H2O
Cu2SO4
Cu2SO4
2Cu
2CuSO4
(CuCl khng tan trong nc, cn cc mui ng (I) khc, ni chung, khng tn ti)
Bi tp 4
vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi ng (Cu) vo tng dung dch sau
y:
Fe2(SO4)3; FeCl2; Cu(CH3COO)2; CuSO4; CuCl2; AgNO3; NaNO3; HNO3

(l); NaNO3 trn vi HCl; HCl; HCl c ha tan O2; Fe(NO3)3; Fe(CH3COO)2;
HNO3(, ngui); HNO3( nng); Al(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2; Fe(CH3COO)3; HgCl2; Hhn
hp Cu(NO3)2 H2SO4(l).
Bi tp 4'
Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi st (Fe) vo tng dung dch sau
y: FeCl2; Fe(NO3)3; CuSO4; ZnSO4; HCl; AgNO3(d); CH3COOAg(thiu);
HNO3(l); KNO3; KNO3 trn vi HCl; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(, ngui); H2SO4,

nng(, nng); FeBr3; FeSO4; HNO3(, ngui); HNO3(, nong); CH3COOH;
CH3COOAg(d); Cu2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Mg(HCOO)2.

Trn mt cht oxi ha vi mt cht kh trong dung dch. Phn ng c xy ra khng?
Nu c th theo chiu no? Cho th d minh ha.
Trong dy in ha ca kim loi, v tr mt s cp oxi ha kh c sp xp nh sau:
Al3+/Al; Fe2+/Fe; Ni2+/Ni; Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag. Hy cho bit:

- Trong s cc kim loi Al, Fe, Ni, Ag, kim loi no phn ng c vi dung dch mui
st (III). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
- Phn ng gia dung dch dch AgNO3 v dung dch Fe(NO3)2 c xy ra khng?
Nu c, hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng.
Bi tp 5'
Th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh theo chiu gim dn nh sau:
E0 Ox/Kh : Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > Fe2+/Fe > Zn2+/Zn.
a) Hy so snh mnh gia cc cht oxi ha v gia cc cht kh trong cc cp oxi

ha kh trn.
b) Vit phn ng (nu c) khi cho:
Trn dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (II).
Cho bt kim loi bc vo dung dch mui st (III).
Cho bt st vo dung dch mui bc c d.
Cho bt st vo dung dch mui km.
Cho bt km vo dung dch mui st (III) c d.
Cho bt ng vo dung dch mui st (III).
Bi tp 6
Cho 4,48 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm FeCl3 0,2M v Fe2(SO4)3
0,25M. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c m gam cht rn v dung dch A.
a) Tnh m.
b) Xc nh nng mol (mol/l) ca dung dch A.
c) Nu c cn dung dch A, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
(Cho bit cc mui muoi FeCl2, FeSO4 u ha tan c trong nc)
(Fe = 56; Cl = 35,5; S = 32; O = 16)
S: m = 0,56g; FeCl2 0,3M; FeSO4 0,75M; 7,62g FeCl2; 22,8g FeSO4
Bi tp 6'
Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo mt cc c cha 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,225M. Khuy
u phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c m gam cht rn v 400 ml dung dch A.
a) Tnh m.
b) Tnh nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch A.
(Fe = 56; Ag = 108)
S: m = 9,72g; Fe(NO3)2 0,075M; Fe(NO3)3 0,025M

Cho 18,5 gam hn hp Z gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 long
un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh NO
duy nht (ktc), dung dch Z1 v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi.
Vit cc phn ng.

Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3
Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Z1.
(Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14)
S: HNO3 3,2M; 48,6g
Bi tp 7'
Cho 1,95 gam bt km vo 200 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M, khuy u. Sau
khi kt thc phn ng, thu c x gam cht rn v dung dch Y.
Tnh x.
C cn dung dung dch Y, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
(Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16)
S: x = 0,28g; 4,83g ZnSO4; 6,84g FeSO4
Bi tp 8
Cho t t a mol bt kim loi st vo mt cc ng dung dch cha b mol AgNO3. Vit
cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin
lin h gia a, b c cc trng hp ny v tm s mol mi cht thu c theo a, b
cc cht thu c (khng k dung mi H2O) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 8'
Cho t t dung dch cha b mol AgNO3 vo mt cc ng a mol bt Fe. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h
gia a, b c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol cc cht thu c theo a, b (khng
k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9
Cho t t x mol bt kim loi km (Zn) vo mt cc ng dung dch c ha tan y mol
FeCl3. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu
kin lin h gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo

x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9'
Yu cu ging bi tp 6, nhng by gi cho t t dung dch cha y mol FeCl3 vo cc
ng x mol bt km.
Cu hi n phn I, II
1. S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
2. m in ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
3. Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
4. Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
5. Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
6. Phn ng oxi ha kh l g? Cho th d minh ha.
7. Cht oxi ha l g? Ti sao cht oxi ha cn c gi l cht b kh? Cho th d.
8. Cht kh l g? Ti sao cht kh cn c gi l cht b oxi ha?. Cho th d.
9. Phn ng oxi ha l g? Phn bit s oxi ha vi cht oxi ha. Cho th d.
10. Phn ng kh l g? Phn bit s kh vi cht kh. Cho th d.
11. Pht biu qui lut chiu din tin ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch.
Cho th d minh ha.
12. Hy lit k dy th in ha (dy hot ng cc kim loi) trong chng trnh
ph thng v ngha ca n.
13. Cp oxi ha kh l g? mnh ca cht oxi ha v ca cht kh tng ng
(lin hp) c lin quan th no? Cho hai th d c th minh ha.
14. Thc nghim cho bit th t in th ca cc cp oxi ha kh nh sau:
Au3+/Au > Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > 2H+/H2 > Fe2+/Fe> Zn2+/Zn >
K+/K
Hy sp theo th t mnh tnh oxi ha gim dn v mnh tnh kh gim
dn ca cc cht oxi ha, cht kh c trong cc cp trn.
15. Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, O, N, Cl trong cc phn t hp cht hu
c sau y: Cloetan (Cloroetan, Cl-CH2-CH3); Propilen (CH2=CH-CH3); Anilin;
Nitrobenzen;
Axit
benzoic
(C6H5-COOH);
Etilenglicol
(HO-CH2-CH2-OH);
Metyletyl ete (Etyl metyl eter, CH3-O-C2H5); Axit metacrilic (CH2=CCH3COOH);
Alanin
(Axit
2-aminopropanoic);
(CH2=CHCl);
Vinylclorua
(CH2=CHCH2OH).
Ru
alylic
16. Hy cho bit ha tr, ha tr ion, cng ha tr (nu c) v s oxi ha ca tng

nguyn t trong cc phn t hp cht sau y: Natri clorua (Clorur natrium);
Etilen; Bari oxit; Nc; Hiro peoxit (Peroxid hydrogen); Hirua sunfua (Sulfur
hydrogen); Hirua pesunfua; Kali sunfua; Propan; Glixin (Axit aminoaxetic); Axit
sunfuric; Glixerin; Kali oxit; Etylamin (CH3CH2NH2); Anilin; Km clorua; Ru
etylic (Etanol); Glicocol (Glixin); Fomanehit (Formaldehyde, Metanal, HCHO).
17. Cho t t x mol bt kim loi st vo dung dch cha y mol bc axetat (acetat
bc). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c.
Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht
thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
18. Cho t t dung dch c ha tan a mol bc axetat vo mt cc c cha b mol bt
kim loi st. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c
th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b ng vi tng trng hp trn (khng k
H2O).
19. Cho t t x mol kim loi km vo dung dch cha y mol Fe2(SO4)3. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c th xy
ra tng trng hp trn v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k
dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp.
20. Yu cu nh bi 19 khi cho t t dung dch cha a mol Fe2(SO4)3 vo mt cc
ng b mol bt Zn.
21. Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho bt Fe vo tng dung dch sau y:
Cu(NO3)2; Fe(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2; AgNO3 d; AgNO3 thiu; Mg(NO3)2; HNO3(l);
HNO3(, nng); HNO3(, ngui); KNO3; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(, nng); H2SO4(,
ngui); KNO3 trn vi H2SO4long; HCl; CH3COOH.

Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun
http://vietsciences.free.fr
http://vietsciences2.free.fr V Hng Thi
http://vietsciences.org
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai
21
Chng trnh Ha hc
III
CC PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG

OXI HA KH
Nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh l s in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s

in t nhn ca cht oxi ha hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng s oxi ha gim ca
cht oxi ha.
III.1. PHNG PHP CN BNG IN T (THNG BNG ELECTRON)
Thc hin cc giai on:
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b
sung phn ng, ri mi cn bng).
+ Tnh s oxi ha ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh.
+ Vit phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (Phn ng oxi ha, phn ng kh). Ch cn vit
nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i, vi s oxi ha c bn trn. Thm h s
thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i hai bn bng nhau.
+ Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi
ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch thm h
s thch hp.
+ Phi hp cc phn ng cho, nhn in t; cc h s cn bng tm c; v phn ng lc u
b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u.
+ Cui cng cn bng cc nguyn t cn li (nu c) nh phn ng trao i.
Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng in t.
Th d 1
+7
+2
+2
KMnO4 +
FeSO4 + H2SO4
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
+7
Mn
+2
5 2Fe
+5e-2e-
(+4)
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + H2SO4
+3
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

+2
Mn
(phn ng kh)
+3
2Fe
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+6)
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
Giao khoa hoa vo c
22
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Th d 2:
+8/3
+5
Fe3O4
+3
HNO3
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
+8/3
N
3Fe3O4 +
3Fe3O4
+ NO +
H2O
+3
3 3Fe - e(+8)
+5
+2
Fe(NO3)3
3Fe
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+9)
+2
+ 3e-
HNO3
(Phn ng kh)
9Fe(NO3)3
28HNO3
+ NO
9Fe(NO3)3 +
NO +
H2O
14H2O
[ Trong 28 phn t HNO3 ca tc cht, ch c 1 phn t l cht oxi ha tht s, cn 27 phn t

tham gia trao i (to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat)]
Th d 3:
+2 -1
FeS2
+3
O2
Fe2O3
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Pirit st, St (II) pesunfua
+2
2Fe
-2e
2Fe
SO2
-1
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+6)
-22e-
+4 -2
+3
(+4)
-2
+4
4S - 20e-
4S
(-4)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+16)
-2
11 O 2
+ 4e-
2O
(0)
(Phn ng kh)
(-4)
4FeS2
11O2
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
t0
Th d 4:
+2y/x
+5
FexOy
HNO3
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

+2y/x
xFe
- (3x-2y)e-
(+2y)
+5
(3x-2y)
+3
+2
Fe(NO3)3
NO
H 2O
+3
xFe
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+3x)
+3e-
+2
(Phn ng kh)
Giao khoa hoa vo c
23
3FexOy + (3x-2y)HNO3
3FexOy + (12x-2y)HNO3
3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + H2O

3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y)H2O
Th d 5:
+2y/x
+5
Mx O y +
+n
HNO3
cht kh cht oxi ha

+2y/x
N2O +
H2O
+n
xM - (nx-2y)e-
+1
M(NO3)n +
xM
(+2y)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+nx)
+5
+1
+ 8e-
(nx-2y) 2N
2N
(+10)
(Phn ng kh)
(+2)
8MxOy + (2nx-4y)HNO3
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O +
8MxOy + (10nx-4y)HNO3
H 2O
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O + (5nx-2y)H2O
[ (2nx - 4y) phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha tht s, n b kh to (nx-2y) phn t N2O; cn
(10nx-4y) - (2nx- 4y) = 8nx phn t HNO3 tham gia trao i, to mi trng axit, to mui
nitrat, trong s oxi ha ca N khng i]
Th d 6:
0
Al
+5
Cht kh
(3x+8y)
Al
+5
xN
+3
HNO3
Cht oxi ha
+2
+1
Al(NO3)3 + xNO + yN2O + H2O
+3
-3e-
Al
+3xe-
xN
(Phn ng oxi ha)
+2
(+5x)
(Phn ng kh)
(+2x)
+ (3x+8y) e+5
2yN
+8ye-
(+10y)
(3x+8y)Al + (3x+6y)HNO3
(3x +8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3
(6x+15)H2O
+1
2yN
(Phn ng kh)
(+2y)
(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O + H2O

(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O +
Giao khoa hoa vo c
24
Th d 7:
+2y/x
+2
FexOy
+2m/n
+ CO
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+2y/x
+2m/n
+ (2ny-2mx)e-
nxFe
(Phn ng kh)
nxFe
(+2ny)
(+2mx)
+2
(ny-mx)
+4
FenOm + CO2
t0
+4
-2e
nFexOy
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(ny-mx)CO
xFenOm +
(ny-mx)CO2
Th d 8:
+8/3
+5
Fe3O4
Cht kh
+8/3
(5x-2y) 3Fe
+3
Fe(NO3)3
- e-
3Fe
Cht oxi ha
+ N xO y + H 2 O
+3
(+8)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+9)
+5
xN
+2y/x
+ HNO3
+ (5x-2y)e
+2y/x
(Phn ng kh)
xN
(+5x)
(+2y)
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 +
xHNO3
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 +
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 + (46x-18y)HNO3
NxOy
H2O
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (23x-9y)H2O
Th d 9:
-1
+6
+1
CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
-1
2e
2Cr +
6e-
+6
(+12)
+3
CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
+1
(Phn ng oxi ha)
+3
2Cr
xN
(Phn ng kh)
(+6)
3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4
3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
25
Th d 10:
0
+7
C6H12O6
Cht kh
6C
Mn
6C
5e-
+2 -1
FeS2
Mn
30CO2
30CO2
+ 24Mn2+ + H2O
+ 24Mn2+ + 66H2O
+3
H2SO4(, nng )
+2
+3
-22e-
(+6)
+4
20e
4S
(-4)
(+6)
+6
SO2 + H2O
2Fe
-1
4S
+4
Fe2(SO4)3 +
2e-
(+4)
11
(Phn ng kh )
Cht oxi ha
2Fe
+ H2O
(Phn ng oxi ha )
+6
Cht kh
+2
+ Mn2+
(+24)
+2
5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + H+
5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + 72H+
Th d 11:
CO2
+4
24e-
(0)
+7
24
+4
+ H+
Cht oxi ha
MnO4-
+4
2e-
2FeS2
11H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3
2FeS2
14H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3
+ 15SO2
+
15SO2
H2O
14H2O
Th d 12:
CnH2n
+ 1OH
+ K2Cr2O7 +H2SO4
CH3COOH + CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
(Cho bit s mol CH3COOH v CO2 to ra bng nhau)

Kt qu :
9 CnH2n + 1OH + 5n K2Cr2O7 + 20n H2SO4
3n CH3COOH + 3n CO2 + 5n Cr2(SO4)3 + 5n K2SO4 + (23n +9) H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
26
Th d 13:
CxHyO + KMnO4 + HCl
CH3-CHO + CO2 + MnCl2 + KCl + H2O
(Cho bit s mol gia CH3-CHO vi CO2 l 1 : 1)
Kt qu :
15CxHyO + (2x+ 3y -6)KMnO4 + (6x +9y -18)HCl
5xCH3-CHO + 5xCO2 + (2x +3y -6)MnCl2 + (2x+3y -6)KCl + (-7x +12y -9)H2O
Th d 14:
CnH2n
-2
+ KMnO4 + H2O
KOOC-COOK + MnO2 + KOH
Kt qu :
6CnH2n - 2 + (10n -4)KMnO4 + (4 -4n) H2O
3nKOOC-COOK + (10n -4)MnO2 + (4n -4)KOH
Th d 15:
Zn
H2SO4 (, nng )
ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2S + H2O

(T l s mol n SO2 : n H2S = a : b)
Kt qu :
(a+4b)Zn + (2a+5b)H2SO4
(a+4b)ZnSO4 + aSO2 + bH2S + (2a+4b)H2O
Th d 16:
K2SO3 + KMnO4
+ KHSO4
K2SO4 +
MnSO4 + H2O
Kt qu :
5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6KHSO4
9K2SO4
+ 2MnSO4 + 3H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
27
Ghi ch
G.1. Phn ng t oxi ha kh (Phn ng t oxi ha t kh) l mt loi phn ng oxi ha
kh c bit, trong mt cht va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh v c s cho,
nhn in t gia cc phn t ca cng mt cht. Ngha l phn t cht ny cho in
t (ng vai tr cht kh) n mt phn t khc ca cng cht y (ng vai tr cht
oxi ha). Trong thc t thng gp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha thay
i v h s nguyn ng trc phn t tc cht ny 2.
Th d :
+4
+5
3NO2
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
H 2O
+2
2HNO3
+4
+3
2NO2
2NaOH
Cht oxi ha i
Cht kh
+5
NaNO2
Cht kh
NaNO3
H 2O
Natri nitrit
Natri nitrat
(1 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
H-CHO
NO
Axit nitric
Nit oxit
(2 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
+1
H-CHO
-1
O=CH-CH2-OH
t0, Xt
Cht oxi ha
(2H-CHO)
G.2. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t l mt phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt
cht va l cht oxi ha, va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t ngay trong mt

phn t cht . Thng gp hai nguyn t khc nhau trong phn t c s oxi ha
thay i. Nhng cng c trng hp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha
thay i (nguyn t ny cho in t v nguyn t ca cng nguyn t y trong cng
phn t nhn in t).
Th d :
+7 -2
2KMnO4
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
+6
+6
t0
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
+6
t0
MnO2
O2
+3
2K2CrO4
Cr2O3
3/2O2
Kali cromat
Crom(III) oxit
(Cr nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t K2Cr2O7)
+5 -2
2KClO3
Kali manganat
Mangan ioxit
Oxi
(Mn nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t KMnO4)
-2
2 K2Cr2O7
+4
K2MnO4
-1
MnO2 , t0
2KCl
3O2
Giao khoa hoa vo c
28
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
0
-1
Cl2
2NaOH
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
NaClO
Natri clorua
H2O
Natri hipoclorit
(Nguyn t Cl ny cho in t v nguyn t Cl kia trong cng phn t Cl2
nhn in)
-2
+1
NaCl
-2
-3
CH2 = CH2
H2O
Tm oxi ha T m kh
-1
CH3-CH2-OH
H3PO4, t0, p
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau y theo phng php cn bng in t:
1) Fe3O4 + H2SO4(, nng )

2) FexOy + H2
Fe2(SO4)3 +
6) Zn
P4
t0
H2SO4(, nng )
5) NaCrO2 +
Br2 +
H2O
FenOm + H2O
t0
3) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C
4) MxOy +
SO2 +
+ CO +
M2(SO4)n
NaOH
CaSiO3
SO2
H 2O
Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O
HNO3(l)
Zn(NO3)2 + xNO2 + yNO
+ H 2O
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php thng bng electron:
1) C12H22O11
2)
3) Zn
CnH2n
+
+ 1CHO
KNO3
MnO4-
H+
CO2
+KMnO4+H2SO4
+
K2ZnO2
+ H2O
5) Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4

6) CnHmO + KMnO4 + H2SO4
Mn2+ +
H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 +MnSO4+K2SO4 +H2O

(n CH3COOH : n CO2 = 1 : 1)
KOH
4) Al + KNO2 + NaOH
NH3 + H2O
KAlO2 + NaAlO2 + NH3

Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2 O
CH3CHO + CO2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

(n CH3CHO : n CO2 = 1 : 1)
Giao khoa hoa vo c
29
III. 2. PHNG PHP CN BNG ION - IN T

Thc hin cc bc sau y:
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu cha c
phn ng sn).
+ Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht
oxi ha, cht kh.
+ Vit di dng ion cht no phn ly c thnh ion trong dung dch. (Cht
no khng phn ly c thnh ion nh cht khng tan, cht kh, cht khng
in ly, th nguyn dng phn t hay nguyn t). Tuy nhin ch gi li
nhng ion hay phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i (ion hay
phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha khng thay i th b i).
+ Vit cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (chnh l cc phn ng oxi
ha, phn ng kh). Vit nguyn c dng ion hay phn t, vi s oxi ha
bn trn. Thm h s thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha
thay i hai bn bng nhau.
+ Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s
in t nhn ca cht oxi ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng
s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch nhn h s thch hp. Xong ri
cng v vi v cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t.
+ Cn bng in tch. in tch hai bn phi bng nhau. Nu khng bng
nhau th thm vo ion H+ hoc ion OH- ty theo phn ng c thc hin
trong mi trng axit hoc baz. Tng qut thm H+ vo bn no c axit
(tc cht hoc sn phm); Thm OH- vo bn no c baz. Thm H2O pha
ngc li cn bng s nguyn t H (cng l cn bng s nguyn t O).
+ Phi hp h s ca phn ng ion va c cn bng xong vi phn ng
lc u b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u (Chuyn phn ng
dng ion tr li thnh dng phn t).
+ Cn bng cc nguyn t cn li, nu c, nh phn ng trao i.
Giao khoa hoa vo c
30
Cc th d:
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t:
Th d 1:
+7
+2
+2
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4
Cht oxi ha
MnO4_
Cht kh
Fe2+
Mn2+
+7
MnO4-
2
+
+2
Mn2+
(Phn ng kh )
+3
2e-
2Fe3+
+2
5e-
5 2Fe2+
+3
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
2Fe3+
(+4)
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(+6)
2MnO4-
10Fe2+
2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+
in tch : 2(-1) + 10(+2)

+18
+ 16H+
2KMnO4 + 10Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2SO4
2(+2) + 10(+3)
+34
+ 8H2O
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Th d 2:
+7
+4
+ K2SO3
MnO4-
+ SO32-
Cht oxi ha
MnO4- +
+4
SO32-
+ KOH
e2e-
2MnO4- + SO32in tch : 2(-1)

2MnO4-
+ 1(-2)
-4
SO32- + 2OH-
2KMnO4 + K2SO4 + 2KOH
+6
K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
Cht kh
+7
+6
KMnO4
MnO42-
SO42-
+6
MnO42-
(Phn ng kh )
+6
SO42-
(Phn ng oxi ha )
2MnO42- +
SO42-
2(-2) + 1(-2)
-6
2MnO422K2MnO4
SO42- +
+
+
H 2O
K2SO4 + H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
31
Th d 3:
+8/3
+6
Fe3O4
+3
H2SO4(, nng )
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Fe3O4
SO42-
+8/3
2Fe3O4
(+16)
+6
2Fe3+
2e-
2Fe3O4
SO42-
6Fe3+
SO2
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(Phn ng kh )
6Fe3+ +
2(0) + 1(-2)
-2
SO2
in tch : 6(+3) + 1(0)

+18
+ 10 H2O
3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
+ 20 H+
+ 10H2SO4(, nng )
2Fe3O4
SO2
(+18)
+4
SO42-
in tch :
+ SO2 + H2O
+3
2e-
+4
Fe2(SO4)3
Th d 4:
0
Al
+5
Cht kh
Al
+3
KNO3
+ KOH
+ H2O
Cht oxi ha
NO3-
AlO20
8
+
Al
+5
NO3
8e
NH3
+3
3e-
-3
KAlO2 + NH3
AlO2-3
NH3
8Al + 3NO3-
8AlO2-
in tch : 8(0) + 3(-1)

-3
+ 5OH- + 2H2O
8Al + 3KNO3 + 5KOH +
2H2O
3NH3
in tch : 8(-1) + 3(0)

-8
8KAlO2 + 3NH3
Giao khoa hoa vo c
32
Th d 5:
+7
+4
KMnO4
Cht oxi ha
+7
MnO4-
SO32-
+ K2SO4
MnO2
KOH
SO42-
+4
MnO2
+6
SO42-
2e-
+6
MnO2
SO32-
3e-
+4
+ H 2O
Cht kh
MnO42
+4
+ K2SO3
2MnO4- + 3SO32-
2MnO2
in tch : 2(-1) + 3(-2)

-8
+H2O
+ 3SO42-
in tch : 3(-2)
-6
+ 2 OH-
2KMNO4 + 3K2SO3 +
H2O
2MnO2
+ 3K2SO4
+ 2KOH
Th d 6:
0
+5
Mg
HNO3
Cht kh
Mg
NO3-
Mg
- 2e
+5
3NO3- +
4NO3
25e-
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(Phn ng kh )
(+6)
+1
2N2O
(Phn ng kh )
(+4)
14NO3-
in tch : 14(-1)
-14
+ 64H+
25Mg
H2O
+2
3NO
(+20)
25Mg
+ 3NO + 2N2O +
Mg2+
9e-
+ 16e
+1
+2
2
-
Mg2+
(+15)
+5
+2
Mg(NO3)2 + NO + N2O + H2O

(T le so mol: n NO : n N2O = 3 : 2)
Cht oxi ha
25
+2
64HNO3
25Mg2+
6NO
4N2O
in tch : 25(+2)
+50
+ 32H2O
25Mg(NO3)2
+ 6NO
+ 4N2O + 32H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
33
Th d 7:
-2
+7
CnH2n
+ H 2O
MnO4-
+4
CnH2n(OH)2
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
CnH2n
(2n - n)/n
+ KMnO4
CnH2n(OH)2
-2
3 CnH2n + -(2-2n+2n)e
+ MnO2 + KOH
MnO2
2MnO2
(2 - 2n)/n
CnH2n(OH)2
(-2n)
(2-2n)
+
+7
MnO4-
3CnH2n
+4
3e-
MnO2
2MnO4-
3CnH2n(OH)2
in tch : 2(-1)
-2
+ 4H2O
in tch : 3(0) + 2(0)

0
+ 2 OH-
3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O
3CnH2n(OH)2 +
2MnO2 + 2KOH
Th d 8:
+3
-1
FeCl3
Fe3+
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
I-
+3
2
+
Fe3+
-1
(-2)
I2
KCl
I2
(Phn ng kh )
I2
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(0)
2Fe3+
in tch : 2(+3) + 2(-1)

+4
2FeCl3
Fe2+
Fe2+
2e-
FeCl2
+2
e-
2I-
+2
KI
2KI
2I-
2Fe2+
I2
in tch : 2(+2) + 1(0)

+4
2FeCl2
I2
2KCl
Giao khoa hoa vo c
34
Th d 9:
+6
Cr2O72-
+4
SO32-
Cht oxi ha
+6
Cr3+
SO42-
Cht kh
+6
+
3
+3
H+
Cr2O72-
SO32-
Cr2O72-
in tch : -2 + 3(-2)
-8
2Cr3+
SO42-
3SO32-
Cr2O72- + 3SO32- +
(Phn ng kh )
(+6)
+6
2e-
+ 8 H+
H2O
+3
6e-
(+12)
+4
(Phn ng oxi ha )
2Cr3+
3SO42-
in tch : 2(+3) + 3(-2)

0
+ 4H2O
8 H+
3SO42-
2Cr3+ +
+ 4H2O
Bi tp 11
1) KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4

2) Zn
HNO3
3) Zn
+ KNO3
MnSO4 + KNO3 + K2SO4 + H2O
Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + NO + H2O

(T l th tch:: VNO2 : VNO = 1 : 3)
+ KOH
4) Cr2O72- + Fe2+ +
K2ZnO2
H+
NH3
Cr3+ + Fe3+
5) Mg + NO3- + H+
Mg2+ +
NH4+
H2O
H2O
H2O
Bi tp 11
Al2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2S + H2O
1) Al + H2SO4
(T l s mol: nSO2 : nH2S = x : y)
2) FeO +
HNO3
Fe(NO3)3
3) C6H12O6
+ MnO4- +
H+
4) KMnO4 + K2SO3
5) NaCrO2 +
6) Fe2+
+ NO
CO2
+ KHSO4
+ Mn2+ + H2O
MnSO4 +
Br2 + NaOH
+ SO42+ + H+
+ H 2O
K2SO4 +
Na2CrO4 + NaBr
Fe3+
+ SO2
+ H 2O
H 2O
H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
35
III.3. CN BNG THEO PHNG PHP I S

Thc hin cc bc sau:
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b
sung phn ng ri mi cn bng).
+ t cc h s bng cc ch a, b, c, d, ng trc cc cht trong phn ng.
+ Lp h phng trnh ton hc lin h gia cc h s ny vi nguyn tc s nguyn t ca
tng nguyn t bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau. Nu phn ng dng ion th cn t
thm mt phng trnh ton na l in tch bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau.
+ Gii h phng trnh ton. Thng s phng trnh ton lp c t hn mt phng trnh
so vi s n s. Tuy nhin ta c th chn bt c mt h s no bng 1. Do c s
phng trnh ton bng s n s, nn s gii c. Sau , nu cn, ta nhn tt c nghim s
tm c vi cng mt s thch hp cc h s u l s nguyn.
Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s.
Th d 1:
KMnO4 + HCl
aKMnO4 + bHCl
K:
a=e
(1)
Mn :
a=c
(2)
O:
4a = f
(3)
H:
b = 2f
(4)
Cl :
b = 2c + 2d + e
MnCl2
Cl2 +
cMnCl2 + dCl2
KCl
+ H2O
+ eKCl
+ fH2O
(5)
(C h 5 phng trnh, 6 n s)
Chn e = 1
(1) a = 1
(2) c = 1
(3) f = 4
(4) b = 8
1
1
5
(5) d = (b - 2c - e) = [ 8 - 2(1) - 1] =
2
2
2
a=2
Nhn cc nghim s vi 2
b = 16
c=2
d=5
e =2
f=8
2KMnO4 + 16HCl
2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 2KCl +
8H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 2:
Cl2 +
aCl2
Cl :
K:
O:
H:
36
KOH()
bKOH
2a = c + d
b =c+d
b = 3d + e
b = 2e
KCl
t0
cKCl
+
+
KClO3
H2O
dKClO3
eH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(C h 4 phng trnh ton, 5 n s )
Chn e = 1
(4) b = 2 ; (3) d = 1/3 ; (2) c = 5/3 ; (1) a = 1
Nhn cc nghim s tm c vi 3
3Cl2 + 6KOH()
Th d 3:
Mg
t0
a = 3
b = 6
c = 5
d = 1
e = 3
5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O
HNO3(rt long)
Mg(NO3)2 +
aMg + bHNO3(rt long)

Mg : a = c
H:
b = 4d + 2e
N : b = 2c + 2d
O : 3b = 6c + 3d + e
NH4NO3
cMg(NO3)2 + dNH4NO3 + eH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Chn c = 1
(1) a = 1
So snh (2), (3) 4d + 2e = 2c + 2d 2d + 2e = 2c 2d + 2e = 2(1)
2d + 2e = 2 d + e = 1 (2)
So snh (3), (4) 3(2c + 2d) = 6c + 3d + e 6c + 6d = 6c + 3d + e
3d - e = 0 (3)
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s e, d:
d + e = 1 (2)
3d - e = 0 (3)
1
4
3
e=
4
H2O
Gii d =
1
5
(3) b = 2(1) + 2( )=
4
2
Giao khoa hoa vo c
37
Nhn tt c nghim vi 4
a=4
b = 10
c=4
d=1
e=3
4Mg + 10HNO3(rt long)
4Mg(NO3)2
Th d 4:
Cu
Cu2+ +
+ NO3- + H+
bNO3- +
cH+
Cu :
a=d
N:
b=e
O:
3b = e + f
H:
c = 2f
in tch : -b + c = +2d
Chn e = 1
(2) b = 1
(3) f = 2
(4) c = 4
(5) d = 3/2
(1) a = 3/2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
aCu +
dCu2+ +
Nhn tt c nghim s tm c vi 2
3Cu
+ 2NO3-
Th d 5:
C12H22O11
aC12H22O11
+ 8H+
+ MnO4- +
+ H2O
a=3
b=2
c=8
d=3
e=2
f=4
2NO +
CO2
+ bMnO4- + cH+
C:
12a = d
H:
22a + c = 2f
O:
11a + 4b = 2d + f
Mn :
b = e
in tch :
-b + c = +2e
NO
eNO + fH2O
3Cu2+ +
H+
+ NH4NO3 + 3H2O
dCO2 +
4H2O
Mn2+ + H2O
eMn2+ +
fH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Chn e = 1
Giao khoa hoa vo c
38
(4) b = 1
(5) c = 3
Th d = 12a (1); b = 1 vo (3)
11a + 4(1) = 2(12a) + f

13a + f = 4 (3)
-22a + 2f = 3 (2)
Th c = 3 vo (2) 22a + 3 = 2f
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s a, f:
-22a + 2f = 3
13a +f = 4
5
127
; f=
48
48
5
60
(1) d = 12( ) =
48
48
(2)
(3)
Gii a =
Nhn tt c nghim s vi 48
5C12H22O11 + 48MnO4 + 144H

Th d 6:
FexOy + HCl
aFexOy + bHCl
Fe :
O:
H:
Cl :
xa = c + d
ya = e
b = 2e
b = 2c + 3d
a
b
c
d
e
=5
= 48
= 144
= 60
= 48
f = 127
60CO2 + 48Mn2+ + 127H2O
FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O

cFeCl2
+ dFeCl3 + eH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Chn e = 1
(3) b = 2
1
x
The a, b vo (1), (4) c + d =
(2) a =
y
y
2c + 3d = 2
3x
2x
-2
; d=2Gii c =
y
y
Nhn tt c nghim s vi y
(1)
(4)
a=1
b = 2y
c = 3x - 2y
d = 2y - 2x
e=y
Giao khoa hoa vo c
39
FexOy + 2yHCl
(3x - 2y)FeCl2 + (2y - 2x)FeCl3 +
Th d 7:
Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4
aNa2SO3 + bKMnO4 + cNaHSO4
Na :
2a + c = 2d
S:
a + c = d + e +f
O:
3a + 4b + 4c = 4d + 4e + 4f + g
K:
b = 2f
Mn :
b =e
H:
c = 2g
Chn f = 1
(4) b = 2
(5) e = 2
Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

dNa2SO4 + eMnSO4 + fK2SO4 + gH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(H 6 phng trnh, 7 n s)
vo (1), (2), (3) 3 phng trnh, 3 an so a, d, g

(1) 2a + 2g = 2d
a+g=d
(2) a + 2g = d + 2 +1 a + 2g -3 = d
(3) 3a + 8 + 8g = 4d + 8 + 4 + g 3a + 7g - 4 = 4d
Th c = 2g
e =2
f =1
b =2
yH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2) - (1) loi a, d g = 3

(1)
(1) a - d = -3
(3) 3a - 4d = -17 (3)
Gii h hai phng trnh (1), (3) a = 5 ; d = 8
(6) c = 6
Tm c cc nghim s: a = 5 ; b = 2 ; c = 6 ; d = 8 ; e = 2 ; f = 1 ; g = 3
5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6NaHSO4
8Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Bi tp 12
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s:
-
a. Al + NO2 + OH
+ H2O
b. MxOy + HBr
c. Fe3O4 +
d. FeS2
HNO3
+ H2SO4(, nng )
AlO2- + NH3
MBr2 + MBr3 +
H2O
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O
Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO 2
+ H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
40
Bi tp 12
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s:
a. FeO
+ H2SO4(, nng )
b. MxOy + HNO3
c. NO2- + MnO4d. FexOy +
Fe2(SO4)3 +
M(NO3)n
t0
FemOn
H2O
+ H2O
NO3- + Mn2+ +
+ H+
CO
+ NO
SO2 +
H2O
+ CO2
CU HI N PHN III
Nu nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh.

Ti sao gi phn ng cho in t cng l phn ng oxi ha?
Ti sao gi phn ng nhn in t l phn ng kh?
Ti sao ni nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh gp phn cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh d dng
hn?
S dng phng php cn bng i s trong trng hp no?
+3
Khi Fe3+ , Fe , Fe(III) c khc nhau khng? Cho th d minh ha.
Phn ng oxi ha ni phn t l phn ng nh th no? Cho hai th d minh ha.
Th no l phn ng t oxi ha kh? Cho hai th d.
Phn bit phn ng t oxi ha kh vi phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t. Cho th d minh ha.
+7
0
+4
Hy cho bit ngha khi vit:: Mn, Mn, Mn, Mn(II), Mn(VII), Mn2+, MnO4Hy tm gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng
in t. Cho th d minh ha bng mt phn ng c th.
Hy vit gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng
ion - in t. Cho th d.
Giao khoa hoa vo c
41
Nu cc bc cn bng mt phn ng theo phng php i s. Cho th d minh ha.

Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng ion - in t s nhanh hn trong
trng hp no? Cho th d minh ha.
Trong phng php cn bng ion - in t nu khng bit phn ng c thc hin trong mi
trng axit hay baz th lm th no cn bng in tch? Cho th d.
Cn bng mi phn ng sau y theo ba phng php (cn bng in t, cn bng ion - in t
v i s). Nhn xt u, khuyt im ca tng phng php.
a. Cu
+ NO3- + H+
Cu2+ + NO
b. Cl2 + KOH()
t0
c. FexOy + HCl
d. K2SO3 +
KMnO4 +
e. FexOy + CO
t0
KCl
+ H2 O
KClO3 +
FeCl2 +
FeCl3 + H2O
KHSO4
K2SO4
FenOm
H 2O
MnSO4 + H2O
CO2
Khi no khng vit c mt cht dng ion? Cho th d.

Trong phng php cn bng i s c nhn din c cht oxi ha, cht kh hay khng?
C nht thit phi lm tng bc nh hng dn khi cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh hay
khng?
Ch :
Ch khi no u bi yu cu cn bng theo phng php c th no th ta mi thc hin cc
giai on cn bng phn ng theo ng phng php yu cu. Cn khi u bi khng yu cu
theo phng php no (nh trong bi ton ha hc) th ta cn bng theo cch no cng c,
cng nhanh cng tt. Thng ta thc hin trc tip trn phn ng va vit vi nguyn tc s oxi
ha tng bng s oxi ha gim. Theo chng trnh ph thng, ch phng php cn bng in
t.
Cc bn thn mn,
Chng ti c gng chuyn kiu ch VNI Times qua unicode, nhng nu khng chuyn kp th xin cc bn hy
download font VNI Times c . Xin cm n. Vietsciences http://www.vnisoft.com/emailcollect.html
Chng trnh Ha hc
Phn ng oxi ha kh
Th in ha chun
Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd
IV.QUI LUT CHUNG V S HA TAN TRONG

NC CA CC MUI V HIDROXIT THNG GP
Cc qui lut thc nghim v s ha tan ny gip bit c mui hay baz (baz, base) no c
th ha tan trong nc to dung dch, mui hay baz no khng tan (kt ta, trm hin, coi
nh khng to dung dch). iu ny chng ta bit phn ng trao i hay phn ng trong
dung dch c th xy ra hay khng (nh mui vi mui, mui vi baz, kim loi vi dung
dch mui,).
1. Tat ca cac muoi Nitrat (NO3-), Axetat (CH3COO-), Clorat (ClO3-) eu tan.
Th du: AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(CH3COO)2, Fe(CH3COO)3, KClO3, Ca(ClO3)2,
Pb(CH3COO)2, Al(NO3)3 tan c trong nc tao dung dch.
2. Tat ca cac muoi Natri (Na+), Kali (K+), Amoni (Amonium, NH4+) tan.
Th du: NaCl, K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO3, K2S, (NH4)2C2O4, K2SO3, Na3PO4
tan c trong nc tao dung dch.
3. Hau het cac muoi Clorua (Cl-), Bromua (Br-), Ioua (I-) tan. Nhng cac muoi
Clorua, Bromua, Ioua sau ay khong tan ( ): Bac (Ag+ ), Ch (Pb2+ ), ong(I) (Cu+
), Thuy ngan (I) (Hg22+ ).
Th du: AlCl3, CuCl2, ZnBr2, FeI2, MgCl2, HgCl2, CuBr2, BaI2, FeCl3, ZnCl2
tan. AgCl, PbCl2, CuCl, Hg2Cl2, AgBr, AgI khong tan ( ).
4. Hau het cac muoi Sunfat (SO42- ) tan. Nhng cac muoi Sunfat sau ay khong tan:
Bari (Ba2+), Stronti (Sr2+), Ch (Pb2+). Cac muoi Sunfat sau ay tan t: Canxi
(Ca2+), Bac (Ag+ ), Thuy ngan (I) (Hg22+ ).
Th du: ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3, CuSO4, HgSO4, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4,

Cr2(SO4)3, K2SO4 tan.
BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 khong tan.
CaSO4, Ag2SO4, Hg2SO4 tan t (tan va phai).
5. Hau het cac muoi Sunfua (S2- ) khong tan. Nhng cac muoi Sunfua sau ay tan:
cua kim loai kiem [ Liti (Li+ ), Natri (Na+ ), Kali (K+ ), Rubii (Rb+ ), Xezi (Cs+),
Franxi (Fr+ ) ], cua kim loai kiem tho [ Canxi (Ca2+ ), Stronti (Sr2+ ), Bari (Ba2+ ),
Rai (Ra2+ ) ] va Amoni (NH4+ ).
Th du: CuS, ZnS, Ag2S, FeS, HgS khong tan;
Na2S, K2S, CaS, BaS, (NH4)2S tan.
Lu y
L.1. Cac muoi Sunfua kim loai hoa tr 3 nh Al2S3, Fe2S3, Cr2S3 khong hien dien trong
nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim loai ket tua ( ) va
kh H2S bay ra.
L.2. Do o, neu co phan ng nao tao cac muoi Sunfua kim loai tren trong dung dch nc,
th thc te la thu c hiroxit kim loai tng ng ket tua va kh H2S bay ra.
Th du:
2AlCl3 + 3Na2S
Al2S3 + 6H2O
2AlCl3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3K2S
Cr2S3 + 6H2O
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3K2S + 6H2O
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2S
Fe2S3 + 6H2O
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O
Al2S3 + 6NaCl
2Al(OH)3 +
3H2S
2Al(OH)3
+ 3H2S + 6NaCl
Cr2S3 + 3K2SO4
2Cr(OH)3 +
3H2S
2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2S + 3K2SO4
Fe2S3 + 6NaNO3
2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2S
2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2S + 6NaNO3
6. Hau het cac muoi Cacbonat (CO32- ), Sunfit (SO32- ), Silicat (SiO32- ), Photphat
(PO43- ), Oxalat ( -OOC-COO-, C2O42- ) khong tan. Nhng cac muoi Cacbonat,
Sunfit, Silicat, Photphat, Oxalat sau ay tan: cua kim loai kiem (Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+,
Fr+), cua Amoni (NH4+).
Th du:
CaCO3, BaSO3, FeCO3, MgSiO3, Ag3PO4, CaC2O4, PbCO3, ZnSO3, Al2(SiO3)3, FePO4,
CuC2O4, Ca3(PO4)2 khong tan.
Na2CO3, K2SO3, (NH4)2C2O4, K3PO4, Na2SiO3, K2CO3 tan.

Lu y
L.1. Li2CO3, Li3PO4 tan t.
L.2. Cac muoi Cacbonat kim loai hoa tr 3 nh Al2(CO3)3, Fe2(CO3)3, Cr2(CO3)3 khong
hien dien trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim
loai tng ng ket tua va kh CO2 bay ra. Do o, neu co phan ng nao cac muoi
Cacbonat tren trong dung dch nc th thc te la thu c Hiroxit kim loai ket tua
va kh CO2 thoat ra.
Th du:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3
Al2(CO3)3 + 3H2O
Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2CO3
Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O
2CrCl3 + 3K2CO3
Cr2(CO3)3 + 3H2O
2CrCl3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O
Al2(CO3)3 + 3K2SO4
2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
2Al(OH)3
+ 3CO2 + 3K2SO4
Fe2(CO3)3 + 6NaNO3
2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2
2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaNO3
Cr2(CO3)3 + 6KCl
2Cr(OH)3 + 3CO2
2Cr(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6KCl
7. Tat ca cac muoi Cacbonat axit (HCO3- ), Sunfit axit (HSO3-), Aluminat (AlO2-)
Zincat (ZnO22-) tan.
Th du: NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Ba(HCO3)2, KHSO3, Ca(HSO3)2, Ba(HSO3)2, NaAlO2,
Ba(AlO2)2, K2ZnO2, BaZnO2 tan.
8. Hau het Hiroxit (OH- ) kim loai khong tan. Nhng cac Hiroxit sau ay tan: cua
kim loai kiem (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+), Bari (Ba2+), Amoni (NH4+). Cac
Hiroxit sau ay tan t: Canxi (Ca2+), Stronti (Sr2+).
Lu y
Th du: Al(OH)3, Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cr(OH)3,

Ni(OH)2 khong tan.
NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, NH4OH tan.
Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 tan t.
L.1. Co mot so Hiroxit kim loai khong ben. o la: AgOH, CuOH, Hg(OH)2. Chung de b
phan tch tao Hiroxit kim loai va nc (H2O). Do o neu co phan ng nao tao cac
chat tren th thc te la thu c Oxit kim loai tng ng va nc.
Th du:
+
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH
2AgOH
(Khong ben)
Bac oxit
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH
HgCl2 + 2NaOH
Hg(OH)2
(Khong ben)
HgCl2 + 2NaOH
2AgOH + 2NaNO3
Ag2O + H2O
Ag2O + H2O + 2NaNO3
Hg(OH) 2 + 2NaCl
HgO
+
H2O
Thuy ngan (II) oxit
HgO + H2O + 2NaCl
L.2. Cac qui luat ve s hoa tan tren ch tng oi ma thoi v con nhieu ngoai le khac na.
Va thc ra khong muoi nao lai khong tan trong nc, khong tan nhieu th tan t
ma thoi. Ngi ta qui c, 100 gam nc hoa tan c nhieu hn 10 gam mot chat
(o tan cua chat nay ln hn 10 gam) th chat nay c coi la tan nhieu trong nc
(muoi tan); 100 gam nc hoa c khoang 1 gam mot chat (o tan cua chat nay
khoang 1 gam) th chat nay c coi la tan t trong nc (tan va phai); Con 100 gam
nc hoa tan t hn 0,01 gam mot chat (o tan nho hn 0,01 gam) th chat nay c
coi la khong tan trong nc (ket tua, neu la chat ran).
Th du:
100g nc hoa tan c toi a 35,9 gam NaCl ( 20oC), nen NaCl la mot muoi tan (tan
nhieu trong nc).
100 gam nc hoa tan c toi a 0,2 gam CaSO4 ( 300C), nen CaSO4 la mot muoi tan t
(tan va phai trong nc).
100 gam nc hoa tan c toi a 0,0002 gam BaSO4 ( 200C), nen BaSO4 la mot muoi
khong tan (tan rat t trong nc, coi nh khong tan).
L.3.
o tan cua mot chat ran hay long la bang so gam toi a chat o hoa tan c
trong 100 gam nc mot nhiet o xac nh (khi khong noi nhiet o hieu ngam la
nhiet o thng, 250C) e tao dung dch bao hoa chat tan o trong dung moi
nc.
Sau ay la o tan cua mot so chat 200C (So gam chat tan hoa tan toi a trong 100g H2O
200C)
Hoa chat
K2CO3
CuSO4
KBr
NH4Cl
CuS
CaCO3
AgNO3
o tan (g/100g H2O)

110
36,2
65,8
37,6
0,00003
0,0014
219,2
Hoa chat
Ag2SO4
Ca(OH)2
CaSO4
Li2CO3
Fe(OH)2
AgCl
Hg2SO4
o tan (g/100g H2O)

0,79
0,19
0,2
1,5
0,00015
0,00009
0,06
Nh vay K2CO3, CuSO4, KBr, NH4Cl, AgNO3 la cac muoi tan.

Ag2SO4, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4, Li2CO3, Hg2SO4 la cac chat tan t.
CaCO3, CuS, Fe(OH)2, AgCl la cac chat khong tan.
Bai tap 13 (Tuyen sinh H Can Th 7/2000)
Cho cac cap hoa chat sau ay hoa tan vao nc:
(1) NaHCO3 va CaCl2
(2) Na2CO3 va AlCl3
(3) MgCl2 va NaOH
(4) NH4Cl va KOH
Cap nao ton tai, cap nao khong ton tai trong dung dch?. Viet phan ng (neu co).
Bai tap 13 (Bo e TSH mon Hoa)
Co ba ong nghiem, ng ba dung dch. Moi ong cha hai cation va hai anion (khong trung
lap) trong cac cation va anion sau ay: NH4+, Na+, Ag+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Al3+ va Cl-, Br-, NO3-,
SO42-, PO43-, CO32-. Hay xac nh cac cation va anion trong moi dung dch.
Bai tap 14
Cho cac cap hoa chat sau ay hoa tan vao nc. Cap nao hien dien c trong dung dch,
cap nao khong? Tai sao? Viet phan ng xay ra, neu co.
(a) CuSO4 , KOH
(b) NaOH , BaCl2
(c) AgNO3 , K2SO3
(d) FeCl3 , Na2CO3
(e) AlBr3 , ZnSO4
(f) KNO3 , CuS
(g) HNO3 , KOH
(h) KHSO4, NaHCO3
Bai tap 14
Cho cac cap hoa chat sau ay vao nc. Cap nao ton tai tao dung dch, cap nao khong?
Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra (neu co).
(f) KOH , Na2CO3
(a) AlCl3 , K2S
(b) Al2(SO4)3 , Cu(NO3)2
(g) Pb(NO3)2 , FeCl3
(c) Mg(CH3COO)2 , Ba(OH)2

(d) Al(NO3)3 , K2CO3
(e) CuSO4, AlBr3
(h) CaCO3 , NaOH

(i) Ba(OH)2 , K2SO4
(j) KClO3, (NH4)2SO4
V. TRANG THAI CAC CHAT IEN LY TRONG NC. CAC
AXIT, BAZ MANH, YEU
V.1. Chat ien ly
Chat ien ly la chat co the phan ly thanh ion trong dung dch (dung moi la nc) (Chat
ien ly cung co kha nang phan ly thanh ion khi nong chay).
Chat ien ly gom cac muoi tan, cac axit tan, cac baz tan.
Th du: NaCl, K2SO4, HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, CH3COOH, NH3
NaCl
K2SO4
dd
Na+ + Cl2K+ + SO42-
dd
HCl
dd
H+ + Cl-
H2SO4
dd
H+ + HSO4-
NaOH
dd
Na+ + OH-
Ba(OH)2
CH3COOH
NH3 + H2O
dd
dd
Ba2+ +
2OH-
CH3COO- + H+
NH4+ + OH-
V.2. Chat khong ien ly
Chat khong ien ly la chat khong ly thanh ion trong dung dch. Hau het cac chat la
khong ien ly, tr muoi, axit, baz tan.
Th du:
Glucoz (Glucose, C6H12O6), Saccaroz (Saccarose, C12H22O11), Benzen (C6H6), Ru
etylic (C2H5OH), Brom (Br2), Thuy ngan (Hg), Axeton (Aceton, CH3-CO-CH3),
ietyl ete (CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3) la cac chat khong ien ly.
Trong thc te, e biet mot chat co phai la chat ien ly hay khong th ta xet xem dung dch
c tao bi chat nay trong nc co dan ien hay khong. Neu dung dung dch dan ien
c th o la chat ien ly; con dung dch khong dan ien th o la chat khong ien ly.
V.3. Chat ien ly manh
Chat ien ly manh la chat phan ly hoan toan thanh ion trong dung dch. Ngha la neu
co bao nhieu phan t chat ien ly manh hoa tan trong nc tao dung dch th co bay nhieu
phan t nay phan ly het thanh ion. Chat ien ly manh hien dien dang ion trong dung dch,
khong hien dien dang phan t.
Chat ien ly manh gom cac muoi tan, cac axit manh, cac baz manh.
Th du:
KNO3, Na2CO3, CuCl2, HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 la cac chat
ien ly manh.
KNO3
dd
K+ + NO3HNO3
dd
KOH
dd
H2SO4
H+ + NO3K+ +
OH-
H+
dd
HSO4-
V.4. Chat ien ly yeu
Chat ien ly yeu la chat ch phan ly mot phan thanh ion trong dung dch. Chat ien ly
yeu phan ln hien dien dang phan t trong dung dch.

Chat ien ly yeu gom cac axit yeu, cac baz yeu.
Th du:
CH3-COOH, NH3, CH3-NH2, HCN la cac chat ien ly yeu.

CH3-COO- +
CH3-COOH
NH3
NH4+ +
+ H2O
CH3-NH2 + H2O
HCN
Axit xianhiric
V.5. Sau ay la mot so axit manh:
dd
H+
OH-
CH3-NH3+ + OHH+ + CN-
HNO3
H2SO4
HCl
Axit nitric
Axit sunfuric (Acid sulfuric)
Axit clohiric (Acid clorhidric)
HBr
Axit bromhiric
HI
Axit iothiric (Acid iodhidric)
HClO3
Axit cloric
HClO4
Axit pecloric
H2Cr2O7 Axit icromic
Axit cromic
H2CrO4
HMnO4 Axit pemanganic (Acid permanganic)
V.6. Sau ay la mot so baz manh thng gap:
Hiroxit (Hidroxid) cua kim loai kiem, kiem tho la cac baz manh.
LiOH
Liti hiroxit
NaOH
KOH
Natri hiroxit
Kali hiroxit
RbOH
CsOH
(FrOH
Rubii hiroxit
Xezi hiroxit
Franxi hiroxit)
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
(Ra(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
Stronti hiroxit
Bari hiroxit
Rai hiroxit)
V.7. Sau ay la mot so axit yeu:

+ Tat ca axit hu c [ R-COOH, R(COOH)n ] eu la axit yeu.
Th du: H-COOH (Axit fomic), CH3-COOH (Axit axetic), CH2=CH-COOH
(Axit acrilic), HOOC-COOH (Axit oxalic) la cac axit yeu.
+
Cac axit vo c yeu nh:
H2CO3
H2S
Axit cacbonic
Axit sunfuahiric
H2SO3
Axit sunfur
HNO2
Axit nitr
HClO
Axit hipoclor
HClO2
Axit clor
H2SiO3 Axit silicic
HCN
Axit xianhiric
HF
Axit flohiric
HAlO2.H2O [ Al(OH)3 ] Axit aluminic
H2ZnO2 [ Zn(OH)2 ] Axit zincic
HCrO2.H2O [ Cr(OH)3 ] Axit Crom
H2BeO2 [ Be(OH)2 ] Axit berilic
V.8. Sau ay la mot so baz yeu:
Hiroxit kim loai khac kim loai kiem, kiem tho (baz khong tan) eu la baz
yeu, nh:
Al(OH)3 , Cu(OH)2 , Fe(OH)2 , Fe(OH)3 , Mg(OH)2 , Zn(OH)2 , Cr(OH)2 ,

AgOH , Cr(OH)3 , Ni(OH)2 , Pb(OH)2.
Amoniac (NH3)
Cac amin (R-NH2 , R-NH-R, R-N-R) nh: CH3-NH2 (Metylamin), C6H5-NH2
R
(Anilin), CH3-CH2-NH2 (Etylamin), CH3-NH-CH3 (imetylamin), (CH3)3N (Trimetylamin).
V.9. o ien ly ()
o ien ly la mot ai lng cho biet kha nang phan ly thanh ion cua mot chat ien ly trong
dung dch. o ien ly bang t so gia so phan t chat ien ly thc s phan ly thanh ion
tren tong so phan t chat ien ly nay hoa tan trong dung dch luc au.
So phan t chat ien ly thc s phan ly thanh ion
So mol chat ien ly thc s phan ly thanh ion
Tong so so phan t chat ien ly nay hoa tan trong dung dch
Tong so so mol chat ien ly nay hoa tan trong dung dch
0 1
= 0: chat khong ien ly.
= 1: chat ien ly manh, phan ly hoan toan thanh ion trong dung dch.
o ien ly cang ln ( 1): Chat ien ly cang manh.
o ien ly cang nho ( 0): Chat ien ly cang yeu.
o ien ly con co y ngha: c 1 mol chat ien ly hoa tan trong dung dch luc au th
co mol chat ien ly nay phan ly thanh ion va con lai ( - 1) mol chat ien ly nay
khong phan ly.
o ien ly phu thuoc vao cac yeu to:
-
Ban chat cua chat ien ly.
Ban chat cua dung moi. Dung moi nc la dung moi rat phan cc, ho tr cho s
phan ly ion ( ln trong dung moi nc). Cac dung moi hu c khong phan cc
hay kem phan cc t ho tr s phan ly ion ( nho hn trong dung moi hu c).
Nhiet o. Trong a so trng hp khi nhiet tang th o ien ly tang. V s phan ly

ion coi nh s cat t lien ket, ma s cat t lien ket thu nhiet, nen nhiet o tang th
ho tr s cat t lien ket, nen o ien ly trong a so trng hp t le thuan vi nhiet
o. Tuy nhien trong s phan ly ion con co qua trnh solvat hoa (hirat hoa neu la
dung moi nc) ion, ma s solvat hoa th toa nhiet, nen trong mot so trng hp
o ien ly t le nghch vi nhiet o. Noi chung, o ien ly phu thuoc vao nhiet o.
Tuy thuoc vao nang lng ion hoa, nang lng solvat hoa ma o ien ly t le
thuan hoac t le nghch vi nhiet o.
Nong o. o ien ly t le nghch vi nong o dung dch chat ien ly. Ngha la
dung dch loang (nong o nho) th o ien ly ln; Con trong dung dch am ac
(nong o ln ) th o ien ly nho. (nh luat Oswald)
Th du:
CH3-COOH trong dung dch CH3-COOH 2M co o ien ly nho hn so vi trong dung
dch CH3-COOH 1M.
Vi dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M 250C co o ien ly la 1,3%.
1,3
13
= 1,3% =
=
= 0,013 . Hieu la c 1000 phan t CH3-COOH hoa tan trong
100 1000
nc luc au th co 13 phan t CH3-COOH a phan ly thanh ion, con lai 1000 - 13 =
987 phan t khong phan ly. Hay c 100 mol CH3-COOH hoa tan trong nc luc au th
co 1,3 mol CH3-COOH a phan ly thanh ion, con lai 100 - 1,3 = 98,7 mol CH3-COOH
dang phan t. Hay c 1 mol CH3-COOH hoa tan trong nc th co 0,013 mol chat
ien ly ay phan ly thanh ion va con lai 1 - 0,013 = 0,987 mol CH3-COOH cha phan ly.
Bai tap 15
1
a. Cong thc tnh pH cua mot dung dch la: pH = lg + = lg[ H + ] . Vi [H+] la nong o
[H ]
mol/lit cua ion H+ trong dung dch. Hay thiet lap bieu thc tnh pH cua mot dung dch
axit yeu AH co nong C (mol/lit), co o ien ly .
b. Ap dung: Tnh pH cua dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, co o ien ly 1,3%.
Cho biet lg1,3 = 0,114.
S: a. pH = -lgC b. pH = 2,89
Bai tap 15
a. Thiet lap cong thc tnh pH cua dung dch H-COOH co nong o C (mol/l), co o ien ly
.
b. Tnh pH cua dung dch H-COOH 0,05M, co o ien ly 5,8% ( 250C).
Cho biet lg5,8 = 0,76 ; lg5 = 0,70
b. pH = 2,54
S: a. pH = -lgC
Bai tap 16
Dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M co o ien ly 1,9% 250C.
a. Tnh so mol CH3-COOH (dang phan t) co trong 1 lt dung dch nay 250C.
b. Tnh tong so cac ion CH3-COO-, H+ (khong ke cac ion H+, OH- do nc phan ly) co
trong 1 lt dung dch tren.
c. Tnh pH cua dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M.
Cho biet lg19 = 1,28 ; lg5 = 0,70
S:a. 0,049 mol CH3-COOH ; b. 1,144.1021 ion (CH3-COO-, H+) ; c. pH = 3,02
Bai tap 16
Dung dch H-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly 4,2% 250C.
a. Trong 2 lt dung dch tren co bao nhieu phan t H-COOH khong phan ly thanh ion?
b. Co bao nhieu mol ion H+ va HCOO- do H-COOH phan ly thanh ion trong 2 lt dung dch
tren?
c. Tnh pH cua dung dch nay 250C.
Cho biet lg42 = 1,62
S: a. 1,154.1023phan t ; b. 0,0168 mol ion ; c. pH = 2,38
Bai tap 17
250C dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly = 1,3%, dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M
co o ien ly = 1,9%.
Tnh tong so mol cac ion (CH3-COO-, H+) do CH3COOH phan ly ra trong:
a. 100ml dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M.
b. 100ml dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M.
c. Trong hai dung dch tren, dung dch nao dan ien tot hn? Tai sao?
d. Tnh pH ca mi dung dch trn.
S: a. 2,6.10- 4 mol ion ; b. 1,9.10- 4 mol ion ; c. Dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M;
d. 2,89; 3,02
Bai tap 17
250C, dung dch H-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly = 4,2%, dung dch H-COOH 0,05M co
o ien ly = 5,8%.
a. Tnh so mol cac ion (HCOO-, H+) co trong 200ml dung dch H-COOH 0,1M.
b. Tng t nh cau (a) vi 200ml dung dch H-COOH 0,05M.
c. Dung dch nao de phan ly ion hn? Dung dch nao dan ien tot hn ? Giai thch.
d. Tnh pH ca mi dung dch trn.
S: a. 16,8.10- 4 mol ion ; b. 1,16.10- 3 mol ion ; c. dd H-COOH 0,1M dan ien tot hn;
d. 2,38; 2,54
Lu y
L.1. e biet o manh cua cac axit yeu, ngi ta con can c vao ai lng Ka, goi la hang
so phan ly ion cua axit, c nh ngha nh sau:
AH
A- + H+
[ A ][H + ]
K a =
[ AH] cb
Vi [ A- ], [ H+ ], [ AH ] la nong (mol/lit) cua A-, H+, AH luc s phan ly ion at trang thai
can bang (luc a phan ly xong).
Ka cang ln th axit cang manh (0 < Ka <).
Sau ay la tr so Ka cua mot so axit:
Ka = 7,1.10- 4
Ka = 6,8.10- 4
Ka = 1,8.10- 4
Ka = 1,8.10- 5
Ka = 1,34.10- 5
Ka = 3,0.10- 8
Ka = 6,2.10- 10
Ka = 1,3.10- 10
HNO2 (Axit nitr)

co
HF (Axit flohiric)
H-COOH (Axit fomic)
CH3-COOH (Axit axetic)
CH3-CH2-COOH (Axit propionic)
HClO (Axit hipoclor)
HCN (Axit xianhiric)
C6H5-OH (phenol, axit phenic, axit cacbolic)
Do o, o manh tnh axit giam dan nh sau:

HNO2 > HF > H-COOH > CH3-COOH > CH3-CH2-COOH
> HClO > HCN > C6H5-OH.
L.2. Vi cac axit cha nhieu H axit trong phan t (axit a chc), th chc axit th nhat
luon luon manh hn chc axit th nh, chc axit th nh manh hn chc axit th
ba.
Th du:
2
[ H + ][ H 2 PO4 ]
+
H3PO4
H + H2PO4
= 7,1.10 3
Ka1 =
[ H 3 PO4 ]
H2PO4-
HPO42-
H+ + PO43-
Axit a chc
H2SO4
H2CrO4
HOOC-COOH
H2SO3
HOOC-CH2-COOH
H2CO3
H2S
HPO42-
Ka1
Rat ln
5,0
5,6.10- 2
1,2.10- 2
1,4.10- 3
4,5.10- 7
9,5.10- 8
[ H + ][ HPO42 ]
Ka 2 =
= 6,3.10 8
[ H 2 PO4 ]
Ka3 =
[ H + ][ PO43 ]
= 4,5.10 13
2
[ HPO4 ]
Ka2
1,0.10- 2
1,5.10- 6
5,4.10- 5
6,6.10- 8
2,0.10- 6
4,7.10- 11
1,0.10- 19
Do o, chc axit th nhat ay c chc axit th nh cua cung mot axit ra khoi muoi. Chc
th nh ay c chc th ba ra khoi muoi.
Th du:
CO2 +
H2O
Na2CO3
2NaHCO3
( CO2 trong H2O tao H2CO3 co tnh axit manh hn HCO3- nen no ay c HCO3- ra khoi
muoi CO32-, con H2CO3 sau khi phan ng xong cung tao ra HCO3- )
CO2 +
H2O
CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2 (tan)
Kh cacbonic
Canxi cacbonat
SO2 +
Kh sunfur
H2SO4
H2O
BaSO3
H3PO4
NaH2PO4
Ba(HSO3)2 (tan)
Bari sunfit
K2SO4
CaHPO4
Kali sunfat axit
Canxi hirophotphat
Natri ihihrophotphat
Bari sunfit axit
2KHSO4
Axit sunfuric Kali sunfat

Axit photphoric
Canxi cacbonat axit
Na3PO4
Natri photphat
Ca(H2PO4)2
Canxi ihirophotphat
2Na2HPO4
Natri hirophotphat
L.3. e biet o manh cua cac baz yeu, ngi ta can c vao ai lng Kb, goi la
hang so phan ly ion cua baz, c nh ngha nh sau:
BOH
+ OH
[ B + ][OH ]
Kb =
[ BOH ]
Vi [B + ], [OH - ], [BOH] la nong o (mol/lit) cua cac ion B +, OH - va BOH luc s phan ly
thanh ion at trang thai can bang (luc phan ly xong).
Vi cac baz B, khong co OH trong phan t, nh NH3, cac amin, th:
B + H2O
BH+ + OH-
Kb =
[ BH + ][OH ]
[ B]
0 < Kb <
Baz nao co Kb cang ln th baz o cang manh. Sau ay la tr so Kb cua mot so baz:
CH3-NH-CH3
co
Kb = 9,6.10- 4
CH3-NH2
Kb = 4,4.10- 4
CH3-N-CH3
Kb = 7,4.10- 5
CH3
NH3
Kb = 1,8.10- 5
C6H5-NH2 (Anilin)
Kb = 4,1.10- 10
C6H5-NH-C6H5 (iphenylamin)
Kb = 6,0.10- 14
Do o, o manh tnh baz giam dan nh sau:
CH3-NH-CH3 > CH3-NH2 > (CH3)3N > NH3 > C6H5-NH2 > C6H5-NH-C6H5
L.4.
HCl, HBr, HI la cac axit manh, nhng HF la mot axit yeu. Cung nh cac muoi
AgCl, AgBr, AgI khong tan (trong nc, ), nhng AgF la mot muoi tan trong
nc. Va ac biet, axit flohiric (HF) hoa tan c thuy tinh (SiO2) do co phan
ng sau ay:
4HF
SiO2
SiF4
Tetraflosilan
Silic tetraflorua
2H2O
L.5. H2SO3 (Axit sunfur), H2CO3 (Axit cacbonic) tuy la hai axit yeu, nhng H2SO3 manh
hn H2CO3, nen khi suc kh sunfur (SO2) vao dung dch cha muoi cacbonat th kh
CO2 b ay ra khoi muoi cacbonat.
SO2 +
Na2CO3(dd)
SO2 +
2NH4CO3 (dd)
CO2 +
K2SO3(dd)
CO2
Na2SO3
2CO2 + (NH4)2SO3
Bai tap 18
Dung dch NH3 0,075M co o ien ly 1,5% 250C.
Tnh hang so phan ly Kb cua NH3 nhiet o nay. Tnh pH ca dung dch ny.
S: Kb = 1,7.10- 5 ; pH = 11,05
Bai tap 18
Dung dch anilin 0,09M co o ien ly 0,0069% 250C.
a. Tnh nong o ion OH- do s phan ly cua anilin trong dung dch tren.
b. Co the bo qua s phan ly ion cua nc trong dung dch trng hp nay khong?
c. Tnh hang so Kb cua anilin 250C. Tnh pH ca dung dch ny.
S: a. 6,21.10- 6 mol ion/l; b. Co the; c. Kb = 4,3.10- 10 ; pH = 8,8
Ba tap 19
Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M co o ien ly 1,3% 250C. Tnh hang so phan ly Ka cua axit
CH3-COOH 250C. T Ka tm c, tnh li in ly ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M.
Tnh pH ca dung dch ny theo hai cch (da vo nng , in ly hoc da vo nng
v Ka).
S: Ka = 1,7.10- 5 ; pH = 2,89
Bai tap 19
Dung dch H-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly 4,2% 250C. Tnh hang so phan ly axit Ka cua HCOOH 250C. Tnh li in ly ca dung dch HCOOH 0,1M (sau khi bit c Ka). Tnh
pH ca dung dch theo hai cch (nh cch hng dn bi 19).
S: Ka = 1,8.10- 4 ; pH = 2,38
Bai tap 20
Axit flohiric (HF) co hang so Ka = 6,8.10- 4 250C. Tnh o ien ly cua HF trong dung
dch 1M va 0,1M. Ket luan. Mat o ion trong dung dch nao ln hn?
S: 2,6% ; 7,9%
Bai tap 20
Axit hipoclor (HClO) co hang so Ka = 3,0.10- 8 250C. Tnh o ien ly cua HClO trong
dung dch 0,1M va 0,5M 250C. Ket luan. Tnh pH ca mi dung dch theo in ly v
theo nng C. Tnh li pH ca mi dung dch trn theo nng C v hng s phn ly ion
Ka.
S: 0,055% ; 0,0245% ; pH = 4,26 ; 3,91
Bai tap 21
NH3 co hang so phan ly Kb = 1,8.10- 5 250C. Tnh o ien ly cua NH3 trong dung dch NH3
0,1M va dung dch NH3 0,2M 250C. Ket luan. So ion trong 1 lt dung dch nao nhieu hn?
Tnh pH ca mi dung dch NH3 trn theo hai cch (nh hng dn bi 20).
S: 1,34%; 0,95% ; dd NH3 0,2M cha s ion nhiu hn; pH = 11,13; 11,28
Bai tap 21
Metylamin (CH3-NH2) co hang so Kb = 4,4.10- 4. Tnh o ien ly cua CH3-NH2 trong dung
dch CH3NH2 0,1M va dung dch CH3NH2 1M. Ket luan. Mat o ion trong dung dch nao
cao hn? Tnh pH ca mi dung dch.
S: 6,6% ; 2,1%
VI. CAC CHAT DE B PHAN TCH TAO CHAT KH

H2CO3
CO2
Axit cacbonic
H2SO3
Axit sunfur
H2O
SO2
NH3
H2O
Anhirit sunfur
Kh sunfur, Lu huynh ioxit (Kh co mui hac cua diem quet chay)
NH4OH
Amoni hiroxit
Kh HCl
Anhirit cacbonic
Nc
Kh cacbonic, Cacbon ioxit (Kh khong mau, khong mui)
H2O
Kh amoniac
Hiro nitrua (Kh co mui khai)
(Kh hiro clorua)
Kh H2S (Kh hiro sunfua) (Kh co mui trng ung, trng thoi)
Lu y
L.1. H2CO3 , H2SO3 , NH4OH ch hien dien trong cac dung dch rat loang. Khong co
cac chat nay dang nguyen chat. Kh un nong dung dch cha cac chat nay th de
dang co s phan tch tao chat kh tng ng va nc. Cung nh neu co phan ng nao
tao ra cac chat nay th thc te la thu c chat kh tng ng va nc.
H2CO3
H2SO3
CO2 +
t0
t0
H2O
SO2 +
H2O
NH4OH
NH3 +
t0
Na2CO3 + 2HCl
H2O
H2CO3 + 2NaCl
CO2 + H2O
K2SO3 + 2H2SO4
H2SO3 + 2KHSO4
SO2 + H2O
NH4Cl + NaOH
NH4OH +
NH3 + H2O
NaCl
L.2. HCl, H2S la hai hp chat cong hoa tr, chung hien dien dang kh ieu kien
thng. Ch khi nao hoa tan cac kh nay trong nc tao dung dch th mi co s phan
ly tao ion va thu c cac dung dch axit tng ng.
Kh hiro clorua (HCl)
Kh hiro sunfua (H2S)
(Co mui trng ung)
HS-
Dung dch HCl (axit clohiric)

H + Cl
(Axit manh, phan ly hoan toan thanh ion trong dung dch)
H2O
Dung dch H2S (Axit sunfuahiric)

H + HS
(Axit yeu, ch phan ly mot phan thanh ion trong dung dch)
H2O
H+ +
dung dch
S2-
VII. CAC PHAN NG TAO MUOI THNG GAP

Cac chat vo c phan ng vi nhau tao thanh cac san pham khac nhau, nhng trong o
thng gap nhat la san pham muoi. Do o, neu ta biet c cac phan ng tao muoi, tc
la biet c phan ln cac phan ng vo c. Phan ng tao muoi co the la phan ng oxi hoa
kh hoac la phan ng trao oi. Phan ng oxi hoa kh xay ra trong dung dch theo
hng gia mot chat kh manh vi mot oxi hoa manh e tao chat oxi hoa va chat kh
tng ng yeu hn. Con phan ng trao oi xay ra trong dung dch theo hng lam
giam nong cua ion trong dung dch, ngha la theo hng cac ion trai dau ket hp vi
nhau e tao ra chat khong tan (ket tua), chat kh thoat ra, chat khong ien ly hay
chat ien ly yeu hn.
Th du:
0
Zn
Chat kh
+2
2+
Cu
Chat oxi hoa
+2
Chat oxi hoa
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do:
BaCl2(dd) + K2SO4(dd)
Zn
2+
Cu
Chat kh
Tnh kh:
Zn > Cu
Tnh oxi hoa: Cu2+ > Zn2+
BaSO4
2KCl
Ba2+ +
SO42-
BaSO4
Na2CO3 +
2HCl
CO32-
2H+
CO2 +
HCl + NaOH
H+
OH-
2CH3COONa
CH3COO- +
(Phan ng xay ra c la do co tao ra chat khong tan)
CO2
NaCl
H2O
2NaCl
H2O (Phan ng xay ra c la do co tao

chat kh thoat ra)
H2O
H2O ( Phan ng xay ra la do co tao chat khong ien ly H2O)

+
H2SO4
H+
2CH3COOH
Na2SO4
CH3COOH (Phan ng xay ra c la do co tao ra

chat ien ly yeu CH3COOH)
Nguyen nhan cua phan ng xay ra trao oi ion trong dung dch la theo nguyen ly chuyen
dch can bang Le Chatelier. Khi cac ion trai dau ket hp tao ket tua, chat kh thoat ra,
chat khong ien ly hay chat ien ly yeu hn, khien cho nong o cac ion nay trong dung
dch giam, nen cac chat ien ly cua tac chat tiep tuc phan ly tao ion nay (nham chong lai
s giam nong o ion trong dung dch). Cac ion tao ra lai ket hp tao san pham, nh the
phan ng tiep tuc xay ra theo hng tao san pham.
S o cach nh di ay giup biet cac phan ng tao muoi. Cac chat c noi vi nhau
bang oan thang trong s o la cac chat co the tac dung tao muoi.
Kim loai
Oxit baz
Baz
Muoi
Phi kim (Khong kim loai)

Oxit axit
Axit
Muoi
Ghi chu
L.1. a so cac nguyen to trong bang phan loai tuan hoan la kim loai, ch co mot so t la
phi kim. Sau ay la 11 phi kim thng gap:
H
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Br
I
Dang ton tai n chat cua cac phi kim nay la: F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 ; O2 , S ; N2 , P ; C ,
Si; H2.
Th du:
Na, Mg, Ba, Th, K, Cu, Zn, Po, Ti, Fe, Pb, Ag, Cr, Ni, Li, Sr, U, Al, Sn, Hg, Bi, Pt... la cac
kim loai.
L.2. Oxit cua kim loai hau het la oxit baz. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit kim loai la oxit
lng tnh (nh Al2O3 , Cr2O3 , ZnO , BeO , SnO , PbO, SnO2, PbO2). Va ac biet,
oxit ng vi hoa tr cao nhat cua kim loai co nhieu hoa tr lai la oxit axit (gom
Mn2O7 , CrO3).
Th du:
Na2O, MgO, Fe2O3 , HgO, CuO, Ag2O, BaO, NiO, Fe3O4 la cac oxit baz.
L.3. Oxit cua phi kim hau het la oxit axit. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit phi kim khong phai
la oxit axit ma c goi la oxit khong tao muoi, hay oxit tr, o la CO, N2O va NO.
(Co tai lieu cung cho H2O thuoc loai oxit nay, tc la oxit khong tao muoi. Co tai lieu
cho H2O la mot oxit lng tnh, hay chat lng tnh).
Th du:
CO2 , SO2 , P2O5 , SiO2 , N2O3 , Cl2O5, SO3, NO2 la cac oxit axit.
Bai tap 22
Hay cho biet cac oxit sau ay thuoc loai oxit nao (oxit baz, oxit axit, oxit lng tnh hay
oxit khong tao muoi?): MgO, Cu2O, Fe2O3 , Cr2O3 , CrO3 , NiO, NO, HgO, BaO, P2O5 , SO3 ,
BeO, SnO, Mn2O7 , CrO, Na2O, CO, P2O3 , Al2O3 , CaO, N2O5 , Cl2O3 , Fe3O4 , SrO, SnO2 ,
Br2O5 , Rb2O, PbO, N2O3 , SiO2 , K2O, NO2, ZnO, CuO, I2O5, Li2O, FeO, PbO2, N2O, PtO,
PtO2, TiO2.
Bai tap 22
Phan loai cac oxit sau ay (oxit baz, oxit axit, oxit lng tnh, oxit tr): K2O, CO, CO2,
P2O3 , P2O5 , N2O, PbO, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4 , NO2 , Li2O, Mn2O7 , SnO, CaO, Al2O3, Rb2O,
Cr2O3 , CrO, CrO3 , BeO, BaO, Br2O5 , MgO, I2O5 , Ag2O, Cl2O3 , NO, PbO2, HgO, N2O5,
Cs2O, SO2, SrO, Cu2O, SiO2, Fe2O3, SO3, Th2O3, Au2O, Au2O3.
Sau ay la 10 loai phan ng tao muoi thng gap:
1.
Kim loai +
Th du:
2Fe + 3Cl2
Fe + S
Phi kim
(Tr O2)
t0
Muoi
2FeCl3 [ Sat (III) clorua ]

FeS
[ Sat (II) sunfua ]
Zn + Br2
ZnBr2 [ Kem bromua]
0
Cu + S
t
CuS [ ong (II) sunfua]
Hg + S
HgS [ Thuy ngan (II) sunfua ]
0
2Ag + S
t
Ag2S [ Bac sunfua ]
2K + S
K2S (Kali sunfua)
0
2Na + H2
t
2NaH (Natri hirua)
0
Ca + H2
t
CaH2 (Canxi hirua)
3Mg + N2
t0
Mg3N2 (Magie nitrua)
0
3Na + P
t
Na3P (Natri photphua)
0
Ca + 2C
t
CaC2 (Canxi cacbua)
0
3Fe + C
t
Fe3C (Xementit)
0
2Al + N2
t
2AlN (Nhom nitrua)
0
4Al + 3C
t
Al4C3 (Nhom cacbua)
3Zn + 2P(trang)
t0
Zn3P2 (Kem photphua, Thuoc chuot)
0
3Mg + 2P(trang)
t
Mg3P2 (Magie photphua)
2Ca + Si
t0
Ca2Si (Canxi silixua)
2Mg + Si
t0
Mg2Si (Magie silixua)
0
2Zn + Si
t
Zn2Si (Kem silixua)
0
6Li + N2
t
2Li3N (Liti nitrua)
0
2Cu + I2
t
2CuI [ ong (II) ioua ]
Lu y
L.1. Kim loai tac dung O2 tao oxit, ch khong tao muoi.
L.2. Cac phi kim: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S la cac phi kim manh, chung tac dung hau het vi
kim loai, khong nhiet o thng th nhiet o cao e tao muoi hay oxit; Con cac
phi kim: N2, P, C, Si, H2 la cac phi kim yeu, chung thng ch tac dung c vi cac
kim loai rat manh (kim loai kiem, kiem tho), kim loai manh (nh Mg, Al, Zn)
nhiet o cao e tao muoi.
Th du:
2Na + H2
Fe + H2
Cu + H2
Ca + H2
2. Kim loai
(ng trc H
trong DHKL)
2NaH (Natri hirua)
t0
t
t0
CaH2 (Canxi hirua)
t0
Axit thong thng

( H+ )
Muoi
H2
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
Th du:
Al
3HCl
Nhom
Axit Clohiric
Al
3H+ +
AlCl3
+1
Al
Chat kh
3H
Nhom Clorua
3Cl+3
Chat oxi hoa
H2SO4(l)
Cu
H2SO4(l)
Mg
2CH3COOH
Magie
3Na
Zn
Ag
Axit bromhiric
+
Au
Na3PO4 +
2HBr
Bac
3/2 H2
Chat kh
H2
Magie axetat
Axit photphoric
Kem
Mg(CH3COO)2 +
H3PO4
Natri
3/2 H2
Tnh kh:
Al > H2
Tnh oxi hoa: H+ > Al3+
FeSO4
Axit axetic
Al
3+
Chat oxi hoa
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do:

+
Kh hiro
Al3+ + 3Cl- +
Fe
3
H2
2
3
H2
2
Natri photphat
ZnBr2
Kem bromua
H2
H2
Hiro
Hiro
Hiro
HCl
+
Vang
H3PO4
Lu y
L.1. Axit thong thng la axit ma tac nhan oxi hoa la ion H+. Hau het axit thuoc loai
axit thong thng, nh: HCl, HBr, HI, HF, H2SO4(l), H3PO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH,
H2CO3, H2SO3, H2S,....
L.2.
Axit thong thng khong tac dung c cac kim loai Cu, Ag, nhng khi suc kh oxi
(O2) vao th axit thong thng co the hoa tan c cac kim loai nay.
Th du:
Cu +
Cu
H2SO4(l)
+
H2SO4(l)
Cu + HCl
1/2O2
CuSO4
H2O
Cu
L.3.
2HCl
1/2O2
CuCl2 +
H2O
Axit co tnh oxi hoa manh la axit ma tac nhan oxi hoa la ion am goc axit (ch
khong phai ion H+). Hai axit co tnh oxi hoa manh thng gap la HNO3 (axit nitric, ke
ca am ac lan loang ) va H2SO4 (, nong) (axit sunfuric am ac, un nong).
L.4. Axit co tnh oxi hoa manh tac dung c hau het kim loai [ Tr vang (Au)
va bach kim (Pt) ] tao muoi, kh NO2 hoac NO hoac SO2 va nc (H2O).
Kim loai
Kim loai
Kim loai
(Tr Au, Pt)
+
+
+
HNO3()
HNO3(l)
H2SO4(,nong)
Nitrat kim loai + NO2 +

H2O
Nitrat kim loai + NO
+ H2O
Sunfat kim loai + SO2 + H2O
Th du:
0
+5
Cu + 4HNO3()
3Cu + 8HNO3(l)
Cu + H2SO4(l)
Cu + 2H2SO4(,nong)
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
2Fe
+
+
+
+
+
6HNO3()
t0
4HNO3(l)
H2SO4(l)
H2SO4(,nguoi)
6H2SO4(, nong)
Fe + HNO3(, nguoi)
Ag + HCl
Ag + 2HNO3()
3Ag + 4HNO3(l)
Ag + H2SO4(l)
2Ag + 2H2SO4(, nong)
Al
Al
Al
2Al
Al
+
+
+
+
+
6HNO3()
t0
HNO3(, nguoi)
4HNO3(l)
3H2SO4(l)
H2SO4(, nguoi)
+2
Cu(NO3)2 +
+4
2NO2 +
3Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
Fe(NO3)3 +
Fe(NO3)3 +
FeSO4 +
+
+
2NO
SO2
3AgNO3 +
Ag2SO4
Al(NO3)3
+
+
4H2O
2H2O
3NO2 + 3H2O
NO
+ 2H2O
H2
Fe2(SO4)3
AgNO3 +
2H2O
3SO2
NO2
H2O
NO
2H2O
SO2
3NO2 +
Al(NO3)3 + NO +
Al2(SO4)3
+ 3H2
6H2O
2H2O
2H2O
3H2O
2Al + 6H2SO4(, nong)
Al2(SO4)3 +
3SO2 +
6H2O
L.5. Cac kim loai Nhom (Al), Sat (Fe), Crom (Cr) khong b hoa tan trong axit nitric
am ac nguoi, cung nh trong axit sunfuric am ac nguoi (tr, thu ong hoa).
Va ac biet, khi a nhung cac kim loai nay vao cac axit tren th chung cung se
khong b hoa tan trong cac dung dch axit khac ma trc o chung b hoa tan.
Al, Fe, Cr
Al, Fe, Cr
HNO3 (, nguoi)
H2SO4 (, nguoi)
L.6. Cac kim loai co tnh kh manh nh Mg, Al, Zn khong nhng kh HNO3 tao NO2,
NO ma con tao N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cang loang th cang b kh xa
hn (so oxi hoa cua N xuong thap hn).
Chu y la HNO3 am ac co tnh oxi hoa manh hn HNO3 loang. Do o trong HNO3(),
cac hp chat co so oxi hoa thap cua N khong ton tai c, chung se b HNO3 am ac co
d oxi hoa tiep tao NO2. Cho nen khi cho kim loai tac dung dung dch HNO3() ch tao kh
NO2. Vi dung dch HNO3 loang bt th cac hp chat cua N co so oxi hoa thap nh NO,
N2O, ... mi co the ton tai.
Th du:
0
Mg
0
3Mg
4Mg
0
5Mg
0
+
+
+5
4HNO3()
+5
8HNO3(l)
+2
Mg(NO3)2 +
3Mg(NO3)2 +
+5
10HNO3(kha loang)
+5
12HNO3(rat loang)
+5
4Mg + 10HNO3(qua loang)

L.7.
+2
+4
2NO2 +
+2
2NO
+2
4Mg(NO3)2 +
2H2O
4H2O
+1
N2O
Nit ioxit
+2
5Mg(NO3)2 +
+2
N2 +
5H2O
6H2O
-3
4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

Amoni nitrat
Tng t, cac kim loai co tnh kh manh nh Mg, Al, Zn khong nhng kh dung
dch axit sunfuric am ac, nong tao SO2, ma con tao S, H2S. Dung dch H2SO4
am ac, un nong nhng neu loang bt th se b kh xa hn (so oxi hoa cua S trong
H2SO4 xuong thap hn).
Giong nh HNO3, H2SO4(, nong) co tnh oxi hoa manh hn H2SO4 khong am ac. Do
o cac hp chat co so oxi hoa thap cua S nh S, H2S ch ton tai trong dung dch H2SO4 t
am ac. Kim loai tac dung H2SO4 am ac, nong ch tao kh SO2, voi dung dch bt am
ac, th S, H2S mi co the tao ra.
Th du:
Al
2Al
2Al
8Al
S
4Zn
Al2(SO4)3 +
+6
4H2SO4(ac va, nong)
Al2(SO4)3 +
+3
+ 15H2SO4(hi ac, nong)
+
+
4Al2(SO4)3 +
+1
+3
3H2SO4(l)
+4
3SO2 +
+3
+6
+3
6H2SO4(, nong)
2Al
S
+6
H2SO4(, nguoi)
Al2(SO4)3 +
-2
3H2S
6H2O
4H2O
+
12H2O
3H2
H2SO4(l)
+6
+4
2H2SO4(, nong)
+
3SO2 +
5H2SO4(hi ac, nong)
2H2O
4ZnSO4
H2S
4H2O
L.8. Dung dch HNO3 rat loang, nhiet o thap (lanh), co the coi nh mot axit thong
thng. Do o kim loai tac dung dung dch HNO3 rat loang, lanh co the tao kh
hiro (H2).
Th du:
0
+1
Fe + 2HNO3(rat loang)
+2
lanh
Fe(NO3)2 +
H2
Bai tap 23
Cho bot kim loai nhom vao 7 coc ng 7 dung dch HNO3 co nong o va nhiet o khac
nhau. Ngi ta nhan thay:
coc 1: Al khong b hoa tan.
coc 2: Al b hoa tan va tao kh mau nau.
coc3: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh khong mau, khi tiep xuc khong kh th hoa nau.
coc 4: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh, kh nay co t khoi so vi hiro bang 22.
coc 5: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh khong mau, khong mui, khong v, khong chay, hi
nhe hn so vi khong kh.
coc 6: Al b hoa tan, khong co kh bay ra. Neu lay dung dch trong coc, sau khi hoa
tan nhom, cho tac dung vi dung dch xut th thay co tao kh mui khai, luc au thay
dung dch trong coc uc, nhng dung dch tr lai trong khi cho lng d xut vao.
coc 7: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh nhe nhat.
Hay giai thch. Viet cac phan ng xay moi coc dang phan t va dang ion (ion thu gon).
Cho biet neu co kh thoat ra th ch co mot kh.
(H = 1 ; O = 16 ; N = 14)
Bai tap 23
Cho bot kim loai kem vao 5 coc ng 5 dung dch H2SO4 co nong o va nhiet o khac
nhau. Ngi ta nhan thay:
coc 1: Co kh mui hac thoat ra.
coc 2: Co tao chat ran mau vang nhat.
coc 3: Co kh mui trng thoi thoat ra.
coc 4: Co tao kh ma 8 the tch kh nay co cung khoi lng vi mot the tch metan
(trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat).
coc 5: Va co tao chat ran mau vang va co tao kh mui trng ung theo t le so mol
2:3.
a. Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion.
b. Nho t t dung dch xut vao dung dch thu c coc (1). Viet cac phan ng va neu
hien tng xay ra.
c. Nho t t dung dch amoniac vao dung dch thu c coc (2). Viet cac phan ng va
neu hien tng xay ra.
(H = 1 ; C = 12)
Bai tap 24
Cho bot kim loai sat vao cac coc ng dung dch HNO3 co nong o va nhiet o khac nhau.
Ta nhan thay:
coc 1: Sat khong b hoa tan.
coc 2: Co tao kh mau nau.
coc 3: Co tao hon hp hai kh NO2 va NO co t le the tch la VNO2 : VNO = 2 : 3. Cac
the tch kh o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat.
coc 4: Co tao kh khong mau, khi tiep xuc khong kh th hoa nau.
coc 5: Co tao kh ma the tch kh nay bang 14 the tch kh nit co cung khoi lng
(trong cung ieu kien).
a. Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion.
b. Lay dung dch coc (1) cho tac dung vi kim loai ong. Viet phan ng xay ra. Mo ta
hien tng thay c.
c. Lay dung dch coc (2) sau phan ng cho tac dung vi xut. Viet phan ng xay ra. Mo
ta hien tng thay c.
d. Lay dung dch sau phan ng coc (5) cho tac dung vi dung dch xut. Loc lay ket tua
T, e T ngoai khong kh mot thi gian, thu c chat ran T. Sau o em nung chat T
nhiet o cao cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c chat ran R. Xac nh T, T, R. Viet
cac phan ng xay ra.
(H = 1 ; N = 14)
Bai tap 24
Cho bot kim loai sat vao cac coc ng dung dch H2SO4 co nong o va nhiet o khac nhau.
Ngi ta nhan thay:
coc 1: Sat khong b hoa tan.
coc 2: Co tao kh ma mot the tch kh nay va bon the tch kh metan co cung khoi
lng trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat.
coc 3: Co tao mot kh ma kh nay chay tao chat lam ong (II) sunfat khan chuyen
thanh mau xanh lam.
Lay dung dch coc (1) cho t t vao nc. R thanh coc ng dung dch thu c nhan
thay rat nong. Cho tiep mieng kim loai ong vao, thay ong khong b hoa tan. Neu suc
tiep kh oxi vao th thay ong b hoa tan, thu c dung dch co mau xanh lam. Neu bay
gi cho t t dung dch amoniac vao th thay dung dch uc. Neu cho tiep lng d dung
dch amoniac vao th thay dung dch het uc va co mau xanh biec.
Hay giai thch. Viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion.
(C = 12 ; H = 1 ; S = 32 ; O = 16)
L.9. Khi cho kim loai kiem (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr), kim loai kiem tho (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
vao mot dung dch axit thong thng (H+) th kim loai kiem, kiem tho se tac dung
vi axit (H+) trc. Sau khi het axit ma con d kim loai kiem, kiem tho th kim
loai kiem, kiem tho mi tac dung tiep vi nc cua dung dch (tao hiroxit kim
loai kiem, kiem tho va kh hiro). Do H+ cua axit nhieu hn H+ cua nc, nen kim
loai se tac dung vi H+ cua axit trc. Khi het H+ cua axit ma con d kim loai kiem,
kiem tho th cac kim loai nay mi tac dung tiep vi ion H+ cua dung moi nc.
(Lng H+ do nc phan ly rat la nho, ch co kim loai rat manh la kim loai kiem,
kiem tho mi tac dung c vi nc nhiet o thng).
Th du:
Cho Na (d) vao dung dch axit clohiric
1
H2
Na + HCl
NaCl +
2
Natri clorua
Hiro
Sau khi het HCl:

Na (con d)
+ H2O
NaOH
Nc (co trong dung dch)
1
H2
2
Natri hiroxit
Hiro
Cho Ca (d) vao dung dch axit axetic:

Ca
Canxi
2CH3COOH
Ca (con d) + 2H2O
Nc
Ca(CH3COO)2 +
Canxi axetat
Ca(OH)2 +
Canxi hiroxit
H2
Hiro
H2
Hiro
Bai tap 25
Cho 1,15 gam Na vao 100ml dung dch HCl 0,2M. Na b hoa tan het, thu c V(ml) mot
kh (ktc) va dung dch A.
a. Tnh V.
b. So sanh khoi lng dung dch A vi dung dch HCl (hn kem bao nhieu gam?).
c. Cho dung dch CuSO4 (d) vao dung dch A. Thu c m gam ket tua. Tnh m.
Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan.
(Na = 23 ; Cu = 64 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: a. V = 560ml
b. ddA > ddHCl 1,1gam
c. m = 1,47gam
Bai tap 25
Cho 3,425 gam Ba vao 200ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M. Ba b hoa tan het, thu c dung
dch B va co V(ml) mot kh thoat ra ( 27,30C; 95cmHg).
a. Tnh V.
b. So sanh khoi lng cua dung dch B vi dung dch CH3COOH luc au (hn kem bao
nhieu gam?).
c. Cho dung dch muoi sat(III) clorua lng d vao dung dch B. Thu c m gam ket tua.
Tnh m.
(Ba = 137 ; Fe = 56 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: a. V = 492,8ml b. ddB > ddCH3COOH 3,375gam c. m = 1,07gam
l.10. Vang (Au), bach kim (Pt, platin) khong b hoa tan bi bat c axit rieng re nao. Hai
kim loai nay ch b hoa tan trong nc cng toan (vng thuy, gom mot the tch
dung dch HNO3 am ac va ba the tch axit HCl am ac, mot cach gan ung
coi nh 1 mol HNO3 vi 3 mol HCl).
Au + HNO3 ()
Au
t0
H2SO4 (, nong)
Au + HNO3() + 3HCl()
Vang
AuCl3
Vang(III) clorua
NO
+ 2H2O
Nit oxit
Pt + HNO3
3Pt + 2HNO3() + 6HCl()
3.
Kim loai
(ng trc KL
trong muoi DHKL.
Tr KL kiem, kiem tho)
Muoi
(Tan c
trong nc
tao dung dch)
3PtCl2 + 2NO + 4H2O

Kim loai mi
Muoi mi
Th du:
Zn + CuSO4 (dd)
ZnSO4 +
Cu
+2
+2
2+
+ Cu (dd)
Zn
Chat kh
Zn
Chat oxi hoa
2+
Chat oxi hoa
Cu
Chat kh
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do: Tnh kh:

Zn > Cu
Tnh oxi hoa: Cu2+ > Zn2+
0
3Mg
+3
2AlCl3 (dd)
Chat kh
Chat oxi hoa
+2
3MgCl2 +
Chat oxi hoa
2Al
Chat kh
Phan ng xay ra c la do: Tnh kh:

Mg > Al
Tnh oxi hoa: Al3+ > Mg2+
Ag
Cu(NO3)2 (dd)
Fe
Cu(NO3)2 (dd)
Zn
NaCl (dd)
Zn + FeSO4 (dd)
Fe(NO3)2 +
ZnSO4 +
Cu
Fe
Lu y
L.1. Phan ng gia kim loai vi muoi thng xay ra trong dung dch. Do o neu muoi
nao (cua tac chat) khong tan c trong nc e tao thanh dung dch th phan ng
nay thng khong xay ra.
Th du:
Cu + 2AgNO3 (dd)
Cu
Cu(NO3)2 +
2Ag
AgCl
Khong tao c dd
Fe + CuSO4 (dd)
Fe
Mg
Mg
FeSO4 +
Cu
CuS
Khong tan, khong tao dd
Fe(CH3COO)2 (dd)
Mg(CH3COO)2 +
Fe
FeCO3
L.2. Khi cho kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho vao mot dung dch muoi th kim loai
kiem, kiem tho khong tac dung trc tiep vi muoi ma no se phan ng vi dung
moi nc cua dung dch trc (tao hiroxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho va kh hiro).
Sau o, hiroxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho va tao ra co the tac dung tiep vi muoi co
trong dung dch (neu c, se tao baz mi, muoi mi).
Th du:
Cho Na vao dung dch FeCl3 :
Ma la:
Na
Na
+
+
FeCl3(dd)
NaCl
H2O
NaOH
Nc cua dung dch
+
+
Natri hiroxit
3NaOH + FeCl3
Fe(OH)3
Fe
1
H2
2
Hiro
3NaCl
Cho Ba vao dung dich Cu(NO3)2 :
Ma la:
Ba
Cu(NO3)2(dd)
Ba
2H2O
Ba(OH)2 +
Ba(NO3)2 +
Ba(OH)2 +
Cu(NO3)2
Cu
H2
Cu(OH)2
Ba(NO3)2
Cho K vao dung dch Na2CO3 :

K + Na2CO3(dd)
K + H2O
KOH + Na2CO3
K2CO3 +
1
KOH +
H2
2
Na
Cho Ca vao dung dch Mg(CH3COO)2 :

Ca
2H2O
Ca(OH)2 +
Ca(OH)2 +
Mg(CH3COO)2
Cho Ba vao dung dch KI :

Ba + 2H2O
Ba(OH)2 +
Ba(OH)2 +
H2
Mg(OH)2
Ca(CH3COO)2
H2
KI
Bai tap 26
Cho 0,23 gam Na vao dung dch A gom 100 ml dung dch CuCl2 0,3M. Sau khi phan ng
xong, thu c dung dch B va co m gam chat ket tua.
a. Tnh m.
b. Khoi lng dung dch B hn hay kem so vi khoi lng dung dch A bao nhieu gam?
c. Tnh nong o mol cua dung dch B. Coi the tch dung dch khong thay oi.
(Na = 23; Cu = 64; O = 16; H = 1)
S: m = 0,49g; ddB < ddA 0,27g; CuCl2 0,25M, NaCl 0,1M
Bai tap 26
Hoa tan 0,959 gam Ba vao dung dch X gom 200 ml dung dch Mg(NO3)2 0,025M. Sau khi
ket thuc phan ng, thu c dung dch Y va co a gam chat khong tan,
a. Tnh a.
b. Khoi lng dung dch Y nho hn hay ln hn khoi lng dung dch X bao nhieu?
c. em co can dung dch Y. Tnh khoi lng cac chat ran khan thu c.
(Mg = 24; O = 16; H = 1; Ba = 137; N = 14)
S: a = 0,29g; ddY > ddX 0,655g; 0,342g Ba(OH)2 , 1,305g Ba(NO3)2
L.3. Kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho co the tac dung trc tiep vi muoi clorua khan
cua kim loai yeu hn nhiet o cao.
Th du:
2Na + CuCl2 (khan)
2NaCl
t0
Cu
( Neu Na + ddCuCl2:
Na
1
H2
2
Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl )
H2O
NaOH
2NaOH + CuCl2
K + AlCl3 (khan)
Ca + ZnCl2 (khan)
L.4. Fe
Al
t0
3
KCl
2
CaCl2 +
t0
+ Fe2+(dd)
Fe + 2Fe3+(dd)
3Fe2+
Th du:
Fe + FeCl2 (dd)
Fe + 2FeCl3 (dd)
Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 (dd)
3FeCl2
3Fe(NO3)2
Zn
Fe
Fe(NO3)2 (dd)
Fe
Fe2(SO4)3 (dd)
Fe
Fe(CH3COO)2 (dd)
L.5. Fe + Cu2+ (dd)

Cu + Fe2+ (dd)
Cu + 2Fe3+ (dd)
3FeSO4
Fe2+ + Cu
Cu2+
2Fe2+
Th du:
Fe + CuSO4 (dd)
FeSO4 +
Cu
Cu + FeCl2 (dd)
Cu + 2FeCl3 (dd)
CuCl2 +
2FeCl2
Cu + FeSO4 (dd)
Cu
L. 6.
+ Fe2(SO4)3
Fe
Cu
CuSO4
CuSO4 +
Fe
Fe(NO3)3 (dd)
2FeSO4
Cu
Cu(NO3)2 +
Fe(NO3)2
Fe2+ + 2Ag
Fe(d) + 2Ag+ (dd)
Fe + 3Ag+ (dd, d)
Fe3+ + 3Ag
Fe2+(dd) + Ag+ (dd)
Fe3+ + Ag
Fe3+ (dd) + Ag+(dd)
(ddFe3+ vi ddAg+ khong xay ra
phan ng oxi hoa kh, nhng co the xay ra phan ng trao oi)
Th du:
Fe (d) + AgNO3 (dd)
Fe(NO3)2 +
2Ag
3AgNO3 (dd, d)
Fe(NO3)3 +
3Ag
Fe
Fe(NO3)2 (dd) +
AgNO3 (dd)
Fe(NO3)3 (dd)
AgNO3 (dd)
Fe(NO3)3
Ag
Fe (d)
Fe
2CH3COOAg (dd)
3CH3COOAg (dd, d)
3Fe(CH3COO)2
FeCl3 +
3Ag
2Fe(CH3COO)3 + Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag
AgNO3
3AgNO3
3FeSO4 +
Fe(CH3COO)3 +
+ 3AgNO3
Fe(CH3COO)3 +
L.7.
Fe(CH3COO)2 + 2Ag
3AgCl
3AgNO3
Zn + 2Fe3+ (dd, d)
3Zn (d) + 2Fe3+ (dd)
Do: Fe + 2Fe3+ (dd)
Zn + Fe2+ (dd)
Fe(NO3)3 (phan ng trao oi)
Fe2(SO4)3 +
Fe(NO3)3 +
3Ag
Zn2+ + 2Fe2+
3Zn2+ + 2Fe
3Fe2+
Zn2+ + Fe
Th du:
Zn + 2FeCl3 (dd, d)
ZnCl2
3Zn (d) + 2FeCl3 (dd)

3Zn (d)
Zn
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2(SO4)3 (d)
3ZnSO4 +
ZnSO4 +
ZnSO4 +
Fe
3FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3
Zn + 2Fe(NO3)3 (d)
3Zn (d) + 2Fe(NO3)3 (d)
2FeCl2
3ZnCl2 +
Zn + FeSO4
+
2Fe
2Fe
2FeSO4
Fe
Zn(NO3)2 +
Fe(NO3)2
3Zn(NO3)2 +
2Fe
Bai tap 27
Cho t t x mol bot kem vao dung dch cha y mol Fe2(SO4)3. Viet phng trnh phan xay
ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Tm ieu kien lien he gia x, y e co tng trng hp
nay va tnh so mol moi chat thu c theo x, y ng vi tng trng hp (khong ke dung
moi nc).
Bai tap 27
Cho 16,25 gam Zn vao 200ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,5M. Sau khi ket thuc phan ng, thu
c m gam chat ran va dung dch A.
a. Tnh m.
b. Khoi lng dung dch A vi dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 luc au hn kem nhau bao nhieu gam?
c. Tnh nong o mol/l cac chat tan trong dung dch A. Coi the tch dung dch khong oi.
(Zn = 65 ; Fe = 56)
S:a. m = 8,4g b. Kl ddA > Kl ddFe2(SO4)3 7,85g c. ddZnSO41,25M, ddFeSO4 0,25M
L.8.
Khi nhung mot thanh kim loai lng d (khac kim loai kiem, kiem tho) vao mot
dung dch muoi va gia s co phan ng xay ra gia thanh kim loai va muoi th thanh
kim loai b hoa tan mot phan, nhng bu vao o, kim loai mi tao ra se bam vao
thanh kim loai con d (ch khong lang xuong ay bnh). Neu em can lai thanh kim
loai sau phan ng, th mot trong hai trng hp sau ay co the xay ra:
Khoi lng thanh kim loai tang so vi trc phan ng: ieu nay chng to khoi
lng kim loai mi tao ra bam vao ln hn khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan.
Ta at phng trnh toan nh sau:
Khoi lng kim loai bam - Khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan = o tang khoi lng thanh kim loai
Th du:
Cho mot inh sat lng d vao dung dch CuSO4:
Fe + CuSO4 (dd)
56g
FeSO4 (dd) + Cu
64g
Theo phan ng tren, neu 56g Fe b hoa tan th co 64g Cu bam vao, do o khoi lng
thanh sat sau phan ng se tang.
Khoi lng thanh kim loai giam so vi trc phan ng: ieu nay chng to khoi
lng kim loai b hoa tan ln hn khoi lng kim loai mi tao ra bam vao.
Ta at phng trnh toan nh sau:
Khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan - Khoi lng kim loai bam = o giam khoi lng thanh kim loai
Th du:
Cho mieng kem lng d vao dung dch FeCl2
Zn + FeCl2 (dd)
65g
ZnCl2 (dd)
Fe
56g
Theo phan ng tren, neu 65g kem b hoa tan th co 56g sat bam vao. Do o thanh kem
sau phan ng se giam khoi lng so vi trc phan ng.
Bai tap 28
Cho mot inh sat lng d vao dung dch A gom 100ml dung dch CuSO4 0,2M. Sau khi
phan ng xong, thu c dung dch B va inh sat co ong bam vao.
a. Khoi lng inh sat sau phan ng tang hay giam bao nhieu gam?
b. Khoi lng dung dch A vi dung dch B hn kem bao nhieu gam?
c. Coi the tch dung dch B van la 100ml. Tnh nong o mol dung dch B.
(Cu = 64 ; Fe = 56)
S: a. kl inh sat tang 0,16g b. klddB nho hn ddA 0,16g c. ddFeSO4 0,2M
Bai tap 28
Nhung mot mieng kim loai M, co hoa tr n, vao 200ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau phan
ng thu c 200ml dung dch A va mieng kim loai M (co Ag bam vao). Khoi lng mieng
kim loai sau phan ng co khoi lng tang them 1,52 gam.
a. Khoi lng dung dch A ln hay nho hn bao nhieu gam so vi khoi lng dung dch
AgNO3 luc au?
b. Xac nh kim loai M.
c. Tnh nong o mol dung dch A.
(Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Cr = 52 ; Fe = 56 ; Cu = 64 ; Zn = 65 ; Pb = 207; Ag = 108)
S: a. klddA nho hn 1,52g
b. M la Cu c. dd Cu(NO3)2 0,05M
Bai tap 29
Nhung mot thanh kim loai Y (hoa tr n) vao 0,5 lt dung dch FeCl2 0,24M. Sau mot thi
gian, lay thanh kim loai Y ra va em can lai thay khoi lng thanh Y giam 0,72 gam. Con
lai dung dch X. Neu gat lay phan kim loai Fe bam vao thanh Y th thu c 4,48 gam Fe.
a. Xac nh kim loai Y.
b. Tnh nong o mol/lit cua dung dch X. Coi the tch dung dch X van la 0,5 lt.
Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Fe = 56 ; Ni = 59 ; Cu = 64 ;
(Zn = 65; Ag = 108 ; Hg = 201 ; Pb = 208)
S: a. Zn
b. FeCl2 0,08M; ZnCl2 0,16M
Bai tap 29
Nhung mot mieng kim loai M vao 200ml dung dch Cr(NO3)2 0,25M. Mot luc sau lay
mieng kim loai ra em can lai, thay khoi lng giam 0,09 gam. Gat e lay het phan kim
loai bam vao mieng kim loai M va em hoa tan het phan kim loai nay bang dung dch HCl
th thu c 672ml mot kh thoat ra (ktc).
a. Xac nh kim loai M.
b. Tnh nong o mol chat tan cua dung dch sau phan ng. Coi the tch dung dch sau phan
ng cung la 200ml.
(Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Mn = 55 ; Fe = 56 ; Ni = 59 ;
Cu = 64 ; Zn = 65 ; Ag = 108 ; Pb = 207)
S: a. Mn b. Mn(NO3)2 0,15M ; Cr(NO3)2 0,1M
Bai tap 30 (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa hoc)

Lay hai thanh kim loai X, Y co cung khoi lng va eu ng trc Pb trong day the ien
hoa. Nhung thanh X vao dung dch Cu(NO3)2 va thanh Y vao dung dch Pb(NO3)2. Sau mot
thi gian, lay cac thanh kim loai ra khoi dung dch va can lai thay khoi lng thanh X giam
1% va cua thanh Y tang 152% so vi khoi lng ban au. Biet so mol cua kim loai X va Y
tham gia phan ng bang nhau va tat ca Cu, Pb thoat ra bam het vao cac thanh X va Y.
Mat khac, e hoa tan het 3,9 gam kim loai X can dung V ml dung dch HCl va thu c
1,344 lt H2 ( ktc); Con e hoa tan het 4,26 gam oxit kim loai Y cung can dung V ml dung
dch HCl tren.
a. Hay so sanh hoa tr cua kim loai X va Y.
b. So mol cua Cu(NO3)2 va Pb(NO3)2 trong hai dung dch thay oi the nao?
(Cu = 64; Pb = 207; O = 16)
S: a. Bang nhau b. o giam so mol bang nhau
Bai tap 30 (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa hoc)
Cho ba kim loai M, A, B (eu co hoa tr 2) co khoi lng nguyen t tng ng la m, a, b.
Nhung hai thanh kim loai M eu co khoi lng la p gam vao hai dung dch A(NO3)2 va
B(NO3)2. Sau mot thi gian, ngi ta nhan thay khoi lng thanh (1) giam x%, thanh (2)
tang y% (so vi p). Gia s cac kim loai thoat ra bam het vao thanh kim loai M.
1. a. Lap bieu thc tnh m theo a, b, x, y, biet rang so mol M(NO3)2 trong ca hai dung
dch eu bang n.
b. Tnh gia tr cua m, khi a = 64; b = 207; x = 0,2; y = 28,4.
2. Khi m = 112; a = 64; b = 207 th t le x : y la bao nhieu?
3. a. Lap bieu thc tnh m khi A la kim loai hoa tr 1, B co hoa tr 2, M co hoa tr 3,
thanh (1) tang x%, thanh (2) tang y%, so mol M(NO3)3 trong hai dung dch bang
nhau.
x
trong
b. Trong ba kim loai Cu, Ag, Hg th A, B la kim loai nao khi m = 52? T le
y
1
ieu kien a cho ( cau hoi 3a) la
.
0,91
(Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Pb = 207; Cr = 52; Hg = 200)
S: 1. m =
bx + ay
; m = 65
x+ y
2.
x 48
1
=
=
[ Thanh (1) giam 1%, thanh (2) tang 1,98% ]
y 95 1,98
3.
m=
3ay 1,5bx
; A : Ag , B : Hg
yx
Trch thi TSH, khi B nm 2004

Hn hp A gm Mg v Fe. Cho 5,1 gam hn hp A vo 250 ml dung dch CuSO4. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, lc, thu c 6,9 gam cht rn B v dung dch C cha hai mui.
Thm dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch C. Lc ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh n

khi lng khng i, thu c 4,5 gam cht rn D. Tnh:
1. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca cc kim loi trong hn hp A.
2. Nng mol/lt ca dung dch CuSO4.
3. Th tch kh SO2 (o ktc) thu c khi ha tan hon ton 6,9 gam cht rn B trong
dung dch H2SO4 c, nng.
(Mg = 24 ; Fe = 56 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; S = 32)
S: 1) 17,65% Mg; 82,35% Fe 2) 0,3M 3) 2,94 lt
Trch thi TSH, HQG tp HCM, nm 2001
1. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M c in ly = 1%. Vit phng trnh in ly
CH3COOH v tnh pH dung dch ny.
2. A l dung dch HCl 0,2M. B l dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Trn cc th tch bng nhau
ca A v B, c dung dch X. Tnh pH dung dch X. Cho lg4 = 0,6; lg2 = 0,3.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
82
Chng trnh Ha hc
4.
+
Oxit baz
(Thng la oxit cua
Oxit axit
Muoi
KL kiem, kiem tho)
Th du:
CaO
+
Canxi oxit
Voi song
CaCO3
Canxi cacbonat
a voi
CO2
BaO
SO2
BaSO3
Bari sunfit
K2O
SO3
BaSO4
Bari sunfat
MgO
SO3
MgSO4
Magie sunfat
Na2O
SiO2
Na2SiO3 (Cat tan trong natri oxit nong chay)
t0
3BaO + P2O5
Ba3(PO4)2
Bari photphat
Li2O +
CO2
Li2CO3
Liti cacbonat
K2O +
SO2
K2SO3
Kali sunfit
CuO + SO3
CuSO4
ong (II) sunfat
Lu y
L.1. Thng oxit axit tac dung c vi oxit kim loai kiem, oxit kim loai kiem tho
nhiet o thng, chung khong tac dung vi cac oxit kim loai khac hoac ch co
the phan ng nhiet o cao.
Th du:
Al2O3 + CO2
Fe2O3 + SO2
FeO +
SiO2
MnO +
3MgO + P2O5
SiO2
t0 cao
16000C
16000C
FeSiO3
MnSiO3
Mg3(PO4)2
Sat (II) silicat

Mangan (II) silicat
Magie photphat (Phosphat magnesium)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
83
L.2. Sau ay la mot so oxit axit va axit tng ng:

CO2 la oxit axit cua axit cacbonic (acid carbonic, H2CO3)
SO2 ------------------ axit sunfur (acid sulfuro, H2SO3)
SO3 ------------------ axit sunfuric (acid sulfuric, H2SO4)
P2O5 ----------------- axit photphoric (acid phosphoric, H3PO4)
P2O3 ----------------- axit photphor (H3PO3)
SiO2 ----------------- axit silicic (H2SiO3)
N2O5 ---------------- axit nitric (HNO3)
N2O3 ---------------- axit nitr (HNO2)
NO2 ----------------- axit nitr (HNO2) va axit nitric (HNO3)
Cl2O .. axit hipoclor (HClO)
Cl2O3 ------------------axit clor (HClO2)
Cl2O5 ------------------axit cloric (HClO3)
Cl2O7 ------------------ axit pecloric (acid percloric, HClO4)
Br2O ------------------ axit hipobrom (HBrO)
Br2O5 ------------------ axit bromic (HBrO3)
I2O -------------------- axit hipoio (HIO)
I2O5 ------------------- axit ioic (acid iodic, HIO3)
I2O7 ------------------- axit peioic (HIO4)
CrO3 ------------------ axit cromic (H2CrO4)
Mn2O7 ---------------- axit pemanganic (acid permanganic, HMnO4)
Th du:
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
3K2O
3K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
K2O
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
CO2
SO2
SO3
SiO2
P2O5
P2O3
N2O5
N2O3
2NO2
Cl2O
Cl2O3
Cl2O5
Cl2O7
Br2O5
I2O5
CrO3
Mn2O7
K2CO3
Kali cacbonat (Carbonat kalium)
K2SO3
Kali sunfit
K2SO4
Kali sunfat
K2SiO3
Kali silicat
2K3PO4
Kali photphat (Phosphat kalium)
2K3PO3
Kali photphit (Phosphit kalium)
2KNO3
Kali nitrat
2KNO2
Kali nitrit
KNO2 + KNO3
2KClO
Kali hipoclorit
2KClO2
Kali clorit
2KClO3
Kali clorat
2KClO4
Kali peclorat
2KBrO3
Kali bromat
2KIO3
Kali ioat
K2CrO4
Kali cromat
2KMnO4
Kali pemanganat (Thuoc tm)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
5.
84
Oxit baz +
Axit
Muoi +
Nc
Th du:
CaO
3K2O
Fe2O3
Al2O3
Ag2O
CuO
Na2O
MgO
FeO
HgO
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2HCl
2H3PO4
3H2SO4
6HNO3
2CH3COOH
2HBr
2HCOOH
H2SO4
2HCl
2HNO3
CaCl2 + H2O
2K3PO4 + 3H2O
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
2CH3COOAg + H2O
CuBr2 + H2O
2HCOONa + H2O
MgSO4 + H2O
FeCl2
+ H2O
Hg(NO3)2 + H2O
Lu y
L.1. Sat t oxit (Fe3O4) coi nh gom FeO va Fe2O3 nen khi cho sat t oxit tac dung
vi dung dch axit thong thng, ta se thu c muoi sat (II), muoi sat (III) va
nc.
Fe3O4
(FeO.Fe2O3)
8H+
Fe2+
Axit thong thng
Muoi sat (II)
2Fe3+
4H2O
Muoi sat (III)
Nc
Th du:
Fe3O4
+ 8HCl
Fe3O4
+ 4H2SO4 (l)
Fe3O4 +
8CH3COOH
3Fe3O4 +
8H3PO4
FeCl2 + 2FeCl3
FeSO4
+ 4H2O
+ Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O
Fe(CH3COO)2
+ 2Fe(CH3COO)3
4H2O
Fe3(PO4)2 + 6FePO4
+ 12H2O
Sat (II) photphat
Sat (III) photphat
L.2. HNO3 (ke ca axit nitric am ac lan axit nitric loang), H2SO4 am ac, nong la
cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh, nen khi cho cac oxit sat trong o sat co so oxi
hoa trung gian (FeO, Fe3O4) tac dung vi cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh tren
th sat (II) oxit, sat t oxit b oxi hoa tao muoi sat (III), con cac axit co tnh
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
85
oxi hoa manh b kh tao cac kh NO2, NO, SO2 , ong thi co s tao nc
(H2O).
Th du:
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
3FeO + 10HNO3 (l)
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
FeO + 4HNO3 ()
FeO + H2SO4 (l)
2FeO + 4H2SO4 (, nong)
3Fe3O4
Fe3O4
Fe3O4
2Fe3O4
+ 28HNO3 (l)
+ 10HNO3 ()
+ 4H2SO4 (l)
+ 10H2SO4 (, nong)
Fe2O3 +
Fe2O3 +
Fe2O3 +
Fe2O3 +
L.3.
Cu2O
6HNO3 (l)
6HNO3 ()
3H2SO4 (l)
3H2SO4 (, nong)
ong (I) oxit
H2SO4 (l)
Axit sunfuric (loang)
FeSO4 + H2O
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O
FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O
3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
2Fe(NO3)3 +
2Fe(NO3)3 +
Fe2(SO4)3 +
Fe2(SO4)3
CuSO4
3H2O
3H2O
3H2O
+ 3H2O
ong (II) sunfat
Cu
ong
H2O
Nc
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do: Tnh kh:

Cu+ > Cu
Tnh oxi hoa: Cu+ > Cu2+ (E0Cu+/Cu = 0,52 V > E0Cu2+/Cu+ = 0,16 V)
6.
Baz
(Baz tan)
Oxit axit
Muoi
Nc
Th du:
2NaOH + CO2
2KOH + SO2
Na2CO3
K2SO3
Bari sunfit
+
+
H 2O
H2O
Nc
Ba(OH)2 + SO3
3Ca(OH)2 + P2O5
BaSO4 + H2O
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2O
2NaOH + SiO2
2KOH + 2NO2
Na2SiO3 + H2O
KNO2 + KNO3 +
2NH4OH
+ CO2
Kali nitrit
Kali nitrat
(NH4)2CO3
+ H2O
H2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
86
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3 Amoni cacbonat (Carbonat amonium)
Lu y
L.1. Thng ch co cac baz tan (hiroxit kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho, amoniac)
mi tac dung vi oxit axit e tao muoi. Vi cac baz khong tan, thng phan
ng nay khong xay ra.
Th du:
2NaOH
+ CO2
Al(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
2NH3
Na2CO3
H2O
Natri cacbonat, Xoa (Soda)
+ CO2
+ SO2
+ H2O
+ SO2
(NH4)2SO3 Amoni sunfit
L.2. NO2 la oxit axit cua hai axit (HNO2 va HNO3), nen khi cho NO2 tac dung vi
dung dch baz th thu c hai muoi (nitrit, nitrat) va nc.
2NO2
+ 2OH
NO2 +
NO3 +
H2O
Th du:
NO2
4NO2
Nit ioxit
L.3.
+ NaOH
+ 2Ba(OH)2
NaNO2
+ NaNO3
Ba(NO2)2 + Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Bari nitrit
Bari nitrat
Hai oxit axit dang kh thng gap nhat la CO2 va SO2. Khi suc kh CO2 (hay
SO2) vao mot dung dch baz th co s tao muoi trung tnh CO32- (hay SO32-)
trc. Sau khi tac dung het baz, ma con suc tiep CO2 (hay SO2) vao th CO2
(hay SO2) se tac dung tiep vi muoi trung tnh tng ng (CO32- hay SO32-)
trong nc e tao muoi axit (HCO3- hay HSO3-) sau. Hn na, muoi axit ch
hien dien khi khong con baz. Tat ca cac muoi cacbonat axit cung nh sunfit
axit eu hoa tan c trong nc e tao dung dch. Khi un nong dung dch
cacbonat axit, cung nh sunfit axit, th co phan ng ngc lai, ngha la co s
tao muoi trung tnh (cacbonat hay sunfit), oxit axit (CO2 hay SO2) va nc.
Nguyen nhan cua tnh chat hoa hoc tren la do chc axit th nhat manh hn chc
axit th nh nen ay c chc th nh ra khoi muoi trung tnh va khi un nong dung
dch th ho tr cho s tao kh bay ra (CO2, SO2) khien cho can bang hoa hoc dch
chuyen theo chieu tao chat kh, nham chong lai s giam nong o cua chat kh trong
dung dch.
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3
Ka1 = 4,5.107
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
87
H+
HCO3
H2SO3
HSO3
H
H+
+ CO32
+ HSO3
+ SO32
Ka2 = 4,7.1011
Ka1 = 1,2.102
Ka2 = 6,6.108
Tnh axit: H2CO3 > HCO3

H2SO3 > HSO3
Th du:
Suc t t kh cacbonic (CO2) vao mot dung dch nc voi trong (dd Ca(OH)2):
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
+ H2O
Het Ca(OH)2 ma con suc kh CO2 vao:

CO2 + CaCO3
+ H2O
Ca(HCO3)2 (tan)
Neu un nong dung dch Ca(HCO3)2:

Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3
t0
CO2 + H2O
Cc phn ng trn gii thch s to thch nh cc hang ng trong t nhin. Nc

ngm c ha tan CO2 ha tan vi (CaCO3) to Ca(HCO3)2 tan, khi nc ngm ny n
ni trng, nhit cao hn (nh c nh nng), n nh xung ng thi c phn ng
ngc li to cc thch nh trn, cc thch nh di (CaCO3) c hnh dng phong ph v
rt p.
Suc kh sunfur (SO2) vao nc barit (dd Ba(OH)2):
BaSO3
SO2 + Ba(OH)2
+ H2O
Het Ba(OH)2 ma con suc tiep kh SO2 vao:

SO2
+ BaSO3
+ H2 O
Ba(HSO3)2 (tan)
Neu un nong dung dch Ba(HSO3)2:

Ba(HSO3)2
BaSO3
t0
+ SO2
+ H2O
Suc kh CO2 vao dung dch xut (NaOH):

CO2 + 2NaOH
CO2 (co d) + Na2CO3
Na2CO3 + H2O
+ H2O
2NaHCO3
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
88
2NaHCO3
t0
Na2CO3 +
CO2 + H2O
Cho t t dung dch NaOH vao mot coc ng P2O5:

2NaOH + P2O5 + H2O
NaOH
+ NaH2PO4
NaOH
+ Na2HPO4
2NaH2PO4 (Natri ihirophotphat)

Na2HPO4
Natri hirophotphat
Na3PO4
H2O
H2O
Natri photphat (Phosphat natrium)
Bai tap 31
Suc 336 ml kh CO2 (ktc) vao 100 ml dung dch hon hp Ba(OH)2 0,05M va NaOH
0,1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. Dung dch thu c gm nhng cht g?. Tnh
khi lng mi cht tan. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan.
(Ba = 137 ; C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Na = 23 ; H = 1)
S: 0,985 gam BaCO3 ; 0,84g NaHCO3
Bai tap 31
Thoi 2,24 lt kh SO2 (ktc) vao 500 ml dung dch hon hp Ca(OH)2 0,06M va KOH
0,12M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. Tnh khi lng mi cht tan trong dung dch
thu c. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan.
(Ca = 40 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; K = 39 ; H = 1)
; 2,02g Ca(HSO3 ; 7,2g KHSO3
S: 2,4 gam CaSO3
Bai tap 32
Suc t t x mol CO2 vao dung dch cha y mol NaOH. Viet phng trnh phan ng xay
ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Tm ieu kien lien he gia x, y va so mol cac chat
thu c theo x, y ng vi tng trng hp (khong ke dung moi H2O)
Bai tap 32
Thoi t t a mol kh SO2 vao dung dch cha b mol Ba(OH)2. Viet cac phng trnh
phan ng xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Tm ieu kien lien he gia a, b e
co cac trng hp nay va so mol moi chat thu c theo a, b ng vi tng trng hp
(khong tnh dung moi nc).
7.
Baz
Axit
(H+)
Muoi
Nc
Th du:
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
NaOH
+
HCl
+
Na + OH + H+ + Cl
+
H+
OH
Ca(OH)2
2Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2
3KOH +
Ba(OH)2
Zn(OH)2
89
+ 2HNO3
+ 3H2SO4
+ 2CH3COOH
H3PO4
+ 2HBr
+ 2HCl
NaCl
+ H2O
+
Na + Cl + H2O
H2O
Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
Mg(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
K3PO4 + 3H2O
BaBr2 + 2H2O
ZnCl2 + 2H2O
Lu y
L.1. Ban chat cua phan ng trung hoa gia axit vi baz trong dung dch la ion H+
cua axit ket hp va u vi ion OH cua baz e tao chat khong ien ly H2O.
H2O
H+ + OH
L.2. HNO3 cung nh H2SO4 (ac, nong) la cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh nen khi cho
cac axit nay tac dung vi sat (II) hiroxit se thu c muoi sat (III), kh NO2, NO
hoac SO2 va nc.
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O
Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3()
3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3(l)
Fe(OH)2
+ H2SO4
2Fe(OH)2 + 4H2SO4(, nong)

Fe(OH)3
+ 3HNO3(l)
2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4(, nong)

L.3.
3Fe(NO3)3
FeSO4
+ NO + 8H2O
+ H2O
Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO2
+ 6H2O
Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
Khi gap bai toan trong o dung dch hon hp cac axit c trung hoa va u
bi dung dch hon hp cac baz th ta ch can viet mot phng trnh phan ng
dang ion:
H+
+
OH
H2O
T dung dch hon hp axit ta tnh c tong so mol ion H+, qua phan ng trung
hoa tren ta se biet c tong so mol ion OH hoac ngc lai.
Bai tap 33
Tnh the tch dung dch hon hp NaOH 2M - Ba(OH)2 1M can dung e trung hoa va
u 200 ml dung dch hon hp HCl 1M - H2SO4 1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta. Xc nh
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
90
nng mol/lt ca dung dch sau phn ng. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i khi
pha trn.
(Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16)
S: 150 ml; 34,95 g BaSO4 ; NaCl 4/7M; Na2SO4 1/7M
Bai tap 33
250 ml dung dch B gom ba baz: NaOH 1M - KOH 0,5M - Ba(OH)2 0,5M.
1. Tnh the tch dung dch A gom ba axit: HCl 0,5M - HNO3 2M - H2SO4 1M can dung
e trung hoa va u lng dung dch B tren.
2. Sau phan ng trung hoa thu c bao nhieu gam ket tua?
(Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16)
S: 138,89 ml ddA; 29,125 gam BaSO4
Bai tap 33
Tnh the tch dung dch hon hp Ba(OH)2 0,2M - KOH 0,1M can e trung hoa va u
50 ml dung dch hon hp HCl 0,1M - H2SO4 0,06M.
Sau phan ng trung hoa thu c bao nhieu gam ket tua? Tnh khi lng mi cht tan
trong dung dch thu c.
(Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; K = 39 ; Cl = 35,5)
S: 22 ml dd hh baz; 0,699 gam BaSO4
L.4.
Khi cho dung dch baz (OH) tac dung vi dung dch axit a chc (nh
H2SO4, H3PO4) th tuy theo tng quan gia lng axit va lng baz em dung
ma ta co the thu c muoi trung tnh hay muoi axit. e de theo doi, ta co the
cho baz trung hoa tng H axit mot (tao muoi axit trc), het H axit cua chc
th nhat, ma con baz d th baz con d se trung hoa H axit th nh (e tao
muoi trung tnh nh oi vi axit 2 H axit H2SO4). Hoac chu y la chc axit th
nhat manh hn chc axit th nh nen se ay c chc th nh ra khoi muoi,
neu ta viet co s muoi trung tnh trc.
Th du:
NaOH +
H2SO4
Het H2SO4 ma con d NaOH:

NaOH + NaHSO4
NaHSO4 +
Na2SO4
H2O
+ H2O
Hoac:
2NaOH
+ H2SO4
Het NaOH ma con d H2SO4:

H2SO4 + Na2SO4
Na2SO4 +
2H2O
2NaHSO4
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
91
Bai tap 34
Tron 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2,5M, thu c dung
dch A. em co can dung dch A, thu c hon hp hai muoi khan. Tnh khoi lng
moi muoi thu c.
(Na = 23 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: 18 gam NaHSO4 ; 7,1 gam Na2SO4
Bai tap 34
Tron 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,6M, thu c dung dch
X. Co can dung dch X, thu c hon hp cac muoi khan.
Xac nh cong thc va khoi lng tng muoi thu c.
(H = 1 ; P = 31 ; K = 39 ; O = 16)
S: 10,88 gam KH2PO4 ; 3,48 gam K2HPO4
8.
Baz
(dd)
Muoi
Baz mi
(dd)
Muoi mi
ieu kien:
e baz tac dung c vi muoi nham tao ra baz mi, muoi mi th ca baz va muoi
cua tac chat phai hoa tan c trong nc tao dung dch. Neu ch mot trong hai tac
chat (baz hay muoi) khong hoa tan c trong nc, tc khong tao c dung dch, th
phan ng nay khong xay ra.
Baz manh phan ng c vi muoi cua baz yeu (Baz manh ay c baz
yeu ra khoi dung dch muoi)
Baz manh co the phan ng c vi muoi cua baz manh neu ben san pham
co tao chat khong tan ( )
Baz yeu co the tac dung c vi muoi cua baz yeu neu ben san pham co tao
chat khong tan ( )
Baz yeu khong phan ng c vi muoi cua baz manh (Baz yeu khong ay
c baz manh ra khoi muoi)
Th du:
+
CaCO3
NH4Cl
NaCl
+
+
NaOH
Al(OH)3
KOH
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
92
Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2
CuSO4 + 2NaOH
BaCO3
Cu(OH)2
3NH3 + 3H2O + AlCl3

(3NH4OH)
NH4OH + Ca(NO3)2
(NH4)2CO3
3CH3NH2 +
Al(OH)3
2NaOH
3H2O
2NH3
+ FeCl3
CH3NH2
dd ong (II) sunfat
H2O +
CH3NH2 + H2O
FeCl3
2H2O
Na2CO3
+ 3CH3NH3Cl
Cu(OH)2
+ [(CH3)2NH2]2SO4
2Al(OH)3
+ 3K2SO4
NaCl
+ CuS
+ Ba(OH)2
3NH4Cl
ong (II) hiroxit imetylamoni sunfat
Al2(SO4)3 + 6KOH (khong d)

Mg(NO3)2
Fe(OH)3
2CH3-NH-CH3 + CuSO4 + 2H2O

imetylamin
+ 2NaCl
+ Na2SO4
3KOH
Mg(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Ba(NO3)2
+ 3KCl
+ AgNO3
Zn(OH)2
Lu y
L.1. AgOH, CuOH, Hg(OH)2 khong ben, chung de b phan tch tao oxit kim loai va
nc. Do o, neu co phan ng nao tao ra cac hiroxit kim loai tren, th thc te la
thu c oxit kim loai tng ng va nc.
Th du:
2AgNO3
HgSO4
+
+
2NaOH
2KOH
(2AgOH)
+
Ag2O + H2O
(Hg(OH)2) +
HgO + H2O
2NaNO3
K2SO4
L.2. Fe(OH)2 (sat (II) hiroxit), la mot ran mau trang (hi co mau luc nhat khi co
lan tap chat), khi e ngoai khong kh (co oxi, hi nc), no de b oxi hoa tao
Fe(OH)3 (sat (III) hiroxit), la mot chat ran co mau nau o.
1
O2 + H2O
2Fe(OH)3
2Fe(OH)2 +
2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
FeSO4
93
+ 2NaOH
Fe(OH)2
+ 1/2O2
2Fe(OH)2
+ H2O
+ Na2SO4
2Fe(OH)3
(Khong kh)
L.3. Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+ de ket hp vi amoniac (NH3) e tao cac ion phc [Ag(NH3)2]+,
[Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Zn(NH3)4]2+. Cac hp chat cha cac ion phc nay hoa tan
trong nc. Do o khi nho t t dung dch amoniac vao dung dch cha muoi
bac (Ag+), muoi ong (II) (Cu2+), muoi kem (Zn2+), th mi au co tao ket tua
hiroxit kim loai, nhng neu nho tiep dung dch NH3 lng d vao th cac ket tua
nay b hoa tan, nguyen nhan la co s tao cac hp chat phc tng ng tan.
Ag+ +
NH3(khong d)
AgOH
Ag+
AgOH
[Ag(NH3)2]+ phc tan
2NH3(d)
+ 2H2O
Cu(OH)2
+ 4NH3(co d)
Cu(OH)2
+
2NH3(khong d)
Zn(OH)2
+ 4NH3(co d)
Zn2+
4NH3(d)
+ 2NH4+
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 phc tan (mau xanh biec)

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ phc tan (co mau xanh biec)
4NH3(d)
Zn2+ +
+ NH4+
[Ag(NH3)2]OH phc tan
2NH3(co d)
Cu2+ + 2NH3(khong d)
Cu2+
H2 O
2H2O
Zn(OH)2
+ 2NH4+
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 phc tan

[Zn(NH3)4]2+ phc tan
Th du:
+ NH3(khong d) +
AgNO3
H2O
2AgNO3 + 2NH3(khong d) + H2O

AgNO3 +
2NH3(d)
CuSO4
+ 2NH3(khong d)
CuSO4
+ 4NH3(d)
ZnCl2 +
2NH3(khong d)
AgOH
+ NH4NO3
Ag2O + 2NH4NO3 (neu e mot luc sau)

[Ag(NH3)2]NO3 phc tan
+ 2H2O
Cu(OH)2
+ (NH4)2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 phc tan (dd mau xanh biec)

+
2H2O
Zn(OH)2
+ 2NH4Cl
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
ZnCl2 +
94
4NH3(d)
[Zn(NH3)4]Cl2 phc tan
Bai tap 35
Nho t t 50,71 ml dung dch NH3 12% (co khoi lng rieng D = 0,95 g/ml) vao 100 ml
dung dch CuSO4 1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c.
(Cu = 64 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; N = 14)
S: 6,37 gam Cu(OH)2
Bai tap 35
Cho t t 38,92 cm3 dung dch NH3 24% (co t khoi d = 0,91) vao 150 ml dung dch
Zn(NO3)2 1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c.
(N = 14 ; H = 1 ; Zn = 65 ; O = 16)
S: 9,9 gam Zn(OH)2
9.
Muoi
Axit
Muoi mi
Axit mi
ieu kien:
Axit manh phan ng c vi muoi cua axit yeu (Axit manh ay c axit yeu ra
khoi muoi)
Axit manh co the phan ng c vi muoi cua axit manh neu ben san pham co tao
chat khong tan ( ) hay chat kh thoat ra.
Axit yeu co the phan ng vi muoi cua axit yeu neu ben san pham co tao chat
khong tan ( ) hay chat kh thoat ra.
Thng axit yeu khong phan ng c vi muoi cua axit manh (Thng axit yeu
khong ay c axit manh ra khoi muoi)
Th du:
CaCO3 + 2HCl
MgSO3
+ H2SO4
CaCl2
(H2CO3)
CO2 + H2O
MgSO4 + (H2SO3)
SO2 + H2O
HCl + KNO3
HCl + AgNO3
CH3COOH +
HNO3
+ AgCl
NaCl
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
H2S
+ Pb(CH3COO)2
PbS
Ch (II) axetat
H2SO4
CaCl2
2HCl
Natri aluminat
2HCOOH + Na2CO3
+ NaHCO3
Axit aluminic (Al(OH)3)
+ H2O
K2SO4
Natri phenolat
HAlO2.H2O
Natri fomiat
+ Ca3(PO4)2
C6H5ONa
CO2 + H2O
2HCOONa + CO2
Axit fomic
3H2SO4
+ BaSO4
Ba(NO3)2 +
NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O
2CH3COOH
2CH3COOH + Na2SO4
BaCO3 + 2HNO3
H3PO4
Ch (II) sunfua (ket tua mau en)
+ 2CH3COONa
H2CO3 (CO2 + H2O) +

H2SO4 + BaCl2
Lu y
L.1. H2SO4(l)
95
CO2
2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4
+ H2 O
C6H5OH
Phenol
+ NaHCO3
NaCl(dd)
H2SO4(, nong) + NaCl(r)
HCl
NaHSO4
Axit sufuric (Acid sulfuric) long khng tc dng vi dung dch mui n, nhng
dung dch axit sunfuric m c, un nng, tc dng c mui n khan (do t
nc, un nng, c to kh HCl nn phn ng c). Ngi ta p dng phn ng
ny iu ch axit clohiric (HCl) trong phng th nghim (dn kh HCl vo
bnh nc, c dung dch HCl).
H2SO4(l) +
KNO3(dd)
H2SO4(, nong) + KNO3(r)
HNO3
KHSO4
L.2. H2S (axit sufuhiric), HOOC-COOH (axit oxalic) tuy la hai axit yeu, nhng trong
mot so trng hp, chung co the phan ng vi muoi cua axit manh. Nguyen
nhan la co mot so muoi sunfua kim loai, cung nh oxalat kim loai rat kho hoa
tan, ngay ca trong moi trng axit manh nhng loang.
Th du:
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
96
CuCl2 + H2S
CuS
+ HCl(l)
CuS
+ 2HCl()
CuS
CuCl2
t0
CaCl2 + HOOC-COOH
+ HCl(l)
CaC2O4
CaC2O4
+ 2HCl()
2HCl
+
CaC2O4
CaCl2 +
t0
H2S
+
2HCl
HOOC-COOH
KCl + H2S
FeS
FeCl2 +
+ 2HCl
H+ + HSO4
H+ + SO42
L.3. H2SO4
HSO4
Ka1 rat ln
Ka2 = 1,0.102
H+ + H2PO4
H+ + HPO42
H+ + PO33
H3PO4
H2PO4
HPO42
CH3COOH
Ka1 = 7,1.103
Ka2 = 6,3.108
Ka3 = 4,5.1013
+ H+
CH3COO
H2CO3
HCO3
H+ + HCO3
H+ + CO32
C6H5OH
C6H5O +
H2S
Ka = 1,8.105
Ka1 = 4,5.107
Ka2 = 4,7.1011
H+
Ka = 1,3.1010
o manh tnh axit giam dan: H2SO4 > H3PO4 > CH3COOH > H2CO3 > C6H5OH
Th du:
H3PO4
+ CH3COONa
CO2 + H2O + C6H5OK

2CH3COOH +
CaCO3
CH3COOH
C6H5OH
CO2
+ NaH2PO4
+ KHCO3
+ H2O + Ca(CH3COO)2
L.4. HNO3, H2SO4 (, nong) va co tnh axit manh, va co tnh oxi hoa manh nen
cac axit nay va ay c axit yeu ra khoi muoi, va oxi hoa c kim loai co
so oxi hoa trung gian tao thanh muoi cua kim loai o co so oxi hoa cao hn, con
cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh tren b kh tao thanh cac kh NO2, NO, SO2,... ong
thi co s tao nc (H2O). Thng gap nhat la cac muoi sat (II) cua axit yeu, nh
FeCO3, Fe(CH3COO)2, FeS, FeS2, FeSO3, ...Cac muoi sat (II) b oxi hoa tao muoi
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
97
sat (III) nitrat hay sunfat, axit yeu b ay ra; HNO3, H2SO4 (, nong) b kh tao
NO2, NO, SO2,... ong thi co s tao H2O.
Th du:
3FeCO3 + 10HNO3 (l)
3Fe(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 3CO2 + 5H2O
FeCO3 +
4HNO3 ()
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2
+ CO2 + 2H2O
FeCO3 +
H2SO4 (l)
FeSO4
2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 (, nong)

3Fe(CH3COO)2 + 10HNO3 (l)
Fe(CH3COO)2 + 4HNO3 ()
Fe(CH3COO)2 +
+ CO2
+ H2 O
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2
+ 2CO2 + 4H2O
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 6CH3COOH + 2H2O

Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2CH3COOH + H2O
H2SO4 (l)
FeSO4
+ 2CH3COOH
2Fe(CH3COO)2 + 4H2SO4 (, nong)
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4CH3COOH + 2H2O
FeS
+ 12HNO3 ()
Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + 9NO2 + 5H2O
FeS
+ 6HNO3 (l)
Fe(NO3)3
FeCl2 +
FeS + 2HCl
FeS
+ H2SO4 (l)
FeS +
FeS2
2HCl
Pirit sat (Sat (II) pesunfua)
FeS2
FeS2
FeS2
14H2SO4 (, nong)
+ 18HNO3 ()
+ 8HNO3 (l)
H2S
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O
FeCl2 + S
+ H2S
(H2S2 Hiro pesunfua, khong ben, de phan tch tao S va H2S)
+ H2SO4 (l)
2FeS2 +
H2 S
FeSO4 +
H2SO4 (, nong)
+ H2SO4 + 3NO + 2H2O
FeSO4
S + H2S
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe(NO3)3
Fe(NO3)3
+ 15SO2
+ 14H2O
+ 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O

+ 2H2SO4 + 5NO + 2H2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
98
L.5. Cac muoi cua phi kim yeu nh hirua, silixua, cabua, nitrua, photphua de b
thuy phan e tao hiroxit kim loai va cac kh H2, SiH4, CH4, C2H2, NH3, PH3.
Nguyen nhan cua tnh chat hoa hoc nay la v cac muoi nay c coi la muoi cua
cac axit rat yeu, nh hiro (H2), silan (SiH4), metan (CH4), axetilen (C2H2),
amoniac (NH3), photphin (phosphin, PH3), chung co tnh axit yeu hn nc (H2O),
nen nc ay c cac axit yeu nay ra khoi muoi, ong thi co s tao hiroxit
kim loai.
Th du:
NaH
H2O
CaH2
2H2O
NaH
HCl
K4Si
4H2O
Natri hirua
Kali silixua
Nc
Al4C3
12H2O
Al4C3
6H2SO4
CaC2
2H2O
CaC2
2CH3COOH
Nhom hiroxit
Canxi cacbua
Mg3N2
Na3P
6H2O
Magie nitrua
Zn3P2
3H2O
6H2O
Kem photphua (Thuoc chuot)
10.
Muoi
Muoi
H2
Hiro
2H2
NaOH
Natri hiroxit
H2
SiH4
Silan
Ca(OH)2
NaCl
+
4KOH
3CH4
Metan
4Al(OH)3
Nhom hiroxit
3CH4
C2H2
Axetilen
C2H2
2Al2(SO4)3
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
2NH3
Amoniac
PH3
2PH3
Photphin
Muoi mi
Ca(CH3COO)2
3Mg(OH)2
Magie hiroxit
3NaOH
+
3Zn(OH)2
Kem hiroxit
Muoi mi
ieu kien:
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
99
e hai muoi tac dung c vi nhau, nham tao hai muoi mi, th hai muoi cua tac chat
phai hoa tan c trong nc tao dung dch va ben san pham phai co tao chat
khong tan ( ). Neu mot trong hai tac chat khong tan c trong nc, tc khong tao
c dung dch, th phan ng nay khong xay ra.
Th du:
+ K2SO4
BaCO3
BaSO4
BaCl2 + K2SO4
BaCl2 (khan) + K2SO4 (khan)
BaCl2 (khan)
BaCl2 (dd)
BaSO4
K2SO4 (khan)
BaSO4
KNO3
NaCl
AgNO3
CuCl2
FeSO4
AgCl
FeCO3
2KCl
2KCl
NaNO3
K2SO4
Zn(CH3COO)2
Na2SO3
(NH4)2S
CuS
Pb(CH3COO)2
Amoni sunfua
Na3PO4
Fe2(SO4)3
Ch (II) axetat
3AgNO3
+
Cd(NO3)2
Caimi nitrat
Pb(NO3)2
2KCl
K2SO4 (dd)
NaCl
K2CO3
PbS
2CH3COONH4
Ch (II) sunfua (Ket tua mau en)
Ag3PO4
Amoni axetat
3NaNO3
2KNO3
Bac photphat (ket tua mau vang)
AlCl3
K2S
2NaCl
CdS
Cami sunfua (ket tua mau vang)
PbCl2
2NaNO3
Ch (II) clorua (ket tua mau trang)
Lu y
L.1. Cac muoi cacbonat kim loai hoa tr 3, gom Al2(CO3)3, Fe2(CO3)3, Cr2(CO3)3,
khong hien dien trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao
hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh cacbonic. Do o neu co phan ng nao tao ra
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
100
cac muoi nay trong dung dch, th thc te la thu c hiroxit kim loai ket tua va
kh CO2.
Th du:
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3
+ 3H2O
2Al(OH)3
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O

L.2.
2Fe(OH)3
+ 3CO2 + 6NaCl
+ 3CO2 + 3K2SO4
Cac muoi sunfua kim loai hoa tr 3, gom Al2S3, Fe2S3, Cr2S3, khong hien dien
trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim loai
ket tua va kh hirosunfua. Do o neu co phan ng nao tao ra cac muoi nay
trong dung dch th thc te la thu c hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh H2S.
Th du:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2S + 6H2O
2Al(OH)3
+ 3H2S
+ 3K2SO4
2Cr(NO3)3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O
2Cr(OH)3
+ 3H2S
+ 6NaNO3
Bai tap 36
Viet tat ca cac loai phan ng tao muoi ZnCl2.
Bai tap 36
Viet tat ca phan ng tao muoi BaSO4.
Bai tap 37
Viet tat ca phan ng theo s o:
BaCl2 + Muoi
Bai tap 37
Viet tat ca phan ng theo s o: Fe(CH3COO)2
NaCl +
Muoi
....
CH3COOK + ...
Trch thi TSH, H Quc gia tp HCM, nm 2001:

t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04 gam hn hp A gm cc oxit st. Ha tan hon
ton A trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hn hp Y gm NO v NO2. T khi
hi ca Y i vi H2 l 19. Tnh x.
(Fe = 56 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; N = 14) S: x = 0,07
Trch thi TSH khi B, nm 2004:
Tin hnh cc th nghim sau:
a. Cho t t tng git (va khuy u) dung dch HCl n d vo dung dch
Na2CO3.
b. Cho t t tng git (va khuy u) dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch HCl.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
101
Nu hin tng v vit phn ng.
VIII. CAC OXIT VA HIROXIT LNG TNH

THNG GAP
Oxit lng tnh
Hiroxit lng
tnh
Al2O3
Al(OH)3
Nhom oxit
Nhom hiroxit
Cr2O3
Cr(OH)3
Muoi cua dang

baz
Al3+
Cr
Muoi Crom (III)
Kem oxit
Kem hiroxit
Muoi kem
BeO
Be(OH)2
Berili oxit
Berili hiroxit
Axit aluminic
Muoi Aluminat
HAlO2.H2O
3+
Crom (III) hidroxit
Zn(OH)2
Muoi cua dang

axit
Muoi nhom
Crom (III) oxit
ZnO
Dang axit
tng ng
HCrO2.H2O
Zn2+
Muoi Cromit
Axit zincic
Muoi Zincat
H2ZnO2
Muoi Berili
CrO2
Axit Crom
H2ZnO2
Be2+
AlO2
Axit Berilic
ZnO22
BeO22
Muoi Berilat
Chu y: Con mot so oxit, hiroxit lnh tnh khac nh sau: SnO, PbO, Sn(OH)2,
Pb(OH)2, SnO2, PbO2, Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)4.
Th du:
Al2O3
+ 6HNO3
2Al(NO3)2 + 3H2O
Al2O3
+ 2NaOH
2NaAlO2
2Al(OH)3
+ 3H2SO4
2Al(OH)3
+ Ba(OH)2
ZnO +
2HCl
ZnO +
2KOH
Zn(OH)2
+ 2CH3COOH
Nhom nitrat
Natri aluminat
Al2(SO4)3
Nhom sunfat
H2O
+ 6H2O
Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
Bari aluminat
ZnCl2
Kem clorua
K2ZnO2
Kali zincat
H2O
+ H2O
Zn(CH3COO)2
Kem axetat
+ 2H2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
102
Zn(OH)2
+ 2NaOH
Cr2O3 +
2NaOH
Cr2O3 +
6HCl
Cr(OH)3 +
2Cr(OH)3
KOH
Na2ZnO2
Natri Zincat
2NaCrO2
+ H2O
Natri cromit
2CrCl3
3H2O
Crom (III) clorua
KCrO2
Kali cromit
+ 3H2SO4
H2O
2H2O
Cr2(SO4)3
Crom (III) sunfat
6H2O
Lu y
L.1. Kim loai crom (Cr) co cac oxit: CrO, Cr2O3 va CrO3 trong o CrO (Crom (II) oxit)
la mot oxit baz; Cr2O3 (Crom (III) oxit) la mot oxit lng tnh; con CrO3
(Crom (VI) oxit) la mot oxit axit.
Th du:
Viet cac phan ng xay ra (neu co) cua cac oxit CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3 vi cac dung dch
axit clohiric (dd HCl), dung dch xut (dd NaOH).
CrO +
CrO
2HCl
CrCl2
H2O
Crom (II) clorua
+ NaOH
Cr2O3
+ 6HCl
Cr2O3
2NaOH
2CrCl3
Crom (III) clorua
2NaCrO2
Natri cromit
CrO3 +
CrO3 +
HCl
H2O (nc co trong dd HCl)
CrO3 +
2NaOH
Na2CrO4
Natri cromit
3H2O
+
H2O
H2CrO4 (Axit cromic)

+ H2O
L.2. Tat ca cac muoi cua hiroxit lng tnh gom aluminat (AlO2), Cromit (CrO2),
Zincat (ZnO22), Berilat (BeO22) eu hoa tan c trong nc. Thc chat ay
la cac phc chat tan.
Th du: NaAlO2 (Natri Aluminat), Ba(AlO2)2 (Bari Aluminat), K2ZnO2 (Kali Zincat ),
CaZnO2 (Canxi Zincat) tan trong nc.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
L.3.
103
Kim loai co oxit lng tnh (tr crom) tac dung c vi dung dch baz
manh, tao muoi va kh hiro (H2) thoat ra. o la cac kim loai: Al, Zn, Be, Sn,
Pb.
Al
Nhom
Zn
OH
dd baz manh
ZnO22
dd baz manh
BeO22
Berili
Sn
+ 2OH
Pb
Muoi berilat
Crom
3/2H2
Kh Hiro
H2
Kh Hiro
H2
SnO22
Muoi Stanit; Muoi Stanat (II)
PbO22
2OH
Ch
Cr
Muoi zincat
Be + 2OH
Muoi aluminat
2OH
Kem
Thiec
AlO2
+ H2O
H2
H2
Muoi Plumbit; Muoi Plumbat (II)
OH (dd)
Th du:
Al
+ NaOH +
H2O
NaAlO2
2NaOH
Na2ZnO2
Be +
2NaOH
Na2BeO2 +
Zn
Sn
Pb
dd xut
Na2SnO2
Ba(OH)2
dd Bari hiroxit
Zn +
Ca(OH)2
Na2PbO2
Natri Plumbit
+ 2H2O
dd Canxi hiroxit
3/2H2
H2
H2
+
Natri Stanit
+ 2NaOH
2Al +
Natri Zincat
2NaOH
H2
H2
Ba(AlO2)2
Bari aluminat
CaZnO2
Canxi zincat
3H2
H2
L.4. Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2 khong phan ng vi cac axit rat yeu nh H2CO3 (axit
cacbonic). Cac hiroxit lng tnh cung nh cac oxit lng tnh ch b hoa tan
trong cac dung dch axit manh hay axit khong yeu lam.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
104
Al(OH)3 + CO2 + H2O

Zn(OH)2 + CO2
Al(OH)3
+ H2O
+ 3HCl
Al(OH)3 + 3CH3COOH
Zn(OH)2
H2SO4
Zn(OH)2
+ 2HCOOH
Axit fomic
AlCl3
+ 3H2O
Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O
ZnSO4
+ 2H2O
Zn(HCOO)2 + 2H2O
Kem fomiat
Bai tap 38
Hoa tan het 5,4 gam Al vao 250 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c dung dch A.
a. Khoi lng dung dch A vi khoi lng dung dch NaOH luc au chenh lech bao
nhieu gam?
b. Cho t t 275ml dung dch HCl 2M vao dung dch A, thu c m gam ket tua. Tnh
m.
c. Neu lay m gam ket tua tren em nung cho en khoi lng khong oi. Tnh khoi
lng chat ran con lai, biet rang co hi nc bay ra khi nung ket tua tren.
(Al = 27 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: a. 4,8g
b. m = 7,8g c. 5,1g
Bai tap 38
Hoa tan hoan toan 13 gam Zn vao 250 ml dung dch KOH 2M, thu c V lt mot kh
(ktc) va dung dch A.
a. Tnh V. Khoi lng dung dch A ln hn hay nho hn khoi lng dung dch KOH
luc au bao nhieu gam?
b. Cho t t 280 ml dung dch HCl 2,5M vao dung dch A, thu c m gam ket tua.
Tnh m.
c. em nung m gam ket tua tren cho en khoi lng khong oi th con lai bao nhieu
gam chat ran? Biet rang co s nhiet phan tao hi nc bay i trong s nung tren.
(Zn = 65 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: a. V = 4,48l; 12,6g b. m = 9,9g c. 8,1g
Bai tap 39
Hoa tan het m gam Al vao V ml dung dch NaOH co nong o C%. Dung dch NaOH
nay co khoi lng rieng D (g/ml). Co x lt H2 thoat ra (ktc) va thu c dung dch A.
a. Tnh khoi lng dung dch A theo m, V, D, x.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
105
b. Tnh m va tnh nong o % cua tng chat tan trong dung dch A neu x = 0,672 lt; V=
50ml; C% = 5,56%; D = 1,06 g/ml.
(Na = 23 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; Al = 27)
S: a. (m + VD - x/11,2)g b. m = 0,54g; NaOH 4,014%; NaAlO2 3,067%
Bai tap 39
m gam kim loai kem c hoa tan het vao V ml dung dch KOH C% (t khoi D), co a
ml H2 (ktc) thoat ra va thu c dung dch X.
a. Tnh khoi lng dung dch X theo m, V, D, a.
b. Neu m = 2,6 gam; V = 42,042 ml; C% = 12%; D= 1,11. Tnh a va nong o % cua
tng chat tan trong dung dch X.
(Zn = 65 ; K = 39 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: a. (m+ VD - a/11200)gam b. a = 896 ml; KOH 2,277%; K2ZnO2 14,232%
Bai tap 40
Hoa tan het 58,4 gam hon hp muoi khan AlCl3 va CrCl3 vao nc, thu c mot dung
dch. Them tiep dung dch NaOH d vao dung dch. Suc tiep kh Cl2 lng d vao dung
dch (Cl2 trong dung dch NaOH oxi hoa het muoi cromit thanh muoi cromat, ong thi
Cl2 tac dung het NaOH e tao muoi clorua va muoi hipoclorit). Cuoi cung cho lng
d dung dch BaCl2 vao dung dch, thu c 50,6 gam ket tua mau vang la mot muoi
cromat. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra. Xac nh phan tram khoi lng moi
muoi trong hon hp au.
(Al = 27 ; Cr = 52 ; Cl = 35,5 ; Ba = 137 ; O =16)
S: 54,28% CrCl3; 45,72% AlCl3
Bai tap 40
Hon hp A gom Al2O3 va Cr2O3. Lay 33 gam hon hp A em hoa tan het trong dung
dch KOH d, thu c dung dch B. Cho nc brom d vao dung dch B, thu c dung
dch C. Cho tiep dung dch Ba(NO3)2 d vao dung dch C th thu c 37,95 gam ket
tua mau vang thuoc muoi cromat. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.Tnh % khoi lng moi
chat trong hon hp A. Biet rang muoi cromit b halogen, trong moi trng kiem, oxi
hoa tao muoi cromat. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan.
(Al = 27 ; O = 16 ; Cr = 52 ; Ba = 137)
S: 34,55% Cr2O3; 65,45% Al2O3
L.5. Al(OH)3 khong b hoa tan bi dung dch NH3, nhng Zn(OH)2 b hoa tan bi
dung dch NH3 (amoniac) la do co s tao phc [Zn(NH3)4]2+ tan (giong nh
Cu(OH)2, AgOH). Va kim loai nhom (Al) khong b hoa tan trong dung dch
baz yeu amoniac (NH3), nhng kim loai kem (Zn) hoa tan c trong dung
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
106
dch NH3, nguyen nhan la co s tao phc tan gia kem vi NH3, ong thi co kh
hiro (H2) thoat ra.
Th du:
Cho t t dung dch NH3 vao dung dch Zn(NO3)2:
Zn(NO3)2 + 2NH3(khong d) + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2
+ 2NH4NO3
Zn(OH)2
+ 4NH3(d)
Zn(NO3)2 + 4NH3(d)
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 (tan)
[Zn(NH3)4](NO3)2 (tan)
Cho t t dung dch xut vao dung dch kem nitrat:

Zn(NO3)2 + 2NaOH (khong d)
Zn(OH)2
+ 2NaOH (co d)
Zn(NO3)2
Al
+ NH3
Zn
Kem
4NH3
+ 4NaOH (d)
Zn(OH)2
2NaNO3
Na2ZnO2 (tan) +
Na2ZnO2
2H2O
+ 2NaNO3
+ 2H2O
+ H2O
+ 2H2O
Dung dch amoniac
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 +
Phc (tan)
H2
Hiro
Bai tap 41 (Tuyen sinh HQG tp HCM, nm 2000)

Ch dung mot dung dch axit thong dung va mot dung dch baz thong dung, hay phan
biet ba hp kim sau:
a. Hp kim Cu-Ag
b. Hp kim Cu-Al c. Hp kim Cu-Zn
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 41
Ch c dung mot dung dch axit, mot dung dch baz e phan biet bon kim loai: Al,
Zn, Fe, Ag. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 42
Ch c phep dung mot thuoc th, neu cach phan biet cac dung dch sau: NaCl,
Na2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)4SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, AlCl3. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 42
Ch c dung mot thuoc th nhan biet cac dung dch muoi sau ay ng trong cac lo
khong nhan: Zn(NO3)2, MgSO4, NH4NO3, K2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, KNO3.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
107
Bai tap 43
2,97 gam kim loai X c hoa tan het vao 55,7863 ml dung dch HNO3 50% (D =
1,31g/ml), thu c dung dch Y va co 3,36 lt hon hp hai kh NO2 va NO thoat ra
(ktc). T khoi hon hp kh nay so vi hiro bang 18,2.
a. Xac nh kim loai X.
b. Cho 450 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vao dung dch Y tren. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu
c.
(Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Mn = 55 ; Fe = 56 ; Cu = 64 ; Zn = 65;
Ni = 59 ; Ag = 108 ; Hg = 200 ; Pb = 207 ; O = 16 ; H= 1)
S: a. Al b. 7,02g
Bai tap 43
7,15 gam kim loai A c hoa tan het vao 30,112 ml dung dch HNO3 56% (co khoi
lng rieng bang 1,345 g/ml), thu c dung dch B va co 2,24 lt (ktc) hon hp hai
kh NO2, NO thoat ra. T le the tch cua hai kh nay la VNO2 : VNO = 2 : 3.
a. Xac nh ten kim loai A.
b. Tnh nong o phan tram cua chat tan trong dung dch B.
c. Cho 0,4 lt dung dch KOH 0,8M vao dung dch B. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu
c.
(Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Mn = 55 ; Ni = 59 ; Fe = 56 ; Cu = 64;
Zn = 65 ; Ag = 108 ; Hg = 200 ; Pb = 207 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: a. Zn b. 5,726% HNO3; 47,239% Zn(NO3)2 c. 7,92g
Bai tap 44
Cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2,7M vao 150 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,8M. Tnh khoi lng
cac muoi thu c. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan.
(P = 31 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Na = 23)
S: 4,92g Na3PO4; 12,78g Na2HPO4
Bai tap 44 (Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi B, nam 2003)
Hon hp X gom Al, Fe, Ba. Chia X ra lam 3 phan bang nhau:
Phan I tac dung vi nc (d), thu c 0,896 lt H2.
Phan II tac dung vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 1M (d), thu c 1,568 lt H2.
Phan III tac dung vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc).
(Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan, cac the tch kh o ieu kien tieu chuan).
1. Tnh phan tram khoi lng cac kim loai trong hon hp X.
2. Sau phan ng phan II, loc, c dung dch Y. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl 1M
can them vao dung dch Y e:
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
108
a. Thu c lng ket tua nhieu nhat.

b. Thu c 1,56 gam ket tua.
(Al = 27 ; Fe = 56 ; Ba = 137 ; O = 16 ; H = 1)
S: 1. 33,17% Ba; 26,15% Al; 40,68% Fe; 2. a. 70 ml b. 50 ml ; 130 ml
Bai tap 45 (TSH khoi B nam 2003)
1. Cho hon hp gom FeS2, FeCO3 tac dung het vi dung dch HNO3 ac, nong thu
c dung dch A va hon hp kh B gom NO2, CO2. Them dung dch BaCl2 vao
dung dch A. Hap thu hon hp kh B bang dung dch NaOH d. Viet phng trnh
phan t va phng trnh ion thu gon cua cac phan ng xay ra.
2. Tron 200 ml dung dch gom HCl 0,1M va H2SO4 0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch
Ba(OH)2 co nong o a mol/l thu c m gam ket tua va 500 ml dung dch co pH =
13. Tnh a va m. Cho biet, trong cac dung dch vi dung moi la nc, tch so nong
o ion [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 (mol2/l2).
(Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16)
S: a = 0,15 mol/l ; m = 2,33g BaSO4
Bai tap 45 (Trch thi khi B, nm 2002)
1. Hy nu tnh cht ha hc chung ca: a) Cc hp cht st (II); b) Cc hp cht st
(III). Mi trng hp vit hai phng trnh phn ng minh ha.
2. Trong iu kin khng c khng kh, cho Fe chy trong kh Cl2 c mt hp cht A
v nung hn hp bt (Fe v S) c mt hp cht B. Bng cc phn ng ha hc, hy
nhn bit thnh phn v ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong A v B.
3. a) Ch dng mt ha cht, hy cho bit cch phn bit Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Vit phng
trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) So snh pH ca cc dung dch c cng nng mol/lt ca NH3, NaOH v
Ba(OH)2. Gii thch.
4. Cho hai dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 1 v pH = 2. Thm 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,1M
vo 100 ml mi dung dch trn. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch thu c.
Trch thi TSH khi A, nm 2005:
Ch c s dng mt dung dch cha mt cht tan nhn bit cc dung dch sau:
Al(NO3)3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, NH4NO3, MgCl2, FeCl2 ng trong cc l ring bit b
mt nhn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
109
Chng trnh Ha hc
IX. CAC PHAN NG VO C THNG GAP KHAC

1. Kim loai tac dung vi oxi
Kim loai
(Tr Ag, Au, Pt)
Oxit kim loai
O2
Th du:
2Na
Ca
1/2O2
2Al
3/2O2
3Fe
2O2
Natri
Canxi
Nhom
Sat
Na2O
1/2O2
Oxi
[ Co the:
Fe +
2Fe +
Cu
+
Zn
+
2K
+
Natri oxit
CaO
Canxi oxit
Al2O3
Nhom oxit
Fe3O4
t0
Sat t oxit
1/2O2
3/2O2
1/2O2
1/2O2
1/2O2
FeO Sat (II) oxit

Fe2O3 Sat (III) oxit tuy theo gia thiet ]
CuO ong (II) oxit
ZnO Kem oxit
K2O Kali oxit
t0
0
t
0
t0
Lu y
L.1.
Hau het kim loai tac dung vi oxi, khong nhiet o thng th nhiet o cao,
e tao oxit kim loai tng ng, nhng cac kim loai bac (Ag), vang (Au), bach
kim (Pt) khong tac dung vi O2, ngay ca khi un nong nhiet o cao.
Ag, Au, Pt
+ O2
t0
L.2. Ozon (O3) co the oxi hoa c bac (Ag)

2Ag
L.3. Cu
+
+
O3
ong (mau o)
2Cu
Ag2O +
1/2O2
1/2O2
1/2O2
CuO
t0
ong (II) oxit (mau en)

t0 cao
Cu2O
ong (I) oxit (mau o gach)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
L.4.
110
Hau het oxit cua kim loai la oxit baz. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit kim loai la
oxit lng tnh (Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2), va oxit ng
vi hoa tr cao nhat cua kim loai co nhieu hoa tr la oxit axit (Mn2O7, CrO3).
Th du: Na2O, Ag2O, CaO, MgO, Cu2O, CuO, HgO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 la cac
oxit baz.
2. Phi kim tac dung vi oxi

Phi kim
+
(Tr cac halogen)
Th du:
Lu huynh
Oxit phi kim
O2
O2
Oxi
Kh sunfur, Anhirit sunfuric, Lu huynh ioxit
O2 (d)
1/2O2 (thieu)
Cacbon
Kh cacbonic, Anhirit cacbonic, Cacbon ioxit
1/2O2
t0
Si
O2
t0
Silic
CO
t0
Cacbon oxit, Cacbon monoxit
H2O
Nc, Hiro oxit
2P
5/2O2 (d)
2P
3/2O2 (thieu)
Photpho
CO2
t0
H2
Hiro
SO2
t0
SiO2
Silic oxit, Anhirit silicic
P2 O 5
Anhirit photphoric, iphotpho pentaoxit
P2O3
Anhirit photphor, iphotpho trioxit
Lu y
L.1. Oxi (O2) tac dung c vi phan ln cac phi kim e tao oxit phi kim tng ng,
nhng cac halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) khong phan ng trc tiep vi oxi.
L.2. Lu huynh (S) khi ot chay ch tao kh sunfur (SO2). Ch khi nao ot chay lu
huynh ma co chat xuc tac thch hp (V2O5 hay Pt) th mi co the tao ra SO3
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
111
(anhirit sunfuric). SO3 c tao ra la do SO2 tac dung tiep vi O2 khi co hien
dien chat xuc tac va nhiet o thch hp (V2O5 hay Pt 4500C).
S
O2
+
2SO2
O2
Anhirit sunfur
SO2
t0
V2O5 (Pt), 4500C
2SO3
Anhirit sunfuric
(V2O5: Vanai oxit, ivanai pentaoxit)

L.3. Nit (N2) c coi la mot kh khong chay (tng oi tr). N2 ch tac dung c
mot phan vi oxi (O2) e tao NO (nit oxit) khi nhiet o rat cao (30000C) hay
vi s hien dien cua tia la ien. NO la mot kh khong co mau, kh nay tac dung
de dang vi O2 cua khong kh e tao kh NO2 (nit ioxit, kh co mau nau).
N2
O2
N2
O2
Nit
2NO
t0
t0 rat cao (30000C) hay tia la ien
Oxi
Nit oxit (Kh khong mau)
L.4.
2NO
Nit oxit
O2
Oxi (khong kh)
2NO2
Nit ioxit (Kh mau nau, mui hac)
Hau het oxit cua phi kim la oxit axit, tuy nhien CO, NO, N2O (init oxit) la
cac oxit khong tao muoi (oxit tr).
Bai tap 46
Cho 1,92 gam bot lu huynh (S) vao mot kn co the tch 12,32 lt. Trong bnh co cha
khong kh (20% O2, 80% N2 theo the tch) va mot t bot V2O5 lam xuc tac. 27,30C, ap
suat trong bnh la 1atm (coi chat ran chiem the tch khong ang ke). Bat tia la ien e
ot chay het lu huynh. Sau phan pham chay, thu c hon hp kh hi A. Dan hon
hp A qua bnh nc brom, hon hp A lam mat mau va u 3,2 gam Br2 hoa tan trong
nc.
a. Tnh % the tch moi kh trong hon hp A.
b. Neu cho hon hp A qua lng d dung dch BaCl2. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu
c.
c. Tnh hieu suat SO2 b oxi hoa trong s ot chay tren.
Tr phan ng SO2 b oxi hoa trong qua trnh chay tren, cac phan ng khac xay ra hoan
toan.
(S = 32; Br = 80; Ba = 137; O = 16)
S: a. 83,33% N2; 4,17% O2; 4,17% SO2; 8,33% SO3 b. 9,32g c. 66,67%
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
112
Bai tap 46
Cho m gam bot lu huynh (S) vao mot bnh kn co the tch 8,96lt. Trong bnh co cha
khong kh va mot t bot vanai oxit lam xuc tac. Cac chat ran chiem the tch khong
ang ke, 27,30C, ap suat kh trong bnh la 836 mmHg. Bat tia la ien e ot chay
hoan toan lu huynh. Sau phan ng chay, trong bnh ch con lai chat xuc tac va thu
c hon hp gom cac kh hi A. Hon hp A lam mat mau va u 100 ml dung dch
KMnO4 0,12M. Neu cho lng hon hp A tren qua dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th thu c
11,17 gam ket tua.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh % khoi lng moi kh trong hon hp A.
c. Tnh hieu suat SO2 b oxi hoa trong qua trnh ot chay lu huynh tren.
Tr phan ng SO2 b oxi hoa trong s ot chay lu huynh, cac phan ng khac co hieu
suat 100%. Khong kh gom 20% oxi, 80% nit theo the tch.
(S = 32; Ba = 137; S = 32; O = 16; N = 14)
S: a. m = 1,6g b. 68,29% N2; 4,88% O2; 14,63% SO2; 12,20% SO3 c. 40%
3. Oxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho tac dung vi nc
Oxit kim loai kiem
Oxit kim loai kiem tho
H2O
Hiroxit kim loai kiem

Hiroxit kim loai kiem tho
Th du:
Na2O
+ H2O
2NaOH
K2O
H2O
2KOH
CaO
H2O
Ca(OH)2
BaO
H2O
Ba(OH)2
Natri oxit
Kali oxit
Nc
Canxi oxit
Bari oxit
Natri hiroxit
Kali hiroxit
Canxi hiroxit
Bari hiroxit
Lu y
L.1. Ch co oxit cua kim loai kiem, kiem tho mi hoa tan c trong nc va tac
dung vi nc e tao baz tng ng. Cac oxit kim loai khac khong hoa tan
trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc.
Th du:
Mg(OH)2
MgO +
H2O
Al(OH)3
Al2O3 + H2O
CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, AgO, ZnO, HgO, Cr2O3
H2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
L.2.
113
Peoxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho tac dung vi nc tao hiroxit kim loai
tng ng va kh oxi.
Th du:
Na2O2
+ H2O
Natri peoxit
CaO2
t0
Nc
BaO2
Bari peoxit
1
O2
2
Natri hiroxit
H2O
t0
H2O
Canxi peoxit
K2O2
2NaOH
Oxi
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
+ H2O
Nc
t
t0
2KOH
Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
1
O2
2
1/2O2
1
+
O2
2
Oxi
Peoxit kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi nc to ra hiroxit kim loi kim, kim th
v hiro peoxit (H2O2) trc. H2O2 khng bn, d b phn tch to nc (H2O) v kh oxi
(O2) sau. Qu trnh phn hy H2O2 xy ra cng nhanh nu un nng. Do c ti liu ghi
peoxit kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi nc to hidroxit kim loi kim, kim th v
H2O2 nhit thng.
Bai tap 47
em un nong nhe 1,89 gam hon hp A gom hai kim loai Na va Mg trong khong kh
kho trong mot thi gian ngan. Thu c hon hp B gom cac chat ran. em hoa tan B
trong nc, thu c dung dch C va hon hp D gom cac chat ran (khong co tao chat
kh). Cho dung dch MgCl2 d vao dung dch C th thu c 0,87 gam ket tua. Con khi
hoa tan het lng hon hp D bang dung dch HCl th thu c 224 ml H2 (ktc).
a. Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp A.
b. Tnh khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp D.
c. Tnh hieu suat Mg b oxi hoa khi un nong hon hp A.
Cho biet khi un nong hon hp A ch co s tao oxit kim loai. Cac phan ng xay ra
hoan toan, tr phan ng Mg b oxi hoa khi un nong.
(Mg = 24; Na = 23; O = 16; H = 1)
S: a. 36,51% Na; 63,49% Mg b. 1,6g; 0,24g c. 80%
Bai tap 47
un nong m gam hon hp A dang bot gom Ba va Al trong khong kh kho, cac kim loai
trong A b oxi hoa het tao oxit kim loai tng ng. em hoa tan lng hon hp oxit
tren trong nc d, thay con lai 1,02 gam chat ran. Con neu em hoa tan 0,075 mol
hon hp A trong lng nc d th thu c 1,344 lt H2 (ktc) va con lai m gam chat
ran.
a. Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp A.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
114
b. Tnh m
(Ba = 137; Al = 27; O = 16)
S: a. 55,92% Ba; 44,08% Al b. m = 0,81g
4. Oxit axit tac dung vi nc
Oxit axit
H2O
(Tr SiO2
va oxit lng tnh)
Axit tng ng
Th du:
CO2
H2 O
H2CO3
Kh cacbonic
Nc
Anhirit cacbonic
SO2
Kh sunfur
Anhit sunfur
H2O
SO3
H2O
P2O5
3H2O
Anhirit sunfuric
Anhirit sunfuric
N2O5
+
+
Anhirit cromic
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
2H3PO5
Axit photphoric
H2O
Anhirit pemanganic
CrO3
Axit sunfur
Nc
Anhirit cloric
Mn2O7
H2SO3
H2O
Anhirit nitric
Cl2O5
Axit cacbonic
H2O
H2O
2HNO3
Axit nitric
2HClO3
Axit cloric
2HMnO4
Axit pemanganic
H2CrO4
Axit cromic
Lu y
L.1. Hau het oxit axit tac dung c vi nc mot phan hoac hoan toan e tao axit
tng ng, nhng silic oxit va cac oxit lng tnh khong hoa tan trong nc va
khong tac dung vi nc.
SiO2
H2 O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
115
Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2

L.2.
NO2 (Nit ioxit) la mot kh mau nau, mui hac, rt c, c coi la mot oxit
axit cua hai axit (HNO3, axit nitric, va HNO2, axit nitr). Khi hoa tan NO2
vao nc, mi au co s tao ra hai axit, HNO3 va HNO2, nhng do axit nitr
(HNO2) khong ben, no de b phan tch tao HNO3, NO va H2O. Do o khi hoa
tan NO2 trong nc th thc te thu c HNO3 va NO. Tuy nhien neu hoa tan
NO2 trong nc ma co suc tiep kh oxi (O2) vao th ch thu c HNO3. Khi cho
NO2 tac dung vi dung dch kiem th thu c hon hp muoi nitrat (NO3-),
muoi nitrit (NO2-) va nc (H2O).
3
2NO2 +
3HNO2
H2O
6NO2
+ 2H2O
3NO2
Nit oxit
4HNO3
H2O
+ H2O
2NO2
+ H2O
+ 2NO
2HNO3 + NO
Nc
2NO2
Nit ioxit
HNO3 + HNO2
HNO3 + 2NO
Axit nitric
1
O2
2
Nit oxit
2HNO3
NO3-
2OH-
Dung dch kiem
Muoi nitrat
NO2-
Muoi nitrit
H2O
Nc
Th du:
2NO2 + 2NaOH
dd Xut
4NO2 +
NaNO3
Natri nitrat
2Ba(OH)2
+ NaNO2 +
Natri nitrit
H2 O
Ba(NO3)2 + Ba(NO2)2 +
Bari hiroxit
Bari nitrat
Bari nitrit
2H2O
L.3. CO (cacbon oxit), NO (nit oxit), N2O (init oxit, kh ci, kh vui, laughing gas)
la cac oxit khong tao muoi (oxit tr), nen cac kh nay khong hoa tan trong nc
va khong tac dung vi nc.
CO, NO, N2O
L.4.
H2O
NO (nit oxit) la mot kh khong mau, no tac dung de dang vi oxi (O2) cua
khong kh e tao NO2 (nit ioxit), la mot kh co mau nau.
2NO
+ O2
2NO2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
L.5.
116
Hi SO3 (anhirit sufuric, lu huynh trioxit) tac dung vi dung dch muoi bari
clorua (BaCl2) hay bari nitrat (Ba(NO3)2) tao ket tua mau trang bari sunfat
(BaSO4), ket tua nay khong hoa tan trong axit manh. Kh SO2, CO2 khong tao
c ket tua vi dung dch BaCl2 cung nh Ba(NO3)2. Ngi ta thng van
dung tnh chat nay e nhan biet SO3. S d SO2, CO2 khong tac dung c vi
dung dch BaCl2, cung nh Ba(NO3)2 v SO2, CO2 la cac oxit axit cua axit yeu
(H2SO3, H2CO3), nen cac ket tua BaSO3, BaCO3 khong hien dien c trong
moi trng axit manh (HCl, HNO3).
SO3 +
BaCl2 + H2O
BaSO4
2HCl
SO3 +
Ba(NO3)2 + H2O
BaSO4
2HNO3
SO2, CO2
Ba(NO3)2 (BaCl2), H2O
Bai tap 48
em nung nong m gam bot sat trong khong kh, thu c hon hp A gom sat t oxit va
mot kim loai. Hoa tan het hon hp A bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c kh NO
duy nhat va dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tac dung vi lng d dung dch xut, thu
c 42,8 gam mot ket tua.
a. Tnh m.
b. Lng kh NO tren thoat ra trong khong kh a chuyen hoa het thanh mot kh mau
nau. Cho lng kh nau nay hap thu vao dung dch potat d, thu c dung dch C.
Dung dch C nay lam mat mau va u 266,7ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1M trong moi
trng axit (H2SO4). Tnh hieu suat sat a b khong kh oxi hoa tao Fe3O4 khi nung
m gam sat trong khong kh.
Cho biet cac phan ng con lai xay ra hoan toan. KMnO4, trong moi trng axit, oxi
hoa muoi nitrit tao muoi nitrat, con KMnO4 b kh tao muoi mangan (II).
(Fe = 56; O = 16; H = 1)
S: a. m = 22,4g
b. 75%
Bai tap 48
Hoa tan het 3,48 gam mot oxit sat FexOy bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c kh NO
duy nhat va dung dch A. em co can dung dch A, thu c 10,89 gam mot muoi.
a. Xac nh cong thc cua FexOy.
b. Lng kh NO tren hoa nau het khi tiep xuc khong kh. Lng kh nau nay c
hap thu hoan toan vao dung dch xut d, thu c dung dch B. Dung dch B lam
mat mau va u V ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1M trong moi trng axit H2SO4. Viet
cac phan ng xay ra va tnh V.
(Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14)
S: a. Fe3O4
b. 10ml
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
117
5. S nhiet phan hiroxit kim loai

Hiroxit kim loai
(Tr hiroxit KL kiem)
Oxit kim loai
t0 cao (nung)
+ H2O
Th du:
2Al(OH)3
Al2O3 +
t0 cao
Nhom hiroxit
3H2O
Nhom oxit
Hi nc
Cu(OH)2
t0 cao
CuO
H2O
Zn(OH)2
t0 cao
ZnO
H2O
ong(II) hiroxit
Kem hiroxit
2Fe(OH)3
t0 cao
Fe2O3
Mg(OH)2
t0 cao
MgO
H2O
Ca(OH)2
t0 cao
CaO
H2O
Sat (III) hiroxit
Magie hiroxit
Canxi hiroxit
3H2O
Lu y
L.1. Hau het hiroxit kim loai, khi nung nhiet o cao, b nhiet phan tao oxit kim loai
tng ng va hi nc bay i, nhng hiroxit kim loai kiem (tr liti hiroxit)
khong b nhiet phan, du nung nhiet o cao.
NaOH
KOH
2LiOH
t0 cao
t0 cao
t0 cao (>5000C)
Liti hiroxit
Hiroxit KL kiem
Nhiet o nong chay
Nhiet o soi
L.2.
Li2O
Liti oxit
LiOH
4500C
b phan huy 5000C
H2O
Hi nc
NaOH
3280C
13400C
KOH
3600C
13240C
Tat ca hp chat cua amoni (cha NH4+) eu b nhiet phan khi nung nhiet o
cao, nen NH4OH b nhiet phan. Hn na, NH4OH ch ton tai trong dung dch
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
118
loang, no de dang b nhiet phan tao NH3 va nc khi un nong dung dch
NH4OH.
NH4OH
NH3
t0
Amoni hiroxit
L.3.
Kh amoniac (co mui khai)
Fe(OH)2 la mot chat ran khong tan trong nc, co mau trang (hi luc nhat). Khi
e Fe(OH)2 ngoai khong kh (co oxi, hi nc), no de dang b oxi hoa tao
Fe(OH)3, la mot chat khong tan trong nc co mau nau o.
2Fe(OH)2
1
O2
2
H2O
2Fe(OH)3
Sat (II) hiroxit

Khong kh
Chat ran trang hi luc nhat
L.4.
H2O
Sat (III) hiroxit

Chat ran mau nau o
Khi nung Fe(OH)2 trong khong kh, no b oxi hoa va b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3,
mot chat ran co mau nau o. Ch khi nao nung Fe(OH)2 trong chan khong hay
trong moi trng khong co kh oxi (O2), th Fe(OH)2 mi b nhiet phan tao FeO,
mot chat ran co mau en.
1
2Fe(OH)2 +
O2
t0
Fe2O3
+ H2O
2
Sat (II) hiroxit

Chat ran mau trang
Fe(OH)2
Oxi
Khong kh
Sat (III) oxit

Hi nc
Chat ran mau nau o
FeO
t0 (Chan khong)
Sat (II) oxit (chat ran co mau en)
H2O
L.5. Fe2O3 la mot chat ran co mau nau o, khi nung Fe2O3 nhiet o that cao, no b
mat bt oxi va tao Fe3O4, chat ran co mau en.
3Fe2O3
t0 cao
Sat (III) oxit
2Fe3O4
Sat t oxit
1
O2
2
Oxi
L.6. Muoi sat (III) tac dung vi dung dch muoi SCN- (sunfoxianat, tioxianat) tao muoi
Fe(SCN)3 co mau o mau.
Fe3+
3SCN
Fe(SCN)3
Sat (III) sunfoxianat, Sat (III) tioxianat

Co mau o mau
Th du:
FeCl3
Sat (III) clorua
3KSCN
Kali tioxianat
Fe(SCN)3
Sat (III) tioxianat
+ 3KCl
Kali clorua
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
Fe2(SO4)3
Sat (III) sunfat
119
6NH4SCN
Amoni tioxianat
Amoni sunfoxianat
2Fe(SCN)3
+ 3(NH4)2SO4
Sat (III) tioxianat

Amoni sunfat
Sat (III) sunfoxianat
Bai tap 49
Chia 2,24 gam bot mot kim loai M ra lam hai phan bang nhau.
Phan (1) c hoa tan het trong dung dch HCl, thu c V ml kh H2 (ktc) va dung
dch A.
Phan (2) c hoa tan het trong dung dch HNO3 loang, cung thu c V ml kh NO
(ktc) va dung dch B.
Neu em co can dung dch A va dung dch B th thu c 7,38 gam hon hp hai muoi
khan.
a. Xac nh kim loai M. TnhV.
b. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 vao dung dch A, loc lay ket tua trong khong kh, roi em
nung ket tua thu c cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c chat ran R. Lay chat
ran R em nung nhiet o that cao th lai co kh K thoat ra, va con lai chat ran F.
Mot phan F cho tac dung vi dung dch H2SO4 loang; Mot phan F cho tac dung vi
dung dch H2SO4 am ac, nong, co tao kh G. Xac nh K, R, F, G va viet cac
phan ng xay ra.
(Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al= 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn= 65;
N = 14; O = 16; Cl = 35,5)
S: Fe; 448ml
Bai tap 49
X la mot kim loai. Hoa tan het 2,34 gam X bang dung dch HCl, thu c V ml H2 va
dung dch A. Hoa tan het 1,56 gam X bang dung dch HNO3 loang va u, thu c
2
V ml NO va dung dch B. em co can hai dung dch A, B thu c 12,675 gam hon
3
hp hai muoi khan.
a. Xac nh kim loai X. The tch hai kh H2 va NO o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet
o va ap suat.
b. Neu cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vao lng dung dch B tren, loc lay ket tua
em nung cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c m gam mot chat ran. Tnh m.
(Be = 9; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65;
Ag = 108; Pb = 207; Cl = 35,5; N = 14; O =16)
S: a. Cr b. m = 1,52g
6. S nhiet phan muoi cacbonat
Cacbonat kim loai
t0 cao
Oxit kim loai
+ CO2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
120
(Tr kim loai kiem)

Th du:
CaCO3
t0 cao
BaCO3
t0 cao
MgCO3
t0 cao
Canxi cacbonat
a voi
CaO
BaO
Canxi oxit
Voi song
Bari cacbonat
Magie cacbonat
ZnCO3
t0 cao
Ag2CO3
t0
Bac cacbonat
CO2
Kh cacbonic
CO2
MgO
CO2
ZnO
CO2
Ag2O +
CO2
Lu y
L.1. Hau het muoi cacbonat kim loai b nhiet phan, tao oxit kim loai va kh cacbonic,
khi nung nhiet o cao, nhng cacbonat kim loai kiem khong b nhiet phan.
Na2CO3
t0 cao
Natri cacbonat (Xo a)
K2CO3
t0 cao
Kali cacbonat
Cac muoi cacbonat kim loai kiem rat ben vi nhiet. Sau ay la nhiet o nong
chay (khong b phan huy) cua mot so kim loai kiem.
Cacbonat KL kiem
Nhiet o nong chay
Li2CO3
7350C
Na2CO3
8530C
K2CO3
8940C
Rb2CO3
8370C
L.2. Khi nung FeCO3 trong khong kh no b oxi hoa va b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3 va
CO2. Ch khi nao nung FeCO3 trong chan khong hay trong moi trng khong co
oxi (O2) th no mi b nhiet phan tao FeO va CO2.
2FeCO3
1
O2
2
Sat (II) cacbonat

Oxi
Xierit
(Khong kh)
t0 cao
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit
2CO2
Kh cacbonic
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
FeCO3
FeO
t0 cao (Chan khong)
Sat (II) cacbonat
l.3.
121
Sat (II) oxit
CO2
Tat ca hp chat cua amoni eu b nhiet phan khi nung nong, nen muoi amoni
cacbonat b nhiet phan.
(NH4)2CO3
2NH3
t0
+ H2O
+ CO2
L4. Tat ca muoi cacbonat axit eu b nhiet phan khi nung nong. Nhng san pham
nhiet phan khac nhau tuy theo o la muoi cua kim loai kiem hay khac kim loai
kiem.
Cacbonat axit KL kiem
t0 cao
Cacbonat axit KL ( KL kiem)
Cacbonat KL kiem + CO2
+ H2O
Oxit KL + CO2 + H2O
t0 cao
Th du:
2NaHCO3 (r)
t0 cao
Natri cacbonat axit

Natri hirocacbonat
Natri bicacbonat
2NaHCO3 (dd)
t0
Ca(HCO3)2 (r)
t0 cao
Ca(HCO3)2 (dd)
2KHCO3 (r)
t0
t0 cao
t0
Mg(HCO3)2 (r)
t0 cao
Mg(HCO3)2 (dd)
t0
t0
Na2CO3 (dd)
2KHCO3 (dd)
NH4HCO3 (r)
Na2CO3 (r)
Natri cacbonat
Xo a (soda)
+ CO2 +
CaO (r) +
CaCO3
CO2
Kh cacbonic
H2O
Hi nc
H2O
2CO2 + H2O
+ CO2 +
K2CO3 (r)
H2O
+ CO2 +
H2O
K2CO3 (dd) + CO2 +
H2O
MgO (r) + 2CO2 + H2O
MgCO3
CO2 +
NH3 + CO2 +
H2O
H2 O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
2NH4HCO3 (dd)
122
t0
Amoni cacbonat axit
(NH4)2CO3 (dd)
Amoni cacbonat
+ CO2 + H2O
Bai tap 50
A va B la hai kim loai eu co hoa tr 2. Lay m gam hon hp hai muoi cacbonat cua A
va B em nung nong mot thi gian, co V (lt) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai p (gam)
hon hp cac chat ran.
a. Lap bieu thc lien he gia m,V, p.
b. Hoa tan het p gam hon hp cac chat ran tren bang dung dch HCl d, co V (lt) kh
CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai dung dch D. Co can dung dch D, thu c q (gam)
hon hp muoi clorua. Lap bieu thc lien he gia m, q, V, V. Viet cac phan ng
xay ra.
c. Xac nh A, B neu biet V = 5,04 lt; V = 1,68 lt; q = 51,1 gam; Tong khoi lng
nguyen t cua A va B la 161 vC; T le so phan t gam hai muoi cacbonat A, B
trong hon hp au tng ng la 1 : 2.
(C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5; Be = 9; Mg = 24; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56;
Ni = 59; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ba = 137)
S: a. m = p + 11V/5,6 b. m = q - 11(V + V)/22,4 c. Mg; Ba
Bai tap 50
Hon hp A gom hai muoi cacbonat cua hai kim loai hai chu ky ke tiep trong phan
nhom chnh nhom II. em nung m gam hon hp A trong mot thi gian, co 1,68 lt CO2
(ktc) thoat ra va con lai 6,38 gam hon hp cac chat ran (hon hp B).
a. Tnh m.
b. em hoa tan het 6,38 gam hon hp B tren bang dung dch HCl, co V(ml) kh CO2
(ktc) thoat ra. Dan lng kh CO2 nay qua 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M, thu
c ket tua mau trang va dung dch D, un nong dung dch D e phan ng xay ra
hoan toan, thu c them 0,985 gam ket tua na. Tnh V, xac nh hai muoi trong
hon hp A. Tnh khoi lng moi muoi trong hon hp A.
c. Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp B. Biet rang t le so mol moi chat trong
hon hp A b nhiet phan bang t le so mol cua chung trong hon hp luc au.
(Be = 9; Mg = 24; Ca = 40; Sr = 88; Ba = 137; Ra = 226; C = 12; O = 16)
S: m = 9,68g; V = 560ml; 1,68g MgCO3, 8g CaCO3;
9,40% MgO; 52.67% CaO; 6,58% MgCO3; 31,35% CaCO3
7. S nhiet phan muoi sunfit

Sunfit kim loai kim loai kiem
t0 cao
sunfat KL kiem + sunfua KL kiem
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
123
Th du:
4Na2SO3
t0 cao (6000C)
4K2SO3
t0cao (6000C)
Natri sunfit
3Na2SO4
3K2SO4
Natri sunfat
Kali sunfit
Kali sunfat
Na2S
Natri sunfua
K2S
Kali sunfua
8. S nhiet phan muoi sunfat

Sunfat kim loai
Oxit kim loai
t0 cao
(Tr cac KL: Na, K, Ca, Ba)
SO3
Th du:
MgSO4
t0 cao
Magie sunfat
MgO
Magie oxit
SO3
Anhirit sunfuric
Al2(SO4)3
t0 cao
Al2O3 + 3SO3
Ag2SO4
t0 cao
Ag2O
CuSO4
t0 cao
Nhom sunfat
Bac sunfat
ong (II) sunfat
CuO
Fe2(SO4)3
t0 cao
Fe2O3
ZnSO4
t0 cao
ZnO
Sat (III) sunfat
Kem sunfat
+ SO3
+
SO3
+
3 SO3
SO3
Lu y
L.1. Ch co cac muoi sunfat cua cac kim loai Na, K, Ca, Ba la ben oi vi nhiet, khong
b phan huy nhiet o 10000C. Cac muoi sunfat khac b phan huy nhiet o
thap hn nhieu, tao oxit kim loai tng ng va kh SO3.
Na2SO4, K2SO4, CaSO4, BaSO4
t0 cao
L.2. Do SO3 b phan huy tao SO2 va O2, nen khi nhiet phan muoi sunfat kim loai co
the tao oxit kim loai, SO2 va O2.
1
Th du:
MgSO4
t0 cao
MgO + SO2 +
O2
2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
124
L.3. Sat (II) sunfat khi nung nong b nhiet phan tao sat (III) oxit, SO2 va O2, ngay ca
khi nung trong chan khong. (V O2 tao ra do s nhiet phan se oxi hoa tiep FeO
tao Fe2O3)
1
2FeSO4
t0 cao
Fe2O3 + 2SO2 +
O2
2
9. S nhiet phan muoi nitrat
Tat ca muoi nitrat kim loai eu b nhiet phan khi em nung nhiet o cao,
nhng san pham nhiet phan khac nhau tuy theo kim loai trong muoi nitrat khoang
nao trong day the ien hoa.
a.
Nitrat kim loai
Nitrit kim loai
t0 cao
(KL ng trc Mg,

gom KL kiem, kiem tho)
+ O2
Th du:
KNO3
KNO2 +
t0 cao
Kali nitrat
Kali nitrit
Ca(NO3)2
Canxi nitrat
Canxi nitrit
t0 cao
Ba(NO3)2
t0 cao
Oxi
Ca(NO2)2 + O2
t0 cao
NaNO3
1
O2
2
NaNO2 +
Oxi
1
O2
2
Ba(NO2)2 + O2
Bari nitrat
Bari nitrit
Ghi chu:
Co tai lieu cho rang muoi bari nitrat b nhiet phan tao bari oxit, NO2 va O2. a so tai
lieu khac cho rang s nhiet phan bari nitrat tao san pham nh a th du tren.
Ba(NO3)2
b. Nitrat kim loai

(KL: t Mg - Cu,
ke ca Mg va Cu)
BaO
t0 cao
t0 cao
+ 2NO2 +
1
O2
2
Oxit kim loai +
NO2
+ O2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
125
Th du:
Mg(NO3)2
MgO
t0 cao
Magie nitrat
Magie oxit
t0 cao
Fe2O3
Cu(NO3)2
t0 cao
CuO + 2NO2
(KL: ng sau Cu)
1
O2
2
Oxi
+ 6NO2
3
O2
2
Kim loai
t0 cao
Nit ioxit
2Fe(NO3)3
Nitrat kim loai
c.
+ 2NO2
1
O2
2
+ NO2 +
O2
Th du:
AgNO3
Ag
t0 cao
Bac nitrat
Hg(NO3)2
Bac
t0 cao
Thuy ngan (II) nitrat
Au(NO3)3
t0 cao
Vang (III) nitrat
Hg
NO2 +
Nit ioxit
1
O2
2
Oxi
+ 2NO2 + O2
Au + 3NO2 +
Vang
3
O2
2
Lu y
L.1. Khi un nong mot dung dch cha muoi nitrat kim loai th khong co s nhiet
phan xay ra, ma ch co hien tng dung moi nc bay hi (s co can dung
dch). Ch khi nao co can het dung moi nc, con lai muoi nitrat khan, ma con
nung nong tiep na, th mi co s nhiet phan xay ra. Bi v khi con dung moi
nc th nhiet o trong dung dch khong the tang cao c, nc trong dung
dch nhan nang lng nhiet do s un nong cung cap e bay hi nen nhiet o
trong dung dch khong cao. V the s nhiet phan muoi nitrat (cung nh hau het
cac muoi khac) khong xay ra trong dung dch.
Th du:
KNO3 (dd)
t0 cao
KNO3 (khan)
t0 cao
(Ch co dung moi nc bay hi)
KNO2
1
O2
2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
126
L.2. Khi nung Fe(NO3)2, ngay ca trong chan khong, th no b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3,
NO2 va O2. V O2 tao ra do s nhiet phan oxi hoa tiep FeO e tao Fe2O3.
1
2Fe(NO3)2
t0 cao
Fe2O3 +
4NO2 +
O2
2
Sat (II) nitrat
Sat (III) oxit
Nit ioxit
Oxi
L.3. Muoi NH4NO3 b nhiet phan tao kh N2O va hi H2O 2100C. Khi nung NH4NO3
3000C, th co s no tao N2, O2 va hi nc. N2O (init oxit) la mot chat kh
khong mau, co mui de chu. Khi ht phai mot lng t kh N2O th co cam giac say
va hay ci, nen kh nay con c goi la kh vui hay kh gay ci (laughing
gas). Khi ht lng nhieu kh N2O th b me. Trong y hoc, ngi ta dung hon hp
gom 20% O2 va 80% N2O (% the tch) e gay me trong cac ca tieu phau.u iem
cua chat gay me nay la chung mau loai khoi c the nen t gay cam giac kho chu
sau khi gay me. N2O la mot oxit khong tao muoi hay oxit tr, no kem hoat
ong nhiet o thng, nhng khi un nong 5000C, no b phan huy tao N2
va O2, nen nhiet o cao, th N2O co the phan ng vi nhieu chat nh H2,
NH3,...(Do tac dung c vi O2, do N2O phan huy ra).
NH4NO3
2100C
NH4NO3
3000C
N2O
Amoni nitrat
N2O
+ 2H2O
init oxit
Hi nc
Kh ci, Kh vui
N2 +
N2
t0 cao (5000C)
N2O +
H2
t0 cao
3N2O + 2NH3
t0 cao
1
O2 + 2H2O
2
1
O2
2
N2
4N2
H2O
+
3H2O
L.4. Dung dch bao hoa Amoni nitrit b nhiet phan tao N2 va hi nc (phan ng ieu
che kh nit trong phong th nghiem)
NH4NO2
Amoni nitrit
t0
N2 + 2H2O
Nit
Nc
L.5. Cac muoi cha nhieu oxi (O) trong phan t va co tnh oxi hoa manh, nh
KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, KClO3, Ca(ClO)2, tat ca cac muoi nitrat kim loai (NO3-),....
khi nung nhiet o cao th chung b nhiet phan va thng co tao kh oxi (O2)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
127
2KMnO4
t0
Kali pemanganat (Thuoc tm)
K2Cr2O7
K2MnO4
K2CrO4
t0
Kali icromat, Kali bicromat
2KClO3
Kali manganat
Kali cromat
MnO2 t0
2KCl
MnO2
Mangan ioxit
Cr2O3
Crom (III) oxit
O2
Oxi
O2
Oxi
3O2
Kali clorat
Kali clorua
Oxi
(Neu khong dung MnO2 lam xuc tac th KClO3 b nhiet phan nhiet o cao hn).
Ca(ClO)2
CaCl2
t0
Canxi hipoclorit
Canxi clorua
O2
Oxi
L.6. Amoni icromat b nhiet phan tao N2, Cr2O3 va hi nc

(NH4)2Cr2O7
t0
Amoni icromat
N2 +
Nit
Cr2O3
Crom (III) oxit
4H2O
Hi nc
L.7. Hon hp gom 75% KNO3, 10% S va 15% C (% khoi lng) la thuoc no en.
Phan ng no cua thuoc no en la:
2KNO3
+ 3C + S
K2S + N2
no
+ 3CO2
H < 0 (Toa nhiet)
10. Phan ng nhiet nhom
Phan ng nhiet nhom la phan ng trong o kim loai nhom ay c cac kim
loai yeu hn no ra khoi oxit kim loai nhiet o cao.
Al +
Oxit kim loai
Al2O3
t0 cao
(KL: ng sau
Al trong DTH)
Kim loai
Th du:
Fe2O3
2Al
2Al
+ 3CuO
Nhom
4Al +
t0 cao
Sat (III) oxit
3MnO2
2Al + Cr2O3
Al2O3 + 2Fe
Nhom oxit
t0 cao
Sat
Al2O3 + 3Cu
t0 cao
2Al2O3 +
3Mn
t0 cao
Al2O3
2Cr
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
Al
128
+ MgO
Al +
t0 cao
K2 O
t0 cao
Lu y
L.1. Ngoai nhom (Al), ngi ta con dung 3 chat kh khac e kh cac oxit kim loai la
hiro (H2), cacbon oxit (CO) va cacbon (C) nhiet o cao. Tuy nhien 4 chat
kh nay ch kh c cac kim loai ng sau Al trong day the ien hoa.
Th du:
H2
Al
H2
CO
H2O
KL
t0
t0
CO2
Oxit KL
t0
CO
+ CuO
CuO
+
+
+
+
t0
H2O
t0
CO2
CO
t0
3CuO
+
H2
KL
Oxit KL
3H2
C
Oxit KL
Al2O3 +
C +
2Al
t0
CO
+ CuO
CO
Oxit KL
Al2O3
t0
Fe2O3
t0
Cu
3H2O
3Cu
+
2Fe
CO
Zn
FeO
t0
CO2
Fe
t0
CO
Mg
PbO
t0
CO
(KL: ng sau Al)
Cu
t0
t0
KL
Cu
ZnO
Al2O3
KL
Pb
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
129
3CO
Cr2O3
K2O
3C
3CO2 +
t0
2Cr
t0
L.2.
Cacbon
Than coc
9C
L3.
CaO
CO
t0
Canxi oxit
Voi song
2Al2O3
CaC2
Cacbon oxit
Cacbon monoxit
Canxi cacbua
at en, Kh a
6CO
t0
Al4C3
Nhom cacbua
Hon hp bot nhom (Al) vi bot sat t oxit (Fe3O4) hay sat (III) oxit (Fe2O3) c
goi la hon hp thermite (tecmit). Hon hp tecmit c dung e han cac thanh
sat ln b nt hay c dung e che tao bom la. V phan ng nhiet nhom gia
nhom vi oxit sat toa lng nhiet rat ln, co the at ti nhiet o 3 0000C, nhiet
o cao nay Al2O3 va Fe tao ra eu dang long, t khoi cua sat kim loai ln hn
so vi nhom oxit, nen sat (long) nam pha di, nhom oxit (long) noi ben tren,
khi nguoi, sat hoa ran lam ket dnh cac thanh sat vi nhau. Va nhiet o rat cao
nay, khien cac chat ni tha bom de phat hoa trong khong kh. Tuy nhien phan
ng nhiet nhom can phai cung cap mot nhiet lng ban au e tao mot nhiet o
tng oi cao th mi xay ra c (nh ot chay mot si day Mg e khi mao
phan ng).
8Al + 3Fe3O4
2Al
4Al2O3 +
t0
+ Fe2O3
Al2O3
t0
9Fe
+
2Fe
L.4. Trong lo cao (lo luyen gang) CO kh Fe2O3 tng nac nh sau:
Fe2O3
+
3Fe2O3
CO
Fe3O4
CO
FeO
Fe3O4
CO, t0
t0
Fe3O4 +
CO, t0
t0
CO
3FeO
Fe
t0
FeO
CO, t0
Fe
CO2
CO2
CO2
Tong quat phan ng khong hoan toan, sau phan ng co the thu c hon hp ran gom
4 chat la Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 va hon hp kh gom 2 chat la CO2, CO.
Neu gia thiet cho phan ng hoan toan va co CO d th Fe2O3 b kh het tao Fe.
Fe2O3 + 3CO
t0
2Fe
3CO2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
130
Bai tap 51
Hon hp tecmit A gom bot Al va Fe2O3. un nong 22,75gam hon hp A e phan ng
nhiet nhom xay ra hoan toan, ch co nhom kh Fe2O3 tao kim loai, thu c hon hp B.
a. Tnh khoi lng hon hp B.
b. Cho lng hon hp B tren tac dung hoan toan dung dch xut d, co 1,68 lt mot kh
(ktc) thoat ra. Xac dnh thanh phan khoi lng hon hp B.
(Al = 27; Fe = 56; O = 16)
S: b. 1,35g Al; 10,2g Al2O3; 11,2g Fe
Bai tap 51
Hon hp X dang bot gom nhom va mot oxit sat FexOy. Thc hien phan ng nhiet nhom
hoan hoan 119,04 gam hon hp X (ch co nhom kh oxit kim loai tao kim loai), thu
c hon hp Y. Khi cho hon hp Y tac dung dung dch KOH d khong tao chat kh.
Neu hoa tan het lng hon hp Y tren bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c 21,056 lt
kh NO duy nhat (ktc). Con neu hoa tan het lng hon hp X tren bang dung dch HCl
th thu c 26,88 lt mot kh (ktc).
Xac nh cong thc FexOy va tnh the tch t nhat dung dch HNO3 1M can dung e hoa
tan het lng hon hp Y tren.
(Fe = 56; Al = 27; O = 16)
S: Fe3O4; 7,12 lt
Bai tap 52
Hoa tan hoan toan 55,68 gam sat oxit FexOy bang dung dch H2SO4 am ac, nong, d,
thu c kh SO2 va 144 gam mot loai muoi sat duy nhat.
a. Xac nh cong thc FexOy.
b. Tron 13,5 gam bot kim loai nhom vi 41,76 gam bot oxit sat tren roi tien hanh phan
ng nhiet nhom. Gia s ch co qua trnh kh FexOy tao kim loai. Lay hon hp cac
chat sau phan ng nhiet nhom em hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 26% (D =
1.19 g/cm3) th thu c 12,32 lt H2 ( 27,30C; 91,2 cmHg).
. Tnh hieu suat phan ng nhiet nhom.
. Tnh the tch toi thieu dung dch H2SO4 26% can dung.
(H= 1; S = 32; O = 16; Al = 27; Fe = 56)
S: Fe3O4; 83,33%; 418,1 cm3
Bai tap 52
23,2 gam mot oxit sat c hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 ac nong, thu c kh
mui hac va 60 gam mot loai muoi sat duy nhat.
1. Xac nh cong thc cua oxit sat.
2. Tron 6,48 gam bot Al vi 27,84 gam bot oxit sat tren roi thc hien phan ng nhiet
nhom, ch co phan ng nhom kh oxit sat tao sat kim loai. Lay cac chat sau phan
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
131
ng nhiet nhom em hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 16% (co t khoi 1,11) th
thu c 6,696 lt kh hiro (136,50C; 1,4 atm).
a. Tnh hieu suat phan ng nhiet nhom.
b. Tnh the tch toi thieu dung dch H2SO4 16% can dung.
(Fe = 56; O = 16; S = 32; H = 1; Al = 27)
S: Fe3O4; 90%; 418,8 ml
11. S ot chay muoi sunfua kim loai
Sunfua kim loai
O2
Oxit kim loai + SO2
t0 (chay)
Th du:
Ag2S
Bac oxit
CuS
Al2S3
Na2S
3
O2
2
t0
3
O2
2
t0
Ag2O
SO2
Bac oxit
9
O2
2
3
O2
2
Kh sunfur
CuO +
SO2
Al2O3
t0
Na2O
t0
3SO2
SO2
Lu y
L.1. Tat ca muoi sunfua kim loai khi chay eu tao oxit kim loai tng ng va kh
sunfur.
L.2. Tat ca muoi sunfua sat khi chay eu tao sat (III) oxit va kh SO2.
2FeS
7
O2
2
Sat (II) sunfua
Fe2S3
Sat (III) sunfua
2FeS2
Sat (II) pesunfua;,Pirit sat
7
O2
2
11
O2
2
Fe2O3
t0
2SO2
Sat (III) oxit
Fe2O3
t0
t0
Kh sunfur
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit
3SO2
4SO2
Kh sunfur
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
132
12. Muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz

Muoi axit la muoi ma trong o goc axit con cha H axit, tc H nay co the phan
ly tao ion H+ hay H nay co the c thay the bi ion kim loai.
Khi cho muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz, coi nh co phan ng trung hoa
gia axit vi baz nen co s tao muoi trung tnh va nc. Tuy theo tac chat muoi
axit, baz dung cung nh tuy theo ieu kien co baz d hay muoi axit d, ma khi
cho muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz, ta co the thu c mot trong bon hng
san pham nh sau: (e n gian va chu y en cac muoi axit thng gap, ay ch
xet muoi axit cha 1 H axit, nh HCO3, HSO3, HSO4, HS,...)
-
Muoi axit
Muoi axit
Muoi axit
Muoi axit
+
+
+
+
Baz
Baz
Baz
Baz
1 Muoi trung tnh va nc

2 Muoi trung tnh va nc
1 Muoi trung tnh, 1 Baz mi va nc
1 Muoi trung tnh, 1 Muoi axit mi va nc
Th du:
NaHCO3 + NaOH
NaOH (d)
Na2CO3 +
Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 (d)
Na2CO3 +
H2O
Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O

2NaHCO3 + 2KOH
Cac san pham Na2CO3, K2CO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat NaHCO3 hoac
KOH co d.
2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 (neu co d)
Na2CO3
CaCO3
2NaHCO3 + 2Ca(OH)2 (d)

NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d)
2CaCO3
CaCO3
Ba(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH
Ba(HCO3)2 (neu co d) + Na2CO3
BaCO3
+ Na2CO3 +
BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3
2Ba(HCO3)2 (d)
Ba(HCO3)2 (d)
BaCO3
BaCO3
KHSO3
+
+
KOH
2NaCO3
NaCO3
K2SO3 +
+
+
+
+
CaCO3
2NaOH
2H2O
2NaOH + 2H2O
NaOH
+ H2O
2H2O
+ 2NaHCO3 + 2H2O
+ NaHCO3 + H2O
H2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
133
Kali sunfit axit
Kali hiroxit
Kali sunfit
Nc
K2SO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat KHSO3 hoac KOH co d
+
2KHSO3
2NaOH
K2SO3
Na2SO3
2H2O
Cac san pham K2SO3, Na2SO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat KHSO3 hoac
NaOH neu co d.
2KHSO3
+
Ba(OH)2
K2SO3 + Ba(OH)2 (neu co d)
2KHSO3
KHSO3
+
+
2Ba(OH)2 (d)
Ba(OH)2 (d)
Ca(HSO3)2 + 2KOH
Ca(HSO3)2 (neu co d) + K2SO3
2Ca(HSO3)2 (d)
Ca(HSO3)2 (d)
+
+
2KOH
KOH
2KHSO4
+ Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)2 (neu co d) + K2SO4
+ 2Ba(OH)2 (d)
2KHSO4
+
Ba(OH)2 (d)
KHSO4
Kali sunfat axit
Bari hiroxit
K2SO3 + BaSO3
BaSO3
+ 2KOH
2BaSO3
BaSO3
+
+
2KOH
KOH
CaSO3 +
K2SO3
+
CaSO3 +
2KHSO3
2CaSO3
CaSO3
+
+
2H2O
+
+
2H2O
H2O
2H2O
2KHSO3 + 2H2O
KHSO3 + H2O
K2SO4
+
BaSO4 + 2H2O
BaSO4
+
2KOH
2BaSO4
+
2KOH
+ 2H2O
BaSO4
+
KOH
+ H2O
Bari sunfat
Kali hiroxit
Nc
Lu y
Muoi sunfat axit (HSO4) la muoi axit cua axit manh (H2SO4) nen no co tnh axit kha
manh (Ka2 = 10-2, co o manh axit trung bnh). Do o khi cho muoi sunfat axit tac dung
vi muoi cua cac axit yeu (nh muoi cacbonat) th no ay c axit yeu hn no ra khoi
muoi (coi nh axit tac dung vi muoi, ch khong phai muoi tac dung vi muoi)
Th du:
+
2KHSO4
Na2CO3
(Coi nh axit tac dung vi muoi)
Ba(HSO4)2
K2SO4
(Phan ng trao oi gia 2 muoi)

2KHSO4 (d)
KHSO4
Ba(HCO3)2
Ba(HCO3)2 (d)
K2SO4
BaSO4
+ Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

+
2KHSO4
2CO2 + 2H2O + BaSO4 + K2SO4

CO2 + H2O + BaSO4
KHCO3
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
134
Bai tap 53
ot chay hoan toan m gam chat hu c A can dung13,44 lt O2 (ktc). Cho tat ca san
pham chay, ch gom CO2 va hi nc, hap thu het vao bnh cha 200ml dung dch
Ba(OH)2 1,25M, khoi lng bnh tang 28,4 gam.
a. Tnh m.
b. Loc lay ket tua trong bnh, thu c m gam chat ran. Cho dung dch NaOH d vao
phan nc qua loc, thu c 29,55 gam ket tua na.
- Tnh m.
- Xac nh CTPT, CTCT va oc ten chat A co the co. Biet rang CTPT cua A
cung la cong thc n gian cua no.
(C = 12; H =1; O = 16; Ba = 137)
S: m = 9,2g; m= 19,7g; C2H6O
Bai tap 53
ot chay hoan toan 6 gam chat hu c A (c tao bi cac nguyen to C, H, O) can
dung 50,4 lt khong kh (ktc, gom 20% O2, 80% N2 theo the tch). Cho cac chat thu
c sau phan chay hap thu vao mot bnh ng 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,09M, khoi
lng tang m gam. Trong bnh co tao m gam ket tua.
a. Tnh m.
b. Loc lay phan dung dch cua bnh nc voi tren, cho tiep nc voi trong d vao
phan dung dch nay, thu c 24 gam ket tua na.
- Tnh m.
- Xac nh CTPT, cac CTCT co the co cua A va oc ten cac chat nay. Cho biet t
khoi hi cua A nho hn 3.
Cac phan ng xayra hoan toan.
(C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ca = 40)
S: m = 20,4g; m = 6g; C3H8O
13.
Cacbon tac dung vi hi nc

C
+ H2 O
+ 2H2O
Cacbon
t0 cao (10500C)
Hi nc
CO
+ H2
CO2
Cacbon oxit
t0 cao (10500C)
Hiro
Cacbon oxit
Kh cacbonic
H2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
135
Lu y
L.1. Khi cho hi nc i qua than nong o nhiet o cao, ta thu c hon hp kh
gom CO, CO2 va H2 (do co hai phan ng tren). Hon hp kh nay c goi la kh
than t (kh hi nc, kh than nc). Trong kh than t th co CO va H2 chay
c, nen kh than t c dung lam nhien lieu (chat ot).
L.2. Con khi nung than trong ieu kien thieu khong kh, ta thu c hon hp kh gom
CO va CO2. Hon hp kh nay c goi la kh than kho. Trong kh than kho th co
CO chay c, nen kh than kho cung c dung lam nhien lieu.
2C + O2
t0
2CO
C + O2
t0
CO2
L.3. Khi bai toan hoa hoc cho hon hp kh than t A, gom CO, CO2 va H2, c tao
ra do hi nc tac dung vi cacbon nhiet o cao. Neu ta at x la so mol cua
CO; y la so mol cua CO2; z la so mol cua H2 co trong hon hp A, th ta co phng
trnh toan hoc lien he gia x, y, z da theo he so mol cua hai phan ng xay ra e
tao hon hp A.
C
H2O
t0
2H2O
t0
pt:
x + 2y
CO
x
CO2
y
= z
H2
x
+ 2H2
2y
Bai tap 54
Hon hp kh than t A gom CO, CO2 va H2, c tao ra do hi nc tac dung vi than
nong o nhiet o cao.
Cho 6,16 lt hon hp A (ktc) tac dung hoan toan vi ZnO lng d un nong. Thu
c hon hp chat ran B va hon hp kh C.
Hoa tan het hon hp B bang dung dch HNO3 am ac th thu c 8,8 lt kh NO2 duy
nhat (o 27,30C; 1,4 atm).
a. Tnh % the tch moi kh trong hon hp A.
b. Tnh khoi lng than a dung e tao c lng hon hp A tren. Biet rang phan
ng tao hon hp A co hieu suat 80% va than gom cacbon co lan 4% tap chat tr.
c. Cho lng hon hp kh C tren tac dung hoan toan vi 1,4 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2
0,08M, thu c m gam ket tua D va dung dch E. un nong dung dch E, e phan
ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c m gam ket tua D na. Tnh m, m.
(Ca = 40; C =12; H = 1; O = 16)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
136
S: 36,36% CO, 9,09% CO2, 54,55% H2; 1,953g than; m = 9,9g; m = 1,3g
Bai tap 54
Cho hi nc i qua than nung o nhiet o cao, thu c hon hp A gom cac kh CO,
CO2 va H2.
Lay 7,84 lt hon hp A ( 27,30C; 836 mmHg) tac dung hoan toan vi CuO d, un
nong, thu c hon hp chat ran B va hon hp kh C. Hoa tan het lng hon hp B tren
trong dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c 4,48 lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc).
a. Xac nh phan tram the tch moi kh trong hon hp A.
b. Cho lng hon hp C tren hap thu vao 600 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 th thu c ket
tua D va dung dch E. un nong dung dch E, phan ng hoan toan, th thu them 5,91
gam ket tua D na. Xac nh nong o mol cua dung dch Ba(OH)2.
c. Tnh khoi lng than a dung e tao c lng hon hp A tren. Cho biet hieu suat
phan ng tao A la 75% va than cha cacbon co lan 5% tap chat tr.
(C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ba = 137)
S: 28,57% CO, 14,29% CO2, 57,14% H2; 0,2M; 2,526g
14. Cac kim loai, phi kim tac dung c vi dung dch baz
Kim loai tac dung c vi dung dch baz: Kim loai co oxit lng tnh (tr crom): Al,
Zn, Be, Sn, Pb; Kim loai kiem, kiem tho: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
Phi kim tac dung c vi dung dch baz: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, Si.
Al
OH + H2O
Nhom
Dung dch baz manh
Zn
Be
Kem
Berili
2OH
Dung dch baz manh
2OH
Dung dch baz manh
Sn
2OH
Pb
2OH
Thiec
Ch
t0
Dung dch baz manh
t0
Dung dch baz manh
AlO2
Muoi aluminat
ZnO2
Muoi zincat
BeO22
Kh hiro
H2
Kh hiro
Muoi berilat
PbO22
Muoi plumbit
H2
Kh hiro
SnO22
Muoi stanit
3
H2
2
H2
Kh hiro
H2
Kh hiro
Kim loai kiem, kiem tho hoa tan trong dung dch kiem la do chung tac dung vi nc co
trong dung dch kiem, tao hiroxit kim loai tng ng va kh hiro bay ra.
Th du:
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
137
Cho Na vao dung dch NaOH:

Na
NaOH
Na
H2O
Natri
NaOH
Nc trong dd NaOH
1
H2
2
Natri hiroxit
Hiro
Cho K vao dung dch Ba(OH)2:

K
Ba(OH)2
H2O
KOH
1
H2
2
Cho Ca vao dung dch KOH:

Ca
Ca
+
+
KOH
2H2O
Ca(OH)2
H2
Cho Bari vao mot dung dch kiem:

Ba
Ba
+
+
OH2H2O
Ba(OH)2
H2
Cac phi kim Cl2, Br2, I2 tac dung vi dung dch kiem giong nhau:
2OH-
X2
Cl2
2NaOH
Br2
2NaOH
I2
2NaOH
Halogen
Clo
Brom
Iot
2Cl2
Dung dch kiem
dd Xut
2Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
X-
XO-
Muoi halogenua
NaCl
NaBr
Natri clorua
Natri bromua
NaI
Natri ioua
H 2O
Muoi hipohalogenit
NaClO
Natri hipoclrit
NaBrO
H2O (Nc Javel)

Nc
H2O
Natri hipobromit
CaCl2
Canxi clorua
NaIO
Natri hipoioit
Nc
Ca(ClO)2
H2O
Canxi hipoclorit
2H2O
Flo (Fluor, F2) tac dung vi dung dch kiem khac vi cac halogen tren:
2F2
Flo
2NaOH
dd Xut
2NaF
Natri florua
H2O
Nc
F2O
iflo oxit
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
138
nhiet o thng, Silic (Si) khong tac dung vi axit, nhng no tac dung manh liet
vi dung dch kiem, tao muoi silicat (SiO32-) va kh hiro (H2).
Si
Silic
Si
Silic
2OH-
dd kiem
2KOH
SiO32-
H2O
Muoi silicat
H2O
K2SiO3
Dung dch kali hiroxit
2H2
Hiro
Kali silicat
2H2
Hiro
Th du:
Al
NaOH
Nhom
NaAlO2
Dung dch xut
2Al
Ba(OH)2
2NaOH
Zn
Ca(OH)2
3
H2
2
Natri aluminat
2H2O
dd xut
Hiro
Ba(AlO2)2
Bari aluminat
Na2ZnO2
Zn
Kem
H2O
Natri zincat
CaZnO2
3H2
H2
Canxi zincat
H2
Lu y
L.1. Khac vi nhom, kim loai kem (Zn) b hoa tan c trong ca dung dch baz yeu
amoniac, la do co tao ion phc tan.
Al
+ NH3
H2O
+ 2H2O
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 (Phc tan) + H2
Zn + 4NH3
L.2. Clo (Cl2) tac dung vi dung dch baz loang, nguoi tao muoi clorua (Cl-), muoi
hipoclrit (ClO-) va nc; Con khi cho kh Cl2 tac dung vi dung dch baz am
ac, nong se thu c muoi clorua, muoi clorat (ClO3-) va nc.
Cl2 +
3Cl2
2Cl2
2KOH
+
6KOH ()
+
2Ca(OH)2
KCl
Kali clorua
t0
KClO
Kali hipoclorit
5KCl
Kali clorua
CaCl2
H2O
KClO3
Kali clorat
Ca(ClO)2
+ 3H2O
+
2H2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
6Cl2
L.3.
139
6Ba(OH)2 ()
5BaCl2
t0
Ba(ClO3)2 + 6H2O
Nc Javel la dung dch trong nc cua natri clorua (NaCl) va natri

hipoclorit (NaClO). S d co ten nh vay la v no c ieu che au tien bi
Bertholet thanh pho Javel, gan Paris (thu o nc Phap). Nc Javel c tao
ra do kh clo tac dung vi dung dch xut (NaOH) nhiet o thng. Trong cong
nghiep, nc Javel c ieu che bang cach ien phan dung dch muoi an loang
(dd NaCl 15- 20%) trong bnh ien phan khong co vach ngan, catod bang sat,
anod bang than ch (graphit). Kh Cl2 tao anod tac dung vi dung dch NaOH
tao catod bnh ien phan, se thu c nc Javel. Trong nc Javel co natri
hipoclorit (NaOCl), chat nay co tnh oxi hoa manh, nen nc Javel c dung
e tay trang, cung nh e sat trung.
Cl2 +
2NaOH
NaCl
NaClO
H2O
L.4. Clorua voi la mot chat bot mau trang, co mui xoc, giong mui cua kh clo, no
c coi nh hon hp muoi canxi clorua (CaCl2) va canxi hipoclrit (Ca(OCl)2)
hay
Cl
Ca
hay CaOCl2
O
Cl
Ngi ta ieu che clorua voi bang cach cho kh clo (Cl2) tac dung vi huyen phu ac
cua Ca(OH)2 trong nc (voi sa) 300C.
Hay:
2Cl2 +
2Ca(OH)2
CaCl2 +
Cl2 +
Ca(OH)2
CaOCl2
Ca(ClO)2
+
+ 2H2O
H2O
Cung giong nh nc Javel, clorua voi c dung e tay trang (si, vai, giay,...), sat
trung (tay ue cac ho rac, cac cong ranh, cac xac chet ong vat, cac o gay mam
bnh,...). Do co kha nang tac dung c vi nhieu chat hu c, nen clorua con c
dung e chong chat oc hoa hoc trong chien tranh,...
Trong phong th nghiem, clorua voi con c dung e ieu che kh clo (Cl2), kh oxi
(O2), do co cac phan ng sau:
CaOCl2
2CaOCl2
2HCl
CaCl2
t0, Xt (CuO hay Fe2O3)
Cl2
H2 O
2CaCl2
O2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
Clorua voi
140
Canxi clorua
Oxi
Bai tap 55
Neu ch c phep dung nc va mot chat kh, neu cach phan biet cac chat ran sau: Si,
Ba, Al, Fe, Ag.
Bai tap 55
Ch c phep dung nc, hay nhan biet cac chat ran sau ay: Zn, Al, K, Ni, NH4Cl.
Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 56
Bo sung va can bang cac phan ng sau ay, neu co:
(Viet hai cach)
FexOy + HCl
1.
2. Fe + Cl2
3. Fe + S
4. Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
5. NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d)
6. Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl
7. Zn + KOH
8. Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2
...
9. SO2 (thieu) + Ba(OH)2
SO2 (d)
10. Na2O + H2O
11. K2O2 + H2O
12. MgO + H2O
to
13. Cu(NO3)2
to
14. KNO3
to
15. AgNO3
...
CO2 (d)
16. CO2 (thieu) + Ca(OH)2
17. NaH + H2O
18. CaH2 + HCl
19. Ba(HSO3)2 (d) + KOH
20. Kim loai M (hoa trn n) + HNO3 (loang)
21. CuCl2 + H2S
22. CuS + HCl
x NO + y N2O + ....
23. Al + HNO3
24. Si + dd KOH
25. HF + SiO2
26. Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (l)
27. FeO + HNO3 (l)
to
28. Fe3O4 + Al
(Cac trng hp co the co)
29. Zn + FeCl3
...
...
to
...
NO
to
...
+ ... + ...
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
141
NO2 + NaOH
Cu + Fe2(SO4)3
( Cac trng hp co the co)
Fe + AgNO3
t0
KMnO4
CuSO4 + NH3 (dd)
KHSO4 + Na2CO3
Fe(NO3)2
t0
SO2 + K2CO3
Al + NaOH (dd)
Al(OH)3 + CO2
C + H2O
t0 cao
KClO3
t0, MnO2
t0 cao
K2Cr2O7
FeS2 + HCl
FeS2 + HNO3 (ac, nong)
FeS2 + H2SO4 (ac, nong)
FeS + HNO3(ac, nong)
FeS + H2SO4(loang)
CuS + O2
FeS + H2SO4 (ac, nong)
CuO + H2
to
Fe(CH3COO)2 + AgNO3
Cu + H2SO4(l) + O2
KCl + AgNO3
KF + AgNO3
AgNO3 + Fe(CH3COOH)3
AgNO3 + FeCl3
Bai tap 57
Hoan thanh cac chuyen hoa sau ay:
1. Kh A H2O B
HCl
2. NaHCO3
Na2CO3
3. CaCl2
CaCO3
4. Ba(NO3)2
5. C
C NaOH Kh A HNO3 D
CaCl2
BaCO3
CO2
CaCO3
CO
to
Kh E
t0 cao hn
CO2
Ca(NO3)2
Ba(NO3)2
CO2
BaC2O4
H2CO3
N2 +O2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
142
FeS
6. ZnS
H2S
7. Na2SO3
8. S
9. FeS2
Na2S
SO2
SO2
K2SO3
H2SO3
SO2
SO2
ZnO
KOH
SO2
SO3
CaSO3
10. ZnS
ZnS
H2SO4
CaCl2
Ca(HSO3)2
Zn
(NH4)2SO4
NH4Cl
Al2(SO4)3
Al(OH)3
Na2SO3
ZnSO4
Bai tap 58
Trong mot coc cha bot Mg, lan lt them vao coc cac chat theo th t sau (moi lan
them chat ke tiep theo, i cho phan ng lan them trc ket thuc): H2SO4 (loang) d;
NaOH d; CH3COOH d; BaCl2 d; Na2CO3 va u (khong tao muoi axit); Tiep theo
la suc kh CO2 d; Loc bo ket tua va em un nong dung dch nc qua loc e co can
dung dch en kho. em nung chat ran thu c cho en khoi lng khong oi. Cuoi
cung em hoa tan cac chat ran thu c trong nc d.
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra, liet ke tng chat thu c trong tng giai oan
va hay cho biet chat ran nhan c sau khi hoa tan trong nc la chat nao? Cho biet
khi nung nhiet o cao th muoi natri axetat b nhiet phan tao xoa (Na2CO3) va
axeton (CH3-CO-CH3).
Bai tap 59
Viet phng trnh phan ng va mo ta hien tng xay ra khi:
1. Tha mot chiec inh sat (d) vao dung dch Cu(SO4
2. Cho day ong (d) vao dung dch AgNO3
3. Cho bot kem vao dung dch potat.
4. Cho mieng nho Natri (Na) vao dung dch FeCl3.
5. Cho lan lt cac mieng natri nho vao dung dch Al2(SO4)3.
Bai tap 60
Giai thch cac hien tng sau va viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra: nho dung dch
NaOH vao AlCl3, dung dch tr nen uc. Tiep tuc nho dung dch NaOH d vao, dung
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
143
dch hoa trong. Bay gi nho dung dch HCl vao, dung dch tr nen uc, cho tiep dung
dch HCl lng d vao, dung dch tr lai trong.
Bai tap 61
1. Giai thch hien tng tng t nh cau 60 va viet phng trnh phan ng xay
ra: Nho dung dch KOH vao dung dch ZnSO4, thay co tao ket tua. Tiep tuc nho
dung dch KOH lng d vao, ket tua b hoa tan. Bay gi nho dung dch HCl
vao, co ket tua. Tiep tuc nho dung dch HCl lng d vao, thay ket tua b hoa
tan.
2. Cho bot sat vao dung dch CuSO4 th mau xanh lam cua dung dch nhat dan.
Ngc lai, khi cho bot ong vao dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 th thay mau vang nau
cua dung dch giam dan va dung dch co mau xanh lam tang dan.
Bai tap 62
Mot dung dch gom hai chat tan la ZnCl2 va FeCl2 cho tac dung vi dung dch KOH d,
thu c mot ket tua trang hi luc nhat. Khi loc lay ket tua nay ngoai khong kh, th
ket tua tr nen co mau nau o. em say va nung ket tua nay nhiet o cao th thu
c chat bot ran cung co mau nau o. Chat bot nay tan c trong dung dch HCl tao
dung dch co mau vang nau.
Giai thch, viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion.
Bai tap 62
Mot dung dch gom ba chat tan la ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3 va FeSO4. Cho dung dch nay tac
dung vi dung dch xut lng d, thu c mot chat khong tan co mau trang hi co
mau xanh chuoi non. Loc lay chat khong tan nay trong khong kh th thu c chat ran
co mau nau o. em nung chat ran nay cho en khoi lng khong oi th thu c
chat bot ran cung co mau nau o. Chat bot ran nay tac dung vi kh CO un nong th
thu c hon hp gom 4 chat ran. em hoa tan bon chat ran nay trong dung dch
H2SO4 loang co d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lam mat mau tm cua dung dch
KMnO4. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion.
Bai tap 63
Co the dung dung dch baz nao (dung dch NaOH hay dung dch NH3?) e tao cac ket
tua: Cu(OH)2; Zn(OH)2; Fe(OH)3; Al(OH)3 t dung dch muoi cua cac kim koai o.
Moi trng hp hay viet phan ng tong quat dang ion va mot phan ng dang phan t
cu the e minh hoa.
Bai tap 63
Co 5 dung dch sau ay: AgNO3; MgCl2; CuSO4; Zn(CH3COO)2; AlBr3.
Cho moi dung dch tren lan lt tac dung vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 va dung dch amoniac
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
144
t t en nhieu dan. Viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Mo ta hien
tng thay c.
Bai tap 64
Neu s thc hien c hoac khong c trong tng qua trnh trong s o sau, co giai
thch nguyen nhan. Viet phan ng xay ra neu co.
1. Dung dch NaCl Ca
CaCl2
(1)
H2SO4
2. Al
Al2(SO4)3
CO2 + H2O
(2)
ZnCl2
H2SO4
CaSO4
(3)
AlCl3
(2)
(1)
CaCO3
NaCl (4)
Ba(OH)2 (3)
Al(OH)3
t0
(5)
Al2O3
H2O
(6)
Al(OH)3
Bai tap 64
Neu s thc hien hoac khong c trong tng qua trnh sau ay. Giai thch. Viet phan
ng xay ra neu co. Moi mui ten la mot phan ng. Cac qua trnh nay oc lap nhau
(ngha la mac du san pham nay khong the tao c t qua trnh trc, van coi la co
san cho qua trnh sau):
Fe
HNO3
(1)
NH3
(7)
t0
(12)
Fe(NO3)3 Cu
(2)
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
CuO
H2O
(13)
Cu(NO3)2
H2SO4
(8)
Cu(OH)2
Fe
Fe
Fe(NO3)3
Fe(NO3)2 Cu
(3)
(4)
(5)
CuSO4
HNO3
(14)
Cu
(9)
NO2
Cu2SO4
H2O
(10)
NaOH
(15)
NaNO2
Cu(NO3)2 NaOH Cu(OH)2

(6)
CuSO4
Fe(OH)3
(11)
Cu(OH)2
Bai tap 65
Mot loai quang boxit (bauxite) cha chu yeu Al2O3 va hai tap chat chnh la Fe2O3,
SiO2. Hoa tan quang trong dung dch HCl d, loc va tach loai phan khong tan. Cho
dung dch nc qua loc tac dung vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c ket tua A co mau
nau o. Loc va tach rieng ket tua A. Them t t dung dch H2SO4 (loang) va phan
nc qua loc cho en thu c ket tua B toi a.
Loc lay ket tua B. em nung B 12000C. San pham thu c cho hoa tan trong
Na3AlF6 (Criolit, AlF3.3NaF) nong chay 9500C roi ien phan san pham nong chay
vi anot (anod) bang than ch (graphit).
a. Giai thch toan bo qua trnh tren va viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
145
b. Neu tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua ket tua A.

c. Neu dung thieu hoac d dung dch H2SO4 th co anh hng g en s tao ket tua
B hay khong?
Bai tap 65
Hay cho biet ten va cong thc cua ba oxit dang ran, trong o co mot oxit axit, mot oxit
baz va mot oxit lng tnh.
Neu phng phap hoa hoc e tach lay rieng moi oxit ra khoi hon hp gom ba oxit tren.
Bai tap 66
Cho kim loai Bari (Ba) lan lt vao tng dung dch: NaHCO3; CuSO4; Al(NO3)3. Viet
phng trnh phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra.
Bai tap 66
Cho Natri (Na) vao tng dung dch: Ca(HSO3)2; FeCl3; ZnSO4. Viet phng trnh phan
ng va neu hien tng xay ra.
Bai tap 67
a. Co hai n chat kh A va B khong mau, khong mui. Trong nhng ieu kien
thch hp, A va B tac dung vi nhau tao thanh mot chat kh C khong mau. C
tac dung de dang vi B tao thanh kh D co mau nau. D tan trong nc tao
thanh dung dch lam qu tm hoa o. Xac nh A, B, C, D va viet cac phan ng
xay ra.
b. Kim loai M va phi kim N cung mot chu ky trong bang he thong tuan hoan.
M phan ng vi N tao thanh hp chat co cong thc MN. MN tac dung vi dung
dch HCl tao kh co cong thc H2N co mui trng ung (trng thui, trng thoi).
Xac nh M, N, MN. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 67
X, Y, Z la cac kim loai va phi kim cung mot chu ky trong bang phan loai tuan hoan.
X, Y tac dung c n chat cua Z tao cac hp chat co cong thc XZ va YZ3. X tac
dung vi nc tao dung dch D va co mot kh thoat ra. Khi cho dung dch D t t vao
dung dch YZ3 th dung dch uc, dung dch hoa trong khi cho nhieu dung dch D. Xac
nh X, Y, Z va viet cac phan ng xay ra. Cho biet cac kim loai va phi kim tren thuoc
ba chu ky au cua bang phan loai tuan hoan.
Bai tap 68
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra khi:
a. Cho t t a mol NaOH vao dung dch cha b mol H2SO4.
b. Cho t t c mol KOH vao dung dch cha d mol H3PO4.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
146
c. Cho t t b mol H2SO4 vao dung dch cha a mol NaOH.

d. Cho t t d mol H3PO4 vao dung dch cha c mol KOH.
Tm ieu kien gia a,b; gia c,d va so mol cac chat tan trong dung dch thu c sau
phan ng theo a, b; c, d ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Cho biet H2SO4 cung nh
H3PO4 phan ly tng nac trong dung dch.
Bai tap 68
a. Cho t t dung dch xut t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng P2O5.
b. Ngc lai, cho t t chat ran P2O5 t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng dung
dch xut.
c. Cho rat t t dung dch HCl t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng dung dch
Na2CO3.
Cho
t t dung dch NH3 vao mot coc ng dung dch CuSO4.
d.
e. Cho t t bot kem vao mot coc ng dung dch Fe(NO3)3.
Hay viet cac phng trnh phan ng co the xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
147
169
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Chng trnh Ha hc
VN III HA V C
VIT CC PHN NG OXI HA KH

THNG GP
(CC CHT OXI HA, CHT KH THNG GP)
vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh th chng ta cn bit mt s cht oxi ha v mt
s cht kh thng gp. Cht oxi ha sau khi b kh th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht
kh tng ng); Cng nh cht kh sau khi b oxi ha th to thnh cht kh lin hp
(cht kh tng ng). Ta phi bit cc cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng th mi vit
c phn ng oxi ha kh.
I. Cc cht oxi ha thng gp

I.1. Cc hp cht ca mangan: KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 (MnO4-, MnO42-, MnO2)
+7
+6
+4
- KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 trong mi trng axit (H+) thng b kh thnh mui
+2
Mn2+
Th d:
+7
+2
+2
+3
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Kali pemanganat St (II) sunfat

Thuc tm
(Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7
Mangan (II) sunfat
+3
St (III) sunfat
+2
+5
2KMnO4 + 5KNO2 + 3H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Kali nitrit
+7
Kali nitrat
+4
+2
+6
2KMnO4 + 5K2SO3 + 3H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 3H2O
Kali sunfit
+6
Kali sunfat
+2
+2
+3
K2MnO4 + 4FeSO4 + 4H2SO4

MnSO4 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 4H2O
Kali manganat St (II) sunfat
+4
MnO 2
Managan (II) sun fat
-1
+2
t0
4HCl()
St (III) sunfat
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
170
Gio khoa ha v c
Mangan ioxit
(Cht oxi ha)
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Axit clohric (c) Mangan(II) clorua Kh clo

(Cht kh)
+4
+2
MnO2
+3
2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4
MnSO4
Mangan ioxit
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
St (II) sunfat
(Cht kh)
+7
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Mangan (II) sunfat
-1
+2
St (III) sunfat
2KMnO4 + 10NaCl + 8H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5Cl2 + K2SO 4 + 5Na2SO4 + 8H2O
Kali pemanganat Nat ri clorua
+7
Mangan (II) sunfat
-1
2KMnO4
Kali pemanganat
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
Axit clohric
(Cht kh)
+7
MnO 4
5Fe
+ 8H
Ion pemanganat Ion st (II)

+7
5Cl2
+ 8H2O
+3
2+
Mn
5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Ion mangan (II)
-3
+ 2KCl
Kh clo
+2
2+
Mangan (II) clorua
+2
-
16HCl
2MnCl2
Kh clo
Ion st (III)
+2
+5
8KMnO4 + 5PH3 + 12H2SO4

8MnSO4 + 5H3PO4 + 4K2SO4 + 12H2O
Kali pemanganat Photphin
+7
Mangan (II) sunfat
+2
Axit sunfuric
+2
2KMnO4 + 5Zn + 8H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5ZnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Km
+7
+3 +3
+2
+4
2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

2KMnO4 + 5HOOC-COOH + 3H2SO4
Axit oxalic
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
Kh cacbonic
KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh (H2O) thng b kh thnh mangan ioxit
(MnO2)
Th du:
+7
2KMnO4
+4
+ 4K2SO3
+4
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit

(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
+7
2KMnO4
H2O
MnO2
Man ganioxit
+2
3MnSO4 + 2H2O
Kali pemanganat Mangan (II) sunfat

(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
+6
K2SO4 + KOH
Kali sunfat
+4
5MnO2
+ K2SO4
+ 2H2SO4
Mangan ioxit
171
Gio khoa ha v c
+7
-1
2KMnO4 +
+4
3H2O2
2MnO2
Hiro peoxit
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+ 3O2
Mangan ioxit
+ 2KOH + 2H2O
Kh oxi
- KMnO4 trong mi trng baz (OH-) thng b kh to K2MnO4

Th d:
+7
+4
2KMnO4
+6
+4
2K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

K2SO3 + 2KOH
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit

+7
Kali manganat
+3 +3
Kali sunfat
+6
+4
2K2MnO4
2KMnO4 + KOOC-COOK + 2KOH
Kali pemanganat
(Cht oxi ha)
Kali oxalat
(Cht kh)
Kali manganat
+7 -2
2KMnO4
+6
2KOH
+ 2KHCO3
Kali cacbonat axit
2K2MnO4 +
Kali pemanganat
Kali manganat
(Cht oxi ha cng l cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
1
O2
2
+ H2O
Oxi
Ghi ch
G.1. KMnO4 trong mi trng axit (thng l H2SO4) c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, nn n
d b mt mu tm bi nhiu cht kh nh: Fe2+; FeO; Fe3O4; SO2; SO32-; H2S; S2-;
NaCl; HCl; KBr, HBr, HI; KI; Cl-; Br-; I-; NO2-; Anken; Ankin; Ankaien; Aren
ng ng benzen;
Th d:
+4
+7
+6
+2
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O

2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4
Kh sunfur Kali pemanganat
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Axit sunfuric
Mangan (II) sunfat
Kh sunfur lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4 (dung dch thuc tm), trong SO2 ng vai tr cht
kh. Kh SO2 v CO2 u lm c nc vi trong (v c to cht khng tan CaSO3, CaCO3), nhng CO2
khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4.
G.2. lm mi trng axit (H+) cho cc cht oxi ha th ngi ta thng dng H2SO4
hay H3PO4 m khng dng cc axit HCl, HBr, HI v cc axit ny ngoi s cung cp
H+, chng cn ng vai tr cht kh (Cl-, Br-, I-).
172
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
G.3. KMnO4 c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit (H+), baz (OH-)
hoc trung tnh (H2O). Cn K2MnO4, MnO2 ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha
trong mi trng axit.
G.4. Ngi ta dng KMnO4 trong dung dch KOH m c ra dng c thy tinh.
II.2. Hp cht ca crom: K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4 (Cr2O72-; CrO42-)
K2Cr2O7 (Kali icromat; Kali bicromat), K2CrO4 (Kali cromat) trong mi trng axit
(H+) thng b kh thnh mui crom (III) (Cr3+)
Th d:
+6
+2
+3
+3
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O

K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4
Kali icromat St (II) sunfat
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
+6
Crom (III) sunfat
+4
St (III) sunfat
+3
+6
Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O

K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4
Kali icromat
(Cht oxi ha)
Kali sunfit
(Cht kh)
+6
K2Cr2O7
-1
+3
Kali ioua
(Cht kh)
+6
Crom (III) sunfat
-2
Kali icromat
(Cht oxi ha)
+3
-1
+3
K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr
+6
-1
Kali icromat Axit clohiric

(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
2CrBr3
+3
+ 2KBr
Brom
+ 3Cl2
Crom (III) clorua
Kali bromua
+ 2KCl
Clo
+3
+ 7H2O
+ 7H2O
Kali clorua
+4
14HCl
2CrCl3 + 3SnCl4 + 2KCl + 7H2O
Kali icromat Thic (II) clorua Axit clohiric

(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
-1
3Br2
2CrCl3
+2
3SnCl2
+ K2SO4 + 7H2O
Lu hunh
Crom (III) bromua
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl
K2Cr2O7 +
Crom (III) sunfat
Kali icromat Axit bromhric

(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
+6
Iot
3H2S + 4H2SO4
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3S
Hi ro sun fua
(Cht kh)
+6
+6
Kali sunfat
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O

+ 6KI + 7H2SO4
Kali icromat
(Cht oxi ha)
K2Cr2O7
Crom (III) sunfat
Crom (III) clorua Thic (IV) clorua
+3
+1
K2Cr2O7 + 3CH3CH2OH + 4H2SO4

Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CH3CHO + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Kali icromat
(Cht oxi ha)
Ru etylic
(Cht kh)
Crom (III) sunfat
Anehit axetic
173
Gio khoa ha v c
+6
+4
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3
+6
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4

Cr2(SO4)3
Kali icromat
(Cht oxi ha)
Kh sunfur
(Cht kh)
+ K2SO4 + H2O
Crom (III) sunfat
Kali sunfat
Ghi ch
G.1. Trong cc phn ng trn, mu da cam ca dung dch K2Cr2O7 tr thnh mu tm
ca ion Cr3+ trong nc. Do trong ha phn tch, K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng
axit thng c dng lm cht oxi ha chun cc cht kh (Cn c s
mt mu va dung dch K2Cr2O7 s bit c lng K2Cr2O7 phn ng va
v t bit c nng ca dung dch cht kh cn xc nh)
G.2. Ngi ta thng dng hn hp gm hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch axit
sunfuric m c (H2SO4) v dung dch bo ha kali icromat (K2Cr2O7), gi l
hn hp sunfocromic hay hn hp cromic, sc cc chai l thy tinh. Dung
dch ny ty m, cng nh cc cht hu c bm vo thnh thy tinh, nh tnh oxi
ha mnh ca dung dch ny.
G.3. Trong mi trng trung tnh, mui cromat (CrO42-) thng b kh to crom (III)
hiroxit (Cr(OH)3)
Th d:
+6
2KCrO4
-2
+3
+ 3(NH4)2S + 2H2O
2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 6NH3 + 4KOH
Kali cromat
(Cht oxi ha)
Amoni sunfua
(Cht kh)
Crom (III) hiroxit Lu hunh
G.4. Ngi ta dng CrO3 (Crom (VI) oxit, Anhirit cromic, cht rn c mu thm)
trong dng c th cn ca ti x. CrO3 oxi ha hi ru etylic (CH3CH2OH)
to anehit axetic (CH3CHO), cn CrO3 b kh to crom (III) oxit (Cr2O3, cht rn
c mu xanh thm). Cn c vo mc i mu hay khng i mu ca CrO3 m
cnh st giao thng bit c ngi li xe ung ru nhiu, t hay khng ung
ru.
+6
2CrO3
-1
+ 3CH3CH2OH
Anhirit cromic
( thm)
(Cht oxi ha)
Etanol
+3
+1
Cr2O3 + 3CH3CHO + 3H2O

Crom (III) oxit
(Xanh thm)
Eta nal
(Cht kh)
G.4. Gia icromat (Cr2O72-, mu da cam) v cromat (CrO42-, c mu vng ti)

trong dung dch (nc, H2O) c s cn bng do s thy phn nh sau:
Cr2O72-
+ H2O
icromat
(mu da cam)
2CrO42- + 2H+
Cromat
(mu vng)
174
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Do khi cho a xit (H+, nh HCl) vo mt dung dch cromat (CrO42-, nh K2CrO4)
th thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Nguyn nhn l khi
thm axit vo th nng ion H+ tng ln, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng
Le Chtelier, th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng ion H+ xung, tc
theo chiu ion H+ kt hp ion cromat to ion icromat v th ta thy dung dch
chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Cn khi thm baz (OH-, nh NaOH)
vo dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-, nh K2Cr2O7) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu
da cam ra mu vng. Nguyn nhn l khi thm OH- vo th ion OH- s kt hp
ion H+ (to cht khng in ly H2O) khin cho nng ion H+ trong dung dch
gim, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng, cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu
chng li s gim ion H+, tc l chiu to ion H+, cng l chiu to cromat, v th ta
thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng ti.
2K2CrO4
+ 2HCl
K2Cr2O7
+ 2NaOH
K2CrO4 + Na2CrO4 + H2O
(Mu da cam)
K2Cr2O7
(Mu vng ti)
(Mu da cam)
+ 2KCl + H2O
Natri cromat
(Mu vng ti)
Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O

2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4
Natri cromat
Natri icromat
Na2CrO4 + K2CrO4 + H2O

Na2Cr2O7 + 2KOH
G.5. Khi cho dung dch mui bari (Ba2+, nh BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2) vo dung dch cromat
(CrO42-) hay dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-) u thu c kt ta mu vng bari
cromat (BaCrO4). Khng thu c bari icromat (BaCr2O7) v cht ny tan trong
nc. V v c to kt ta BaCrO4, nn nng CrO42- gim, nn cn bng dch
chuyn t Cr2O72- thnh CrO42- (nu cho Ba2+ vo Cr2O72-, coi s cn bng gia
icromat v cromat ghi ch 4 trn).
BaCrO4
BaCl2 + K2CrO4
Bari clorua
Kali cromat
Bari cromat
+ 2KCl
Kali clorua
BaCrO4
BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2O
Bari clorua
Kali icromat
+ K2CrO4 + 2HCl
Bari cromat
BaCrO4
Ba(NO3)2 + Na2Cr2O7 + H2O
Bari nitrat
Natri icromat
Bari cromat
Kali cromat Axit clohiric
+ Na2CrO4 + 2HNO3
Natri cromat
Axit nitric
I.3. Axit nitric (HNO3), mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+)
+5
+4
- HNO3 m c thng b kh to kh mu nu nit ioxit NO2. Cc cht kh thng

b HNO3 oxi ha l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO,
Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht
175
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
hay trung gian (H2S, SO2, SO32-, HI), mt s hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi
c s oxi ha trung gian (Fe2+, Fe(OH)2
Th d:
0
+5
+3
+4
Fe(NO3)3
+ 6HNO3 (, nng)
Fe
3NO2
+ 3H2O
St
Axit ntric
St (III) nitrat
Nit ioxit
(Kh c mi hc, mu nu)
Trong 6 phn t HNO3 trn th ch c 3 phn t l cht oxi ha, cn 3 phn t to mi trng axit, to mui
nitrat.
+2
+5
+3
+4
FeO + 4HNO3()
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
St (II) oxit
+8/3
+5
+3
+4
Fe3O4 + 10HNO3()
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O
St t oxit
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht o xi ha, 9 phn t tham gia trao i)
+2
+5
+3
+4
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O

Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3()
St (II) hiroxit
St (III) nitrat
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha, 3 phn t trao i, to mi trng axit)
0
+5
+4
4HNO3()
t0
+4
CO2
+ 4NO2 + 2H2O
Cacbon
Kh cacbonic Nit ioxit
(Cho tng git dd HNO3 m c vo than nung nng, than bng chy)
0
+5
6HNO3()
+6
t0
H2SO4
+4
+ 6NO2
+ 2H2O
Lu hunh
Axit nitric
Axit sunfuric
Nit ioxit
(Cho bt lu hunh vo dd HNO3 m c c un nh, thy bt lu hunh tan nhanh v c kh mu
nu bay ra)
0
+5
Photpho
(Cht kh)
0
Ag
5HNO3()
+5
H3PO4 + 5NO2
+ H 2O
Axit photphoric
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
+4
t0
2HNO3()
Bc
+1
+4
AgNO3 + NO2
+ H2O
Bc nitrat
176
Gio khoa ha v c
+5
Cu
+2
4HNO3()
ng
(Cht kh)
Cu(NO3)2 +
2NO2
2H2O
2H2O
(Cht oxi ha)

+5
+2
4HNO3()
Ch
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
Al
6HNO3(, nng)
+4
Pb(NO3)2 +
2NO2
Ch (II) nitrat
+5
+4
ng (II) nitrat
Pb
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Al(NO3)3
3NO2
3H2O
+2
HNO3 long thng b kh thnh NO (kh nit oxit). Cc cht kh thng gp l: cc

kim loi, cc oxit kim loi hay hp cht kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO,
Fe(OH)2, Fe3O4, Fe2+), mt s phi kim (S, C, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim trong
phi kim c s oxi ho thp nht c s oxi ha trung gian (NO2-, SO32-).
Th d:
0
+5
Fe
Bt st
(Cht kh)
+3
4HNO3(l)
Fe(NO3)3
Axit nitric (long)

(Cht oxi ha)
+2
+2
+2
3Fe(NO3)3
+ NO + 5H2O
St (III) nitrat
+5
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3(l)
+3
+2
9Fe(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 14H2O
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
+3
4HNO3(l)
Crom
(Cht kh)
+2
Cr(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 2H2O
Crom (III) nitrat

(Cht oxi ha)
ng
(Cht kh)
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
+3
St (II) oxit
3Cu
+2
(Cht oxi ha)
3FeO + 10HNO3(l)
St t oxit
(Cht kh)
+ 2H2O
St (III) nitrat
+5
+8/3
NO
+3
10HNO3(l)
St (II) hiroxit
(Cht kh)
St (III) nitrat
Nit oxit
(Kh khng c, khng khng c mu)
+5
3Fe(OH)2
Cr
+2
+5
8HNO3(l)
+2
3Cu(NO3)2
ng (II) nitrat
+2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
(Cht oxi ha)
177
Gio khoa ha v c
+5
3Ag
Bc
(Cht kh)
+1
4HNO3(l)
3AgNO3 + NO
Thy ngn
(Cht kh)
+2
8HNO3(l)
+2
3Hg(NO3)2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
Thy ngn (II) nitrat

(Cht oxi ha)
+5
Lu hunh
+6
2HNO3(l)
+2
H2SO4
Axit nitric (long)
2NO
Axit sunfuric
Nit oxit
+5
3P
+ 2H2O
(Cht oxi ha)

+5
+2
Bc nitrat
3Hg
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Photpho
(Cht kh)
+5
5HNO3(l)
2H2O
+2
3H3PO4
Axit nitric (long)

(Cht oxi ha)
5NO
Axit photphoric
- Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+) ging nh HNO3 long, nn n oxi ha
c cc kim loi to mui, NO3- b kh to kh NO, ng thi c s to nc (H2O)
Th d:
0
+5
3Cu
+2
2NO3-
8H+
ng
Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit
+2
3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Mui ng (II)
(Dung dch c mu xanh lam)
Kh NO khng mu thot ra kt hp vi O2 (ca khng kh) to kh NO2 c mu nu

0
+5
3Cu
+2
+2
3CuCl2
+ 2NaNO3 + 8HCl
+5
+2
3Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + 8HCl
Cht kh
+ 2NO + 2NaCl
4CuCl2
+ 4H2O
+2
2NO
+ 4H2O
Cht oxi ha
Ghi ch
G.1.
Ba kim loi st (Fe), nhm (Al) v crom (Cr) khng b ha tan trong dung dch
axit nitric m c ngui (HNO3 , ngui) cng nh trong dung dch axit
sunfuric m c ngui (H2SO4 , ngui) (b th ng ha, b tr).
Fe, Al, Cr
Fe, Al, Cr
HNO3(, ngui)
H2SO4(, ngui)
178
Gio khoa ha v c
G.2.
Bin son: V Hng Thi
nhn bit mui nitrat, ngi ta cho vi git dung dch axit thng thng
(nh H2SO4 long, HCl) vo, sau cho ming kim loi ng vo, nu thy to
dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh mu nu bay ra th chng t dung dch lc
u c cha mui nitrat ((NO3-).
G.3. Cc kim loi mnh nh magie (Mg), nhm (Al), km (Zn) khng nhng kh
+5
+4
+2
+1
-3
HNO3 to NO2, NO, m c th to N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cng
long th b kh to hp cht ca N hay n cht ca N c s oxi ha cng thp.
Th d:
Al + HNO3(, ngui)
Al + 6HNO3(, nng)
Al + 4HNO3(l)
Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Al(NO3)3
+ NO +
8Al + 30HNO3(kh long)
8Al(NO3)3
10Al + 36HNO3(rt long)
10Al(NO3)3
30HNO3(qu long)
8Al(NO3)3
8Al +
G.4.
2H2O
+ 3N2O + 15H2O
+ 3N2
+ 18H2O
+ 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O
Dung dch HNO3 rt long v lnh c tc dng nh mt axit thng thng (tc
nhn oxi ha l ion H+)
Th d:
Al + 3HNO3(rt long)
lnh
Fe +
lnh
2HNO3(rt long)
Al(NO3)3
3
H2
2
Fe(NO3)2 + H2
G.5. Mt kim loi tc dng dung dch HNO3 to cc kh khc nhau, tng qut mi kh
ng vi mt phn ng ring. Ch khi no bit t l s mol cc kh ny th mi
vit chung cc kh trong cng mt phn ng vi t l s mol kh tng ng.
Bi tp 80
Cho m gam bt kim loi km ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO3, thu c 13,44 lt hn
hp ba kh l NO2, NO v N2O. Dn lng kh trn qua dung dch xt d, c 11,2 lt hn
hp kh thot ra. Cho lng kh ny trn vi khng kh d (coi khng kh ch gm oxi v
nit) phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau cho hp th lng kh mu nu thu c vo
dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lm mt mu va 100 ml
dung dch KMnO4 0,4M trong mi trng H2SO4 c d. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton.
179
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
a. Vit phn ng gia km vi dung dch HNO3 c hin din 3 kh trong phn ng
theo d kin trn.
b. Tnh m.
(Zn = 65)
31Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 4NO + 6N2O + 40H2O
S: 31Zn + 80HNO3
m = 100,75 gam
Bi tp 80
Ha tan ht m gam bt nhm cn dng V(ml) dung dch HNO3 30% (khi lng ring
1,18 g/l), c 1,568 lt hn hp A gm ba kh NO, N2O v N2 thot ra ( 27,30C; 836
mmHg), ng thi thu c dung dch D (trong dung dch D khng c mui amoni). Cho
lng kh trn tip xc khng kh kh NO chuyn ha ht thnh kh mu nu NO2 , sau
cho lng kh nu ny hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, thy khi lng
bnh tng 0,92 gam.
a. Xc nh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A, bit rng khi lng ring ktc
ca hn hp A l 1,4796 g/l.
b. Vit phn ng gia nhm vi dung dch HNO3 theo d kin cho.
c. Xc nh m v V.
(N = 14; O = 16; H = 1; Al = 27)
S: a. 28,57% NO; 28,57% N2O; 42,86% N2
52Al(NO3)3 + 6NO + 6N2O + 9N2 + 96H2O
b. 52Al + 192HNO3
c. m = 4,68g; V = 113,898 ml
I.4. Axit sunfric m c nng, H2SO4(, nng); Kh sunfur (SO2)
+6
+4
- H2SO4(, nng) thng b kh to kh SO2. Cc cht kh thng tc dng vi

H2SO4(, nng) l: cc kim loi, cc hp cht ca kim loi s oxi ha trung gian (nh
FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (nh C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim (nh HI,
HBr, H2S)
Th d:
0
+6
Cu
2H2SO4(, nng)
+2
ng
Axit sunfuric (c, nng)
0
+6
2Fe + 6H2SO4(, nng)
St
SO2
+ 2H2O
ng (II) sunfat
Kh sunfur
+3
+4
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 +
6H2O
St (III) sunfat
2Ag
CuSO4
+4
+6
+ 2H2SO4(, nng)
+1
Bc
+2
SO2
2H2O
Bc sunfat
+6
2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng)
St (II) oxit
(Cht kh)
Ag2SO4
+4
+3
Fe2(SO4)3
St (III) sunfat
+4
+ SO2 + 4H2O
(Cht oxi ha)
180
Gio khoa ha v c
+8/3
+6
+3
St (III) sunfat
+ 3H2SO4(, nng)
St (III) oxit
0
Cr
0
+4
Cr2(SO4)3 +
+4
2H2SO4(, nng)
Lu hunh
(Cht kh)
+4
2H2SO4(, nng)
Cacbon
(Cht kh)
+4
CO2
+6
2P
+5
5H2SO4(, nng)
+4
2H3PO4 +
5SO2 +
Axit photphoric
+6
2H2O
+4
I2
SO2
Iot
+ 2H2O
Kh sunfur
(Cht oxi ha)
-1
2HBr
H2SO4(, nng)
Axit iothiric
(Cht kh)
+6
Axit bromhiric
(Cht kh)
H2SO4(, nng)
+4
Br2
Brom
SO2
+ 2H2O
Kh sunfur
(Cht oxi ha)
-2
H2S
+ 2H2O
(Cht oxi ha)
-1
2HI
+ 2SO2
(Cht oxi ha)
Photpho
(Cht kh)
+ 2H2O
Kh sunfur
+6
3SO2
Axit sunfuric m c nng

(Cht oxi ha)
SO2 + H2O
Crom (III) sunfat
+6
+6
Axit sun fuahiric

(Cht kh)
St (III) sunfat
+3
+ H2SO4(, nng)
SO2 + 10H2O
Kh sunfur
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (phn ng trao i)
+6
Crom
+4
10H2SO4(, nng)
3Fe2(SO4)3 +
2Fe3O4 +
St t oxit
Fe2O3
Bin son: V Hng Thi
H2SO4(, nng)
Lu hunh
+4
SO2
+ 2H2O
Kh sunfur
(Cht oxi ha)
Cc kim loi mnh nh Mg, Al, Zn khng nhng kh H2SO4 m c, nng thnh
SO2 m cn thnh S, H2S. H2SO4 m c nhng nu long bt th s b kh to lu
hunh (S) hay hp cht ca lu hunh c s oxi ha thp hn (H2S). Nguyn nhn
ca tnh cht trn l do kim loi mnh nn d cho in t ( H2SO4 nhn nhiu in
t) v do H2SO4 t m c nn n khng oxi ha tip S, H2S.
Th d:
181
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Al + H2SO4(, ngui)
0
+6
+3
2Al + 6H2SO4(, nng)
+4
Al2(SO4)3
+ 3SO2 + 6H2O
Nhm
Kh sunfur
+6
2Al
+3
4H2SO4(kh c, nng)
Al2(SO4)3 +
S + 4H2O
Lu hunh
0
+6
8Al
+3
15H2SO4(hi c, nng)
-2
4Al2(SO4)3
+ 3H2S
+ 12H2O
Hiro sunfua
0
2Al
-
+1
+3
3H2SO4(long)
Al2(SO4)3
+ 3H2
Hiro
Kh sunfur (SO2) oxi ha c cc cht kh mnh nh cc hp cht ca phi kim c

s oxi ho thp (nh H2S, CO), mt s phi kim (nh H2, C), cc kim loi mnh (nh
Na, K, Ca, Ba, Mg). Nu SO2 l cht oxi ha th n thng b kh to S.
+4
-2
SO2
H2S
Kh sunfur
Kh hiro sunfua
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
Kh mi hc
Kh c mi trng thi
+4
SO2
Cht rn, mu vng nht

0
Xt ( Al 2 O3 ) 500 0 C
2CO
0
(Cht oxi ha)
S + CO2
0
800 0 C
2C
0
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
2CO
0
500 0 C
2H2
+1
2H2O
(Cht kh)
+4
SO2
+4
(Cht kh)
+4
(Cht oxi ha)
H2O
(Cht kh)
+4
SO2
+2
(Cht oxi ha)
SO2
S
Lu hunh
2Mg
t0
+2
+ 2MgO
(Cht kh)
Ghi ch
G.1. Khc vi HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 long l a xit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha
l H+), ch dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng mi l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (tc
nhn oxi ha l SO42-). Trong khi dung dch HNO3 k c m c ln long u l
axit c tnh o xi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l NO3-)
182
Gio khoa ha v c
Th d:
+1
Fe +
H2SO4(l)
2Fe +
0
Fe +
0
Fe +
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+2
FeSO4
+6
+ H2
+3
6H2SO4(, nng)
+5
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2
+3
4HNO3(l)
+ 6H2O
+2
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
+5
+3
6HNO3(, nng)
+4
+4
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2
+ 3H2O
G.2. Ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cr khng b ha tan trong dung dch H2SO4 m c ngui
(cng nh trong dung dch HNO3 m c ngui) (b th ng ha, tr)
Al, Fe, Cr
G.3.
H2SO4(, ngui)
Khi mt kim loi tc dng dung dch H2SO4 to cc cht SO2, S, H2S th tng qut
mi cht l mt phn ng c lp. Ch khi no bit t l s mol gia cc cht
ny th mi vit chung mt phn ng gm cc cht ny c.
Bi tp 81
A l mt kim loi. Ha tan hon ton 1,43 gam A bng dung dch H2SO4 c d 20% so
vi lng cn, thu c mt kh c mi hc, mt cht khng tan c mu vng nht (c
khi lng 0,192 gam) v dung dch B (c cha mui sunfat ca A). Cho hp th lng
kh mi hc trn vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,03M, thu c 0,24 gam kt ta mu
trng.
a. Xc nh kim loi A. Cho bit dung dch H2SO4 em dng khng c phn ng vi
cht rn mu vng.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M cn dng va khi cho tc dng vi
lng dung dch B trn th thu c:
- Lng kt ta cc i
- Lng kt ta cc tiu.
c. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c cu (b).
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
(Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn =
65; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; Hg = 200; Pb = 207; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1)
S: Zn; 284ml; 504ml; 8,7952g; 6,6172g
Bi tp 81
X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,78 gam A trong 51ml dung dch H2SO4 (dng d 40%
so vi lng cn), thu c 1,68 lt hn hp hai kh H2S v H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y.
Dn hn hp hai kh trn vo dung dch CuCl2 d, thu c 4,32 gam kt ta mu en.
a. Xc nh kim loi X. Vit mt phn ng gia kim loi X va tm c vi dung
dch H2SO4 theo d kin cho.
183
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
b. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch H2SO4.

c. Cho t t V (lt) dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo lng dung dch Y trn. Tm khong
xc nh ca V hoc tr s ca V :
. Khng c kt ta.
. Thu c kt ta nhiu nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta nhiu nht ny.
(Li = 7; Be = 9; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni =
59; Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Hg = 200; Pb = 208; O = 16; H = 1; S = 32)
S: Al; H2SO4 7M; 2,04lt V 7,64lt; V = 6,24lt ; 10,92gam Al(OH)3
I.5. Ion H+
- Ion H+ ca axit thng thng oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy

th in ha. Ion H+ b kh to kh H2, cn kim loi b kh to mui tng ng (ion
kim loi).
Th d:
Zn
+ 2HCl
+1
Zn
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
2H+
(Cht oxi ha)
Al
3H+
H2
+2
Fe2+
AlBr3 +
+3

H2
(Cht kh)
Tnh kh:
Fe > H2
Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Fe2+
+1
(Cht kh)
FeSO4 +
(Cht oxi ha)
Al + 3HBr
H2
Tnh kh:
Zn > H2
Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Zn2+
+1
(Cht oxi ha)
H2SO4(l)
Zn2+
Fe +
H2
+2
2H+
(Cht kh)
Fe
ZnCl2 +
Al3+
3
H2
2
0
(Cht oxi ha)
3
H2
2
(Cht kh)
Tnh kh:
Al > H2
Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Al3+
184
Gio khoa ha v c
Na +
HCl
Cu +
HCl
NaCl
Bin son: V Hng Thi
1
H2
2
Ag + H2SO4(l)
CrCl2 + H2
Cr + 2HCl
Crom
Crom (II) clorua
Mg(CH3COO)2 +
Mg + 2CH3COOH
Magie
Axit axetic
Ni + 2HCl
Niken
H2
Magie axetat
NiCl2 + H2
Niken clorua
Hg + HBr
Thy ngn
Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) nhit thng ch oxi ha c cc kim loi rt mnh l

kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). Kim
loi kim, kim th b oxi ha to hiroxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh thnh kh
hiro (H2). V nng ion H+ ca nc rt nh, nn nhit thng n ch oxi ha
cc kim loi rt mnh l kim, kim th, m khng oxi ha c cc kim loi khc.
Th d:
0
+1
2Na
+1
+ 2H2O
Natri
(Cht kh )
2K
Nc
(Cht oxi ha)
+ 2H2O
2NaOH
Natri hiroxit
2KOH
H2
Kh hiro
+ H2
Kali
0
Ca
+1
Canxi
(Cht kh )
Ba
2H2O
+2
Nc
(Cht oxi ha)
2H2O
Bari
Nc
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
H2
Hiro
H2
Hiro
Al + H2O
Mg, Fe, Cu, Ag
185
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) c th oxi ha cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in

ha nhit cao, kim loi b oxi ha to oxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh to
thnh kh H2. V nhit cao nn hiroxit kim loi bi nhit phn nn ta khng thu
c hiroxit kim loi m l oxit kim loi.
Th d:
Fe
+ H2O
3Fe
+ 4H2O
St
Hi nc
Fe
+ H2O
St
Mg
St t oxit
FeO
> 5700C
Hi nc
Hiro
St (II) oxit
+1
+2
t 0 cao
+ H2O
Magie
+ 4H2
H2
Hiro
+ H2O
Mg
Fe3O4
< 5700C
Hi nc
MgO
+ H2
Magie oxit
Cu
+ H2O
Cu
+ H2O
t0
Zn
Zn
+ H2O
Hiro
H2O
Km
cao
t
ZnO + H2
Km oxit
Ghi ch
G.1.
Khi cho kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr) kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Rn) tc dng
vi dung dch axit thng thng th kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi H+
ca axit trc (to mui v kh H2), khi ht axit m cn d kim loi kim, kim
th, th kim loi kim, kim th mi tc dng tip vi dung mi nc ca dung
dch sau (to hiroxit kim loi v kh H2).
Th d:
Cho Na vo dung dch HCl:
2NaCl
2Na + 2HCl
+ H2
Ht HCl m cn d:
2Na(cn d) + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2
186
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Cho Ba vo dung dch CH3COOH:

Ba(CH3COO)2
Ba + 2CH3COOH
Ht CH3COOH, cn Ba d:
Ba(OH)2 +
Ba + 2H2O
H2
H2
Bi tp 82
Cho m gam kali kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Sau cn thm tip 10 ml
dung dch HBr 0,2M thu c dung dch c pH = 7.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh th tch kh hiro thot ra trong th nghim trn 27,30C; 83,6 cmHg.
c. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca dung dch c pH = 7 trn.
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i trong qu trnh
phn ng.
(K = 39)
S: m = 0,468g; 134,4ml; KCl 0,091M; KBr 0,018M
Bi tp 82
Cho m gam canxi kim loi vo 200 gam dung dch HBr 0,81%. Sau cn thm tip 50
gam dung dch HCl 0,73% vo thu c dung dch D c pH = 7.
a. Tnh m.
b. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. Coi hi nc bay hi khng ng k.
c. Xc nh nng % mi cht tan ca dung dch D.
(Ca = 40; H = 1; Br = 80; Cl = 35,5)
S: m = 0,6g; 336ml H2; CaBr2 0,8%; CaCl2 0,222%
I.6. Ion kim loi
Ion kim loi lun lun l ion dng. Tt c ion kim loi u c th l cht oxi ha. Nu
l cht oxi ha th n b kh to ion kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn hay thnh kim
loi n cht tng ng.
-
Ion kim loi (trong dung dch) oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc n trong dy th
in ha (tr kim loi kim, kim th).
Chiu cc cht kh c mnh gim dn

K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+
Chiu cc cht oxi ha c mnh tng dn

Th d:
2FeCl3(dd) + Fe
3FeCl2(dd)
187
Gio khoa ha v c
+3
2Fe
0
3+
Cht oxi ha
+2
Fe
3Fe2+
Fe
Cht kh
FeCl2(dd) +
Zn
+2
Fe2+
Cht oxi ha
+ ZnCl2(dd)
Zn
+2
Fe
Al2(SO4)3(dd)
+2
2Al
+3
3Cu2+
Cht kh
3Cu
Cht oxi ha
+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd)
+3
3Zn(d)
3Zn(NO3)2(dd)
+2
2Fe3+
Cht kh
+ 2Fe
Cht oxi ha
Zn(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe(NO3)2(dd)
Zn +
2Fe3+(d)
Zn2+
AgNO3(dd) + Fe(NO3)3(dd)
AgNO3(dd)
+1
Cht oxi ha
Fe2+
Fe(NO3)3(dd)
+3
Fe3+
Cht kh
Cu
FeSO4(dd)
Cu
Fe2(SO4)3(dd)
+3
Ag
+ 2Fe2+
Ag
Fe + Cu(CH3COO)2(d d)
Fe(NO3)2(dd)
+2
Ag+
+ 2Fe
3Zn2+
+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd, d)
Zn
+ 3Cu
2Al3+ +
Ag + Fe(NO3)3(dd)
3Zn(d)
Zn2+
Cht kh
+ 3CuSO4(dd)
2Al
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Fe(CH3COO)2
CuSO4(dd)
+ Fe
CuSO4 +
-2
-1
+ Cu
-1 +2
2FeSO4
+2
+4
Ion Fe3+(dd) oxi ha c H2S, HI, KI, Sn2+, Na2S2O3, SO32-, Cu, Fe. Fe3+ b kh
toFe2+, cn cc cht kh trn b o xi ha to S, I2, I2, Sn4+, Na2S4O6, SO42-, Cu2+,
Fe2+.
188
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Th d:
+3
-2
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+2
H2S
2FeCl2
-1
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+2
2HI
-1
2FeCl2
2FeCl3
St (III) clorua
(Cht oxi ha)
2FeCl2
2HCl
I2
2KCl
+2
SnCl2
Thic (II) clorua

(Cht kh)
+3
2FeCl2
2Na2S2O3
SnCl4
Thic (IV) clorua
+2,5
2FeCl2 + Na2S4O6
2NaCl
Natri terationat
+4
+2
Na2SO3 + H2O
Natri sunfit
(Cht kh)
Cu
Fe
+2
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposun fit

(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
+3
+4
St (II) clorua
+2
2FeCl3 +
2FeCl3 +
I2 +
0
+2
(Cht oxi ha)
2HCl
Cht kh
+3
+2
2KI
Cht oxi ha
2FeCl3
Cht kh
+3
2FeCl3
Cht kh
+3
2FeCl3
+6
2FeCl2 +
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
Natri sunfat
2FeCl2 + CuCl2
3FeCl2
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI
2FeI + I2
Fe2(SO4)3(dd) + 3Na2S(dd, d)
Fe2(SO4)3(dd, d) + Na2S(dd, d)
+ 3K2SO4
2FeS + S
+ 3Na2SO4
2FeSO4 +
(Nu trong dung dch long, cn c s thy phn:

2Fe(OH)3 + H2S +
Fe2(SO3)3 + 3Na2S
Fe2(SO4)3(d) + 2KI
2FeSO4 +
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI(d)
2FeI2 +
I2
S +
Na2SO4
3Na2SO4)
I2 + K2SO4
+ 3K2SO4
Ch
Gio khoa ha v c
189
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Do tnh oxi ha ca Fe3+, n oxi ha c I-, SO32-, S2-, nn khng c FeI3, Fe2(SO3)3,
Fe2S3 trong dung dch. Cng do s thy phn nhiu ca Fe3+ m khng c Fe2(CO3)3,
Fe2S3 trong dung dch (S thy phn ca cc mui ny cp phn qui lut thc
nghim s ha tan mui trong nc). S khng hin din Fe2S3 trong dung dch, c ti
liu l do s thy phn, to Fe(OH)3 v H2S; C ti liu cho l do Fe3+ oxi ha S2- to
S, cn Fe3+ b kh to Fe2+. C l, khi dung dch long (c nhiu nc) th c s thy
phn hoc c c s thy phn ln s oxi ha kh. Ni chung, khng thu c Fe2S3 trong
dung dch.
Bi tp 83
Hon hp chat ran A gom bot sat va muoi bac nitrat. Cho 250 ml H2O vao coc co cha
m gam hon hp A. Khuay eu e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c 5,4 gam mot
kim loai va 250 ml dung dch B co cha hon hp muoi. Cho t t bot kim loai ong vao
lng dung dch B tren th dung dch nay hoa tan c toi a 0,32 gam bot ong va thu
c dung dch trong suot.
a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra.
b. Tnh m.
c. Tnh nong o mol/lt moi chat tan trong dung dch B.
(Fe = 56 ; Ag = 108 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Cu = 64)
S: m = 9,62g; Fe(NO3)2 0,04M; Fe(NO3)3 0,04M
Bi tp 83
Hn hp cht rn X gm bt km v mui st (III) sunfat. Cho 200 ml nc vo mt bnh
cha m gam hn hp X. Dng a thy tinh khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Thu c cht khng tan gm 3,36 gam mt kim loi v dung dch Y c ha tan hn hp
mui. Cho dung dch xt lng d vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt
ta em nung ngoi khng kh cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 gam mt
cht rn.
a. Vit cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh m.
c. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan ca dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch Y bng
th tch nc dng.
(Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16)
S: m = 50,4g; ZnSO4 0,8M; FeSO4 0,7M
I.7.
Halogen X2 v cc hp cht ca n, nh F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, NaClO, KClO3,

Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2O, KBrO3, KIO3, HClO4. Cc cht oxi ha halogen n cht c s
oxi ha 0 hay hp cht ca halogen c s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7 thng b kh to
thnh mui halogenua X- (Cl-, Br-, I-) trong halogen c s oxi ha bng 1.
- Halogen nm chu k trn y c halogen nm chu k di ra khi dung

dch mui halogenua. Hay halogen y c phi kim yu hn n ra khi dung
dch mui cng nh axit. Thc cht cng l cht oxi ha mnh tc dng vi cht
kh mnh trong dung dch to cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng yu hn.
190
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Th d:
2KCl(dd) + Br2
Cl2 + 2KBr(dd)
0
-1
Cl2
Cht oxi ha
-1
2Br- (dd)
Cht kh
Cht kh
Phn ng xy ra c l do:
0
-1
+ 2KI
Brom
Kali ioua
(Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh )
F2
Flo (Fluor)
Cl2 +
3F2
-
Iot
(Cht oxi ha)
2NaF +
Natri florua
2NaI
I2
Br2 + KF
2NaCl
+ H2S
Tnh oxi ha: Br2 > I2

Tnh kh:
I- > Br-
Natri clorua
Br2 + 2HI
I2
2KBr
NaCl
Cht oxi ha
Kali bromua
(Cht kh)
Phn ng xy ra c l do:
I2
+ Br2
Tnh oxi ha: Cl2 > Br2

Tnh kh:
Br- > Cl-
-1
Br2
2Cl- (dd)
2NaCl
Cl2
Clo
+ I2
2HBr + I2
2HI + S
+2
+3
+ 2FeCl2(khan)
2FeF3
+ 2Cl2
Halogen X2 oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi to mui halogenua X-. Ring

F2 (flo) c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, n phn ng c vi tt c cc kim loi (k
c vng v bch kim) to mui florua. F2, Cl2, Br2 tc dng Fe to mui st
(III), ring I2 ch to mui st (II) (V Fe3+ oxi ha c I- to I2)
Th d:
2Na
Cl2
2NaCl
Natri nng chy chy trong bnh kh clo cho ngn la sng chi, to natri clorua.
2Fe +
3Cl2
2FeCl3 St (III) clorua
191
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Bt st nng chy trong bnh kh clo to thnh khi mu nu, l nhng ht rt nh st (III)
clorua.
Fe +
3
F2
2
Fe +
3
Br2
2
Fe
+ I2
St (III) florua
FeBr3 St (III) bromua
FeI2
Cu + Cl2
FeF3
St (II) ioua
CuCl2
Nung si dy ng nng ri cho vo bnh kh clo, si dy ng chy sng, to ng (II) clorua.
2Al
+ 3Br2
2Al + 3I2
2AlBr3
2AlI3
- Cl2, Br2 oxi ha c dung dch mui st (II) to mui st (III). Cl2 oxi ha H2S
to H2SO4. Br2, I2 o xi ho H2S to S.
+2
2FeCl2
+3 -1
Cl2
St (II) clorua
Clo
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
2FeCl3
St (III) clo rua
3
FeCl2 +
2
+3
3
Br2
4
2FeBr3
-2
4Cl2
-1
H 2S
4H2O
Clo
Hiro sunfua
Br2
+ 2FeBr3
+3 -1
2FeBr2 + Br2
0
FeCl3 +
4FeCl3
6FeCl2 + 3Br2
+2
+3 -1
H2S
1
FeBr3
2
8HCl
Axit clohiric
2HBr
+6
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
+ S
Nu cho dung dch H2S (axit sunfuahiric) vo nc brom, th thy brom mt mu nu v

dung dch c (do c to kt ta S)
I2 +
H2S
2HI + S
192
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
- X2 oxi ha c SO2 trong dung dch to H2SO4

0
+4
Cl2
-1
SO2
+ 2H2O
Clo
Kh sunfur
0
2HCl
H2SO4
Axit clohiric
+4
Br2
+6
Axit sunfuric
-1
SO2
+ 2H2O
+6
2HBr
H2SO4
Brom
Kh sunfur
Axit bromhiric
Kh SO2 lm mt mu nu ca nc brom
0
+4
I2
-1
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HI
+6
Iot
Kh sunfur
Axit iothiric
Kh SO2 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot.
Axit sunfuric
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Cho lung kh flo (fluor, F2) i qua nc nng th nc bc chy v to ra kh

oxi
0
-2
2F2
-1
t0
2H2O
Kh flo
Hi nc
4HF
Hiro florua
O2
Kh oxi
Nc dp tt la m chy, nhng nc bc chy trong kh flo, gii phng kh

oxi. Do khi cho F2 tc dng vi dung dch NaCl khng thu c kh clo
(Cl2) m l c phn ng gia kh F2 vi dung mi nc (H2O) ca dung
dch to kh O2.
-
X2 oxi ha c cc phi kim nh: H2, S, P
F2 +
Cl2 +
H2
H2
2HF
as
(Phn ng n mnh ngay c trong bng ti nhit rt

thp, -2000C)
2HCl ( nhit thng v trong bng ti, phn ng xy ra

rt chm. Nhng khi un nng hay chiu sng mnh th
phn ng xy ra ngay v km theo ting n mnh)
Br2
+ H2
I2 + H 2
t0 cao
2S + Cl2
2HBr
2HI
(Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng)

(Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng nhit cao v
phn ng thun nghch)
S2Cl2
193
Gio khoa ha v c
3
Cl2
2
PCl3
5
Cl2
2
PCl5
3
Br2
2
P +
2P + 3I2
-
Bin son: V Hng Thi
PBr3
2PI3
KClO3, NaClO, KBrO3, KIO3 oxi ha c cc cht kh nh: C, S, P, Fe2+,

S2- , SO32-, NH3. Cn cc cht oxi ha trn b kh to Cl-, Br-, I-
Th d:
+5
1
t0
2KClO3 + 3C
Kali clo rat
Cacbon
+5
-1
KClO3
+5
-1
6HBr
+1
3NaClO
Natri hipoclorit
(Cht oxi ha)
2NH3
NaClO
+1
Brom
+ 3I2
Kali bromua
-1
3NaCl
-1
-1
3H2O
Iot
Amoniac
(Cht kh)
+ H2O2
3Br2 + 3H2O
KBr
-3
+1
Natri hipoclorit
(Cht oxi ha)
KCl
-1
Kali bromat Axit iothiric

Kali clorua
-1
+ 6HI
+ 3CO2
KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O
Kali clorat
Axit bromhiric
KBrO3
6KCl
Kali clo rua Kh cacbonic
KClO3 + 6HCl
+4
N2
3H2O
NaCl +
O 2 + H2O
Hiropeoxit
(Cht kh)
-1
NaClO + 2KI
-1
+ H2O
NaCl
+ I2 + 2KOH
194
Gio khoa ha v c
+5
Bin son: V Hng Thi
-1
-1
NaClO3 + 6KI + 3H2SO4

NaCl
Natri clorat
Kali ioua
+ 3I2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O
Natri clorua
Iot
Lu
L.1. Khi cho kh clo vo dung dch xt, c phn ng:
0
-1
Cl2
2NaOH
+1
NaCl
+ NaClO
Clo
Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
H2O
S d c phn ng trn l do:

Cl2 +
H2O
HCl
Axit clohiric
HClO
Axit hipoclorit
NaCl + H2O
HCl + NaOH
NaClO + H2O
HClO + NaOH
L.2. Dung dch hn hp cc mui NaCl - NaClO (hay KCl - KClO) c gi l nc
Javel. Nc Javel c tnh oxi ha mnh (do c ion hipoclorit, ClO-), c dng
ty trng si bng, vi v giy. Nc Javel khng c lu. Trong nh my dt,
nh my giy, nc Javel c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl long
(15 20%) trong bnh in phn khng c vch ngn vi catod bng st v anod
bng than ch (cacbon graphit).
L.3. Khi cho kh clo tc dng dung dch kim c un nng 1000C th thu c
mui clorat.
0
3Cl2
-1
6NaOH
Clo
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)
100 0 C
5NaCl + NaClO3
Natri clorua
(Phn ng t oxi ha kh)
3Cl2
+5
-1
6KOH
Clo
100 0 C
5KCl
+ 3H2O
Natri clorat
+5
+ KClO3
Kali clorua
(Phn ng t oxi ha kh)
+ 3H2O
Kali clorat
Kali clorat d b nhit phn to kali clorua v kh oxi (khi un nng c MnO2 lm
xc tc). Do KClO3 c dng iu ch kh O2 trong phng th nghim. Vi
cc cht d b chy ( b kh) nh lu hunh (S), cacbon (than, C), photpho (P),
bt nhm (Al), ng (C12H22O11) s to hn hp n vi KClO3 khi va chm (qut,
p). V th, KClO3 c dng lm thuc pho, thuc u que dim. Trong u
ca cy dim qut c cha 50% khi lng KClO3.
195
Gio khoa ha v c
2 ,t
MnO
KClO3
Bin son: V Hng Thi
3
O2
2
KCl +
Trong cng nghip, KClO3 c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i qua nc vi

un nng ri ly dung dch nng trn vi KCl v ngui cho KClO3 kt
tinh (v KClO3 t tan hn CaCl2). Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in
phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 750C.
6Cl2
+ 6Ca(OH)2
Ca(ClO3)2
+ 6H2O
Kali clorat
+ 2H2O
6KOH
+ 5CaCl2
2KClO3 + CaCl2
2KCl
Canxi hipoclorit
2KCl
Ca(ClO3)2
+ 3Cl2
p, khng vch ngn, 750C, anod tr

t0
5KCl
H2
+ 2KOH + Cl2
Catot
Anot
KClO3 + 3H2O
(t tan hn KCl)
L.4. Clorua vi (CaOCl2) l cht bt mu trng, xp, c mi xc, lun bc mi kh clo.

Clorua vi c coi l mui canxi hn tp ca axit clohiric (HCl) v axit
hipoclor (HClO). Clorua vi c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c dng ty trng
vi, giy v ty u cc h rc, cng rnh, cc gy dch bnh. Do c kh nng
tc dng vi cc cht hu c, nn clorua vi cn c dng ha gii cc cht c
trong chin tranh ha hc. Clorua vi cn c dng trong qu trnh tinh ch du
m. Clorua vi c to ra khi cho kh clo tc dng vi vi sa (huyn ph c
Ca(OH)2 trong nc) theo phn ng:
Cl
Ca
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2
+ H 2O
O
Cl
Khi cho clorua vi tc dng vi axit clohiric th c to kh clo:
-1 +1
CaOCl2 +
2HCl
Cl2
CaCl2 +
H2O
Di tc dng ca nh sng hoc un nng dung dch clorua vi, c mt ng oxit

hoc st oxit lm xc tc, th c s phn hy clorua vi to kh oxi v canxi
clorua.
-2 +1
2CaOCl2
-1
0
s (t ) CuO (Fe2O3)
CaCl2 +
O2
C th dng hai phn ng trn iu ch kh clo v oxi trong phng th nghim.
196
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Khi trong khng kh, clorua vi tc dng vi kh cacbonic c trong khng kh v

gii phng kh iclo oxit (Cl2O). Kh Cl2O c mi ging kh clo (Cl2). iu ny
gii thch nguyn nhn clorua vi c mi kh clo.
2CaOCl2
+ CO2
CaCl2
CaCO3
Cl2O
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch clorua vi bng cch cho kh clo tc dng vi
vi ti kh. Clorua vi r tin hn, cha hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo
qun v chuyn ch hn so vi nc Javel.
+
Cl2
Ca(OH)2
CaOCl2
H2O
L.5. Khi ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc, th c mt phn clo tc dng vi nc, to
hn hp axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO)
0
-1
Cl2
H 2O
+1
HCl
HClO
Clo
Axit clohiric
Axit hipoclor
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh; Cht t oxi ha t kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
Phn ng trn ca Cl2 gii thch s lm i mu giy qu xanh t ha ca

kh clo, ri giy qu b mt mu. Nguyn nhn l axit HCl lm giy qu xanh,
cn axit HClO th li lm mt mu giy qu (do tnh oxi ha mnh ca HClO).
y l hin tng c trng nhn bit kh clo (Cl2).
Axit hipoclor ch tn ti trong dung dch, n km bn, ngay c trong dung dch
long HClO, c s phn hy to kh oxi v axit HCl. S phn hy ny xy ra
cng nhanh di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. V th nc clo sau mt thi
gian s mt mu vng nht v ch cn cha a xit clohiric (HCl).
2HClO
as
Axit hipoclor
2HCl
Axit clohiric
O2
Oxi
L.6. Iot (I2) tc dng d dng vi dung dch Na2S2O3 (Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit)
to mui NaI v Na2S4O6 (Natri tetrationat). Dung dch Na2S2O3 lm mt mu
vng ca dung dch iot. Ngi ta thng dng phn ng ny nh phn dung
dch Na2S2O3 bng dung dch I2 (nhm xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 khi
bit nng dung dch I2 hoc ngc li). Sau khi phn ng va , mt git d
dung dch I2 lm cho dung dch phn ng c mu vng rt nht (Hoc mt lng
dung dch I2 c d s lm cho dung dch h tinh bt long c mu xanh dng, do
cho vo dung dch phn ng trc ). Nh cc hin tng c trng ny m
ngi ta mi bit phn ng xong (git d dung dch I2 coi nh sai s trong s
nh phn, hay trong php chun th tch).
+2
2Na2S2O3
I2
+2,5
Natri hiposunfit
Iot
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
-1
+ 2NaI
Natri ioua
197
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
I.8. Ozon (O3)

[Th hnh l hin tng mt nguyn t ha hc hin din di cc dng n cht
khc nhau. Th d: O2 (oxi), O3 (ozon) l hai cht th hnh ca nguyn t oxi; Cacbon
graphit (than ch), Cacbon kim cng), Cacbon v nh hnh (m hng, l ngh) l ba
cht th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon; Photpho trng (P4), Photpho (photpho tm),
Photpho en l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t photpho]
Ozon (O3) l mt cht th hnh vi oxi (O2). Ozon hin din dng kh iu kin thng,
c mu xanh da tri nht, c mi xc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi, n ph hy
cc cht hu c, oxi ho nhiu kim loi, trong c bc.
Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh l do n khng bn, d b phn hy to thnh oxi nguyn t
(O) [O nguyn t c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi phn t, O2, v khng cn cung cp nng
lng ct t lin kt i gia O vi O, O=O, trong phn t O2]:
O2
O3
+
O
Ozon
Oxi
Oxi nguyn t
- Ozon y c iot (iod) ra khi dung dch kali ioua (iodur kalium) (O2 khng c
tnh cht ny). Do dung dch KI c dng nhn bit ozon (Nu l ozon th khi
cho tc dng vi dung dch KI s thu c I2, lm cho dung dch c mu vng, hay I2
to ra lm xanh h tinh bt). Hay giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt (giy ioua tinh bt) chuyn ngay sang mu xanh nu c hin din ozon trong khng kh.
KI
+ O2
-1
2KI
Kali ioua
(Cht kh)
H 2O
+
0
O3
+ H 2O
Ozon
(Cht oxi ha)
-2
I2 +
Iot
O2
KOH
Oxi
Ozon oxi ha c kim loi bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg). Trong khi oxi (O2) khng tc
dng vI kim loi bc.
Ag
+ O2
2Ag +
+1
O3
-2
Ag2O +
O2
- Ozon oxi ha mui sunfua thnh mui sunfat, oxi ha amoniac thnh nitrit,
nitrat
-2
PbS
+ O3
Ch (II) sunfua
+6 -2
PbSO4 +
Ch (II) sunfat
O2
198
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Do c tnh oxi ha mnh nn ozon dit c cc vi khun v th ozon c dng

dit trng trong nc v kh trng khng kh. Mt lng nh ozon trong khng kh
s lm cho khng kh trong lnh, c nh hng tt n c th con ngi, nhng nu
khng kh cha nhiu ozon s gy ng c. Trong t nhin, ozon c to thnh t
oxi khi c sm st. cao 10 30 km, ozon c to thnh do tc dng ca tia t
ngoi mt tri. Nh vy, cc tia t ngoi ca mt tri c hi cho s sng b ngn
chng li. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta pht hin nhng l thng ca tng ozon.
y l mt nguy c ang c nghin cu khc phc.
I.9. Hiro peoxit (H2O2)

- H2O2 c tnh oxi ha mnh trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim. H2O2 oxi
ha c I- thnh I2, KNO2 thnh KNO3, sunfua thnh sunfat. H2O2 b kh to
H2O.
-1
-1
H2O2
H2SO4
(Cht oxi ha)

-2
4H2O2
Hiro peoxit
(Cht oxi ha)
PbS
4H2O
Nc
-1
Kali nit rit

(Cht kh)
2H2O
+ I2
-2
Ch (II) sunfua
(Cht kh)
+3
K2SO4
(Cht kh)
-1
KNO2
2KI
-2
+5
H2O2
PbSO4
Ch (II) sunfat
-2
KNO3 +
Hiro peoxit
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
Kali nitrat
H2O
Nc
H2O2 rt tinh khit tng i bn, nhng n d b phn tch to O2 v H2O khi c
ln tp cht kim loi nng hay hp cht cc kim loi ny, hoc khi un nng hay b
chiu sng. Do bo qun H2O2, ngi ta cht ny trong cc chai thy tinh
sm mu cng nh ni ti v rm mt. Ngi ta thy O2 c to ra t phn t
H2O2 ch khng phi ca H2O. Do lin kt gia O O trong H2O2 khng b t
m l anion [O - O]2- mt in t. Tt c cc ng dng thc t ca H2O2 u da vo
tnh khng bn v tnh oxi ha mnh ca n. Dung dch H2O2 3% c dng st
trng trong y hc, nh sc ming, ra vt thng. H2O2 cng c dng lm cht
ty trng vi, len, la, bng, rm r, giy, my tre,u im ca cht ty H2O2 l
khi dng dung dch thch hp, nng khng ln, n ch lm trng cht c mu
nhng khng lm h hng vt c ty. Cc cht d chy nh giy, mt ca, s
bc chy khi tip xc dung dch H2O2 c nng ln hn 65%. Dung dch H2O2 m
c (ln hn 80%) c dng lm cht oxi ha nhin liu cho cc ng c phn lc.
Do tnh d b phn hy ca n, H2O2 cn c dng lm cht to bt cho cc ngnh
sn xut vt liu xp.
H2O2
t )
as
(
Hiro peoxit
1
O2
2
Oxi
+ H 2O
Nc
199
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Peoxit (-O-O-) coi nh l mui ca axit H2O2. Do khi cho cc H2O2 tc dng
vi dung dch kim mnh (nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) s to peoxit kim
loi tng ng v nc; Cn khi cho peoxit kim loi tc dng vi axit th hiro peoxit
b y ra khi peoxit kim loi. (Axit mnh y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. H2O2
c tnh axit mnh hn nc, nhng yu hn nhiu so vi cc axit thng thng khc)
H2O2
BaO2
+
+
H2SO4
Kali peoxit
2H2O
H 2O 2
Nc
BaSO4
Hiro peoxit
2NaOH
Bari peoxit
Axit sunfuric
K2O2
BaO2
Bari hiroxit
Bari peoxit
H2O2
Ba(OH)2
Hiro peoxit
Na2O2
2HCl
Axit clohiric
Bari sunfat
+ 2H2O
H2O2
Hiro peoxit
2KCl
Kali clorua
I.10. Oxit kim loi (Oxid kim lai)

Oxit kim loi b kh to kim loi tng ng hay oxit kim loi trong kim loi c
s oxi ha thp hn. Cc cht kh thng dng kh oxit kim loi nhit cao
l Al, H2, CO, C. Tuy nhin bn cht kh ny ch kh c cc oxit kim loi trong
kim loi ng sau nhm trong dy th in ha. Cc oxit kim loi Al, Mg, kim
loi kim, kim th, ch b kh to kim loi tng ng ti catot bnh in phn khi
in phn nng chy cc oxit kim loi tng ng trn.
+3
Fe2O3
(Cht oxi ha)
CuO
(Cht oxi ha)

+1
Al2O3
H2
+1
Cu
H2O
(Cht kh)
0
t0
CO
2Ag
+4
CO2
(Cht kh)
+2
ZnO
2Fe
0
t0
+2
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht oxi ha)
2Al
+3
(Cht kh)
+2
Ag2O
0
t0
0
t0
Zn
+2
CO
(Cht kh)
200
Gio khoa ha v c
+3
+2
3Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
(Cht oxi ha)
+8/3
t0
CO
+8/3
CO
FeO
+4
3FeO
0
t0
CO
+4
Fe
Al2O3
CaO
+ H2
Na2O
+ C
Pb
Ch
CO
Cacbon oxit
H2
+ CO
+2
Al
K 2O
Al2O3
CO2
0
1400 0 C
Ch (II) oxit
Cacbon
MgO
CO2
Kh cacbonic
(Cht kh)
+2
PbO
St (II) oxit
+2
(Cht oxi ha)
CO2
Cacbon ioxit
+2
t0
St t oxit
Cacbon oxit
+2
St t oxit
+2
Fe3O4
+4
2Fe3O4
Cacbon oxit
(Cht kh)
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Dpnc
Nhm oxit
2Al
Nhm
(Catot)
+ 3/2O2
Oxi
(Anot)
I.11. Mt s phi kim (Khng kim loi) (nh halogen X2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2)
Cc phi kim oxi ha kim loi to oxit kim loi hay mui ca kim loi tng ng.
Cn phi kim b kh to thnh hp cht ca phi kim (oxit hay mui) trong phi kim
c s oxi ha m.
Th d:
0
Fe
St
(Cht kh)
3/2Cl2
Clo
(Cht oxi ha)
+3 -1
t0
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
201
Gio khoa ha v c
Fe
St
(Cht kh)
+2 2
t0
Lu hunh
(Cht oxi ha)
+8/3 -2
t0
+ 2O2
St
(Cht kh)
FeS
St (II) sunfua
3Fe
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Fe3O4
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
St t oxit
Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen X2, mc mnh lit phn ng gimdn
t F2 n I2.
Al
3/2Cl2
Nhm
2Al
+ 3/2O2
2Al
+ 3S
Nhm
Nhm clorua
0
Al2O3
Lu hunh
Al2S3
Nhm sunfua
0
CuO
Cu
+ 1/2O2
Cu
Au
+ 3/2Cl2
Ag
+ 1/2Cl2
Bc
Clo
Vng
AlCl3
Clo
Br2
Clo
Li (lng) +
Liti
CuBr2
AuCl3
Vng (III) clorua

0
AgCl
Bc clorua
1/2H2(kh)
t0 cao; p sut H2 cao
Hiro
LiH
Liti hirua
,p
t
NaH
Na(lng) + 1/2H2(kh)
Natri hirua
0
3Li + 1/2N2
Liti
3Mg
Magie
Nit
+ N2
Can xi
Nit
Ca(nng chy)
Li3N
Liti nitrua
Mg3N2
Magie nitrua
H2
Hiro
CaH2
Canxi hirua
202
Gio khoa ha v c
Ba3N2
3Ba
+ N2
Bari
Nit
3Ca
+ 2P
Canxi
Bari nitrua
0
Photpho
Ca
Cacbon
4Al
Cacbon
2Ca
Silic
2Mg
Ca2Si
Canxi silixua
0
Si
Magie
Al4C3
Nhm cacbua
t
+ Si
Canxi
CaC2
Canxi cacbua
+ 3C
Nhm
Ca3P2
Canxi photphua
+ 2C
Can xi
Mg2Si
Silic
Hg
Thy ngn
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Magie silixua
Lu hunh
HgS
Thy ngn (II) sunfua
Thy ngn tc dng vi lu hunh nhit thng, v vy ngi ta thng dng bt lu hunh gom
nhng ht rt nh ca thy ngn ri vi trn nn nh, trnh c tc dng c hi ca thy ngn bay hi
to ra.
2Cr
+ 3Cl2
Crom
Clo
2Cr
Crom
3S
Lu hunh
2Cr
N2
Crom
2CrCl3
Crom (III) clorua
Cr2S3
Crom (III) sunfua

0
Nit
2CrN
Crom (III) nitrua
- Phi kim mnh c th oxi ha phi kim yu hn.

Th d:
0
2P
Photpho
(Cht kh)
+5 -2
60 0 C
5/2O2(d)
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
P2O5
Photpho (V) oxit; Anhirit photphoric
0 0 +3 -2
2P
Photpho
3/2O2(thiu)
Oxi
C
60
P2O3
Photpho (III) oxit; Anhirit photphor
203
Gio khoa ha v c
Clo
(Cht oxi ha)
PCl3
Photpho triclorua
+5 1
5/2Cl2(d)
Photpho
(Cht kh)
Clo
(Cht oxi ha)
+3 -1
3/2Cl2(thiu)
Photpho
(Cht kh)
-3 +1
300 0 C
3/2H2
Photpho
(Cht kh)
Hiro
(Cht oxi ha)
H2
Hiro
(Cht kh)
PH3
Photphin; Photphua hiro
+1 -2
1/2O2
H 2O
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
PCl5
Photpho pentaclorua
Nc; Hiro oxit
N2
-3 +1
3H2
2NH3
Fe, t0, p
Nit
Hiro
0
Amoniac; Hiro nitrua
-4 +1
2H2
Ni , 500 0 C
Cacbon
Hiro
0
+1 -2
H2
t0
H 2S
Lu hunh
Hiro
0
5S
Nit
(Cht kh)
2P
O2
P2S5
iphotpho pentasunfua
+4 -2
t0
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
N2
+5 -2
tt
Photpho
(Cht kh)
Lu hunh
(Cht kh)
Hiro sunfua
Lu hunh
(Cht oxi ha)
CH4
Metan
SO2
Lu hunh (IV) oxit; Anhirit sunfuar; Kh sunfuar
Bin son: V Hng Thi
O2
+2 -2
30000C (Tia la in)
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
2NO
Nit oxit
204
Gio khoa ha v c
Si
+4 1
2F2
Silic
(Cht kh)
Flo; Fluor
(Cht oxi ha)
Si
Silic
(Cht kh)
SiO2
Silic oxit; Anhirit silicic
Si
+4 1
t0
2Cl2
Clo
(Cht oxi ha)
(Phn ng xy ra nhit thng)
+4 2
t0
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
Silic
(Cht kh)
SiCl4
Silic tetraclorua; Tetraclo silan
+6 -1
3F2
Lu hunh
(Cht kh)
SiF4
Tetraflo silan; Silic tetraclorua
O2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Flo
(Cht oxi ha)
SF6
Florua lu hunh (VI); Hexaflorua lu hunh
Phi kim mnh (nh F2, Cl2, O2) oxi ha c cc hp cht ca phi kim hay kim
loi c s oxi ha trung gian cng cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp
nht nh CO, NO, SO2, Na2S2O3, FeS2, FeCl2, FeSO4, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, NH3, H2S,
PH3, KI, KBr, CH4,.
Th d:
+2
2CO
O2
Cacbon oxit
(Cht kh)
Cacbon ioxit
Nit oxit
(Cht kh)
+4 -2
O2
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
Cl2
+4
C , as
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
+4
2NO2
Nit ioxit
Cacbon oxit
(Cht kh)
2SO2
2CO2
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
2NO
CO
+4 -2
t0
COCl2
Photgen (Cht c chin tranh)
+6 -2
O2
V2O5(Pt),450 C
Anhirit sunfuna r
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
2Na2S2O3
I2
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposunfit Iot

(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
2SO3
Anhirit sunfuric
-1
+2,5
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
-1
2NaI
Natri ioua
205
Gio khoa ha v c
+2 1
2FeS2
+3 -2
t0
11/2O2
Pi rit st; St (II) pesunfua

Oxi
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
FeCl2
+3
3/2Cl2
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
2FeO
-1
Fe2(SO4)3
(Cht kh)
1/2O2
Fe2O3
2Fe(OH)2
+2 2
+3 -2
1/2O2
2FeS
0
t0
3/2O2
Pt ,t 0
5/2O2
Amoniac
Oxi
-2
-2
2NO
+ 3H2O
Nit oxit
1/2O2(thiu, chy chm)
H 2O
(Cht kh)
S
+4 -2
3/2O2(d, chy nhanh)
-2
Hi nc
0
t0
H 2S +
3H2O
Hi nc
+ -2
-2
Nit
F2
t0
2SO2
Kh sunfur
N2
Oxi
-3
St (III) oxit
+4 -2
Fe2O3
Oxi
Amoniac
2Fe(OH)3
St (III) hiroxit
(Cht rn mu nu )
+3 -2
t0
7/2O2
-3
H2O
Oxi
Hi nc
(Khng kh)
St (II) sunfua
H 2S +
FeCl3
(Cht oxi ha)
St (II) hiroxit
(Cht rn trng hi lc nht)
2NH3
+3 2
t0
+2
2NH3
4SO2
Kh sunfur
St (III) clorua
3FeSO4 +
FeCl3
Clo
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
Fe2O3
+3 -1
1/2Cl2
+2
+4 -2
St (III) oxit
St (II) clorua
(Cht kh)
Bin son: V Hng Thi
1/2O2 +
SO2
-2
H2O
-2
+ H 2O
-1
2HF
(Cht oxi ha)
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
212
II. Cc cht kh thng gp

II.1. Kim loi
Tt c kim loi u l cht kh. Kim loi b kh to thnh hp cht ca kim loi trong
kim loi c s oxi ha dng. Phn ng no c kim loi tham gia th l phn ng
oxi ha kh v kim loi lun lun ng vai tr cht kh. Kim loi c th kh cc phi
kim, axit thng thng, nc, axit c tnh oxi ha mnh, mui ca kim loi yu hn,
oxit ca kim loi yu hn, dung dch kim,
a. Kim loi kh phi kim (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2) to mui hay oxit
Th d:
0
Fe
+3 -1
t0
3/2Cl2
St
(Cht kh)
Clo
(Cht oxi ha)
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
Fe
St
(Cht kh)
+2 -2
t0
Lu hunh
(Cht oxi ha)
3Fe +
+8/3 -2
t0
2O2
St
(Cht kh)
FeS
St (II) sunfua
Fe3O4
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
St t oxit
Khi t nng, st chy trong oxi theo phn ng trn. Khi s dng cc cng c bng thp, khi gia cng thp,
nhng tia la sng bn te ra l nhng vy ht st t oxit (Fe3O4) c t nng trng.
Trong khng kh m, hay trong nc c ha tan oxi, st b g (r) d dng theo phn ng:
0
+3 -2
2Fe
3/2O2
nH2O
Fe
3/4O2
3/2H2O
Fe2O3.nH2O
hay:
Al
Nhm
(Cht kh)
3/2X2
Fe(OH)3
+3 -1
Halogen
(Cht oxi ha)
AlX3
Nhm halogenua
(X2: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi halogen (flo, clo, brom, iot), mc mnh lit gim dn t F2 n I2. I2
cn c H2O lm xc tc.
2Al
3/2O2
Al2O3
Bt nhm chy trong khng kh vi ngn la sng chi v ta ra lng nhit ln
http://vietsciences.free.fr http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
213
Gio khoa ha v c
2Al
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3 -2
t0
3S
Al2S3
Nhm sunfua
Al2S3 ch hin din dng rn, trong dung dch nc n b thy phn hon ton, to nhm hiroxit v kh
hiro sunfua: Al2S3
2Al + N2
4Al
Al
+ H2
Cr
3/2F2
Cr
+ 3/2Cl2
Cr
+
+
Cr
+ P
Cu
2Cu
CrF3
Cr2S3
CrN [ Crom (III) nitrua ]
Cr2O3 [ Crom (III) oxit ]
CrP
1/2O2(d)
(Ch F2 mi tc dng vi Cr nhit thng, cc phi kim khc

tc dng Cr nhit cao)
CCl3 [ Crom (III) clorua ]
3/2O2
ng
(mu )
(Nhm photphua)
1/2N2
AlP
3S
2Cr
+ 3H2S
Al4C3 (Nhm cacbua)
Al
2Cr
2Al(OH)3
2AlN (Nhm nitrua)
+ 3C
P
+ 6H2O
[ Crom (III) photphua ]
Oxi
CuO
ng (II) oxit
(mu en)
+ 1/2O2(thiu)
Cu2O
ng (I) oxit
(mu gch)
Cu
2Cu
Cu2S [ ng (I) sunfua ]
CuCl2
Cl2
Cu
Cu
+ H2
CuS [ ng (II) sunfua ]
213
214
Gio khoa ha v c
Cu
t
+ N2
Cu
3Cu
4Cu
Si
Cu3P [ ng (I) photphua , Phosphur ng (I)]

0
+ O2
Ag
+ H2
2Ag
1/2Cl2
Ag
N2
Ag
Ag
Si
Zn
H2
Zn
1/2O2
Zn
Zn
Cl2
Zn
N2
Zn
Si
(Bc sunfua, Sulfur bc, c mu en)
AgCl
ZnO
ZnS
(Km oxit, Oxid km)
(Km sunfua, Sulfur km)
ZnCl2
2P
+ C
Ag2S
Ag
Zn
[ng (I) silixua, Silicur ng (I)]
Cu4Si
Ag
3Zn
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Zn3P2
(Km photphua, Phosphur km, Thuc chut)
214
215
Gio khoa ha v c
2Na
1/2O2
2Na
O2(d)
Na2O
(Natri oxit. Natri chy cho ngn la mu vng)
Na2O2 (Natri peoxit, Peroxid natrium)

NaCl
Na
1/2Cl2
Na
1/2H2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
NaH
(Natri hirua, Hidrur natrium)
2Na + S
Na2S (Kim loi kim tc dng ngay vi bt lu hunh nhit thng)
3Na
1/2N2
3Na
Ca
+ 1/2O2
Ca(nng chy)
+
Cl2
Ca
S
N2
3Ca
2P
(Canxi hirua)
CaCl2
CaS
Ca3N2
Ca3P2
(Canxi nitrua)
(Canxi photphua)
Ca2Si
(Canxi silixua)
Cl2
Mn
CaH2
(Canxi cacbua, Carbur calcium)
Mn
CaC2
Mn
(Canxi oxit, Oxid calcium)
Si
2Mn
(Natri photphua)
H2
(Natri nitrua, Nitrur natrium)
2C
2Ca
3Mn
CaO
t0
Na3P
3Ca
Na3N
Ca
Ca
N2
Si
H2
MnCl2
(Man gan (II) clorua, Clorur mangan (II))
MnS
0
Mn3N2
Mn2Si
(Mangan (II) nitrua)

(Mangan (II) silixua)
t0
215
216
Gio khoa ha v c
3Mn
2P
Mn
O2
Ag
H2
Ag
O2
2Ag
Ag
Si
Hg
+ H2
Hg
1/2O2
Hg
Hg
Cl2
Hg
H2
Hg
N2
(Thy ngn (II) oxit, c mu hay vng)
HgS
HgCl2
2P
Pb
+ 1/2O2
Hg3P2
(Thy ngn (II) photphua)
C, Si
HgO
Hg
2AgCl
Pb
MnO2 (Mangan ioxit)
Cl2
(Mangan (II) photphua)
Ag
3Hg
Mn3P2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
PbO
(Ch (II) oxit)
PbS
0
Pb
Cl2
Pb
2H2
C
800
PbCl2
PbH4
(Ch (IV) hirua)
216
217
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
b. Kim loi kh ion H+ ca axit thng thng, to mui v kh hiro.

Kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ho kh c ion H+ ca axit thng
thng to kh hiro (H2), cn kim loi b oxi ho to mui.
Th d:
+1
Fe
H2SO4(l)
St
(Cht kh)
Al
+2
FeSO4
Axit sunfuric (long)

(Cht oxi ha)
3HCl
H2
St (II) sunfat
AlCl3
Kh hiro
3/2H2
Cu
HCl
Na
CH3COOH
Hg
HBr
Cr
2HCl
Ca
2HBr
H2SO4(l)
Zn
2HCOOH
CH3COONa
CrCl2
H2
CaBr2
H2
Ag
Km
1/2H2
Zn(HCOO)2
Axit fomic
Km fomiat
H2
Hiro
c. Kim loi kim, kim th kh c nc nhit thng, to hiroxit kim loi v

kh hiro.
Kim loi kim: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Kim loi kim th: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Th d:
Na
+1
Natri
(Cht kh)
K
Ca
H 2O
+1
Nc
(Cht oxi ha)
+
+
H2O
2H2O
NaOH
Natri hiroxit
1/2H2
Hiro
KOH + 1/2H2
Ca(OH)2 + H2
217
218
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
d. Trn nguyn tc, cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ho c th kh c

hi nc nhit cao, to oxit kim loi v kh hiro.
Th d:
Zn
+1
+2
H2O
Km
(Cht kh)
4H2O
Fe
H2O
H2O
2Cr +
3H2O
ZnO
Hi nc
(Cht oxi ha)
3Fe
Mg
t0
Km oxit
570 C
<
Fe3O4
570 C
>
H2
Kh hiro
FeO
H2
MgO
H2
4H2
Cr2O3 + 3H2
e. Kim loi (tr vng, bch kim) kh c axit c tnh oxi ho mnh [HNO3, H2SO4
(c, nng)] to mui, kh NO2, NO hay SO2 v H2O.
Th d:
Fe
+5
+3
6HNO3(,nng)
St
(Cht kh)
Axit nitric m c nng

(Cht oxi ha)
4HNO3(l)
2Fe
6H2SO4(, nng)
Cu
4HNO3()
3Cu
Cu
+
+
Fe(NO3)3 +
Cu(NO3)2 +
2H2SO4(, nng)
+ 3NO2
Nit ioxit
NO
Fe2(SO4)3
8HNO3(l)
Fe(NO3)3
St (III) nitrat
Fe
+4
3Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
2H2O
+ 3SO2 + 6H2O
2NO2
+
2H2O
2NO
4H2O
+ SO2
2H2O
+ 4HNO3(l)
3AgNO3 + NO +
Ag +
2HNO3()
AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
Ag +
H2SO4(l)
3Ag
+ 3H2O
2H2O
218
219
Gio khoa ha v c
Zn
+ 2H2SO4(, nng)
2Ag
4HNO3()
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Ag2SO4
Zn(NO3)2
+ SO2
+ 2H2O
+ 2NO2 + 2H2O
f. Kim loi mnh (tr kim loi kim, kim th) kh c ion kim loi yu hn trong
dung dch mui.
Th d:
+ 2AlCl3(dd)
3Mg
0
3MgCl2
+3
3Mg
+ 2Al
+2
3+
2Al
3Mg
Magie
dd mui nhm
2+
Mui magie
(Cht oxi ho)
2Al
Kim loi nhm
(Cht kh)

Mg > Al
Tnh oxi ha: Al3+ > Mg2+
Fe +
CuSO4
Cu
+ FeCl2
Cu
+ 2FeCl3
FeSO4 +
Cu
CuCl2 + 2FeCl2
Fe(d) + 2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
+ 3AgNO3(d)
Fe(NO3)3 +
Fe
Ni +
FeSO4
Ni + Fe2(SO4)3
Zn + Fe(CH3COO)2
Zn + FeS
Fe + ZnCl2
NiSO4
+ 2FeSO4
Zn(CH3COO)2 + Fe
3Zn(d) + 2FeCl3
3ZnCl2
+ 2FeCl3(d)
ZnCl2
Na + CuSO4(dd)
Na2SO4 +
Zn
3Ag
2Fe
+ 2FeCl2
Cu
219
220
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
NaOH + 1/2H2
Na + H2O
Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
2NaOH + CuSO4
CaCl2 + Fe
Ca + FeCl3(dd)
Ca + 2H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2
3Ca(OH)2 + 2FeCl3
2Fe(OH)3
+ 3CaCl2
g. Kim loi mnh kh c oxit kim loi yu hn nhit cao (Thng gp

nht l phn ng nhit nhm).
Th d:
0
+3
2Al
+3
t0
Fe2O3
Nhm
St (III) oxit
2Al
St
Al2O3 + 3Cu
2Al2O3
+ 3Mn
3MgO
+ 2Al
2MgO
+ Ti
+ Al2O3
2Mg +
2Fe
+ 3MnO2
3Mg
Al + MgO
4Al
Al2O3
Nhm oxit
+ 3CuO
TiO2
3Mg + Cr2O3
3MgO
+ 2Cr
h. Cc kim loi c oxit lng tnh (tr Cr, gm Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pb) kh c dung
dch kim, to mui v kh hiro.
0
+1
Al
Nhm
(Cht kh)
Zn
OH
Berili
+3
+ H 2O
Dung dch kim

(Cht oxi ha)
+ 2OH
Km
Be
AlO2
Mui aluminat
3/2H2
Kh hiro
ZnO22 + H2
Mui zincat
2OH
BeO22
Mui berili
+ H2
220
221
Gio khoa ha v c
Sn
2OH
Thic
Pb
+ H2
Mui stanit
+ 2OH
PbO22 + H2
Ch
Cr
SnO22
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Mui plumbit
+ OH + H2O
Crom
II.2. Hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian, m thng gp
l Fe(II) [nh FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2, Fe2+, FeS, FeS2], Fe3O4,
Cr(II), Cu2O. Cc cht kh ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca kim loi c s
oxi ha cao hn.
Th d:
+2
2FeO
St (II) oxit
(Cht kh)
+3 -2
t0
1/2O2
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
3FeO + 10HNO3(l)
2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2
(Mu trng hi xanh lc)
3Fe(NO3)3
+ H2O
Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO2
2Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3 + 2H2O
+3
2Fe(OH)2 + Cl2
+ 4H2O
(Mu nu )
(Cht kh)
+ NO + 5H2O
(KK)
2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2
+2
Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
-1
+ 2NaOH
2Fe(OH)l3 + 2NaCl
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
+1
+3
2Fe(OH)2 + NaClO + H2O

3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3(l)
-1
2Fe(OH)3 + NaCl
3Fe(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 8H2O
5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4
FeCl2 + 1/2Cl2
2Fe3O4
FeCl3
+ 10H2SO4(, nng)
3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
221
222
Gio khoa ha v c
+ 4HNO3()
Fe(NO3)3 +
FeCO3
2FeS + 9/2O2
FeS2
Fe2O3
NO2 +
CO2 + 2H2O
+ 2SO2
Fe(NO3)3
+ 18HNO3()
2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O
14H2SO4(, nng)
Fe2(SO4)3 + 15SO2 + 14H2O
2FeS2 +
2CrO
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+ 1/2O2
+2
Cr2O3
2Cr(OH)2
Crom (II) hiroxit

(c mu vng nu)
(Cht kh)
+3 -2
1/2O2 + H2O
Khng kh
2Cr(OH)3
Crom (III) hiroxit
(c mu xanh ru)
(Cht oxi ha)
Cr2+ kh c ion H+ ca dung dch axit thng thng to kh H2, cn Cr2+ b oxi
ha to Cr3+
Cr2+
2H+
Cu2O + 1/2O2
Cr3+ + H2
0
2CuO
0
t
Cu2O + 3H2SO4(,nng)
2CuSO4 + SO2 + 3H2O
3Cu2O
+ 14HNO3(l)
6Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO
+ 7H2O
II.3. Mt s phi kim, nh H2, C, S, P, Si, N2, Cl2. Cc phi kim ny b oxi ha to thnh
hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha dng. Cc cht oxi ha
thng dng oxi ha cc phi kim l oxit kim loi, oxi, HNO3, H2SO4(c, nng).
Th d:
0
H2 +
Hiro
1/2O2
Oxi
H2
+ CuO
H2
+ Al2O3
3H2
+1 -2
t0
+ Fe2O3
H2O
Nc
H2O + Cu
3H2O
+ 2Fe
222
223
Gio khoa ha v c
C + 1/2O2(thiu)
CO
O2(d)
CO2
+ Fe2O3
CO2
+ MgO
C +
C +
ZnO
+ 4HNO3()
CO + Zn
0
Cht kh
t0
2S
Cht oxi ho
+ 2H2O
+ CO2
CO + H2
cao
t
CO2 +
tcao
+ 3Fe2O3
+ 2KNO3
+ 2Cu(NO3)2
2C(d) +
O2
3CO2
CO2
Cu(NO3)2
C + AgNO3
9CO + 6Fe
2H2
2CO
cao
t
3C + 2KClO3
+ 2SO2 + 2H2O
CS2
CO2
Cacbon isunfua
cao
t
+ H2O
+ 4NO2 + 2H2O
+4 -2
9C
CO2
2H2SO4()
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+ 2KCl
+ 2KNO2
CO2
0
+ 2CuO
2CO +
CO + Ag
+ 4NO2
Cu
+ 2NO2
+ NO2
+4 -2
t0
Lu hunh
Oxi
SO2
Kh sunfur; Lu hunh ioxit
223
224
Gio khoa ha v c
S +
Cl2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
SCl2
+ 2HNO3(l)
H2SO4
+ 6HNO3()
H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
+ 2NO
3SO2 +
S + 2H2SO4(, nng)
S + H2SO4(l)
3S
+ 2KClO3
S +
2KNO3
6SO2 + 4Cr2O3 +
4P
Photpho
5O2
Oxi
2P2O5
Anhirit photphoric; iphotpho pentaoxit
2P2O3
2P
+ 5Cl2(d)
2P
+ 3Cl2(thiu)
3P
+ 5HNO3(l) + 2H2O
3H3PO4 +
H3PO4 +
5NO2
2H3PO4
3P2O5
+ 5KCl
P2O5 + 5KNO2
+ 5H2SO4(, nng)
6P
+ 5KClO3
2P + 5KNO3
6P + 10K2Cr2O7
O2
2PCl3
5NO
+ H 2O
H2SO4(l)
2P
Si +
2PCl5
+ 5HNO3()
P +
8K2CrO4
+5 -2
4P + 3O2(thiu)
+ 2KCl
SO2 + 2KNO2
6S + 8K2Cr2O7
0
3SO2
2H2O
3P2O5 +
+ 5SO2 + 2H2O
5Cr2O3 + 10K2CrO4
SiO2
224
225
Gio khoa ha v c
2F2
Si +
2KOH + H2O
+ 2H2O
Si
+ 2Cl2
N2
+ O2
C
800
SiCl4
C
3000
K2SiO3 + 3/2H2
SiO2 + 2H2
C
500
Cl2 + H2O
II.4.
SiF4
Si +
Si
Bin son: V Hng Thi
2NO
HCl + HclO
Mt s hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha trung gian, nh

CO, NO, NO2, NO2, SO2, SO32, Na2S2O3, FeS2, P2O3, C2H4, C2H2,Cc hp
cht ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca phi kim trong phi kim c s oxi ha
cao hn.
Th d:
+2
CO
+ 1/2O2
+4 -2
t0
Cacbon oxit
Oxi
0
CO + 3Fe2O3
CO
FeO
CO2 +
+ Fe3O4
CO +
CO2
Cacbon ioxit
CO2 + 3FeO
CO2 + Fe
CO + Al2O3
CO + CuO
2Fe3O4
NO + 1/2O2
CO2
Cu
NO2
+4
+5
3NO2 + H2O
2NO2 + H2O
+ 1/2O2
2NO2 + 2NaOH
+2
2HNO3 + NO
2HNO3
NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
5KNO3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O

5KNO2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4
225
226
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
SO2
+ 1/2O2
SO2
+ Cl2
SO2
Br2
SO2
I2
+ 2H2O
H2SO4
+ 2H2O
2H2SO4
+ 2MnSO4
+ 2H2O
5SO2 + 2KMnO4
SO3
V2O5 (Pt), 4500C
H2SO4
2H2O
+ 2HCl
H2SO4
+ 2HBr
2HI
+ K2SO4
6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O

5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4
Na2SO3
+ Cl2
+ H 2O
+2
Na2SO4 +
2Na2S2O3
P2O3
+ 1/2O2
C2H4
3O2
-1
Na2S4O6
Iot
(Cht oxi ha)
2HCl
+2,5
I2
Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit

(Cht kh)
II.5.
Natri tetrationat
2NaI
Natri ioua
P2O5
2CO2 +
2H2O
Cc hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht (cc tiu),
nh X (Cl, Br, I, HCl, HBr, HI), S2, H2S, NH3, PH3, CH4, NaH, CaH2, Cc
hp cht b oxi ha to phi kim n cht hay hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha
cao hn.
Th d:
-1
+4
4HCl() +
0
t0
MnO2
Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O
Axit clohiric Mangan ioxit

(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
-1
+7
16HCl + 2KMnO4
-1
Clo
Mangan (II) clorua
Axit clohiric Kali pemanganat

(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
0
2KBr + Cl2
+2
5Cl2 + 2MnCl2
Kh clo
+2
+ 2KCl
Mangan (II) clorua
+ 8H2O
-1
Br2 + 2KCl
226
227
Gio khoa ha v c
2HBr
+ Cl2
-2
Br2 + 2HCl
2NaI + Br2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
I2 + 2NaBr
+4
2H2S
SO2
3S
2H2O
Hiro sunfua
Kh sunfur
Lu hunh
(Kh mi trng thi) (Kh mi hc) (Cht rn mu vng nht)
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
-2
+3
K2S + 2FeCl3
-2
S +
2FeCl2 + 2KCl
+2
S + 2FeCl2 +
+3
H2S + 2FeCl3
-1
+3
2KI +
Fe2(SO4)3
-3
+2
-3
2NH3 + 5/2O2
+1
+ H2O
CaH2
-3
2HCl
H2 +
Axit clohiric
(Cht oxi ha)
H2
Hiro
+5
NaOH
Natri hiroxit
CaCl2
Canxi clorua
+5
Photphin
+4
H3PO4
Axit photphoric
-4
CH4
+ 3H2O
PH3 + 8HNO3()
Metan
(Cht kh)
-2
2NO
Hiro
+1
Canxi hirua
(Cht kh)
3H2O
Natri hirua
Nc
-1
2O2
3H2O
-2
+2
Pt ,t 0
+ K2SO4
N2 +
-1
+ 2FeSO4
0
t0
2NH3 + 3/2O2
-3
I2
N2 + 3Cu +
2HCl
+2
0
t0
2NH3 + 3CuO
NaH
+2
+4
CO2
8NO2 + 4H2O
Nit ioxit
-2
+ 2H2O
Oxi
(Cht oxi ha)
227
228
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Ghi ch quan trng

G.1. Phn t no ch cn cha mt nguyn t c s oxi ha gim sau phn ng th c th
kt lun phn t l cht oxi ha; Cng phn t no ch cn cha mt nguyn t
c s oxi ha tng sau phn ng th c th kt lun phn t cht l cht kh.
G.2. Nguyn t no c s oxi ha ti a (trong hp cht) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha
kh th nguyn t ny ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha, v s oxi ha ca
nguyn t ny ch c th gim, ch khng tng c na.
Th d:
+3
+7
+6
+5
+6
+2
+1
+1
+3
+2
Fe3+ ; KMnO4 ; K2Cr2O7 ; HNO3 ; H2SO4(, nng) ; CuO ; H+ ; Ag+ ; Au3+ ; Zn2+
G.3. Nguyn t no c s oxi ha thp nht (trong n cht kim loi, trong hp cht
ca phi kim) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th s ng vai tr cht kh, v s
oxi ha ca nguyn t ny ch c th tng ch khng gim c na.
Th d:
0
Tt c cc kim loi, nh: Na ; Mg ; Al ; Ag ; Hg ; Au ; Cc hp cht ca phi kim,

-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
-3
nh: X (F , Cl , Br , I ) ; HCl ; HBr ; HI ; H2S ; S ; H ; NaH ; CaH2 ; NH3 ;

-3
-4
-4
-2
PH3 ; CH4; SiH4 ; O2.

G.4. Cn nguyn t no c s oxi ha trung gian (trong n cht phi kim, cc hp cht
ca kim loi hay phi kim trong kim loi hay phi kim c s oxi ha trung gian)
nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th ty trng hp (ty theo tc cht m chng
phn ng) m c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha hoc ng vai tr cht kh.
Th d:
0
+2
+2
+8/3
+2
+2
+1
+4
H2 ; C ; Si ; O2 ; S ; Cl2 ; Br2 ; I2 ; Fe2+ ; FeO ; Fe3O4 ; FeCl2 ; FeSO4 ; Cu2O ; SO2 ;

+2
+4
Na2S2O3 ; NO2.
0
H2
(Cht kh)
1/2O2
1/2H2
H2O
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht oxi ha)
+1 -2
t0
Na
+1 -1
t0
NaH
(Cht kh)
228
229
Gio khoa ha v c
+5
+ 6HNO3()
+6
H2SO4 + 6NO2
+1
t0
H2 + CuO
H 2O
0
t0
Ca
CaH2
+2
+2
t0
C + ZnO
CO
+ Zn
-1
t0
3C + CaO
+2
CaC2 + CO
-1
Cl2 +
2NaOH
+2
+2
+2
Fe
+8/3
+8/3
9Fe + 4Al2O3
+3
FeCl2 +
FeCl2 +
Zn
+ NO
+ 14H2O
FeCl3
+2
Fe
+ ZnCl2
+6
+ Br2 + 2H2O
-2
+ 2H2S
+2
9Fe(NO3)3
+3 -1
1/2Cl2
+2
+ 4H2O
+3
+5
28HNO3(l)
+2
+4
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2
0
t0
8Al
3Fe3O4 +
+4
+ CO2
+3
3Fe3O4 +
H2O
+4
+6
SO2
+1
NaCl + NaClO +
0
t0
FeO + CO
+4
+ Cu
-1
H2 +
SO2
+ 2H2O
FeS
+2
+4
+2 -2
t0
+ Fe
Bin son: V Hng Thi
H2SO4
-1
+ 2HBr
3S + 2H2O
229
230
Gio khoa ha v c
+2
2Na2S2O3
+2,5
I2
Natri tiosunfat
Iot
Natri hiposunfit
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
Na2S4O6
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl
Natri ioua
+ SO2
+5
H2O
+ 2NaI
+4
+4
G.5.
-1
Natri tetrationat
+2
3NO2 +
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+ H2O + 2NaCl
+2
2HNO3 +
NO
C phn t m trong phn t c cha c nguyn t c oxi ha cao nht ln

nguyn t c s oxi ha thp nht, do ty trng hp m phn t ny hoc l
cht oxi ha hoc l cht kh hoc l cht trao i (khng l cht oxi ha, khng
l cht kh).
Th d: HCl, H2S, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Fe2O3, KClO3
+1
2HCl
Zn
ZnCl2
(Cht oxi ha)

-1
+ H2
0
t0
4HCl() + MnO2
Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O
(Cht kh)
HCl
+ NaOH
NaCl
+ H2O
(Cht trao i)
-2
SO2
3S + 2H2O
H2S + 2Na
H2 + Na2S
2H2S +
(Cht kh)
+1
(Cht oxi ha)
H 2S +
K2O
K2S + H2O
(Cht trao i)
+7 -2
2KMnO4
+6
t0
+4
K2MnO4 + MnO2
+ O2
230
231
Gio khoa ha v c
+6 -2
+6
2K2Cr2O7
t0
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3
2K2CrO4
+ Cr2O3 + 3/2O2

+3 -2
+8/3
t 0 that cao
3Fe2O3
2Fe3O4 + 1/2O2

+5 -2
-1
KCl + 3/2O2
+ 6HNO3
2Fe(NO3)3
KClO3
Fe2O3
t0
MnO2
+ 3H2O
(Cht trao i)
+3
Fe 2O 3 +
3C
0
t0
2Fe
+2
+ 3CO
(Cht oxi ha)
Bi tp 84
B sung cc phn ng sau y (nu c), cn bng v ch r cht oxi ha, cht kh (nu l
phn ng oxi ha kh)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4

KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2SO4
KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O
KMnO4 + K2SO3 + KOH
KMnO4 + NaNO2 + H2SO4
KMnO4 + NaCl + H2SO4
KMnO4 + HCl
KMnO4 + CH2=CH2 + H2O
KMnO4 + SO2 + H2O
KMnO4 + H2S + H2SO4
KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4
KMnO4
to
+ ...
+2
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
Mn
Mn + Cl2
Mn(OH)4
Mn(OH)2 + O2 + H2O
2+
Mn + ...
Mn + HNO3 (l)
Mn + HCl
Mn2+ + ...
Mn2+ + ...
Mn + H2SO4 (, nng)
Mn (II) + ...
Mn + H2SO4 (l)
Mn (IV)
Mn + O2
20)
21)
Mn + S
Mn + HNO3 ()
+2
Mn
Mn(II) + ...
231
232
Gio khoa ha v c
HCl ()
t0
Na2SO3 + H2SO4
FeSO4 + H2SO4
HI
to
H2S + H2SO4
Bin son: V Hng Thi
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
MnO2 (r) +
K2MnO4 +
K2Cr2O7 +
K2Cr2O7 +
K2Cr2O7 +
K2Cr2O7
K2Cr2O7 +
K2Cr2O7 +
Cr + Cl2
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
Cr
Cr + O2
Cr + S
Cr (III)
to
Cr2O3 + Al
Cu + HNO3 (l)
Cu + HNO3 ()
Fe + HNO3 (l)
to
Fe + HNO3 ()
Fe + HNO3 (, ngui)
(5 phn ng)
Mg + HNO3
(5 phn ng)
Al + HNO3
(6 phn ng)
Zn + HNO3
FeO + HNO3 (l)
FeO + HNO3 ()
Fe2O3 + HNO3 (l)
Fe2O3 + HNO3 ()
Fe3O4 + HNO3 (l)
Fe3O4 + HNO3 ()
C + HNO3 ()
to
to
S + HNO3 ()
o
t
P + HNO3 ()
Pb2+ + ...
Pb + HNO3 (l)
FexOy + HNO3 (l)
Mn + +
MxOy + HNO3 (l)
n+
M
+ ...
M + HNO3 (l)
Cu + H2SO4 (, nng)
Fe + H2SO4 (, nng)
Fe + H2SO4 (, nng)
Fe + Cl2
Fe + H2SO4 (l)
Fe + CuCl2
Fe (d) + AgNO3
Fe + AgNO3 (d)
Fe + FeCl3
to thng
Fe + H2O
o
t < 570oC
Fe + H2O
Fe + H2O
to > 570oC
+ ...
HBr
KI + H2SO4
Cr (III)
+3
NO
+ ...
232
233
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+8 / 3
to
Fe
67) Fe + O2
68) FeO + H2SO4 (l)
69) FeO + H2SO4 (, nng)
70) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (l)
71) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (, nng)
t0
72) C + CaO
73) Fe2O3 + H2SO4 (, nng)
to
FemOn
74) FexOy + CO
75) FeCO3 + HNO3 (l)
76) FeCO3 + HNO3 ()
77) Fe(OH)2 + HNO3 (l)
t0 , KK
78) FeCO3
79)
FeCl2 + Cl2
t0
80)
FeO + O2
81) Fe + Fe(NO3)3
+3
+8 / 3
+ ....
82) Fe2O3
t0 tht cao
( Fe b kh to Fe , O b kh to O 2 )
83) FeS2 + HNO3 (, nng)
(3 phn ng)
84) FeS2 + HNO3 (l)
(3 phn ng)
(4 phn ng)
85) Mg + H2SO4
(4 phn ng)
86) Al + H2SO4
87) Zn + H2SO4
(4 phn ng)
88) C + H2SO4 (, nng)
89) C + H2SO4 (l)
90) S + H2SO4 (l)
91) S + H2SO4 (, nng)
92) P + H2SO4 (, nng)
93) SO2 + H2S
94) Al + H2SO4 (, ngui)
95) SO2 + Cl2 + H2O
96) SO2 + Br2 + H2O
97) SO2 + I2 + H2O
V2O5 , 4500C
98) SO2 + O2
(2 phn ng)
99) SO2 + Ca(OH)2
100) FeS2 + H2SO4 (l)
(2 phn ng)
101) CO2 + Ca(OH)2
102) FexOy + HCl
(2 phn ng)
(2 phn ng, dng O2 d v O2 thiu)
103) H2S + O2
(Na2S2O3 b oxi ha to Na2S4O6)
104) Na2S2O3 + I2
(Cc phn ng c th c)
105) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + H2SO4
(2 phn ng, ng vi khng c cht xc tc v c cht xc tc V2O5)
106) S + O2
107) S ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc (2 phn ng)
108) Cl2 + NaOH (l)
109) Cl2 + KOH (l)
to
110) Cl2 + KOH ()
233
Gio khoa ha v c
234
Bin son: V Hng Thi
111)
112)
113)
114)
115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
121)
122)
123)
124)
125)
126)
127)
128)
129)
130)
131)
132)
133)
134)
135)
136)
137)
138)
Cl2 + NaBr
Cl2 + KI
Cl2 + KF
Br2 + KI
Cu + Fe2(SO4)3
t0
(Fe2O3 b kh to kim loi)
Fe2O3 + CO
0
t
FeO + CO
t0
Al4C3 + ....
Al2O3 + C
Cc phn ng xy ra trong l cao.
0
t
Al + Fe2O3
0
H2 + Fe2O3
t
t0
C + Fe2O3
SO3 + H2O
MgO + H2
t0
t0
Al2O3 + CO
t0
MnO2 + Al
Cr2O3 + Al
t0
t0
CuO + H2
t0
C + CO2
CuO + Al
t0
o
t
(2 phn ng)
C + H 2O
(2 phn ng)
C + O2
KClO3
to, MnO2
to
KClO3 + C
KClO3 + FeCl2 + HCl
KClO3 + H2S
KClO3 + KI + HCl
(Hipoclorit oxi ha sunfit to sunfat, hipoclorit b kh to
NaClO + Na2SO3
139)
140)
141)
142)
143)
144)
145)
146)
147)
148)
149)
150)
151)
152)
153)
154)
(2 phn ng)
NO2 + H2O
NO2 + H2O + O2
NO2 + NaOH
NO2 + NaOH + O2
t0 tht cao
N2 + O2
NO + O2
to
(2 phn ng)
NH4NO3
to
NH4NO2
NH3 + O2
Pt
NH3 + O2
Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O
t0
Na + H2
NaH + H2O
t0
(HgO b phn tch to n cht)
HgO
CaC2 + H2O
CaC2 + HCl
clorua)
234
Gio khoa ha v c
235
Bin son: V Hng Thi
155)
156)
157)
158)
159)
160)
161)
162)
163)
164)
165)
166)
167)
168)
169)
170)
171)
172)
173)
174)
175)
176)
177)
178)
179)
Al4C3 + H2O
Al4C3 + HCl
Zn3P2 + H2O
(2 phn ng)
Na2SO3 + HNO3 ()
(2 phn ng)
Na2SO3 + HNO3 (l)
O3 + KI + H2O
O2 + KI + H2O
O3 + FeCl2 + HCl
S + ...
O 3 + H 2S
FeCl3 + H2S
S + ...
NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O
(Hai phn ng)
NaAlO2 + HCl (dd)
Al(OH)3 + KOH
Al(OH)3 + NH3 + H2O
t0
ZnO + C
0
t
K 2O + C
(St (III) b kh to st (II))
FeCl3 + KI
to
(NH3 b oxi ha to nit n cht)
NH3 + CuO
t0
(Kim loi b oxi ha)
SO2 + Mg
0
(CO kh c SO2)
SO2 + CO
t
Zn/HCl
Fe2+
FeCl3 + [H]
FeCl3 + H2
C6H5NO2 + [H]
Zn/HCl
C6H5NO2 + H2
(Nhm sunfua b thu phn to hiroxit kim loi v
Al2(SO4)3 (dd) + Na2S (dd)
180)
181)
182)
183)
184)
185)
186)
187)
188)
189)
190)
191)
192)
193)
194)
195)
196)
197)
198)
(O2 oxi ha cromit to cromat)

KCrO2 + O2 + KOH
(Cl2 oxi ha cromit to cromat)
KCrO2 + Cl2 + KOH
Na (d) + HCl (dd)
K (d) + H2SO4 (dd)
to thng
Mg + H2O
to cao
Mg + H2O
to thng
Zn + H2O
to cao
Zn + H2O
to cao
Cu + H2O
t0
CuS + O2
t0
(SO2 b kh)
Mg + SO2
MaOna/2 (a = 1 ; 2)
Kim loi M (ha tr n) + O2
NO +...
NO2 + SO2
Ma(SO4)na/2 + ... (a = 1; 2)
Kim loi M (ha tr n) + H2SO4 (l)
o
t
FeS2 + O2
Al2O3 + NaOH
Fe3O4 + O2 + H2SO4
FeSO4 + Cl2 + H2SO4
Cc phn ng xy ra trong l luyn thp.
H2S)
235
Gio khoa ha v c
199) NO + NaOH
200) NO2 + O2 + KOH
to cao
201) M(NO3)n . xH2O
202) Na2O + H2O
203) K2O2 + H2O
204) AgNO3 + Fe(CH3COO)2
t0
205) AgNO3
206) SO2 + Na2CO3 (dd)
207)
208)
209)
210)
211)
212)
213)
214)
215)
216)
217)
218)
219)
220)
221)
222)
223)
224)
225)
226)
227)
228)
229)
230)
231)
232)
233)
234)
235)
236)
237)
238)
239)
240)
241)
242)
236
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Oxit M + ...
(Axit sunfur mnh hn axit cacbonic)
(Cromit b brom oxi ha trong dd kim to cromat)

KCrO2 + Br2 + KOH
CuNO3 + CH3COOCu
(Cho bit th in ha: Cu+/Cu > Cu2+/Cu+)
Cu + HCl
Cu + HCl + O2
Cu2O + H2SO4 (l)
(ng (I) oxi ha ng (I) to ng (II) trong dd)
Cu + CuCl2
Cu + Cu(NO3)2
Mg + CO2
C + ...
t0
t0
Si + ....
Al + SiO2
Cu + H2SO4 (l)
Cu + H2SO4 (, nng)
Cu + H2SO4(l) + O2
Al + Ba(OH)2 (dd)
Zn + Ba(OH)2 (dd)
(St (III) cacbonat b thu phn to hioxit kL v CO2)
Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3
0
S + NaOH
t
(Lu hunh tan trong baz mnh to mui sunfua, sunfit)
NaNO3 + Zn + KOH
NH3 + ....
NH3 + ....
KNO2 + Al + KOH
(Axit flohiric ha tan thu tinh)
HF + SiO2
(NO2 b kh to NO)
SO2 + NO2
(NH4)2Cr2O7
t0
N2 + Cr2O3 + ....
0
t
(KClO3 b oxi ha to Cl+7, b kh to Cl1)
KClO3
3+
Fe + I
(I b oxi ha to iot n cht, Fe3+ b kh to Fe(II))
3+
Fe + H2S
(To cht rn khng tan c mu vng nht)
Fe3+ + S2 + H2O
(Fe2S3 b thu phn to hiroxit v H2S)
3+
2
+
+ H
(S2 b oxi ha to S trong mi trng axit)
Fe + S
MnO2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4
(To dung dch c mu vng ti)
Cr2O72 + OH
(To dung dch c mu da cam)
CrO42 + H+
CO2 + ....
CrO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4
(NH3 b oxi ha to nit n cht, CrO3 b kh to Cr(III) dng oxit)
CrO3 + NH3
K2Cr2O7 + HBr
Br2 + ...
K2CrO4 + (NH4)2S + H2O
(To Cr(OH)3, NH3, S)
K2Cr2O7 + C
t0
Cr2O3 + ...
NO + ..
Au + HNO3() + HCl()
Pt + HNO3() + HCl()
Pt2+ + NO + ...
236
Gio khoa ha v c
243)
244)
245)
246)
247)
248)
249)
250)
251)
252)
253)
254)
255)
256)
257)
258)
259)
260)
261)
262)
263)
264)
265)
266)
267)
268)
269)
270)
237
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Ag + NaNO3 + H2SO4
KNO3 + C + S
K2S + CO2 + N2 (Phn ng n ca thuc n en)
SO2 + H2
S + ...
CO + ...
SO2 + C
KNO2 + H2O2
H2O + ...
I2 + ...
KI + H2O2
(Cc kim loi vng, bch kim, bc khng b oxi oxi ha)
Ag + O2
Ag + O3
(Ozon oxi ha c bc)
PbSO4 + O2
PbS + O3
KI + H2O2 + H2SO4
(KI b oxi ha to iot n cht)
I2 + H 2 S
S + ...
(I2 b oxi ha to axit ioic, HNO3 b kh to NO)
I2 + HNO3
NaClO + KI + H2O
I2 + ...
I2 + AgNO3
AgI + INO3
SF6
F2 + S
(To clorua vi, vit hai phn ng)
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2
HBr + H2SO4 (, nng)
Br2 + ...
H2S + ...
HI + H2SO4 (ac va, nong)
Cl2 + ...
CaOCl2 (Clorua vi) + HCl
t0
O2 + ...
CaOCl2
KClO3 + P
P2O5 + ....
N2 + ....
NaClO + NH3
IO3 + ...
ClO + I2
NaClO + Br2
NaBrO3 + ...
N2O + Cu
N2O + Cu
t0 cao
( nhit cao N2O b nhit phn to N2 v O2)
N2O + H2 t0 cao
(Cu b mui nitrat oxi ha trong mi trng axit)
Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + HCl
Cc bi tp sau y (t Bi Tp 85 n Bi Tp 90) c trch t B tuyn sinh i

hc mn ha hc, do B Gio dc o to xut bn.
Bi Tp 85
Ha tan mt mu hp kim Ba Na (vi t l s mol nBa : nNa = 1 : 1) vo nc, c
dung dch A v 6,72 lt kh (ktc).
1. Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 0,1M trung ha va 1/10 dung dch
A?
2. Cho 56 ml CO2 ( ktc) hp th ht vo 1/10 dung dch A. Tnh khi lng kt
ta to thnh.
237
238
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
3. Thm m gam NaOH vo 1/10 dung dch A ta c dung dch B. Cho dung dch B
tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,2M, c kt ta C. Tnh m cho
lng kt ta C l ln nht, b nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht, b nht.
Cho: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32, Ba = 137.
S: 600 ml dd HCl 0,1M; 0,4925g BaCO3; m = 2,4g NaOH; m 4g NaOH; 7,78g
BaSO4, Al(OH)3; 4,66g BaSO4
Bi Tp 86
Dung dch A cha a mol Na+, b mol NH4+, c mol HCO3, d mol CO32 v e mol SO42
(khng k cc ion H+ v OH ca H2O).
a)
Thm (c + d + e) mol Ba(OH)2 vo dung dch A, un nng, thu c kt ta B,

dung dch X v kh Y duy nht c mi khai. Tnh s mol ca mi cht trong kt
ta B, kh Y v mi ion trong dung dch X theo a, b, c, d, e.
b) Ch c qu tm v cc dung dch HCl, Ba(OH)2 c th nhn bit c cc ion no

trong dung dch A?
Bi Tp 87
Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo nc, thu c dung dch A.
1. Nu cho kh kh cacbonic sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy
c 2,5 gam kt ta th c bao nhiu lt CO2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng?
2. Nu ha tan hon ton 28,1 gam hn hp MgCO3 v BaCO3, c thnh phn thay
i trong cha a% MgCO3, bng dung dch HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp
th ht vo dung dch A th thu c kt ta D. Hi a c gi tr bao nhiu th
lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht?
Cho: C = 12, O = 16, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Ba = 137
S: 0,56 lt, 8,4 lt CO2; a = 29,89%; a = 100%
Bi Tp 88
1. So snh th tch kh NO duy nht thot ra trong hai trng hp sau:
a) Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch HNO3 1M (long).
238
239
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
b) Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 1M

H2SO4 0,5M (long, coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2H+, SO42). C cn
dung dch trng hp (b) th thu c bao nhiu mol mui khan?
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, cc th tch kh c o cng iu kin nhit
, p sut.
2. Cho hn hp A gm FeS2 v FeCO3, c s mol bng nhau, vo bnh kn cha
khng kh c d, so vi lng cn, phn ng ht hn hp A. Nung bnh nhit
cao phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau a bnh v nhit ban u. Hi p
sut kh trong bnh trc v sau khi nung thay i th no? Gii thch.
Gi thit th tch cht rn khng ng k; dung tch bnh khng i, khng kh ch
gm N2 v O2, trong oxi chim 20% th tch.
S: 1 : 2 ; 0,06 mol CuSO4 ; 0,03 mol Cu(NO3)2 2. p sut khng i
Bi Tp 89
Cho 5,2 gam hn hp A gm Al, Fe v Cu tc dng vi 20 ml dung dch NaOH 6M, thu
c 2,688 lt H2 (ktc); Sau thm tip 400 ml dung dch axit HCl 1M v un nng
n khi kh H2 ngng thot ra. Lc tch cht rn B (ch gm kim loi).
Cho B tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long thu c dung dch C v 0,672 lt kh NO
(ktc).
Cho C tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c kt ta D. Nung kt ta D nhit
cao ti khi lng khng i c cht rn E.
1. Tnh % khi lng ca cc kim loi trong A.
2. Tnh khi lng cht rn E.
Gi thit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Cho: Cu = 64; Fe = 56; Al = 27
S: 1) 41,54% Al, 3,08% Fe, 55,38% Cu; 41,54% Al, 47,38% Fe, 11,08% Cu
2) 3,6 g CuO; 2,64 g hh (Fe2O3 CuO)
Bi Tp 90
239
240
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
1. Cc cht v ion sau y c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha hay cht kh: Zn; S; Cl2;
FeO; SO2; Fe2+; Cu2+; Cl; H+; HCHO; H2; CO2; H2S; HCl; C; Al; NH3; S2.
2. Mt dung dch cha a mol Na+, b mol Ca2+, c mol HCO3, v d mol Cl. Lp biu
thc lin h gia a, b, c, d v tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung dch.
3. Ha tan nhm trong dung dch axit nitric rt long, nng, d ta khng thy kh thot
ra. Vit phng trnh phn ng di dng phn t v dng ion
Cho: Na = 23; Ca = 40; H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5
Bi Tp 91
1. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhnius. Cho th d.
2. nh ngha axit, baz, cht trung tnh, cht lng tnh theo Bronsted Lowry.
Cho th d.
3. Phn loi cc cht v ion sau y l axit, baz, cht trung tnh hay cht lng
tnh: Na+, S2, H2O, Cl, Cu2+, CH3COO, HCO3, HSO4, Ag+, AlO2, Zn(OH)2,
Ba2+, C6H5O, ZnO22, NO3, Mg2+, Ca2+, CH3O, Fe3+, HS, K+, Br, SO32,
HSO3, SiO32, Li+, HPO42, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al(OH)3, NH3,
4. pH ca cc dung dch sau y < 7, > 7 hay bng 7. Dung dch c lm i mu qu
tm khng? Nu c, th mu qu trong dung dch l mu g?: NaCl; (NH4)2SO4,
KHSO4, Mg(NO3)2, CH3COONa, FeBr3, NaAlO2, Al2(SO4)3, Ba(NO3)2,
C6H5ONa.
Bi Tp 92
1. Nu iu kin mt mui b thy phn. Cho th d.
2. Mui no sau y b thy phn? pH dung dch mui nh th no (< 7, > 7, = 7?).
Qu tm trong tng dung dch s c mu nh th no?: Na2CO3; KBr; Fe2(SO4)3;
CH3COONa; NH4Cl; Ba(AlO2)2; Cu(NO3)2; CaCl2; CH3COONH4, KHSO4;
ClCH2COONH4;
CH3COOH3NCH3;
NaCl;
HCOONH4;
Al2(SO4)3;
K2S;
NaHSO3; C6H5NH3Cl. Cho bit Ka ca CH3COOH bng 1,75.10 ; Kb ca NH3

cng bng 1,75. 105.
240
241
Gio khoa ha v c
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Bi Tp 93
1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l g? Vit cu hnh electron nhm mc ch g?
Cho th d.
2. Nu qui tc Klechkovsky v gin cch nh vit cu hnh electron ca mt
nguyn t.
3. Nu qui tc Hund phn b in t vo obitan (orbital) ca cng mt phn lp.
Cho th d.
4. Vit cu hnh electron, cho bit s phn b in t vo obitan. Hy cho bit v tr
ca nguyn t trong bng phn loi tun hon ( th my, chu k no, phn nhm
chnh hay ph no?). Hy nu mt s tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nguyn t (nh
kim loi hay phi kim, c tnh kh hay tnh oxi ha, ha tr, s oxi ha thng gp
trong phn t cha nguyn t) ca cc nguyn t sau y: F, Na, Ca, Fe, P, K,
Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Al, Cl, S, Ag, Br, Mg, I, Rb, Li, O, C, S2, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ne,
Cl-, O2, Ni, Ba.
Nguyn t
Nguyn t
Nguyn t
Mn
25
16
Na
11
Cu
29
Ag
47
Ca
20
Cr
24
Br
35
Fe
26
Zn
30
Mg
12
15
Al
13
53
19
Cl
17
Rb
37
Li
Ne
10
Ni
28
Ba
56
Bi tp 94
Gii thch s to lin kt ca cc phn t sau y (lin kt ion hay lin kt cng ha tr,
gia nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t no?). C th d on mt s tnh cht vt l ca cc
cht ny hay khng (nh trng thi tn ti, rn, lng hay kh iu kin thng, c nhit
nng chy, nhit i si thp hay cao, tan nhiu trong nc hay trong dung mi hu
c,): NaCl; CH4; CaO; NH3; NaOH; H2O; CH3COONa; CH3CH2OH; MgF2; HCl;
NH4NO3; C2H6; C2H4; C2H2; N2; Ca(OH)2; K2SO4; H2.
241
Gio khoa ha v c
242
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Bi tp 95
1. Cn c vo yu t no xc nh vn tc ca mt phn ng?
2. Gi s phn ng sau y thuc loi n gin (s cp, ch xy ra mt giai on duy
nht): mA + nB
pC + qD. Hy vit biu thc vn tc phn ng.
Xc nh bc phn ng theo A, theo B v bc phn ng tng qut.
3. Vn tc phn ng ph thuc vo cc yu t no?
4. Coi cc phn ng sau y ch xy ra mt giai on duy nht, hy vit biu thc
vn tc ca cc phn ng ny:
2SO3
a. 2SO2 + O2
b. N2 + 3H2
2NH3
2NO2
c. 2NO + O2
2HI
d. H2 + I2
Bi tp 96
Xt phn ng: A + B
Sn phm.
1. Nu gi nng ca B khng i, tng nng A hai ln th vn tc phn ng
tng bn ln; Nu gi nng A khng i, tng nng B hai ln th vn tc
phn ng tng hai ln. Hy xc nh bc phn ng theo A, theo B v bc phn
ng ton phn ca phn ng. Vit biu thc vn tc phn ng trn.
2. Nu trong phn ng trn cc tc cht v sn phm u trng thi kh. By gi
nu lm gim th bnh cn mt na, th vn tc phn ng s thay i th no?
3. Gi s phn ng trn l mt phn ng cn bng (thun nghch), c phn ng
thun v nghch u l cc phn ng n gin, sn phm l mt cht kh do s kt
hp ca hai tc cht A v B. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Vit biu thc vn tc
phn ng nghch. Theo d kin cu (2), th khi lm gim th tch bnh cha mt
na, th phn ng trn thin v chiu no nhiu hn? Ti sao?
Bi tp 97
1. Pht biu nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (Nguyn l Le Chtelier).
2. Phn ng tng hp amoniac t nit, hiro l mt phn ng thun nghch v ta
nhit. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Nu cc iu kin v nng , p sut, nhit
, xc tc thu c nhiu amoniac v nhanh t nit, hiro.
3. Cho NH3 v mt bnh kn, c cht xc tc thch hp, gi nhit bnh 5000C,
p sut p1. Sau mt thi gian th p sut trong bnh s nh hn, ln hn hay khng
i so vi p1? Sau khi p sut trong bnh n nh (khng i), nu ta a nhit
bnh v 4000C, th thnh phn kh trong bnh s thay i nh th no so vi thnh
phn kh trong bnh n nh 5000C?
Bi tp 98
Phn ng nh hp NO2 (l mt kh c mu nu) to kh N2O4 (l mt kh khng c mu)
l mt phn ng ta nhit v cn bng.
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
2. Cho mt hn hp kh NO2 v N2O4 ang trng thi cn bng iu kin thng
(250C, 1 atm) trong mt bnh kn bng thy tinh trong (c th thy mu ca kh
242
Gio khoa ha v c
243
Bin son: V Hng Thi
cha bn trong). Gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh khi em ngm bnh
ny trong mt chu nc nng. Nu ly bnh thy tinh ny khi chu nc nng
v em ngm tip vo mt chu ng nc , gii thch s thay i mu ca kh
trong bnh.
3. Nu em nn bnh cha kh trn lm tng p sut, gii thch s thay i mu
ca kh trong bnh; Cn nu em lm tng th tch bnh cha kh lm gim p
sut trong bnh th mu ca kh trong bnh s thay i th no? Gii thch.
Bi tp 99
1. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz mnh sau y: HCl 0,1M; NaOH 0,1M;
Ca(OH)2 0,005M; H2SO4 0,05M (nu coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2H+ v
SO42).
2. Tnh li pH ca dung dch H2SO4 0,05M, cho bit chc axit th nht ca H2SO4
mnh (Ka1 rt ln), cn chc axit th nh c mnh trung bnh, c Ka2 = 102.
Bi tp 100
1. Ngi ta pha long dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 1 bng cch thm nc ct vo
thu c dung dch axit H2SO4 c pH = 3. Hi ngi pha long dung dch
H2SO4 bao nhiu ln?
2. Ngi ta thm nc ct vo dung dch NaOH c pH = 14 nhm thu c dung
dch NaOH c pH = 13. Hi ngi pha long dung dch NaOH bao nhiu
ln?
Bi tp 101
1. Tch s ion ca nc 250C l [H+][OH] = 1014. Hy tnh in ly () ca
nc 250C. T hy cho bit trong bao nhiu phn t nc th s c mt phn
t nc phn ly ion? Trong thc t ngi ta coi nc l cht in ly hay khng
in ly?
2. Tnh pH gn ng v pH chnh xc ca dung dch HCl 107M 250C.
(H = 1; O = 16)
Bi tp 102
1. Cho 200 ml dung dch NaOH pH = 14 vo 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,25M. Tnh
pH ca dung dch thu c. Coi th tch dung dch khng i khi pha trn nhau.
2. Cho 100 ml dung dch HCl pH = 0 vo 150 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M. Tnh pH
dung dch sau trn. Coi th tch dung dch khng i.
Bi tp 103
1. n mn kim loi l g? Th no l n mn ha hc, n mn in ha hc?
2. Nu bn cht ca s n mn ha hc, n mn in ha hc. Cho th d.
3. Gii thch s n mn thanh st c ln tp cht ng khi ngoi khng kh m c
nhiu kh CO2.
4. Gii thch s n mn thp (hp kim st cacbon) khi ngoi kh quyn m.
243
Gio khoa ha v c
244
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Bi tp 104
1. Cho mt inh st vo dung dch H2SO4 long, thy inh st b ha tan chm v
kh thot ra khng nhiu. Nu nh tip vi git dung dch CuSO4 vo th thy
nh st b ha tan nhanh hn v kh thot ra cng nhiu hn. Gii thch.
2. Ti sao ti cc mi hn th kim loi d b r hn cc ch khc?
Bi tp 105
1. Th no l nc cng? Th no l nc cng tm thi, nc cng vnh cu, nc
cng ton phn?
2. Th no l cng tm thi, cng vnh cu, cng ton phn ca nc?
3. Nu mt s tc hi ca nc cng.
4. Nu mt s phng php lm mm nc. lm mt cng ton phn ca
nc th ngi ta thng x l nh th no t tn km nht?
Bi tp 106
Nu mt s phng php chng n mn kim loi. Cho th d c th.
Bi tp 107
Phn bn l g? Hy k mt s phn bn ha hc v thnh phn ch yu ca n. iu
kin mt ha cht c th dng lm phn bn l g?
Bi tp 108
Hy cho bit cng thc ca cc ha cht c ch yu trong: vi; phn; hoa;
cm thch; Canxit (Calcite); Pyrit; Hematit; Hematit nu (Limonit); Xierit (Siderite);
Manhetit (Magnetite); Boxit (bauxite); olomit; Criolit; t n ( n, Kh ); Xa
(soda); Potat; Xt n da; Nhm cacbua; Blend km; Vi ti; Vi sng; Nc barit; Phn
ure; m hai l; m mt l; Phn SA; Apatit; Tro; Nc tro tu; Vi ti xt; Thch
anh (Thy tinh, Pha l, Ct); Thch cao; Thp; Gang; Clorua vi; Nc Javel; Cc hp
kim: Dura (uya ra), Silumin, Amelec, Electron; Phn chua; Hn hp termit (thermite);
Corunum (Corinon); Cacborunum; Xaphia (Bch ngc); Rubi (Hng ngc); Mica;
Cao lanh; mi; Thy tinh lng; Xementit; Ximng; Ht xon; Graphit; Than ch; M
hng (B hng, L ngh, Than v nh hnh); Than hot tnh; Mc tu; Thuc tm; Bt
mi; Dung dch Fehling; Thuc th Lucas; Thuc th Tollens; H tinh bt; Nc oxi gi
(Oxygn); Cn iot ; Nc cng toan (Cng thy; Vng thy).
244
Gio khoa ha v c
245
Bin son: V Hng Thi
245

Giáo Khoa Hoá Vô Cơ - Võ H NG Thái (Vietsciences - 2006)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giáo Khoa Hoá Vô Cơ - Võ H NG Thái (Vietsciences - 2006)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giáo Khoa Hoá Vô Cơ - Võ H NG Thái (Vietsciences - 2006)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn

Na+ Cl- ( ion tht s) xNa = +1 ; xCl = -1

(x: s oxi ha)

Ca2+ O2- (ion tht s) xCa = +2 ; xO = -2

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xCl = -1

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xO

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xN = -3

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xC = -4

I.2. Cc qui c (qui tc) tnh s oxi ha

I.2.1. Trong n cht

S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng khng (0).

[H] (hiro nguyn t, hydrogen nguyn t)

I.2.2. Trong hp cht

Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht bng khng (0).

2xK + 2xCr +7xO = 0

12xC + 22xH + 11xO = 0

_ Kim loi kim

- Kim loi kim th

NaH (Natri hirua, Hidrur natrium)

CaH2 (Canxi hidrua, Hidrur calcium)

H2O2 (H-O-O-H, Hiro peoxit, Peroxid hidrogen)

Na2O2 (Na-O-O-Na, Natri peoxit, Peroxid natrium)

CaO2 (Canxi peoxit, Peroxid calcium)

OF2 (F-O-F, oxi florua, Fluorur oxigen)

I.2.3. Trong ion

Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca ion.

Dng n cht ca 11 phi kim trn l:

F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2.

2,8 2,7 4,0

2,4 1,04 1,0 0,9

H-H Cl-Cl O=O

COOH); Axit aipic [ Acid adipic, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH ].

G.6. Phn bit khi nim ha tr vi s oxi ha

Nh vy, ha tr l mt s nguyn dng, cn s oxi ha l in tch, nn c th

Na c ha tr ion l +1 (Natri nhn 1 in t) Cl c

Mg c ha tr ion l +2 (Mg cho 2 in t) F c ha

Ca c ha tr ion l +2 (Ca cho 2 electron) O c ha tr

G.9. Cng ha tr (Ha tr cng ha tr)

H - Cl H c cng ha tr 1 (H a ra 1 in t ng gp to lin kt cng ha

Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn

II. Phn ng oxi ha- Kh

II.2. Cht oxi ha (Cht oxid ha, Cht b kh)

II.3. Cht kh (Cht b oxi ha, Cht b oxid ha)

II.5. Phn ng kh (Qu trnh kh, S kh, Phn ng nhn in t)

Phn ng kh l phn ng trong cht oxi ha nhn in t to thnh cht kh tng

Cu l cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp) ca cht oxi ha Cu2+.

II.6. Phn ng oxi ha v phn ng kh lun lun i chung vi nhau v

II.8. Cp oxi ha kh (i oxi ha kh. K hiu Ox/Kh)

mnh th cht oxi ha tng ng s rt yu.

II.9. Dy th in ha (Dy hot ng ha hc cc kim loi, Dy

K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+

Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+

II.10. Th in ha chun (E0 OX/Kh)

E0Ox1/Kh1 > E0Ox2/Kh2

Tnh oxi ha:

Kh1 < Kh2

Sau y l tr s th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh thng gp (Ngi ta xc

Th in ha chun (E0Ox/Kh, Volt,

E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E02H+/H2 >