Islamic Civilization in Europe
Islamic Civilization in Europe
Islamic Civilization in Europe
Europe
in the country around the 8th century centuries. At that time the
country's Islamic culture reached the peak of its development. Islamic
culture in Andalusia experiencing rapid development in various
center, for example, Cordova, Seville, Granada and Toledo. The frst
victory achieved by Tariq ibn Ziyad opened the way for the conquest
of the region more broadly. Furthermore, both managed to control all
the important cities in Spain, including its northern part from
Zaragoza to Navarre. The next wave of expansion of the area
appeared during the reign of Khalifa Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz year 99
AH / 717 AD, with a target controlled the area around the mountain
Pyrenia and southern France.
The second wave of the invasion of the Muslims that the motion
starts at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has reached all Spain
and extends deep into central France and signifcant parts of Italy.
The victories that achieved by Muslims seem so easy, it can not be
separated from the external and internal factors. External factors,
among others, at the time of the Spanish conquest by Muslims, social
conditions, politics, and economy of this country is in a weak state,
with the power struggle between the government, a conflict that is
destroying religious harmony and tolerance among them. Worst
conditions occurred during the reign of King Roderick, the last king
who defeated by Islam. Ghot initial destruction was when King
Roderick moved its capital from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza who
was a ruler of the Toledo area dismissed offhand. Things that beneft
other Islamic army is that soldiers Roderick consisting of slaves
depressed and no longer have the spirit of war. Besides the Jews who
had been depressed also had an alliance and provide support for the
struggle of the Muslims. The internal factor is a condition present in
the body of rulers, leaders and soldiers fght Islam involved in the
conquest of Spanish territory in particular. Leaders are powerful
fgures, the army is compact, unifed and confdent. The attitude of
religious tolerance and brotherhood contained in the person of the
B.
During this period, Spain was under the reign of the trustees who
are appointed by the Umayyad Caliph centered in Damascus. In this
period the Spanish domestic political stability has not been achieved
perfectly, disruptions still occur, both from within and from outside.
Interference from within, among others, in the form of a dispute
among the ruling elite, mainly due to differences in ethnicity and
social class. In addition, there is a difference of views between the
Caliph in Damascus and the governor of North Africa, based in
Kairawan. Each admitted that they are most eligible master the
Spanish regions of this. Therefore, there is twenty times the turn of
the trustee (the governor) Spain within a very short time. The
difference of political views that led to frequent civil war. It is
nothing to do with ethnic differences, especially between Barbarian
origin North Africa and Arabia. In itself there are two Arab ethnic
groups who constantly compete that Qaisy tribes (Arab North) and
the Arab Yamani (South Arabia). The ethnic differences often lead to
political conflicts, especially when there are no fgures maintained
power for a longer period of time. This period ended with the arrival
of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil to Spain in the year 138 AH / 755 AD.
During this period, Spain was under the reign of a the title of amir
(commander or governor) but is not subject to the central Islamic
government, which was then held by the Khalifa Abbasiyah in
Baghdad. Amir Abdurrahman I was entered Spain in 138 H / 755 AD
and was given the title of Al-Dakhil (coming to Spain). He managed
to establish the Umayyah dynasty in Spain. The rulers of Spain
during this period was Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil, Hisham I, Hakam I,
Abd al-Rahman al-Ausath, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman, Munzir
ibn Muhammad and Abdullah ibn Muhammad. In this period, Muslim
in Spain began to gain progress both in the political as well as felds
of civilization. Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil Cordova build mosques and
schools in major cities of Spain. Hisham is known as a reformer in
the military feld. It was he who initiated the mercenaries in Spain.
Meanwhile, Abd al-Rahman al-Ausath known as the ruler who love
science. Thought philosophy also began during this period,
especially in an age of Abdurrahman al-Ausath. By the middle of the
9th century the country's stability interrupted by the emergence of
fanatical Christians who seek sahid (Martyrdom). The most serious
political disturbances during this period come from Muslims
themselves. Rebel group in Toledo in the year 852 AD to form the
city-state which lasts for 80 years. In addition, a number of people
who are not satisfed evoke a revolution. Notable among them is a
rebellion led by his son Hafshun and centered in the mountains near
Malaga.
good time to wear the title of Khalifa who has been missing from the
Umayyah rule for 150 years. That's why this title is used starting in
929 AD large Khalifa who ruled during this period there were three
people, they are Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir (912-961 AD), Hakam II
(961-976 AD), and Hisham II ( 976-1009 AD). During this period,
Muslims Spain reached the peak of progress and the glory of the
triumph of good fortune to rival the Abbasiyah in Baghdad. Abd alRahman al-Nasir established universities Cordova. Finally in the year
1013 AD, the Council of Ministers who ruled Cordova abolish the
system of Khalifa. In that time, Spain has been divided into so many
small states centered in certain cities.
Spain under the leadership of Abd al-Moneim. In the year 1212 AD,
the Christians gained a major victory at Las Navas de Tolesa. Too
many defeats and loss in war, Muwahhhidun ruler choose to leave
Spain and return to North Africa in 1235 AD. In 1238 M Cordova fell
to the Christian rulers and Seville fell in 1248 AD. The whole Spain
except Granada separated from Muslim rule.
C. Summary
Islam frst entered Spain in 711 AD through North Africa. Andalusia
region of Spain which is now called the southern tip of the continent of
Europe, entered into since the Umayyad dynasty descendants of Tariq
ibn Ziyad, the governor's subordinate Musa bin Nushair Qairuwan,
defeated the Spanish-led Roderik King of the Gothia (92 H / 711 AD).
Spain occupied by the Muslims at the time of caliph Al-Walid (705715), one of the Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus. The
development of Islam in Spain lasted more than seven and a half
centuries. The development is divided into six periods: First Period
(711-755 AD), Second Period (755-912 AD), Third Period (912-1013
AD), the Fourth Period (1013-1086 AD), Fifth Period (1086-1248 M),
and the Sixth Period (1248-1492 AD). The progress of civilization was
influenced by the intellectual progress which included a philosophy,
science, jurisprudence, music and the arts, as well as language and
literature, and the grandeur of physical development. Factors
supporting the progress of Islamic Spain, of which progress is
determined by the presence of the ruling strong and authoritative
ruler, who is able to unite the forces of Muslims, such as Abd alRahman al-Dakhil, Abd al-Rahman al-Wasit and Abd al-Rahman alNasir. The success of the political leaders supported by the wisdom of
the rulers of other pioneering scientifc activities and tolerance are
enforced by the authorities against the Christian and Jewish.
deterioration and destruction of Islam in Spain, among others, Islam
conflicts with Christians, the absence of a unifying ideology, economic
difficulties, lack of clarity about the remoteness of the power transfer
system.
8
REFERENCES
http://raniyunithaelf.blogspot.co.id/2015/01/perkembangan-islam-di-eropaspanyol.html
https://aagun74alqabas.wordpress.com/2011/05/01/sejarah-peradabanislam-di-eropa-711m-1492m/
http://briyanworld.blogspot.co.id/2014/02/paper-islam-di-eropa.html
http://makalah2-latihan.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/perkembangan-agamaislam-di-eropa.html