Desert Ecosystems: Case Study by Kim Kerr
Desert Ecosystems: Case Study by Kim Kerr
Desert Ecosystems: Case Study by Kim Kerr
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Desert Ecosystems
Deserts are located on all continents. Hot deserts are usually caused by a combination of the following
factors:
On most continents, they are located on the west coast due to cold ocean currents. The cool air
above these ocean currents is less able to hold moisture, than warm air. Winds blowing
onshore over cold oceans are drier than they would be if they blew over warm ocean currents.
Mountain ranges act as barriers, particularly to moist, onshore winds blowing on the eastern
sides of continents. These mountain barriers block rain-bearing winds, causing orographic
rain to fall on the windward side of the mountain, creating deserts on leeward side of the
mountain, in a rain shadow.
High pressure systems made up of dry, heavy air are the main pressure system found over
deserts. The air in these systems is relatively stable, resulting in little precipitation.
Distance from the sea (or continentality), results in easterly winds depositing most of their
moisture on the east coast, before they reach the interior or west coasts of the continents.
1
Even in totally arid places animals cannot survive without moisture. Some of them are expert at
conserving the moisture within their bodies. Some don't drink at all, instead they obtain moisture from
the bodies of their prey. Others have ingenious ways of trapping atmospheric moisture, such as the fog
beetle found in the Namib desert.
2
The camel originally came from Asia where it was domesticated and then introduced into Africa. It has
been used there by nomadic tribes such as the Tuareg in their camel caravans, carrying goods such as
dates, salt and millet. Camels have a large number of adaptations allowing them to survive in the
desert. Many of these adaptations can be seen in these photographs.
Wide spreading feet to prevent the camel from sinking into the sand
Tough patches of skin on their knees for kneeling
Thick fur to insulate them from the sun
The hump, used for storing fatty tissue (not water), to provide energy
The Lithosphere
As there is little vegetation cover, sand and soil can be easily eroded by both wind and running water,
producing spectacular desert landforms.
In dry periods, winds blow loose sandy material away, leaving behind heavier rock and stones. These
stony deserts are known as gibber deserts in Australia and hamada in Saudi Arabia. Sand dunes are the
result of the deposition of this finer material. Sand dunes occur in a variety of shapes and sizes.
3
When rain does occur, it is usually in the form of sudden, heavy downpours, which cause flash floods.
The power of these storms removes all loose surface material, causing a number of different erosional
landforms (such as arroyos, mesas, buttes, wadis and badlands) and depositional landforms (such as
alluvial fans, bolsons and playa lakes).
4
At nighttime, the lack of cloud cover allows the heat of the day to escape quickly, resulting in cold,
even freezing, temperatures. The difference between the daily minimum and maximum temperatures is
known as the diurnal range.
Seasonal temperature changes are distinct, but annual temperature range is moderate. The diurnal
temperature range is often great. Precipitation does occur in desert regions, although the amount that
falls is low and irregular. There is a very high evaporation rate due to the constantly high daytime
temperatures.
The Namib Desert (on the west coast of Namibia, Africa) is one of the world's oldest deserts, with an
average annual rainfall of less than 100mm. The Namib desert is a result of the cold ocean current that
flows northwards, parallel to the coast.
Although called a desert, parts of the Kalahari Desert (mainly located in Botswana, Africa) are in fact
semi-desert areas as they receive an annual average rainfall of more than 250 mm. Up to 660 mm per
year falls in the north, 400-450 mm per year in the east, but less than 200 mm per year in the
southwest. The number of species of plants decreases with the rainfall, and eventually plants are only
found in the ephemeral river valleys.
page 121
5
Despite the fact that they have adapted to the harsh Kalahari environment, today there are only a small
number of the San still following their traditional way of life in the Kalahari.
The Bushmen live as nomads because of the harsh desert environment, which provides little food and
few animals. Villages consist of 10-30 people. Their dwellings are simple structures made from grass
and branches, with one door opening onto a central communal area. They have few possessions. When
their water source dries up, the villagers move to a new location where a reliable source of water can be
found.
They are a hunter-gatherer society. The women gather food. They look for roots, berries, fruits, nuts
and bulbs and dig them out with pointed sticks. Some plants, such as the tsama, also contain water.
The men hunt animals with spears, bows and arrows, which have been tipped with poison made from
the juices of various plants and animals (snakes, spiders and scorpions). The mixture is boiled until it
becomes a gummy paste, which is fixed to the arrow tips just before use. The poison-tipped arrows do
not kill instantaneously. Animals may take between two hours and two days to die, depending on their
size. The animals they hunt include wildebeest, gemsbok, antelopes, zebras, ostriches and giraffes.
They also kill various reptiles and birds, and collect honey when it is available. Women might
occasionally kill small mammals.
Apart from getting water from plants, the Bushmen also find it under the ground. They dig a hole, then
use a long hollow reed to suck up the water. To ensure they have a supply of water, they store it in
ostrich shells, which they bury to drink later.
To keep cool, the Bushmen wear little clothing and do not move around much during the hottest part of
the day. At night, when the temperatures are much cooler, they build a small fire outside their hut for
warmth. They might wrap an animal skin or a blanket around themselves.
program are an early morning desert walk, where the Bushmen demonstrate tracking skills and share
their desert survival secrets and an afternoon visit to the village.
Conclusion
Due to the extreme temperatures, lack of water and apparently infertile soils, deserts are perhaps one of
the harshest environments on earth. Despite these conditions indigenous people, such as the Bushmen
of the Kalahari, are able to survive in this environment. The threat to their existence, and that of other
indigenous groups, comes from exploitation by modern civilisation and governments for the mineral
resources found in desert ecosystems.
Without appropriate actions by responsible citizens and sound management policies these indigenous
groups will not survive. It is not just the responsibility of the governments to protect the desert
ecosystems, their people and their resources. Each of us can contribute to the survival of indigenous
people by respecting them and their traditional way of life.
When you finish reading the Case Study, click to start Activities.
Case Study
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Activities
1. If you have not done so yet, read the Case Study and describe where deserts are located.
Desert Ecosystems
Examine the graph at 'What is a desert like?' and rank the ecosystems / biomes according to
the amount of precipitation they receive each year (in inches.)
Which countries surround Venezuela?
Convert the precipitation for each biome to mm. (Note: 10 inches equals approximately
250 mm.)
Desert Topics
Examine the table at 'Types of deserts: hot deserts' and locate each of the hot deserts (in red or
orange) mentioned in the table, on a world map.
Rank the deserts in order of size. Where does the Kalahari desert rank?
List some of the physical features of these deserts.
What similarities do you notice about the indigenous people who inhabit these deserts
(mentioned in the special facts column)?
Examine the table at 'Types of deserts: cold deserts' and on the same world map, locate each of
the cold deserts (in blue) mentioned in the table.
Rank the deserts in order of size. Where does the Namib desert rank?
List some of the physical features of these deserts.
Desert Topics
4. Answer the following questions using the link below.
a.
b.
Briefly explain the different types of deserts (Do not explain monsoon or paleo deserts).
Where is the extraterrestrial desert located?
Types of Deserts
Where are deserts located?
5. Copy and complete the following passage by referring to the world map on pages 144145, 148 and
149.
Hot deserts are mainly found between 30 ___________ and ___ south of the ___________. The cold
deserts are found at latitudes greater than ___ in the _____________________ and _____________
hemispheres.
Deserts are found in most areas of Australia, with the exception of the _______________ and
_____________ coasts. Deserts also cover Antarctica, ____________ and _______________ Africa,
south-western and central _______ and the _____________ coasts of __________ and __________
America.
The _____________ is the largest ______ desert and is located in ___________.
Desert Animals
Desert Plants
8. Use the link below to describe the lithosphere of the Kalahari Desert.
Estimate the temperature range experienced in the Kalahari and Namib Deserts in summer and
winter.
In which direction has the low pressure system moved in July?
c) Estimate the average annual rainfall experienced in the Kalahari and Namib Deserts.
10. Study the climatic graphs for Station 13 (Darwin) and Station 14 (Alice Springs). Describe the
differences in temperature and precipitation experienced by these two stations.
Temp (C)
Precip (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
25.3
108.1
25.1
98.5
24.0
71.9
22.4
24.7
18.4
5.6
15.4
0.8
15.2
0.1
18.0
0.2
22.8
2.9
26.1
17.0
26.4
48.5
25.7
83.0
465.2
Temp (C)
Precip (mm)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
17.8
0.8
17.8
1.8
17.3
2.4
16.2
3.7
15.7
2.4
15.1
3.0
14.4
2.1
13.8
2.1
14.0
1.6
14.7
0.5
15.8
0.5
17.0
1.1
22.4
Case Study
Activities