Nutrition and Hydration Issues For Combat Sport Athletes (Hoffman J.R.) (2011)
Nutrition and Hydration Issues For Combat Sport Athletes (Hoffman J.R.) (2011)
Nutrition and Hydration Issues For Combat Sport Athletes (Hoffman J.R.) (2011)
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232239096
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2 AUTHORS:
Jay R Hoffman
Carl M Maresh
University of Connecticut
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SUMMARY
TO OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENTS AND TO
ENHANCE SKELETAL MUSCLE
RECOVERY FROM HIGH-INTENSITY
TRAINING, THE ATHLETE NEEDS TO
ENSURE ADEQUATE ENERGY AND
PROTEIN CONSUMPTION. PROTEIN INTAKE MAY HAVE EVEN
GREATER RELEVANCE DURING
PERIODS OF WEIGHT LOSS OFTEN
ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMBAT
SPORT ATHLETE. COMBAT SPORT
ATHLETES OFTEN USE WATER
RESTRICTION TO ACCOMPLISH
DESIRED WEIGHT LOSS. THIS HAS
SEVERAL IMPORTANT PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
IMPLICATIONS THAT POSE SIGNIFICANT HEALTH RISKS. THIS
PAPER WILL FOCUS ON SEVERAL
NUTRITIONAL AND HYDRATION
STRATEGIES AND HOW THEY
SPECIFICALLY RELATE TO COMBAT SPORTS WITH REGARD TO
TRAINING AND COMPETITION.
INTRODUCTION
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muscle and the liver. Thus, during highintensity training (similar to what is
typically performed by combat sport
athletes), carbohydrates can provide
energy for only a relatively short
duration of time. This places a large
emphasis on maximizing carbohydrate
storage before training and competition
and replenishing them after exercise
and competition (41,60). There are
several types of carbohydrates available,
all of which are metabolized differently
by the body. Differences between
simple (composed of 1 or 2 sugar molecules) and complex carbohydrates
(chain of sugar molecules) are related
to their ability to be absorbed and to be
used either as a source of quick energy
or as a source of providing a more
gradual increase in energy availability.
Fats are a highly concentrated fuel that
has limited water solubility. The basic
unit of the fat molecule is the fatty acid,
which is also the part of fat that is used
for energy production. In contrast to
carbohydrates, fats have unlimited availability. During light to moderate exercise, the energy needs of the muscle are
met by free fatty acids released from
adipose sites around the body, which
bind to the protein albumin in the blood
for transport to the active muscle, and
triglycerides from within the muscle
itself. During exercise, energy will be
used from carbohydrate and fat sources.
However, as duration of exercise is
prolonged, a greater reliance on fat
utilization is seen. As exercise duration
exceeds more than an hour, the carbohydrate reserves become quite limited
until they are eventually depleted. The
utilization of stored fat as the primary
source of energy increases further, and
as long as the intensity of exercise is of
moderate intensity, it will supply the
vast majority of total energy required by
the end of the exercise session (33).
Proteins are composed of amino acids
and serve as the major structural
component of muscle and other tissues
in the body. In addition, they are used to
produce hormones, enzymes, and hemoglobin. Although protein can be
used as a source of energy, it is not
desirable as it likely means that the body
NUTRIENT STRATEGIES TO
ENHANCE TRAINING AND
PERFORMANCE
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PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Carl M. Maresh
is Department
Head of Kinesiology and Director of
the Human Performance Laboratory at the
University of
Connecticut.
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