Modern American LATHE PRACTICE
Modern American LATHE PRACTICE
Modern American LATHE PRACTICE
LATHE PRACTICE
A NEW, COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL WORK ON
THE "KING OF MACHINE SHOP TOOLS," THE AMERICAN LATHE.
GIVING ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. ITS DESIGN. ITS VARIOUS TYPES AS MANUFACTURED BY DIFFERENT BUILDERS, INCLUDING ENGINE LATHES, HEAVY LATHES, HIGH-SPEED LATHES,
SPECIAL LATHES, TURRET LATHES, ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN
LATHES, AND MANY OTHERS. LATHE ATTACHMENTS, LATHE
WORK, LATHE TOOLS, RAPID CHANGE GEAR MECHANISMS, SPEEDS
AND FEEDS, POWER FOR CUTTING TOOLS, LATHE TESTING, ETC.
BY
OSCAR
E.
PERRIGO, M.E.
Illustrated
for this
Book
NEW YORK
1907
CO.
COPYRIGHT, 1907,
THE NORMAN
Note.
specially
W.
BY
HENLEY PUBLISHING
CO.
PREFACE
classified, engravings and descriptions of the prominent American lathes are given, and their special features of
design, construction, and use are pointed out and briefly com-
been carefully
mented upon.
much
is
a matter of
book
American Lathes.
THE AUTHOR.
January, 1907.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
THREADS
PAGE
The
The lathe was the first machine tool.
Tracing early history.
An old definition of turning.
The first
origin of the lathe.
Another old-time definition of
turning operations.
The earliest form
English classification of lathes.
turning.
of the lathe proper, or the old "Tree Lathe." - The Asiatic wood
record of
The "Spring-pole"
the Author.
head.
The
lathe.
CHAPTER
machines
...
21
II
An
Archimedes and
Crown
The Putnam
lathe of
sition
1836.
1853.
to be illustrated
Tran-
35
5
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
III
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
PAGE
The
The bed.
The head-stock.
The apron.
The turning and
The
tail-stock.
rests.
supporting
The carriage.
The countershaft.
Taper attachments.
Classification
applied to materials, labor accounts, and the handling of parts in the manufacture of lathes.
- The four
The eighteen sub-divisions
general classes of lathes.
Change
gears.
of these classes.
The
class
first
hand
ond
class:
The
sec-
Fox
The
gap
lathes.
lathe.
lathes.
Special
Forming lathes.
Pulley
Screw machines.
Turret lathes.
Shafting lathes.
CHAPTER
....
50
IV
ITS
SUPPORTS
bed.
Form
of lathe
Bed
of the tracks.
method
of stating lathe
capacity.
The Lodge
&
in beds.
Four Vs.
beds.
Flat surfaces.
Wooden
legs
Uniform
Cross-ties,
beds.
An
Cabinets or cupboard
early form of braced, cast iron legs.
Form of cabinets.
bases.
Old style cast iron leg still in use.
Cabinets for small lathes.
Principles of the design of cabinets.
The Lodge
69
CONTENTS
CHAPTER V
LATHE DESIGN: THE HEAD-STOCK CASTING, THE SPINDLE AND
THE SPINDLE CONE
PAGE
Early design for use
Design of head-stock for wooden bed lathes.
The arch
An old New Haven head-stock.
on a cast iron bed.
The
&
headThe
Schumacher
Boye
Hendey-Norton
The New Haven headThe Le Blond head-stock.
stock.
The arch tie brace of the new Hendey-Norton design.
stock.
form of the bottom
plate.
head-stock.
collars.
Large versus
long bearings.
CHAPTER
93
VI
Designing
spindle
&
different metals
The use
The
plain brass
Loose ring
oil
oilers.
cup.
Chain
Diagram
of spindle speeds.
Faulty
A
Four examples.
designing of back gears and triple gears.
14-inch swing lathe.
A 19-inch swing lathe. A 17-inch swing
lathe.
Explanation
of
tunities.
Designing
homely proportion.
Proportions of back
Reversing the feed.
gear devices
the head-stock.
Cone diameters.
The modern tendency in cone design.
gears.
110
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
VII
PAGE
Functions of the tail-stock.
& Whitney
Requisites in
its
construction.
The
&
tail-stock.
Shipley tail-stock.
for a
carriage for
riage.
The
a 24-inch lathe.
Blaisdell carriage.
Criticisms of a practical machinist
a 60-inch lathe.
and compound
rest construction.
on carriage
The taper
The Reed taper
The Lodge &
Turning tapers.
attachment.
A New
good design.
Haven
CHAPTER
VIII
Holding a lathe
tool.
The old
rest.
Shipley
follow
rest.
The
straighteners.
shaft straightener.
tershaft.
Their
friction roll
follow rest.
Shaft
New Haven
Springfield shaft straightener.
The two-speed counLathe countershafts.
Friction pulleys.
135
CONTEiNTS
11
PAGE
Lathe
The two-tailed dog.
die dog.
finished work.
Clamp dog for taper work.
The
Using dogs on
Methods of holding work that cannot be centered.
Bolt dog.
Use of face-plate jaws.
Chuck work.
Center rest work.
The Sweetland chuck. The Horton chuck.
Lathe chucks.
drivers.
chuck.
A Horton four-jaw
A Cushman two-jaw chuck.
Face-plate jaws.
Chucking
Inside chucking.
cylindrical work.
in a center rest.
Pipe centers.
Chucking
Mortimer
work supported
thrust
mandrels.
arbors.
Making solid
Expanding arbors or mandrels.
and
Hardened
an
arbor.
of
The taper
ground arbors.
press.
Its
254
advantages
CHAPTER XIV
LATHE WORK CONTINUED
Danger
Clamping work to the face-plate.
Irregular lathe work.
notable instance of improper holding
of distorting the work.
of face-plate work.
tail-stock center.
The turning
of tapers.
Calculating the
amount
of
taper.
Taper
ders.
hand
Cutting
left-
Calculating compound
gearing.
Triple and quadruple threads.
Cutting double threads.
gears.
Varieties of boring bars.
Driving boring bars.
Boring bars.
threads.
Compound
The
The Author's device.
Boring large and deep holes.
Flat cutters for boring
boring bar and cutters for the work.
MillHollow boring bars.
bars.
Boring bar heads or arms.
lathe.
a
and
on
on
a
work
lathe.
speed
Milling
gear cutting
ing
drill
Grinding in a lathe.
the engine lathe
Cam
cutting on a lathe.
Many
uses for
268
CONTENTS
12
CHAPTER XV
ENGINE LATHES
PAGE
Definition of the
The plan
word
of
What
engine.
this chapter.
&
engine lathe.
The Pratt
engine lathe.
Flather lathes.
Prentice Brother's
gear lathe.
The
lathe.
Blaisdell
is
Whitney
lathes.
Company and
Who
lathes.
&
Haven
The
Hendey-Norton
gear devices?
Lodge
Their 14-inch
The
lathe.
286
CHAPTER XVI
ENGINE LATHES CONTINUED
Schumacher
&
Emmes
Le Blond engine
lathes.
lathe
307
CHAPTER XVII
HEAVY LATHES
The Bradford Tool Company's 42-inch triple-geared engine lathes.
The American Tool Works Company's 42-inch triple-geared engine
lathe.
The New Haven Manufacturing Company's 50-inch tripleThe Niles Tool Works 72-inch triple-geared
geared engine lathe.
The Pond Machine Tool Company's 84-inch engine
engine lathe.
327
lathe
CHAPTER XVIII
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
A
Prentice Brothers Company's new high-speed, geared head lathe.
R. K. Le Blond
detailed description of its special features.
roughing lathe.
Lodge
&
The
CONTENTS
13
PAGE
prime
requisites of a
lathe built
by the
An
chine.
machine
ideal
who have
Builders
338
CHAPTER XIX
SPECIAL LATHES
The
Reed
F. E.
head chucking
turret
lathe.
ing mechanism.
Fay &
sions.
Scott's extension
McCabe's double-spindle
sign.
Manufacturing
Company.
pulley-turning machine.
de-
its
crowning
special
A defect in design.
general design.
able feature.
Pulley-turning lathe built
A
Details of
lathe.
gap
lathe.
device.
The omission
by the
Its
of a valu-
Turn-
The Waltham
grinding and a milling
A
Machine Company's bench lathe.
machine attachment.
Reed's
Devising a special attachment.
10-inch wood-turning lathe.
Special features of design.
The countershaft.
Inverted V's
Popularity and endurance.
.
CHAPTER XX
REGULAR TURRET LATHES
Importance
Classi-
The monitor
Its capacity.
Its
Taper turning attachment.
The Bullard Machine Tool Company's 26-inch comspeeds.
Its massive form and its general design and
plete turret lathe.
description.
construction.
Pratt
&
and operation.
The
Lubrication of tools.
Whitney 3 by 36
The
turret lathe.
Its capacity.
counter-shaft.
Its special
The
features.
Its
massive design
353
CONTENTS
14
PAGE
Its large capacity.
and construction.
The Pond rigid turret lathe.
features.
and special
Its heavy and symIts operation.
Gen-
Its general
Detailed description.
metrical design.
eral dimensions
370
CHAPTER XXI
SPECIAL TURRET LATHES
The R. K. Le Blond
The
Springfield
Ma-
Tool Company.
A combiSpecial features and construction.
nation turret lathe built by the R. K. Le Blond Machine Tool
Company.
useful
by
features.
lathe.
Plainness
....
391
CHAPTER XXII
ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN LATHES
System
of electric drives.
by
CrockerGeneral description.
Company's motor-driven lathes.
Wheeler motors.
The Hendey-Norton
Renold silent chain.
A
lathe with elevated electric motor drive.
Special features.
50-inch swing lathe with electric motor drive designed by the
Author.
Detailed description.
strikingly original, but successful
Practical
usefulness.
Not
405
INTRODUCTION
IN the great measure of success that has been enjoyed, and the
vast volume of wealth that has been produced in this, the most
industrial of all countries, the manufacturing industries easily lead
all other productive interests in which the people are engaged.
While in the
earlier years of
at the
of
head
of
the
list
commenced from
mechanical
talent,
less
it
notable character,
and under
their
administration were
beyond endurance in
many
buy no more
and
very primitive
clumsy ways,
to make such articles as were really necessary, and in magnificent
self-denial to get along without those which they could not pro-
duce, they little realized that they were thus laying the foundations of the greatest manufacturing country in the world.
"
By
INTRODUCTION
16
influences than
any
since its
day.
It is true that
common
objects of household
and
necessity
more improved
for,
to
One
after another
INTRODUCTION
the American mechanic has taken
17
this
"
brushed aside, new industries spring into being and other victories of peace greater than the glories of war" are added to the
American mechanic and his ever ready and ever conAmerican manufacturer and capitalist. And
to this combination, each confident of and faithful to the abilities
of the other, and each in his own sphere of usefulness, is due the
immense success of the manufacturing American of to-day.
credit of the
number
of
hand
tools that
had been
brought with them from the old country, and occasionally a hand
lathe of moderate dimensions, operated by foot-power.
Yet with
way
facilities
of useful
wheels and their accessories, and the wooden looms in which the
yarn thus prepared was woven into the coarse but excellent cloth
of these early times.
Then with the few tools and meager facilities possessed by them
these old-time mechanics proceeded with practical common sense,
ingenuity, and patience to design and construct other tools and
machines such as by the necessities of occasion was manifest, and the
increasing demands for them required better tools, better machinThe mechanic was then, as
ery, and facilities of a wider scope.
now, equal to the emergencies of the situation in which he found
himself, and from small beginnings, and many of the parts of his
machines made of wood, for lack of forge and foundry facilities,
particularly the latter, has developed the
machine
tools of the
present day.
The lack of facilities for making iron castings was very early
felt, and history tells us that as early as the year 1643 John Winthrop
arrived in this country from England,
bringing with him the necessary number of skilled workmen for this purpose, and built a small
iron foundry in Lynn, Mass.; and the fact that the first
casting
18
INTRODUCTION
produced was "a small iron pot holding about a quart" shows
that the foundry was of very moderate capacity, and it is very
likely that the blast
hand
little
progress
made
work
or in increasing
manufacture.
proved, were demanded. This led to the demand for more machinery, which in turn led to the demand for better machines for the
use of the mechanic, or for what we have come to know as machine
In the meantime the main reliance had been upon the antools.
been accomplished.
INTRODUCTION
tained
prominence as the
its
which made
all of
and
struction
first of
19
it is
to the great
we owe,
And to them
of these that
may be
from the hard physical toil and laborious work of early days to
the immeasurably lighter exertions made possible by the highly
developed condition of the automatic machines of the present day.
won where
the hands
But
former amount.
to attain
these
marvelous results
many
operation
special in its
and perfected
use, performing
the
work with
surprising speed
accuracy.
The construction and perfection of
of highly
all this
and wonderful
magnificent array
made
possible through
the use of the machines for the use of the machinist, the machine
tools of the present day, which must first have been perfected and
adapted to the
many
many
of
built;
and
as
new
uses for
it
for the
most part
20
INTRODUCTION
merits,
and
accessories were
devised and
applied,
and
in
this
gradual development and improvement in its design, its construction, and the materials of which it is built, the early and
crude foot lathe has become the magnificent machine of the
present day, and in which the American mechanic takes a just
and pardonable
As
how
pride.
who
to
this
which we are engaged, in order that we may not only realize from
whence came the models built by the men who came before us,
and to draw therefrom an inspiration for our own best efforts, but
knowing the mistakes that have been made by others, to seek to
avoid repeating them in our own experiences, our experiments and
our designs by which we seek to add to the
sum
total of mechanical
CHAPTER
ing
An
operations.
lathe built
foot-power machines.
THE
modifications of
it,
all its
vari-
lathe
we have any
changes in
developed,
its
22
It
is
conceded that of
chanic to aid
him
in his
all
work the
first
and
illustrate.
At present we
and development up
and then
to comparatively
named by
B.C., is
"The immense
variety of work performed by turningmachines necessitates great variations in their construction; but
consists of:
mode
of operation is
so as to
meet
it
during
work
and
revolution, taking care that the cuttingsteadily, and moved about to different parts
its
of the
till
them somewhat
different
from that
23
in this country.
"
mode
part useless, as
all
lathes of
"Bed
fitted for
in refer-
by turners in
wood, and bar lathes for the best sort of metal work; and the small
metal center lathe employed by watchmakers is known as a tonence to lathes
is
this:
bench."
The
earliest
transverse
action of
section,
by
the
a chisel or other
pose,"
the
the tree
is
same manner a
fixed in
straight
wood
B, which acts
as a rest for the chisel or
piece of
other
tool
with which
FIG.
1.
the
and forming
who
in its lower
24
his foot, returns to its original position, rotating the piece backfor another pressure or downward stroke of
The work was slow and laborious, yet from old samples
of the pieces thus produced we may see that an extraordinary
good quality of work could be done, particularly considering the
primitive methods used.
wards in readiness
the foot.
We
"
read that:
Wood- turners
Wood Worker.
Two
which stand
With his ax
the proper distance apart near a springy sapling.
the turner cuts out his centers and drives them opposite each
From one tree
other into the trees, which serve as standards.
to the other he places a stick of
wood
for a tool-rest.
With
his
ax he trims the branches from the sapling, fastens his hair rope
to the little tree, gives the rope a turn around one end of the
block of
end
wood he
of the rope to
is
free
When
turning revolves,
can be
used again."
The next form of lathe to which these crude efforts seem to
flexible limb,
though in another
form, was used, but the device became very nearly a self-contained
machine. A piece of wood formed a bed for the lathe and to this
was fixed the blocks forming the centers, which have since become
the head and tail stocks of the lathe. The machine appears to
have been used in doors, as the flexible limb of the tree had been
"
replaced by a flexible strip or pole, fastened overhead" and called
a "lath," from which circumstance some writers think that the
name "lathe" was derived. The driving cord was still wound
around the piece to be turned. No mention is made of the method
of supporting the tool, but it is probable that a strip of wood was
fastened to the
"bed"
memory
is
25
both constructed at
first of
FIG. 2.
of
The
two pieces
of timber set
"
"
Spring-Pole
on edge and
Lathe.
be known, but somewhat later the rest was constructed of cast iron
in
and as shown
wood and
rest had not
in Fig. 2.
In the use
and cord
26
cone pulley, as shown in Fig. 3, some workman discovered, probably by turning a heavy piece, that its forward motion would continue when the foot was raised, provided the tool was withdrawn
from contact with the work. It was but natural to make the cone
it
with
it
serve
work
ward
as long as
Another
it
method
was
of driving
FIG. 4.
it.
is
on account
shown
in Fig. 4,
piece
was revolved.
In this
tree or of a
it is
27
it
had a capacity
of
"spur center" was formed upon the main spindle, the point being
used as a center for metal work.
this manner are
a
and
great deal of very
jewelers
Lathes driven in
and
still
fine
in use by watchmakers
hand work is performed
with them.
held tightly against the material to be operated upon, thus reducing it to the circular form required; fourth, that to accomplish
this it was necessary to revolve the piece to be operated upon,
first
number
of revolutions,
backward.
was later found that if the flexible pole or "lath" was rather
weak and the piece of work to be operated upon was quite heavy,
acting as a balance-wheel, its forward revolution was not wholly
arrested, but only checked as the foot was raised, provided the
cutting-tool was withdrawn from contact with the work a moment
It
before the
By
this it
made
if
same
force,
whereby the
28
known.
We
in exactly this
this
At
it
leverage
it
was constructed
as
it is
present day; that is, the wheel journaled upon a fixed stud and
the previous long handle reduced to a wrist-pin for the attachment of a connecting rod, or in the older phrase a " pitman," which
even now
of the
men
over a trench or
the
the other, this rod took the name of the former man who performed
this office, hence the term "pitman."
The location of this pitman or connecting rod, as has been said,
was
strip of
its
29
opposite end
was
movement was
lathe.
To remedy
driving-wheel was
mounted
"
The length of these levers was such that the movewas about twice the " throw" of the cranks,
that with a foot movement of twelve inches the two cranks
foot-board."
ment
so
of the foot-board
many
lathes
for turning
wood
entire
In Fig. 5
shown
this
form
30
key g, for keeping this screw always tight, as there was a tendency,
from strain and vibration, for the screw to work loose.
The tool-rest was of the usual form, except that instead of a
wedge, in connection with the binder H, to hold it in position, or
the use of a wrench on the holding-down bolt, an eccentric of hard
wood with a handle formed upon it, as shown at J, was used. This
was the
first
the sashes in
any
FIG.
5.
windows
desired position
in his little
workshop
Wood
raised,
to hold
and by
or Metals.
closed.
The large wheel was of cast iron, rescued from a scrap heap,
and had only the grooves for the two faster speeds K, L, the part
M being made of wood and fastened to the arms of the wheel. A
friendly blacksmith forged the cranks in the shaft N, and the eyes
in the lower ends and hooks in the upper ends of the connecting
rods P, P. These were first made of wood similar to the connecting rods on a sewing-machine with a closed bearing at the top, but
the tendency to pinch one's toes under the treadle when they
happened
31
led to the iron connecting rods with the hooked ends whereby the
worst that could happen was the connecting rods becoming un-
The
shaft
rested in
C, C,
FIG.
p.
of the boxes,
6.
Spindle-
having been
cast slightly higher than the center of the spindle bearings, were
removed and
filed
down
wood clamped on
box
half of
the
cast.
The
Upon
up
to
front end of the spindles was threaded but not bored out.
thread was cast a babbitt metal bushing T, having a
this
square hole in its front end, which was formed as follows: With
the spindle in its place a wooden mold of proper form was placed
around it and, while it fitted the collar on the spindle at one end,
was open at
its
front end.
proper dimensions to form the square hole was placed with its
small end against the nose of the spindle and held in that position
32
oil
replaced.
To
this lathe
was
could be cut.
cut
fitted
thick.
lathe
33
of
of
connected
by the
foot-board
The
K.
are balanced
much
up
in this lathe
was
in stopping
it,
as
Foot Lathe,
7.
Driven from a Coun-
FIG.
tershaft.
similar device, as
is
machinery.
is
It consists essentially of a
34
drum
will
drum
is
rotate with
it.
To
this
drum
is
is
thus caused to
flat
leather
belt,
wrapped around it several times and its free end
attached to the movable end of a treadle, which is usually hinged
at the front instead of the back of the machine.
In operation the
which
is
rotates
means
of
its friction
the belt
mechan-
By
to forty degrees.
much
less
lighter in weight,
CHAPTER
II
wood.
Archimedes and
lish lathes.
The French
"chain lathe."
lathe of 1772.
Its detailed
construction.
Crown gear and "lantern pinion" for operating the lead screw. TransiThe Putman lathe of 1836. The
tion from wooden to iron lathe beds.
Freeland lathe of 1853. Various classes of lathes to be illustrated and
described.
THE
35
36
in
tool
was
laid
on
its side
and gradu-
pretty certain that they were first made in a very crude form
without much regard to the exactness of the pitch or form of the
thread, although the V-thread would be the most natural because
the most simple form. It is also generally conceded, of course,
that they were made by hand and probably with the rude knives
for use
with the screws, it is probable that they were quite thin as compared with the pitch of the thread, possibly containing but two
or three complete revolutions
of the thread, which was
worked out by sharp-pointed
This method
may have
led
8.
do know
many
in Fig.
8,
37
very hard wood, having one end turned down to a diameter equal
thread.
was composed was black with age and the man who
could not tell how many years his father had owned
possessed
it or where he got it.
It was certain, however, that both of them
had been mechanics who had made and repaired the old-time
wooden spinning-wheels in which a wooden screw about one inch
in diameter had been used for tightening the round band by which
the twisting mechanism was operated.
Archimedes, the most celebrated of the ancient mathematicians,
certainly had a good idea of the screw thread, as is shown in his
famous screw made of a pipe wound helically around a rotating
cylinder with which he raised water fully two hundred years before
the Christian era. Still it was doubtless a long time after this period
before the screw was constructed so as to be applicable to the uses
of the present day.
Of the progress and development of this and
other similar mechanical matters in these early times we have
little authentic information.
The development of such simple
machines as the lathe preceded much that was mechanically
important, and to its influence we owe a great deal of the early
advancement in the mechanic arts.
We know that a Frenchman by the name of Jacques Berson,
in 1569, built a lathe that seems to have been
capable of cutting
threads on wood. An engraving of his lathe is given in Fig. 9.
of
which
it
it
38
As
be seen in this engraving it was a large, clumsy and cumbersome affair, considering the work it was designed to perform.
While the various parts of the machine are not very clearly shown,
will
enough
is
give the pitch of the thread by means of a half nut which appears
to have been fixed in a wooden frame, to which in turn the piece
to be threaded was attached by being journaled or pivoted upon
it.
FIG. 9.
of the flexible
this lathe
w as
r
constructed,
shows a good deal of ingenuity and may well have been the forerunner of the developments in this line which came after it.
It is a matter of record that in 1680 a mechanic by the name
of Joseph Moxan built lathes in England and sold them to other
mechanics, but we do not possess any certain or authentic knowl-
it
all
materials that
in a lathe
39
up
to that
time.
In the year 1772 the French encyclopedia contained the illuswhich was provided with a crude arrangement
tration of a lathe
and adapting it to
would seem that
By
as
it
was known at a
idea
of
the
slide
rest
had
some
the inventor
later day by its invention in a practical form by John Maudsley
Whether Maudsley had seen or
in England, in the year 1794.
heard of the invention shown in the French encyclopedia or not,
it would seem fair to assume that he must have seen that or something akin to it, as the twenty-two years elapsing between the one
date and the other must have served to make the earlier invention
comparatively well known in the two nearby countries, both of
which contained, even at this early day, many mechanics. It is
of a tool block or device for holding a lathe tool
this it
had been cut. These threads were on short sections of the arbor
and by its use the different pitches required could be cut. While
the exact manner of using this arbor was not described, its
probable method of use will readily suggest itself to the mechanic,
and was, no doubt, used at an earlier period, and in fact was what
led
up
"Fox"
This machine
shown
in Fig. 10,
40
the outer ends held in the lathe centers, and their inner ends, evidently fixed to each other by a clutch of some kind, were supported
by a kind of center rest F. Fixed to the front of the bed C was a
cast iron supporting bar G, of T-shaped section, extending nearly the
Upon the bar G, the top of which
was
of dovetail form,
it
FIG. 10.
threaded screw, acting upon the " leader" K, forced the carriage
forward, causing the thread-cutting tool J to cut a thread upon
It is probable that
need of better and more accurate work created new demands and
a higher standard of workmanship.
As
is
used.
will
In
"
41
notches shaped to the form and pitch of the thread. These were
very extensively used later and for many years in brass work, and
the old-time machinist was very expert in their use. The slide-
we know
rest, as
while
it,
it
upon them
relieved the
By
shown
thing within the range of the lathe to hold and drive, so that provision was made for supporting the inner ends of the piece to be
"
cut and the
master screw," and for driving the latter by the
"
"
former. The idea of driving the master screw
or lead screw at
a different speed from that of the piece to be threaded had not yet
been thought of, and it was years before this development took
place.
threads.
is,
of
The author
out in the
reeling
called.
it
up
To
was
wormit
gear of forty teeth was used which engaged with a single threaded
worm on the reel-shaft. Both the shaft having the worm formed
42
make
paper was then divided into equal parts at each end and inclined lines drawn upon it as shown in Fig. 11, the divisions being
equal to the pitch of the thread, found by spacing the circumference
of
the
The
the
correct
development of
gave
diagonal
the screw thread, which was worked out with a fine
saw, a chisel, or knife, and a triangular file. The
lines
FIG.
Thread Developed on
Paper.
well.
in
and
sorely taxed the patience of the workman, whose principal
often only machine was a lathe of very crude design and workmanship, and in which he managed to do not only turning and boring but slotting, splining, milling, gear-cutting, and an endless variety
of similar jobs,
and
many
flat
And from
the machine
most
of the
machines in
and
43
earlier
use, the
legs,
examples
framework of
method
of
construction,
when
this
one was
built, is
shown
in front
and
The history of
known to the
author,
who was
well
old
who
End
FIG. 12.
Elevation of
"Chain Lathe."
in East
Beekmantown, Clinton
County, New York State, during and
civil
for
many
war.
floor.
of
hard maple,
those forming the bed being about 5 inches thick and 12 inches
deep and were about 15 feet long. The lathe would swing about
made
nearby village
in his foundry,
of Plattsburgh.
The "ways"
x3
"
of
which the boxes for the main spindle were fitted by filing, and
were held down by a rough wrought iron cap through which passed
two threaded iron studs which had been cast into the metal. Upon
in
44
clamping
device
held
in
formed,
^
^
g
fastened
to
the
by wood
The longitudinal
power feed was by means
screws.
of
This
method
of
ran
chain
what
made some-
on
its
worm-wheel arranged
to engage with an equally
of a
crude
worm upon
journaled
front
of
in
the
shaft
boxes at the
bed,
one of
which was pivoted to the front of the bed and the other capable of
sliding vertically and therefore making provision for dropping this
worm out of contact with the worm-gear when it was desired to
"
throw out the feed." To keep this feeding mechanism in gear a
45
was pivoted upon the front side of the lathe bed, one end
connected with the sliding box of the worm-gear shaft and the
lever
other hooked under a pin driven into the front of the lathe bed, as
shown in the engraving.
upon it,
and extending up to a similar three-step cone pulley fixed upon the
rear end of the main spindle. These pulleys were of hard wood and
attached to cast iron flanges fixed in place. The belt was a "home-
an inch in diameter.
The belt on the cone pulley upon the main spindle was about
and a half inches wide, the large step on the cone being about
three
much
and possibly
producing a contrary motion in
The
tail-stock
was
of
farther advanced
gear.
very simple
construction, as
will
be
tail
ring
and
it
suspended by
this binder
its
of the holes
and fastening
it
46
fitted
upon
it
from
its
by two
bolts
when
it
was desired
"
to cut threads.
upon the shaft and having pins running through the heads in a line
in a
parallel with the axis of the shaft, similar to the method seen
brass clock.
upon the
main spindle, and whose pins, or teeth, engaged
with those formed by the pins or rods in the lantern pinion upon
the lower end of the inclined shaft. The fact that this lantern
pinion was of much greater length than that on the upper end would
seem to indicate that the designer or builder of the lathe had intended to use different sized wheels on the end of the lead screw
Upon
for the
earliest
method
and lantern pinion were the oldest form of gearing, and in use in
Egypt at a very early date, and that an imitation of our spur gear
was made in a similar manner by inserting the pins in the periphery
wheel instead of
tion probably
borrowed
its face.
his idea
The builder
47
and which he had seen in his native country, as regular spur gearing
for the same purpose had been used at a considerably earlier date
than the building of his lathe, and as he was a man past middle life
at that time.
The lathe was built about 1830 and was in active
service as late as 1875, although the lantern pinions and pin gears
had been discarded and hung up on the walls of the old shop, and
in their place were the usual spur gears, and a stud plate had been
added for the purpose of carrying an idle gear so as to accommodate
FIG. 14.
Putnam Lathe
built in 1836.
to iron beds
and
48
the lathes built
by
J.
&
S.
W. Putnam,
somewhat
earlier,
in Fitchburg, Mass.,
and shows
in a
about
remarkably
all
possible
devices are adopted for powerful drives, rapid change gear devices
for both feeding and for thread cutting, to the common inch stand-
is
FIG. 15.
used English machines as his models and was an admirer of Whitworth and his ideals of what machine tools should be. In this
lathe the flat-top bed is used as in many English and some very
good American lathes at the present time. It will be noticed that
the apron
is
in a
sufficient to
tool-posts,
the
portion of the feed, as the roughing cut and the front one take
is
used
back
tool
the
that
remainder. It will be understood
upside
down
as in the
modern
49
lateral
hand feed
this
purpose by
engaging with its thread a pinion fixed to the shaft operated by
the crank at the right-hand end of the apron.
It will
five
In future chapters
with
all
will
mented upon
and com-
work
progresses, taking up, not only the regular types of engine lathes, but also those of a more special nature
such as turret lathes, pattern lathes, bench lathes, high-speed lathes,
as this
to this
end the
upon
work
for
which
it is
to be purchased.
CHAPTER
III
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
The
The bed. The head-stock. The tailThe apron. The turning and supporting rests.
stock.
The
carriage.
first class:
hand
lathes, polishing
forge lathes, and roughing lathes. The third class: complete engine
lathes with thread-cutting mechanism, precision lathes, rapid reduction
and gap lathes. The fourth class forming lathes, pulley lathes,
Rapid change
shafting lathes, turret lathes and multiple spindle lathes.
Lathe
gear devices. Bancroft and Sellers device. The Norton device.
lathes,
bed supports. The precision lathe. The rapid production lathe. The
gap lathe. Special lathes. Forming lathes. Pulley lathes. Shafting
lathes.
Turret lathes. Screw machines. Multiple spindle lathes.
Variety of special lathes.
by
suitable
mechanism.
The
first of
The second
mechanism, consisting
of the driving-cone,
50
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
51
main
lathe,
or cabinets, lead-
supports, carriage
Also the holding-down bolts and binders (if used), for fastening
the head-stock to the bed, and the large and small face-plates.
block
Carriage
if
one
is
may
in its complete
Rests,
the
including
full
compound
rest,
back
rest,
Countershaft and
its
wing
(when one
means
is
furnished),
of attachment.
and any
and ready
rest
swing, pulley or
may
be necessary to make
it
and
loose
complete
52
Taper attachments,
similar parts are
and
in regular
all
lists.
when
is
detachable.
When made
a part
or the other of
a portion of
its
appendages.
This classification is carried into
and handling
all
all lists of
materials of what-
of these parts,
the shop.
classification of these lathes as entire and complete maand according to their various types of design and construction and the uses to which they are to be put, will be next
considered, and in so doing it seems appropriate to commence with
the more simple forms, and to proceed with such types as are commonly recognized and in use at the present time, dividing them
into four general classes and these into such sub-divisions as their
construction and uses seem to demand
By this method of classi-
The
chines,
fication
we
shall
have:
Hand
FIRST
SPEED LATHES.
Polishing Lathes.
Pattern Lathes.
Spinning Lathes.
SECOND
METAL TURNING
LATHES.
turret.
THIRD
ENGINE LATHES.
Precision Lathes.
Rapid-Reduction Lathes.
Gap
Lathes.
Forming Lathes.
FOURTH
SPECIAL LATHES.
Pulley Lathes.
Shafting Lathes.
Multiple Spindle Lathes.
Turret Lathes.
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
53
Hand
hand
and
FIG. 16.
them convenient
in Fig. 17.
for setting
A Hand
Lathe.
name
is
as
the same.
implies,
when
them
54
Those
of larger swing
limited
by the height
of the
FIG. 17.
class of
work a hand-rest
is
A Bench
floor.
In this
Lathe.
may
from
the tool
of
post
shaped
by hand
a
or in
slide-rest.
manner
FIG. 18.
Pattern Lathe.
same shape
the
pieces.
is
produced
Such work
in
is
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
of these machines are provided with a cross-slide
55
and
tool-post by
means of which the hubs or bosses of the work may be faced. Many
of them are now provided with a turret, by means of which several
tools may be carried so that not only boring and reaming, but
may
also be
form of lathe that the elaborate lathes built by Jones & Lamson and others of similar design and construction originated.
this
FIG. 19.
by a
56
conveniently done.
There
cutting-slide or cross-slide.
is
also a hand-rest
The
tail
and sometimes a
and
is
work
is
lever,
to be done.
FIG. 20.
A "Fox"
means
of
"
chasers."
The purpose
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
57
ing, and that all the chips thus removed may be worked into
other forgings by which this waste is economically recovered. It
is therefore their practice to forge the work (cylindrical work,
of course) to dimensions
of the
much
to
them
"
sizes,
to
customers
"
rough
finish sizes."
"
"
By
a lathe
the term
is
FIG. 21.
While
it is
somewhat analogous
to the
Roughing Lathe.
And
here
it
many
58
a compound
at
rest
all
angles.
in the larger sizes, with a tool-rest to attach to the front
wing
of the
carriage on the left-hand side for turning the full swing of the lathe.
The larger lathes, particularly those that are triple geared, should
have a
means
tail-stock
of
which one
bed.
still
is
lathe, as
place on the
device consisting
its
engaged a pinion
By means
moved
to
In lathes of
be back-geared by the introduction of a second shaft, the gears being in ratio of 2 to 1. In lathes of 60-inch swing and larger this
ratio should be 3 to 1.
it
and extending
to the rear
end
of the tail-
stock where
it
it is
cus-
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
59
The
first
last
attempt in
a device
by the customer.
upon
economy
and light
in the use
to justify
and upon lathes built by the more conservative manufacturers who have not yet come to consider this class of
improvements as necessary to the efficiency of their machines.
their use;
precision lathe
exactness in
all its
very
may render it
60
against
all
is also made to
provide
conditions and causes that shall be detrimental to its
its
work
in as perfect a
manner
as possible.
it is
to this
It
formed.
It
is,
of course,
FIG. 22.
an engine lathe
of
movement
of
design and
of the greatest precision and accuracy, not only in the entire
machine but in all its individual parts.
feed.
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
61
facilities so
all
such dimensions as
by
grinding.
much
of the
work done
holding
them
it
off,
in a
FIG. 23.
of the piece to
A Gap
Lathe.
similar machine.
lathe
similar to that
A
bed
gap
lathe,
shown
in Fig. 23, is
cut
for the
machine shops than those of this country, where the gap lathe is
seldom seen. When the work of the lathe is not of such a nature
as to require the gap, it is usually closed up in one of two ways.
first method is to have a portion of bed exactly like the main
The
it will
exactly
fit
62
The fourth
heavy
class,
cuts.
them.
These tools
that
when
dull they
may
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
spindles, bored out
of lathes.
much
63
be put.
as they are commonly termed, might more
be
called
appropriately
pulley-turning machines, or even pulley-
Pulley lathes,
since
some
of
In the
may
furnish
pulley-turning
lathes
work enough
there
must be a strong
driv-
ing
tools commence the operation in the center of the face of the pulley,
and each
are fed
and one
slide
finishing),
6-1
"
is
and a
half.
When
is
and the
The
proper relative diameters of the several steps. The tool block and
the slide upon which it runs is adjustable to the right inclination
"
or
taper" to properly crown all the steps of the cone at once,
and when the tools have passed over one half the face of the steps,
this block and slide may be shifted and properly adjusted to turn
the other half of each step. In this form of pulley turning it is
usual to make two cuts, a roughing and a finishing cut, and when
turning up to the face of the different steps to draw back the entire
number of tools by means of the transverse slide which may be
fed back
by hand
is
any
case.
may
easily
turning machines.
by adding
to
it
may
be arranged from
straightener.
Still
a lathe that
labor than the engine lathe arranged with attachments for the
is a
purpose. In the properly designed shaft-turning lathe there
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
65
heavy shaft running the length of the lathe bed and arranged to
communicate power to a face gear and driver journaled on the
front end of the tail-stock, by means of which the shaft to be
turned may be driven from this end as well as from the head-stock
end. This is very useful in turning long shafts in which the torsional strain
would be
the head-stock, or
it
simultaneously.
There should be a force
rests
is
while
Two
completely finished.
As
right.
length upon the shaft the lathe is provided with extra long centers
so as to reach the work. The center rest is provided with split
collars
bored to the
The
shown
in Fig. 24,
is
this
country
much
66
has been done to develop and bring into popular form the turret
lathe by such builders as Jones & Lamson, Warner & Swasey,
Potter
& Johnson,
lathes,
7
FIG. 24.
whose economy
take care of a
Lathe.
of the tail-stock.
A Turret
lies
number
ing principally for their success upon the turret with its multiplicity
of tools.
And this idea of a turret carrying from four to eight tools
is
The head-stock
of
a turret lathe
is
made
in several ways,
may
from
that of a plain head without back gears to one with a large variety
of speeds, controlled by handles operating clutches, or friction
driving devices, or both, and which may be operated while the
is in motion.
In some cases the head-stock is cast in one
machine
movement on
upon which
by the operator.
the bed
easily controlled
it slides
and
its
movement
is
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES
The
turret
is
67
some
an
inclined position, the object being to bring the long tools, made
necessary by a large machine, up out of the way of the operator as
and one
is
no carriage, properly so
called,
two
its
rotation
upon a regular
tool-posts,
turret
one in front
and a facing
adapted for
steel
direct
stop as soon as
up, the tools properly adjusted, the bar of stock once introduced
and the machine started, and, barring accidents, the machine continues to run, dropping its work into a pan as it is completed
cut off, until the bar of stock is almost entirely used
up.
and
68
These
or similar work.
market by J. J. McCabe.
While the general and well-marked types of lathes have been
specified in this classification it must not be understood that the
list is
mechanism and
many
upon, and to them the reader is referred for the better examples of
each of the classes enumerated in this chapter.
CHAPTER
IV
ITS
SUPPORTS
of a lathe.
The proper
Conscientious
designer.
efforts to improve in design.
Elementary
Design of the lathe bed.
Professor Sweet's observations. The parabolic form of lathe
design.
Form of the tracks. Bed of the old chain
beds. The author's design.
lathe.
cabinet.
The Hendey-
Norton cabinet.
To
and usually
far
more agreeable,
to design
machines as he really
believes they should be, than to design such machines as will meet
the popular requirements of the market. He may be sure that a
chines he
for
69
70
his
flat
such cases, and this has probably been the experience of every
who has designed and built machine tools.
in the matter
man
in touch as possible with the purchasers of machinery; to ascertain their needs and preferences as closely as may be; to anticipate
their
wants when
and
possible,
substantially
is
And by
he
it.
of,
made
ma-
is
necessary.
dreamed
tionize
mechanical science.
When
man
SUPPORTS
71
course
eclipse all
ITS
will
something of practical
utility,
even
if it is
thing
have been invented, used, and discarded years ago, as the records
of many mechanical libraries as well as the United States Patent
Office will furnish abundant evidence.
the foregoing remarks
By
originality, original
it
thought and
to improvement, for
effort to evolve
entirely
will
any respect
it
perhaps, very
if
we would claim
tail-stock,
and
caris
lathe.
is
proceeded with.
72
In carrying out
this
fulfil
end the
tail-stock,
and
\
f
Elementary Form of Lathe Bed.
FIG. 25.
This being the problem, and as the head-stock and the tailstock stand directly over the legs or supports, we might consider
the problem as that of a beam loaded at the center, which would
naturally suggest that the under side of the bed instead of being
FIG. 26.
not stationary,
it is
Parabolic
Form
of
Lathe Bed.
of the problem.
located at
est point along the length of the bed, namely, a point farthest
from either support. So far the parabolic curve, then, is correct.
ITS
SUPPORTS
73
form and
to sustain
its ability
unnecessary expense.
This is substantially the view taken by Prof. John E. Sweet in
reference to machine beds.
He
says:
"No
reasoning can make it out that the place for the support
of an ordinary sized lathe bed at the tail-stock end of the lathe is at
the end.
If
tail-stock
is
at the end,
Modified Parabolic
FIG. 27.
Form
of Lathe Bed.
foundation
is
absolutely unyielding
the three or
a thing that
more
is
more rare
especially bad,
frail
Fig.
shown
if
in the legs
they were
all
to
fit
them
are
74
could be brought
down
Another improvement
is
TJ.
FIG. 28.
Prof. Sweet's
Form
of Bed, supported at
Two
Points only.
which do not stiffen the bed in any way to any great extent
and use it in bottom and top webs, making the thing a four-
girts
FIG. 29.
A Common Form
and then
is
of
from four to a dozen times stiffer in all direcwhole thing on three points, one under the
rest the
FIG. 30.
back of each housing and one under the middle toward the other
end. The whole thing, including patterns and setting, will cost
no (or very little) more and be four times better than present
practice.
ITS
SUPPORTS
75
and
fitted up,
just set
it
be or can be done."
There
is
"meat
deductions
is
for reflection" in
is),
and the
undoubtedly
correct.
FIG. 31.
of a
in a practical
are given.
In
Lathe Bed.
lar design of
added
bed
of like length
obliged to
we have been
FIG. 32.
add the
of
Equal Strength.
is
compen-
we
shall
76
and this
some
in
of itself is
of the
although they were brought out during a season of great depresand financial circles, when hardly a machine
FIG. 33.
Form
of Bed.
many
of
them but
After a couple of
the
beds
to
these
were
rectangular form in order to
years
changed
of
the
the
demands
customers,
depth being nearly as great
satisfy
still
built with
above
specified,
shown
very
is
little
although
change in
it
was
its
years ago.
ITS
SUPPORTS
77
It
is
has been shown in the "old chain lathe," Fig. 13, when beds
to
tail-stock, as is the
side
center
or
center of
the
head
An
arc C, of a
the lathe
of
land.
this
An
"The
it
FIG. 34.
The Usual Form of Cross
Section of Bed with Four Vs.
thus:
in other
And with
all
78
our cousins "on the other side," it would seem the proper
designation, and the one in which a prospective purchaser would
be most interested, to tell him how large a piece of work could
tice of
or the radius,
and
let
tell
him the
mentioned.
It
35,
by
and
its
also
have a projecting
equivalent
built
bed
rib or
down and
by lowering the inside V's, upon which the headstock and tail-stock rest, and leaving the outer V's supporting the
36.
This
is
ITS
SUPPORTS
79
form
of a flat surface is
used in
preferred by some as a better method of locating the headstock and tail-stock in perfect alignment, inasmuch as that while
the head-stock, once located and securely bolted down, remains in
is
its fixed
FIG. 36.
on V's or upon a
Inside
FIG. 37.
surface
The Lodge
Form
flat
&
and
Shipley
of Bed.
and
if
fitted
time throw
it
out of
tendency
will in
When
is
resting
upon
likely to
be
is maintained,
while the vertical wear will be considerably less than that of the
head spindle in the boxes, which should be vertically adjustable
to compensate for this wear and so a proper and perfect alignment
two be maintained.
The bed shown in Fig. 37
of the
is
80
tool steels, with the necessity for the rapid reduction of the diameter
was
when
or beds thus far given, that the "side plates" or outer walls have
been uniform on the two sides and across the ends. Also, that the
bed
To
to diminish as
much
as
may
add
strength and
the bed, the
lower edge has been reenforced by an additional
to the
stiffness
of
forms by different
designers, but is substandifferent
tially
as
shown
in
these
engravings.
In Fig. 38
FIG. 38.
ideal
ing
stiffness
is
with a
considered.
form
great
is
shown an
bed combinand
strength
of
form," and while in some instances its merits may have been overrated it certainly is a form possessing most excellent qualities of
strength, stiffness, and power to withstand torsional strains as
well as to rigidly support
this bed is designed as it
is,
ITS
SUPPORTS
81
an ideal form.
being "poured."
braces or cross-ties
is
made a
little
of the bed,
FIG. 39.
Forms
of Cross-Ties or Braces.
desire to get some form more rigid laterally led to the addition of a
horizontal rib, first on the top edge only and then on the bottom also,
making the I-beam section shown at B. This was for many years
considered quite sufficient for the purpose until the desire for more
strength and stiffness led to the adoption of the "box form" shown
at C.
Later on this form was still further strengthened by the
addition of outwardly projecting ribs or flanges at the bottom
82
cross-bar as
is
is
ribs as
possible.
the molten iron into this form and have a solid casting; it gives a
better appearance to the top of the cross-bar in the finished lathe;
and a cross-bar open at the top would furnish a receptacle for dirt,
FIG. 40.
the earlier forms of beds being two or three times the width of the
This distance was gradually reduced as the
beds were
ago
it
siderably less distance apart than the width of the bed, particularly
in the wider beds used for heavy lathes, say from 36-inch swing
and larger. This method of locating them prevailed in the use
of the
As
The angle
ITS
SUPPORTS
83
sectional
and
will
form shown
It
also the proper spacing from the head end of the bed.
be readily seen that such a form of casting insures great stiff-
casting against
desired.
torsional
FIG. 41.
As a matter
the
Yet
it is
nothing more to be
the lathe, better methods and stronger beds will be brought out,
for what we consider to be of ample strength to-day may be
relegated to the scrap-heap a dozen years from now.
FIG. 42.
Ideal
The form
much
Manner
of the
"
of Arranging
to do with the
supports.
from wrought iron bars set upon edge and chipped and filed to
the inverted V form, with the head-stock, tail-stock, and carriage
all resting upon
them, the carriage had, of necessity, to be made
84
with scant bearing on the V's, that is, very narrow, measured
along the length of the bed, as it could not pass the head-stock and
"
the tail-stock as the wings" of the carriage do in the later forms
of
overhang" than
it
has
With the advent of cast iron beds four V's were usually provided for. Whether the idea of four V's came in with the cast
iron bed is not certain, as it is entirely possible that some ingenious
machinist fitted the wrought iron
to the outside of the
strips,
FIG. 43.
Carriage on a
Bed with
Inside V's.
them to-day.
The lathe bed with four V's and the carriage suitable for it is
shown in Fig. 43, by which it will be seen that the portion of the
carriage coming over the inside V's at A must be cut away so as
to clear them entirely, as the carriage must rest wholly upon the
outer V's. The necessity for this cutting away to clear the inside
V's is a source of weakness to the carriage, and the only way to
compensate for it is to make this part of the carriage broader,
which does not add much to its strength, or to make it deeper, which
lessens the capacity of the lathe
by decreasing
its
possible
"swing
In Fig. 44
and the
is
carriage at
out raising
its
shown the
effect
is
ITS
SUPPORTS
of the carriage
is
is
85
FIG. 44.
from
Carriage on a Bed
V's are Omitted.
when
Inside
its
will in
the center of the head spindle. This disadvantage may be obviated by making these vertical surfaces B, B, slightly inclined.
shown
to
fit
is
FIG. 45.
Form
Form
of Bed.
is
the contact of
86
adapting
to
it
much more
now known,
of the lathe
from the
floor is
about
FIG. 46.
sufficiently to obtain a
bed
of proper
sufficient
will
In the early style of wooden beds, these supports were simply legs
of square timber bolted to the bed and either vertical or spread out
at the floor, according to the notion of the builder. When cast iron
beds came to be used the legs were also of cast iron and of rather
frail design.
Later,
when
more
rigidity
was found
desirable, not only the beds but their supporting legs were
made
heavier.
ample
of the earlier
braces as
ITS
SUPPORTS
87
ends by i-mch "tap bolts" of the old square-head style, the ends of
the braces being thickened somewhat to accommodate them.
How
this lathe
use for so
many
happened
to endure the
is
of
shop
a mystery.
frail
This form
was prominently used in the Universal Milling Machine.
Whether the " cabinets" for supporting a lathe bed were suggested
by this use of them or not does not appear, although it seems probable.
We know that wooden cupboards had been used under
lathes, being fastened to the legs and used for the same purposes as
the cabinets or cupboards formed in the bases or, as sometimes
called, the "standards" or columns of the later machines.
At the present time a number of lathe builders still use the oldstyle legs, made heavier and with the material better distributed
away
tools,
like articles.
of base
bed
for the
extending
purpose of giving
It is also the case that the cabinet form of bed supports is used
more upon expensive lathes, such, for instance, as those designed
more particularly for tool room and precision work. For turret
lathes and screw machines they are also much used, and are often
cast as an integral portion of the bed itself instead of
being made as
a separate piece and bolted on.
88
made
in various
forms by
of them,
and
in addition a
features.
The
correct
a better support.
It
was
dimensions of cabinet
Obviously, the reasons
of legs was to obtain
form
to
VJ1
FIG. 47.
support at
all.
two or three
This necessitated
of them.
"
it
was a
difficult
These
difficulties are in
all sit
provided with cabinet supports. In Fig. 47 the effect of the oldAttention is called to the fact that the headstyle legs is seen.
only supported by the leg at the outer end, while the point
at the front journal where the heaviest weight comes has no sup-
stock
is
port whatever from the leg. The same may be said in a lesser
degree of the rear end, where the tail-stock has only partial support
in a similar manner.
And when the tail-stock is moved out of its
is
This condition
if
identical with
floor or
ITS
SUPPORTS
89
bed
may
48.
the length of
spindle has a support of solid iron
is
of a length
down
An argument
is
FIG. 48.
Form and
For small
is
frequently
90
leg.
Lodge &
in Fig. 48
is
form
is less
mold, but
expensive in
its
appearance
FIG. 49.
&
its
is
The Lodge
FIG. 50.
Shipley Cabinet
for Small Lathes.
Ideal
Form
of
for only
bed, as
an inch or
is
so,
and
this side
of the builders.
But
as this cut-away
FIG. 51.
ITS
SUPPORTS
91
They
also furnish
and an open cupboard, both of which are available for storing tools,
The arched opening at A affords a
gears, and similar articles.
FIG. 52.
The Lodge
for
&
Shipley
Form
of Cabinet
Large Lathes.
but the smallest ones, and even in them a small arch suitable
for the use of a crowbar will be found convenient.
FIG. 53.
In Fig. 52
is
of
Cabinet
Large Lathes.
superstructure.
In Fig. 53
is
92
In the larger lathe, say from 30 to 40-inch swing, includoors are not usually provided, as the height does not admit
of shelves.
sive,
of
it.
upon the
foundation.
cabinet for
It
is
to introduce them,
to the weight of cast iron used, as well as the fact that they furnish
a safe and convenient re ^eptacle for tools.
CHAPTER V
LATHE DESIGN; THE HEAD-STOCK CASTING, THE SPINDLE AND THE
SPINDLE CONE
Design of head-stock for wooden bed lathes.
iron bed.
head-stock.
plate.
Providing for reversing gears. The Hendey-Norton head-stock.
The Schumacher & Boye head-stock. The Le Blond head-stock. The
New Haven head-stock. The arch tie brace of the new Hendey-Norton
design.
Governing conditions.
Design
THE
two upright ends in which provision was made to receive the boxes,
and when wooden beds were thought sufficient for a lathe a strip
was added beneath that filled the space between the two timbers
forming the bed. Such a design for a head-stock is shown in Fig.
53, which is taken from an old lathe that did many years' service in
a general repair shop. It will be noticed that the housing for the
spindle boxes do not have square edges', but are of V-shaped form.
They were finished with a file only and the boxes made of cast iron,
fit
93
94
at hand.
down by a straight
bar cap with two holes which fitted over fixed threaded studs
that had been cast into the head-stock for this purpose.
of a back gear and the spindle carried a
the
largest part of which was as large as was possible
three-step cone,
to get into the head, and a belt quite wide, considering the power
then thought necessary to drive a lathe carrying the diminutive
The
lathe
was devoid
chip which was considered proper for a lathe to take at the time this
lathe
was
in use.
Later on, when the cast iron bed was adopted and when back
gears were added to the lathe, the requirements of additional
strength were recognized and not only the base plate, but the up-
FIG. 54.
Early
Form
of Head-Stock
Lathe Bed.
for
Wooden
rights or housings at the front and rear end, were made thicker and
One of these head-stocks is shown in Fig. 54, which
heavier.
gives a good general idea of the form of the casting and shows also
a strengthening brace A. While it would seem at first thought
more necessary
it
strain of the
"
method was
is
ETC.
95
each side of the rear box and on a horizontal line with it, and across
these to fix a strong bar carrying an adjustable thrust screw for
taking the end thrust of the spindle. The details and design of
this important device will be taken up further on.
FIG. 55.
was
of
stock were about one and one-half inches square. The bed of the
lathe, and the legs which supported it, were of cast iron and very
much
like those
back gears
of
FIG. 56.
Form
of
in
New Haven,
Conn.
96
the base of the casting was raised in arch-like form and the under
side recessed to the same form so as to maintain an equal thickness
of metal throughout.
and many
from
it
As yet the housings had not been made thick enough to suggest
coring them out in order to save iron or for the purpose of avoiding unequal contraction of the metal upon cooling after casting,
by making all members of the casting of as nearly an equal thick-
One
FIG. 57.
Forms
of
Head-Stock.
so, as their
earlier
made
so
much
In Fig. 57
lighter
regular service to
is
Fig. 56,
which has
for its
ample space
In the examples thus far shown of lathe heads the feed gears
ETC.
97
were located outside the housings, except in the case of that shown
"
As the change came to be made of locating tumbler
in Fig. 55.
it naturally folgears," or reversing gears, inside of the housing,
must
be cut away
head-stock
base
lowed that the metal of the
under that part of the main spindle upon which was fixed the
spindle gear or feed gear from which the feed mechanism was
This was the case for perhaps fifty years, and at the present
time, now that reversing devices are constructed as a part of the
apron mechanism, the feed gears may be placed outside of the
driven.
some good builders still keep it inside and connected in practically "the same old way/' even if the "yoke gears"
or reversing gears are omitted.
housing, although
FIG. 58.
When
arch A, Fig. 57, and this practice was followed in any head-stock
having this or a similar obstruction to these gears, and provided,
in Fig. 58,
The
which
central figure
is
is
cated by dotted lines. The figure at the left is a rear end elevation
with the internal form on the line A, A, of the central figure, while
the figure on the right is a similar elevation of the front end with
dotted lines showing the section on the line B, B.
It will be seen that the portion of the base on the line A, A, is of
arched form, somewhat as shown at A, Fig. 57, while the form at
98
is
of
depressed to give proper clearance for the larger steps of the cone
At the lowest part of this depression there is
face gear.
an
usually
opening through which oil may drip so as not to collect
is
and the
not "capped in," that is, held down by removable caps. More
will be said of this peculiarity in describing boxes and spindles.
The cores beneath the base are carried up into the housings in
many of the modern head-stocks as far as possible, and still leave
ample support
for the
FIG. 59.
this
method
idea
is
The
advisability of
of Head-Stock.
and the
result
is liable
to be that of sacrificing
shows a head-stock
in
three figures are arranged the same as those comprising Fig. 58.
The height of the curve might be greater at the line A, A, as will
be shown in some others further on in this chapter, and the strength
of the casting considerably increased.
is
ETC.
99
used with few modifications to adapt it to the diamback gears and the feed
all
the variety of designs there are more builders using this form
than all the others put together.
FIG. 60.
Form
of
Head-Stock
built
by a Majority
of design carries
of
Lathe Builders.
front
and back
is
carried high
FIG. 61.
The Schumacher
&
Boyce Form
of Head-Stock.
This
is 'a
back and
lathe.
Fig. 61.
In this we have a
front, with a modification of the reversed curve and the combination of the arch proper and the inverted arch as shown in Fig. 58. The form is pleasing to the eye,
100
In this case
one.
of
of head-stock
metal at nearly
is
shown
all parts.
in Fig. 62.
In
a
f
FIG. 62.
upon
whence
and on a proper
it is
of Head-Stock.
arch
straight
from
horizontal.
This design gives great strength, and with the proper proportions and thickness of metal throughout it is as rigid as it is possible
to design a head-stock.
The housings are unusually thick and cored
FIG. 63.
is
prac-
of Head-Stock.
tically the same as that shown in Fig. 58, except for the arched
brace C, from the front to the rear housing, effectually tying
them together and thus adding considerably to the rigidity of the
is
The fact that these housings are solid, that is, not held by separate caps, permits the addition of this very strong brace, which could
ETC.
101
While
machines,
this idea is
it
known.
in which a head-stock so braced
would be very valuable, as its strength and rigidity is much increased
by it and the strain and vibration is considerably reduced, which
has the effect of increasing the efficiency and also the life of the
This question of increased rigidity and the imporcutting-tools.
tance of obtaining it has received much attention in the past few
years, and the result has been the constant increase in the pro-
many
so far as
classes of
is
work
A
FIG. 64.
Special
Form
of
Hendey-Norton Head-Stock.
It
is
it
has dur-
ing the last decade. The use of high-speed steel will, doubtless,
be extended to other uses than at present, and its price will be
in
which
it will
be subjected in performing
its
appointed
102
getting that castings will change their form more or less for weeks
after being cast, our next concern will be the spindle.
It is not
spindle
is of
enough to
say, as catalogues
hammered
v//////////
-a
FIG. 65.
which it is loaded and which become a part of its attendant mechanism not only these points, but others that are equally important,
the torsional strains to which it will be subjected in performing its
;
its
we
sented in Fig. 65. In this case the front bearing would necessarily
be very large and strong and with ample support. The rear bearing need not be a matter of serious consideration, as it is quite a
ETC.
103
distance from the front bearing, while the weight of the face-plate
or chuck carrying the work, or the center which supports one end
of the work, if supported by this means, carries nearly all the strain.
weight or the belt pull upon the spindle, while in reality a factor
FIG. 66.
Form
of
is
medium between
the two extremes presented and an ideal form as shown in Fig. 67,
wherein the conditions governing both the former examples are
104
It is doubtful,
this point is of
importance, particularly in a lathe properly designed as to
the dimensions and weights of its parts, especially of the spindle
however,
if
much
and
its
appendages.
FIG. 67.
Taking
all
Ideal
Form
of
Lathe Spindle.
we
the proper proportion and design of the spindle with the face gear,
cone pinion, and the feed gear, will be substantially as shown in
Fig. 68, leaving out of the design for the time being the special
FIG. 68.
The
Ideal Spindle
shown
in Practical
Form.
form of journal oiling devices, the thrust bearing for the rear end
and the special form of the nose of the spindle, which will next
receive attention.
As
on the nose
It
is
up
to the collar,
ETC.
105
may
be very
in
It
is
its
capac-
that we can hold the plate perfectly true in its place and exactly
concentric with the front bearing if we grind a portion of the nose
of the spindle to a truly cylindrical form when we grind the front
fit
fitted.
This centers the plate accurately with the axis of the spindle.
and the hub of the
chuck-plate or face-plate fits fairly against it, there will be no difficulty when removing the plate of always being able to replace it in
exactly its former position, perfectly true in the running of its face
of the spindle.
Even
the wearing of the thread will not effect its true running,
since the only office of the thread is to hold it on, while the ground
surfaces
shown
insure
its
trueness.
This
is
in Fig. 69.
In this connection
it
is
noticeable
FlG 69
Nose of s P indle
the spindle, clue to the nose being somewhat smaller than the front bearing, against which the face-plate
or chuck-plate rests, and assuming that its close fit upon the ground
'
'
'
by a
area.
It is
106
formation of the front end of the spindle with its fixed collar formed
in the forging is also the usual practice, except in some of the lathes
of
it,
since a
hardened
probably omitted
it is
The
thrust bearing
improvement upon
between two bronze
practice to run
it is still
two
one
is
is
hardened,
of ordinary
when
the lathe
over
is
12-inch swing.
this design is made may be interfull
of
the
the
lathe in inches as a unit, repreUsing
swing
esting.
sented by A, the proportions of the spindle will be as follows
Diameter
+5.7"
the
-=-
4.5"
-=-
6"
In Fig. 70 we have a spindle of somewhat overgrown proporone of proportions advocated by an eminently practical
mechanic who is said to have remarked that he "didn't want a
lathe spindle with a front bearing so many inches diameter and so
tions, yet
it
with a bearing so
ETC.
many
107
inches
by which we may readily understand his idea that a large and short front bearing was much better
adapted to the work than one of medium diameter and extra
large
short,"
length.
Thus
we have a
if
inches long, and we increase the diameter 50 per cent and reduce
the length in the same proportion, viz., one third, we shall have about
the same area of bearing surface, but we shall gain the advantage
of bringing the driving-cone closer to the work, of shortening the
whole length of the spindle, and of making the front end of the
spindle much more rigid and better adapted to withstand
FIG. 70.
better
when
work
and
still
large facing
work
is
to be
is
carried
out near the periphery of the largest diameter that can be handled.
It does not follow, however, that the proportions of the enlarged diameter of the front bearing need be carried
of unnecessary
all
the
way
108
work
as
it
bears
upon
As between the two designs
former.
-]
seem
and extra
to be in favor of the
ETC.
109
where
ruined.
made
as shown, as
economy and
it is
belt efficiency.
a matter of
much importance
in belt
CHAPTER
VI
LATHE DESIGN THE SPINDLE BEARINGS, THE BACK GEARS, AND THE
TRIPLE GEAR MECHANISM
I
Designing spindle bearings and boxes. Thrust bearings. The Lodge &
Shipley form. Ball bearings. Proper metal for boxes. The cast iron
Split boxes.
The
ring
oilers.
Lu-
Line-reaming boxes.
plain brass
oil
cup.
Chain
The use
oilers.
of a
Lodge
&
Shipley oil rings. Neglect of proper lubrication. Back gearing. Varying the spindle speeds. Triple gearing. Theory of back gearing. Back
Triple gear calculations.
gear calculations.
Diagram
of spindle speeds.
Faulty designing of back gears and triple gears. Four examples. A 14inch swing lathe. A 19-inch swing lathe. A 17-inch swing lathe. A
30-inch swing triple-geared lathe. Explanation of the back gear dia"
Guesswork"
grams. Essential parts of the triple gear mechanism.
in lathe designing.
Cone diameters.
design.
devices.
GREAT
of the spindle
made
improperly
tically worthless.
It is
One form
is
its
shown
proper performance.
which is a style used for a number
in Fig. 73,
no
on the
New Haven
lathes.
It consists of a
ETC.
Ill
hardened
steel
and tapped out with a fine thread. Fitted to this is the thrust
whose forward end bears against the ring B. The sleeve
D is adjusted by means of two slots (one of which is shown) cut
This
across its face, and is held in position by the check-nut E.
device is much improved by the addition of a hard bronze ring,
loosely interposed between the thrust sleeve D and the hardened
ring B. The sleeve D was made of a steel casting, as was also the
check-nut E, which had holes drilled around its circumference for
the accommodation of a spanner for adjusting it. The device was
sleeve D,
EDO
New Haven
FIG. 73.
Lathe
FIG. 74.
Thrust Bearing.
Lodge
&
Shipley
Thrust Bearing.
The form of thrust bearing used on the Lodge & Shipley lathes
shown in Fig. 74, and is constructed as follows Upon the spindle
A is keyed the cast iron ring B. Next to this is a bronze washer C;
is
next a hardened
which in turn
this case is
While
steel
formed
an
this is
form
end thrust
it has the disadvanoccupying some space inside the rear box and consequently
increasing the distance between the front and rear boxes, increasing
efficient
of
tage of
to prevent
This, however,
is
easy
112
The popularity
to
different uses
many
slight vibration
any inaccuracy
the device
is
The construction
time.
is
shown
on
in Fig. 75.
balls,
many
Upon
owing to
Yet
lathes at this
the spindle
fixed the collar B, having a ballrace cut in its rear side as shown.
is
case
of
may
and set
deep enough to form a sleeve which
projects out over the balls and the
FIG. 75.
it,
from
It
dirt.
is
This
thrust
is
shown in
box if so
Fig. 74, near the rear end, or even at the center of the rear
In this location it would have the added advan-
desired.
what
spindle box.
this purpose,
pound
Any number
of different metals
to a fine
quality of
of
per pound.
It
is
an old and a true saying that with a good, true, and well
and the bearing kept free from dirt, always clean
finished journal,
and well lubricated with good oil, a cast iron box is as good as
anything that can be made. Every practical shop man of even
moderate experience can cite instances of the excellent record of
the old-time cast iron box, and the fact that it is still used by some
of the oldest and best lathe manufacturers is certainly a strong
it
ETC.
113
is
Under adverse conditions many bronze boxes withstand successfully dirt, grit, and poor lubrication that would put the cast iron
box out of business in a few hours.
Of course it is assumed in all these remarks that the lathe
spindles are made of 50 to 60-point crucible steel, and that they
have been accurately ground, as this is the only method by which
we can insure the perfect cylindrical form of the bearing that is so
necessary to the successful operation of a lathe.
The older form of designing the housing of the head-stock for
the reception of the boxes was to have the opening at the head and
end
of square
boxes being fitted to the circular opening and capped down, when
the inner surface of the box itself was bored out and hand reamed.
For small
lathes,
dirt as well as
to
it is
have correct
bearings, since a good, true bearing will not long remain so if exposed to dust and dirt or even to poor and dirty oil used as a lubricant.
is
pro-
vided
the
rear
housing.
This
is
FlGL 76
?iT
^ring
Small
Lathe,
for
between the
is
steel collars
The faced
and the
and rear a
short distance, and this projecting part is threaded and has fitted
to it the dust-caps D, D, which may be made of steel, as shown,
114
of brass.
They are bored to fit the spindle
rather closely so as to more effectually exclude dirt. In some instances it may be advisable to place outside of the outer collar B
a felt washer closely fitting the spindle, which will be an effectual
means
of insuring
a clean bearing.
every case be found sufficient even with a very heavy end pressure.
In the case given in Fig. 76, it will be noticed that the spindle runs
reamed hole
in a
This
when
anti-friction metals."
In an extended
was
it
ends.
FIG. 77.
proper form.
About one
may
be a
ETC.
115
diameter 60 per cent larger than the small end of the bearing. The
involute form is preferable, while the "Schiele curve" is, of course,
eliminate friction.
While
and
entirely
it
is
pensive to maintain.
For these reasons there was designed a sort of
form which
and which
is
shown
compromise
in Fig. 78,
is not subject to
the disadvantages referred to
above. The conical portion
and the
is
twenty
In
Fig.
79
is
shown
taining
ment
the
correct
of the spindle.
align-
One
dleS
YW
boxes"
half of the
is
UZ
that
"*&&
the
lower
116
spindle
taper,
upon
its
small end.
One
may always
may be desired,
is
the
same through the entire circumference, the spindle will retain its
central position and correct alignment even after a very considerable amount of wear, and a new bronze sleeve may be readily fitted
when the first one is worn out. This substitution is not only
economical but the exact alignment is still preserved.
It may be argued that this sleeve, like the split box, will wear
most at the bottom. This is perfectly correct, but an occasional
turning of the sleeve through a quarter or a sixth of a revolution,
effectually corrects this tendency.
As shown
is protected by dust-caps or
further be reinforced by the introduc-
rings D, D, which
may
still
In
fact, it
it will
little
ETC.
117
omitted so as not to confuse the question. The matter of lubrication is, however, an important one, and will next claim our attention.
is
object
many
and
oil
to provide, in
tube or reservoir
An improvement upon
oil
cup
is
shown in
Fig. 80.
This tube
is
rests
the
oil
chamber.
When the
oil
in the
reservoir
too rapidly.
When the oil
below the top of the tube the wick
ning
is
is
down
acts as a siphon
FIG. 80.
118
immersed
is
Capillary attraction
is
depended upon
for
FIG. 81.
This plan has the advantages of keeping the journal and its
lubricant free from dirt; of straining the oil so that any dirt it may
contain will not reach the bearing; of providing for a quantity of
oil so as to make frequent additions to the supply of oil unnecessary;
and
oil,
of furnishing a
by way
of
of
age
is
provided
through
dirt
may
very largely
and
Loose Ring
is
successfully used
comparatively
from
inaccessible
Oiler.
shown
in Fig. 82.
In this case a
ETC.
119
bearing.
may be introduced
by the stopper E.
placed in the center of
One
D, usually closed
bearing and
is
it,
is
ring
the box or box lining
ma-
flat
linked chain
a circular ring.
is
used instead of
It
is
obvious that
it
will
oil
up
the
.
oil
.
than
will
a smooth ring
.
made
FIG. 83.
is
Oiler,
FIG. 84.
of Oiler.
A modification of the ring device is shown in Fig. 84, which illustrates a type of lubrication used in the
consists of a ring
function
up the
Lodge
&
Shipley lathes.
It
to dip
oil
and
120
and
again.
vided with the glass tube F, closed by the stopper E, and through
which the height of the oil in the reservoir may be observed
through the opening cut in the metal surrounding the glass tube
as
of lubrication is at
once
apparent, as the neglect of workmen to attend to the proper lubrication of lathe spindles, as well as many other parts of the machine
where
oil is
difficulties
necessary,
that occur.
is
And
"run dry" and its finely ground and polished surface to become
cut and "roughed up" is very difficult to ever get in as good working
condition again as before this kind of abuse happened.
of instances where the designer had prowhich had been filled when the lathe was being
tested and which had operated well and lubricated abundantly.
The lathe was shipped to a customer, set up and run, and in a few
vided an
oil
reservoir
months the parts returned completely destroyed from lack of lubrication, the fact being evident that no oil had ever been placed in
the reservoir when the supply first introduced, as above stated, was
exhausted. Such neglect of the most ordinary precautions is a
good
illustration
exist in
of
still
methods
of
This
is
by some manufacturers
ETC.
121
FIG. 85.
Diagram
of the Driving
lathe.
Mechanism
At the top
of a
of the
engraving
is
shown
122
number
it,
of teeth in the
having 32 teeth,
therefore,
if
the
cone were running at 275 r.p.m. (revolutions per minute), the backgear quill would run at 100. This speed is still further reduced by
the quill pinion
each other,
Therefore,
if
we
cone by the ratio of the cone pinion with the back gear multiplied
by the ratio of the quill pinion with the face gear, we obtain the
spindle speed.
Or, in detail,
in
this
case, 88-J-32
2.75,
and
and 2.75 X 4
11, which is the combined ratio or
the normal back gear ratio. In short, the cone speed divided by
the back gear ratio will give the spindle speed, thus 275 H- 11 = 25.
The various speeds given to the spindle cone by belt changes
96
-T-
24
4,
shown the
ETC.
123
and 8 inches
in diameter,
2.5; 17 to 11
FIG. 86.
1.545.
Diagram
of the
per minute of the countershaft will give the various cone speeds.
Figure 86 is a diagram of the driving mechanism of a triple
geared lathe.
So
and
mechanism
it is
124
is
The triple gear shaft K is adapted to slide endwise in its bearings, and to be retained in either position so as to bring the gear J
and pinion L out of engagement with the pinion H and internal
gear M when the triple gear is not in use. This position is represented in the engraving by dotted lines.
As the pinion
has 30 teeth and the triple gear J has 90 teeth,
the ratio existing between them is 3.
And as the pinion L has 20
teeth and the internal gear has 200, their ratio is 10.
Therefore,
these two ratios multiplied together is 30, which multiplied by the
ratio of 2.75, existing between the cone pinion
and the back
which
gear
is
is
in operation.
is
Cone diameters,
of
given for
8,
convenient reference:
and 20
inches.
Combined
ratio, or
Combined
first
back gear
ratio,
and as
is
10.
usually
given, 82.5.
The
ETC.
125
126
89
FIG. 87.
10
Speed Curves
11
12
of a Triple
13
14
Geared Lathe.
fastest speed of the back gear and the slowest of the cone speed.
This amounts to a difference of 47 revolutions, as the former is
48.9,
and the
latter 96.
The
is
234
149
29.
96
127
48.9
395
Cone Speeds
ETC.
18.4
11.9
The back
In
130 R.P.M.
130 R.P.M.
-WUT8
FIG. 88.
Back Geared
Lathe, 8 speeds.
speeds.
It will
FIG. 89.
Back Geared
Lathe, 10 speeds.
is
consider-
It
128
In
343.0
25.50
206.0
15.30
9.65
82.2
6.10
49.2
3.65
For this size of lathe the highest and lowest speeds are as they
should be, but the proper progression is at fault.
Figure 90 is a diagram from a lathe of 17-inch swing and having
a five-step cone, a back-gear ratio of 12 to 1, and a countershaft
speed of 150 revolutions per minute. The same fault of too great
a difference between the fastest back gear speed and the slowest
cone speed is observed.
The
30.90
371.0
19.25
231.0
The
difference
ence below
is
12.50
97.5
8.10
60.6
5.05
above referred to
is
next
differ-
only 11.35.
is
of
which the speed calculations show an error only too common among
It will be noticed by reference to the engravlathes of this type.
countershaft cone is considerably larger than
that
the
91,
ing, Fig
the spindle cone, which is entirely unnecessary since the same object
might have been secured by running the countershaft faster and
The questions
of
is
triple
ETC.
129
1.
372.0
24.40
212.0
13.90
Back Gear
Cone
137.0
Speeds
Speeds
88.7
3.67
Triple Gear
9.00
Speeds
5.82
2.37
1.53
3.45
52.5
By
6.44
.81
useless, or
110 R.P.M.
159
R.P.M.
X
*
U T^S^
Back Geared
FIG. 90.
FIG. 91.
Lathe, 10 speeds.
work.
by the
triple gears of
no
effect in practical
no prac-
tical use.
130
65
60
50
40
40
20
10
10
j4
FIG. 92.
Speed Curve
10
of a Triple
11
12
13
14
15
Geared Lathe
Wrongly Designed.
and the
faults of designing
ETC.
131
sen ting the triple gear speeds is drawn to a scale ten times larger
than the curve for the back gear speeds and the cone speeds. The
object of this was to show more clearly the progressive increase of
the triple gear speeds, whose continued upward tendency would
properly join with those of the back gear if the latter were drawn to
the same scale, which the dimensions of the page would not admit.
The
on a previous page, to
and a comparison with the speeds
is
referred,
FIG. 93.
is
suggested.
Triple Gearing of a
Lodge
&
Shipley Lathe.
In the diagrams of driving mechanisms in Figs. 85, 86, 88, 89, 90,
91, the countershaft cone is shown above the spindle cone and
the back gear and triple gear mechanisms below. This is so
and
is
not at
some
all
necessary that
it
should be so
of the
in connection
with the usual back gears are well represented in the rear view of
a head-stock shown in Fig. 93, in which the triple gear device is
quill pinion
thrown out
of
engagement with
132
the face gear. In this case a clutch connection between the back
gear shaft and the triple gear shaft serves to handle the pinions on
both so as to be moved into and out of engagement at one and the
and
is
When we
consider these questions we cannot avoid the conclusion that there have been many good opportunities wasted and
ETC.
133
money spent
for these
tance from center to center of the inside V's, as a base, and the
Sufficient
lathe center the apex, should be an equilateral triangle.
material must be provided under the largest step of the cone and
the face gear to give the requisite strength and rigidity. The
large step on the cone should fill the remaining space with the
make
on a
identical.
This,
and
in the
same proportion
as the cone
The cone diameters having been fixed the back gear ratio must
made to correspond. We cannot have an arbitrary cone proportion and an arbitrary back gear ratio. Only one can be fixed,
and the other must be arranged to correspond with it.
A homely proportion, but one that will come out very nearly
be
to
make
the belt a
it
trifle
narrower.
used
it is
common
practice
made wider
There
is
also a
step diameters
steps,
of
134
Ordinarily, the width of the face gear should not be less than
eight tenths of the width of the cone steps, and the width of the
back gear not less than six tenths. Of course, the pitch of the
teeth should be in proper proportion to the width of the face, and
in the larger lathes the pitch of the teeth of the face gear should be
one number coarser than that of the back gear.
narrow
limits, the
by the ascertained
or the arbi-
main
spindle.
This
is
permissible
on cone pulleys, one of which was upon the head shaft (located
below the spindle and driven by it through the medium of gears),
and the other on the feed rod. The lead screw was, of course,
driven by gears so as to obtain a positive motion.
In modern
lathes nearly
for driving
CHAPTER
VII
Requisites in
The Reed
its
construction.
tail-stock.
attachment. Failures of taper attachments. The Reed taper attachment. The Le Blond taper attachment. The Lodge & Shipley taper
attachment. The Hamilton taper attachment. The Hendey-Norton
taper attachment.
taper attachment.
THE
The Bradford
work opposite
is
to support the
in a direction at right angles to the center line of the lathe, for the
purpose of turning tapers, and in some types of lathes for boring
operations.
It
is fitted
to the
must be capable
of being securely
135
same as the
run past it, and
clamped
in
136
The
efficient
force
it
manner
it
The
is
it
to the bed.
tail-stock
tail-stock
In larger lathes, say from 30-inch swing up, the division between
the two parts is near the top, which should be secured by an additional set of four bolts so that the spindle
may
centers.
of 24-inch
one
man may
is
larger
and the
Engravings of
tail-stocks, as designed
by prominent builders,
and the manner in
The Pratt
& Whitney
tail-stock is
shown
in Fig. 94.
Its par-
ETC.
137
end
or reamer
of a
secured to
and
eccentric
which
the
It
bed by an
lever
device
is
ient.
FIG. 94.
by the Pratt
view
holding-down
and both
bed
are so placed to
permit the upright to be cut
away in front so as to permit
the
They
compound
rest
to
swing
around
parallel
with the
line of the
bed
The form
form
is
of the casting
called the
"
is
well
off-set
96
>
which
is
of
the
same
tail ~
shown
as seen
from the
rear.
This
tail-
stock."
Figure
97
is
an
excellent
shows
and
clamping
improved
so as to appear
more
FIG. 96.
Rear View
of the
Reed
138
clean
its solid
and sub-
stantial appearance.
Figure 98
by
is
P. Blaisdell
FIG. 97.
&
its
sup-
Shipley
porting parts. The cap at the rear end is of such form and dimensions as to increase this top-heavy appearance.
The Hendey-Norton
in Fig. 99.
It is a clean, symmetrical,
in Fig. 94.
Manufacturing
New Haven
Company's
tail-stock
for 24-inch
the base.
cerned.
Other than
ETC.
139
design except that there are two ribs and grooves, one
to each bolt for preventing the undue strain on the holding-down
able in
its
bolts.
some
respects
FIG. 99.
if
by the
Company.
built
in
not in others.
Hendey Machine
FIG.
New
Company.
ring
as
it
were.
FIG. 101.
built
which
is
of fairly
W.
FIG. 102.
built
by Schumacher
&
Boye.
P. Davis machine
made by
the American
140
shown
in Fig.
105.
This
is
and secured
bolts.
to the
It has a rack
bed by four
and pinion
device for
FIG. 103.
Tail-Stock built by the
P. Davis Machine Company.
W.
The
tail-stock
shown
shown
by the same concern, the
as that
in Fig. 100,
New Haven
Company.
Manufacturing
This is for a 60-
is
FIG. 104.
and the
FIG. 105.
built
by the
a spur gear is keyed to the spindle screw and engages a spur pinion on a shaft in front. Upon the
front end of this shaft is a miter
ETC.
141
spindle
gearing
stock,
is
which
massive,
easily
3 to
is
is
moved
is
The
ratio of this
1.
along the
vice,
also
man may
easily
from
stock
move
one
the
tail-
point
to
it
another, although
weighs
nearly a ton.
The establishment of Schu-
shown
swing
lathe.
in Fig. 107.
It
is
It is pro-
FIG. 106.
built
hand wheel
its
FIG. 108.
FIG. 107.
Schumacher
&
Boye.
set at
position
an angle,
more con-
by Bridgford
Machine Tool Works.
Stock,
made by
the Bridgford
142
swing.
It is not a
down
the base
and a second
by
culiar
this concern.
feature
is
While
it
usual appearance,
its
form
is
FIG. 109.
of Tail-Stock.
practical
bility
center,
which
is
and
in
giving
more
sta-
the
tail
rigidity to
From
be quite readily studied and their good and bad points duly considered, either for the pur-
and
class of
work
to be per-
formed.
tail
mostly used upon hand lathes. As its name imspindle is moved lengthwise by a lever rather than
is
ETC.
143
its
usefulness
is still
further
or
In addition to
all
ing mechanism.
The
carriage
design.
that
to.
Figure 111 shows the design of an ordinary engine lathe carIt has a wide center
riage intended to be rigid and substantial.
which
is
two
part,
ribs, thick and deep
properly supported by the
in the center.
may
Some
it
when
the
compound
rest is
removed
rest
When work
is
to be bored
it
must
rest
upon
144
modation
and two
if
down
may
necessary.
-f
ETC.
145
surfaces for the carriage inside of the V's, the inner V's being
replaced by flat surfaces, thus permitting the swing to be increased
compound
rest of
New Haven
The
used
much
slots will
all
in one direction.
carriage
is
when
moved
tions
level,
The top
with no obstruc,
the
(L
of the
compound
rest
FIG. 112.
is re-
Carriage, Apron,
to 32-inch swing.
feeds"
is
thrown
To operate
The
treme right closes the "split nut" on the lead screw, provided
the feeds are not engaged. That is, if the levers are as shown
the lead screw nut may be closed.
But if the lever "to reverse
feeds" is moved to the right or left, the split nut is locked
"open" and cannot be closed.
The feed rod carries two bevel pinions arranged in a sliding
all
frame, operated
by the lower
lever, the
146
but those leading up to the cross-feed screw and back to the rack
pinion and hand- wheel shaft. No worm or worm-gear is used.
Consequently the parts are large, strong, and durable.
The compound rest, as will be seen, is of ample proportions, has
a graduated base, a convenient removable double crank, and a
tool-post provided with a concave ring and washer adjustments
for the tool.
The
entire
satisfactory in practical
use.
The Hendey-Norton
carriage,
apron, and
shown
compound
in Fig. 113.
rest
is
It is not as
of the
riage.
The compound
piece of designing
FIG.
The Hendey-Norton
and Compound
113.
Carriage, Apron,
Rest.
is
graduated base
tool-post of unusual
strength
single
rest screw
a nice
It has a
tion.
and
rest is
and construc-
many
and
rigidity.
The
The
which
is
useful in
many ways
for
fine
work
is
to
be done.
of
Figure 114 shows the carriage, apron, and compound rest
the Blaisdell lathes. While the construction is strong and substantial, it
any attempt
at fine lines.
it
is
The arrangement
of the
apron front
is
is
ETC.
147
exposed.
riage
The
car-
length,
on the bed
might be to
The
good
advantage.
operations.
Haven
lathe.
on each
The top
FIG. 114.
The
Blaisdell Carriage,
The
T-slots
is
very massive,
carriage
weighing about 1,600 pounds, and the compound rest considerably
over half that amount.
The compound
rest
FIG. 115.
heavy
steel
position.
148
The
entire device
very strong and rigid and capable of withThere is a power cross and angular feed
is
cuts.
on the lathes
of this class
is
built
by
different
makers
will
be found in
practical machinist has recently made the following criticisms upon one of the popular lathes which shows the standpoint
from which the practical men look at some of the lathe features.
It is so
First.
means
of
any
of
the
holders
so
often
by
which
described
The stock
Second.
in the tool-post
is
so short that
it is
sible to use
such packing the value of this style of tool is lost. The top of a
3| x 1-inch tool can be raised but T 6 inch above the centers.
The
Third.
into the
tool-post screw
clamp handle
of | inch to
and
wrench runs
must
is
loosening
is
of the
Of
style, and falls out every time a gear is taken off.
course this gear does not require changing often if it did this nuisance
would be unbearable and call for a properly fitted and fastened
Woodruff
gear
is
is
must be hunted
this
changed.
The
reamed
This
may have
ETC.
149
fit,
its
is
con-
cerned,
right, but the part chambered out next the shoulder
is Yg inch larger than the top of thread, which makes it quite
is all
thread true
when putting on
plates or chuck,
with the results that the thread often jams in starting, especially
with a heavy chuck.
of the piece to be
convenient and
inclination,
it
efficient
is
one of moderate
limits.
We
must
therefore resort to
is
them out of shape as well as to distort the form of the centerreamed holes in the ends of the piece of work.
The taper attachment was devised to meet this condition and
consists essentially of fixing to the bed a bar capable of being adjusted horizontally to any desired angle, and upon which is fitted
a sliding block, moving with the lathe carriage, and so attached to
the tool-supporting mechanism as to cause the cutting-tool to
follow in a line parallel to the inclined bar as the carriage is moved
to and fro on the bed.
This is accomplished by different devices
lathe builders, whose efforts are usually directed to
three principal objects: first, to so construct the taper attachment that it may be attached to any lathe without special arrange-
by the various
so designed
it
may
third, that
150
special care
movable parts,
have the attachment
clamp screws tight and adjustments perfect; and that the cutting
perfectly rigid in all its
to
FIG. 116.
F. E.
inclined guide-bar
amount of taper that
movement by means
clamped
By
is
of
to the bed.
this
The
bed
carriage
produces the variation of alignment in the travel of the cuttingtool necessary to turn a taper.
ETC.
151
upon
is
bed.
Upon
it
is
connected
and con-
nection F.
FIG. 117.
When
clamped
all
thrust
is
guiding bar
tion
is
to the taper
by two
is
graduated to taper per foot and is clamped in posiA graduated screw adjustment is provided
T-slot bolts.
Company,
as will be seen
by
152
It
is
move-
ment by a rod D and bracket E, the latter clamped to the bed the
same as in Reed's device.
The taper attachment is extremely simple, and composed of
less parts
FIG. 118.
Lodge
from straight
When
dog.
&
In operation
it
is
changed
and not with the screw, making its operaThe nut is made to release and slide in a
tion instantaneous.
groove.
and
The stud
more or
less
than the
releasing of
ment when
simply
in use, because it
slides in
is
never disconnected.
The
bolt
slide.
ment
The
good,
is
FIG. 120.
o.f it.
not at
much
dency to
lift
153
FIG. 119.
ETC.
advisable.
Fig. 120.
154
It is supported
by
it
and
is
for use.
of the carriage,
and
V, loosening the post screw at the end of the carriage arm which
releases the cross-feed screw connecting block, and clamping the connecting link onto the taper-bar slide by means of the binding handle.
The top link and the binding bolt, which is fitted to a reamed
hole in the head of the block, furnish a double connection (and one
that is absolutely rigid) between the two slides, preventing any
back-lash.
Taper Attachment
FIG. 121.
built
by the
New Haven
Manufacturing Company.
is
compound
block.
rest shoe
Its rear
end
and
is
ETC.
155
movement
of the block
on the guide-bar
may
gradually
FIG. 122.
rest
123
FIG. 123.
156
de-
scribed.
From
which
The
is
tool is controlled
inter-
fering with the handle, the end of the screw telescoping into the
sleeve
on which
it
is
it is
telescopes
operator, irrespective of the position of the tool due to the taper
bar.
When turning tapers the lower slide of the compound rest
shown
in cut.
the parts
Consequently there
is
no disconnecting
when engaging
of
any of
Simply
it
be desired to face
off
CHAPTER
LATHE
DESIGN;
TURNING
RESTS,
VIII
SUPPORTING
RESTS,
SHAFT
STRAIGHTENERS, ETC.
Holding a lathe tool. The old slide-rest. The Reed compound rest. The
Lodge & Shipley compound rest. The Hamilton compound rest. The
tool-rest.
Hendey-Norton open side tool-posts.
Quick-elevating
The Homan patent tool-rest. The Le Blond elevating tool-rest. The
Revolving tool holder. The full swing rest.
The Le Blond three-tool rest. The New Haven three-tool shafting
rest. The Hendey cone pulley turning rest.
Steady rests. Follow rests.
The usual center rest. The New Haven follow rest. The Hendey
follow rest. The Reed follow rest. The Lodge & Shipley follow rest.
Their friction roll follow rest. Shaft straighteners. The Springfield
shaft straightener.
New Haven shaft straightener. Lathe countershafts.
The two-speed countershaft. Geared countershafts. The Reed
countershaft.
Friction pulleys. Tight and loose pulleys.
Self-oiling
boxes. The Reeves' variable speed countershaft. Design of geared
Lipe elevating tool-rest.
countershafts.
WHILE
hold the tool in a rigid position for performing its work, there have,
within the past few years, been designed and come into use a
of
tively necessary.
Some
special
their
is
unnecessary.
157
every mechanical
man
158
FIG. 124.
screws.
is
held at
is
it
FIG. 126.
Tools,
up
Company.
and
also
when
with arrangements for holding two tools under the same conditions
This
above noted.
is
159
ETC.
back
tool assists
amount
very much
of stock is
to balance the
gibs,
which,
tapering,
besides
being
tongued and
are
amount
slides,
so
of strain will
These gibs
displace them.
are provided with two screws
only,
and
at each end,
which
and are
Y.
ble of
They
delicate
will
possi-
FlG
adjustment.
The-tool
the
New
shown
in the T-slots.
160
same company.
The
"
is
quick-elevating" tool-rest
FIG. 128.
Device,
by using
made by
the
the tool-post
It
Company.
made by
the
FIG. 129.
made by
Company.
single tool-post,
and
is
FIG. 130.
Post
made by
chine
Company.
piece of mechanism.
In Fig. 132 is represented the Le Blond elevating tool-rest provided with a thread-chasing stop which is clamped to the dovetail
rest slides.
The device
is
It
ETC.
161
very heavy cuts on account of the fact that a heavy vertiwould be rather severe on the inclined screw which holds
strain
cal
ever, for
its position.
FIG. 132.
FIG. 131.
Tool-Rest
is
shown
in Fig. 133,
and known as
It is
made by
make an
device
and
heavy
cuts.
is
as rigid as
is
possible
adjustable tool-holding
is
amply strong
for
133.
The "Lipe Elevating
Tool-Rest," made by the Lodge
& Shipley Machine Tool Company.
FIG.
The
tool-holder,
revolving
shown in Fig. 134, is made by the Lodge & Shipley Machine Tool
Company, the R. K. Le Blond Machine Tool Company, and others.
It is a very useful form and is equally adaptable to the
carriage
an engine lathe or the slide of a turret lathe.
It is a very strong and rigid device and holds four tools, either
at the corners or sides. The locking pin withdraws automatically
of
162
when
is
It is
reduced to the same dimensions permits the several tools in the tool-post
to be used alternately.
Its greatest
that
by
its
use
features of a
advantage seems to be
we
practically
turret
add the
the ordinary
to
many
and reaming
features,
turret operations
plished
by
may
but
still
be accom-
its use.
madlTy'lhe
Holder,
by
<** * *
swing
of the lathe
in the
leys,
and work
the front
it is
of that nature,
"wing"
compound
First, be-
work the
and which the
for turning
full
tool
not conven-
rest will
and
made at an angle,
inclining downward from the center
of the lathe so that it may be made
It
is
frequently
conveniently low to fit the low carriage of a large swing lathe and still
is
practically the
same as
the plain tool block used on the carriage, with a base suitable for bolting
down over a
T-slot.
Swing Rest
K. Le
Blond Machine Tool Com-
FIG. 135.
made by
Full
the R.
pany.
ETC.
163
two
in front
and one
in back.
These
may
be advanced towards
an
independent
forward
also
The base
is
adjustment.
surrounded by
The device
bricant used.
invaluable
is
many
for
purposes.
made by
FlG
rest
shafting
the New Haven
and
FIG. 137.
the
New Haven
last
may
hold the shafting to be turned steady and firm for the action of
the turning tools. In the last example this function must be
164
"
performed by a separate steady
It should of neces-
accommodate
The
it.
center
cone to
be turned in
made by
the
pany>
As one
T-slot holds
all
the tool-posts
it is
only necessary to
settings, the
inclined lines meeting in the centers of the pulley faces; or, the proper
"
curve or crown" may be given to the device by a curved guiding
of steady rests
we may
include any
and alignment
as before the
tool
commenced
cutting.
ETC.
165
reamed
to
enough
just large
admit
of
form
made by
all
FIG.
Center Rest, as
139.
made by
nearly
all
Builders.
tail,
Figure 140
is
made by
Manufacturing Company.
the
New Haven
serves to embrace
of the
work
more than
half of the
circle
The base
of
the
New Haven
Follow Rest.
the
Hendey
lathes.
It
is
riage
the
and
fits
compound
in
behind
rest.
_.
"
steadies" the work by
carriage and
means of the adjustable jaw which is set
up against the back and top of the piece
to be turned, and held in that
position
by two set-screws as shown.
FIG. 141.
The Hendey
Follow Rest,
166
This rest has but two jaws, one at the rear and one
over the work. Its peculiar feature is that the jaws may be removed and a special piece substituted, which is bored out to receive
Company.
bushings which
may
be bored
number
to be turned.
solid
Rest,
with Bushing
exception
it is
Shipley Ma-
Company. It is
to
very heavy work and
adapted
will be found useful on any
rapid-reduction lathe. With one
chine
FIG. 142.
rest
Tool
Figure 144 shows the strongest follow rest made and is a product of the
same establishment.
with friction
friction of the
the heaviest
Being provided
rolls for
work,
reducing the
it is
work the
adapted to
lathe
is
capable
of
carrying.
easily
It
is
steel rollers
backward
or forward.
This
is
FIG. 143.
accomplished by connecting
ETC.
167
the rest to a screw which telescopes the regular cross-feed screw and
The
is operated by the same hand wheel which sets the tool-rest.
position of
the rollers
is
ment
new
entirely
an attach-
in principle
and
in the sav-
if it
may be
so
not
partly finished
and
finally entirely
finished shafts,
may
be straightened.
FIG. 144.
Shipley
The general plan of doing this work is to rest the shaft upon two
points at some distance apart and then apply pressure on the opposite side, and at a point midway between these two points.
These attachments or accessories are sometimes attached to
the carriage of the lathe; sometimes mounted so as to slide on the
V's of the lathe; again upon wheels that run in the space between
the inner and outer V's; and in still other cases, for small and comparatively short work, they are mounted upon a bench. In this
case they either have attached to them a pair of centers in which
the work to be straightened may be placed and its correctness or
incorrectness as well as the location and extent of the inaccuracies
may
may
In Fig. 145
sory
made by
which
will
is represented one of the latter forms of this accesthe Springfield Machine Tool Company, the uses of
to be placed
168
It
is
that
it is
The general arrangement of this machine is in itself very convenient, as any work within its range of centers may be tested and
straightened without the unnecessary walking from press to lathe
each time in straightening rough or finished work. This, however, does not limit the length of shaft that can be straightened,
as
it
a great labor
saver.
FIG. 145.
In the tool-room
it is
upon
it,
by means
of
which
it is
The block
is
on the end
ETC.
169
and
Fig. 146.
Bed,
ing
down upon
made by
Company.
is
laid into
At each corner
is bolted a leg G, G, G, G,
carrying loosely journaled therein the shafts H, H, on the outer
ends of which are fixed the wheels J, J, J, J, which are adapted to
run in the spaces between the inner and outer V's of the lathe bed,
which permits it to be moved to any point where its use may be
desired.
170
is
pulley identical with the spindle cone, and upon the other end of
the shaft a tight and a loose pulley for receiving the driving-belt
from the pulley on the main line shaft. Then, as threads required
Up
it.
ward
an "open
of speeds.
Doubta
of
the
counterregular two-speed
suggested
advantages
shaft which has now become quite common, as a convenient and
belt,"
less this
speeds to
the
lathe.
of
commend them
countershafts.
sists of
ETC.
171
the pulley proper A, which is turned on the inside of the rim for the
reception of the friction band B, or has cast with it a rim projecting
shown
in the engraving.
The
friction
for the
band
same purpose, as
is
divided at one
Friction Pulley,
complete,
FIG. 147.
Friction Ring,
or Clutch.
New Haven
Sliding
Friction Levers.
made by
Wedge.
the
Manufacturing Company
upon the
E, whose horns
e, e,
levers C, at
/.
between the
free
power.
The
at its center to
is
172
moved
it is
clutch
is
to
to be
of friction pulleys
and
friction clutches
them the pulleys run loose on the shaft, except when clamped
by means of the friction device, the disc or friction band B, or
it
to
its
by which
it is
the operator.
The tight and loose pulleys are still used on very heavy lathes,
and in this case, when both the forward and backward motion is
desired, there is one tight pulley a little greater in
belt,
and on each
side of
it
Exterior View
FIG. 148.
^"Longitudinal Section
Self-Oiling Boxes
F. E.
for Countershafts,
The
Cross Section
made by
the
Reed Company.
moving the shipper handle to the left the reverse effect is produced,
and the right-hand belt becomes operative. The pulley on the
line shaft is, of course, as wide as all three on the countershaft.
given a good illustration of the self-oiling countershaft box, which is used on the countershaft shown in Fig. 146.
As will be seen by the engraving (Fig. 147), the journal box A
In Fig. 148
is
an
it
oil
reservior
reaching
down
into the
oil
173
felt C, C,
reservoir B,
ETC.
is
a groove
by means
of
which an ample
D,D.
As the supply
by
its
FIG. 149.
This
is
waste
prevented
oil grooves E, E, at the ends, which conback to the oil reservoir. The design and arrangement
is very simple and at the same time very effective.
It is used with
slight modifications for many similar purposes with like success.
In Fig. 149 is shown the Reeves' variable speed countershaft,
oil
two shafts
Upon
B and
the shaft
C, journaled in the
frame A, in
174
levers F, F,
left threads,
may
will,
relative diameters
and consequently
their speeds.
also used
upon
by
enclosing
them with a
casing,
ETC.
175
cones placed side by side but in reverse positions so that their adjacent sides were parallel.
one being the driven and the other the driver. Motion was transmitted from one to the other by means of a short endless belt running
between the surfaces, with the slack end hanging below them. This
belt was controlled by a sliding belt guide by means of which it
could be moved from end to end of the cones, whose varying diameters at the point of contact determined the speed transmitted
even for
light
work.
its
admirers hoped
it
would
be.
CHAPTER IX
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
Attachment for machining concave and
Attachment for forming semicircular grooves in
convex surfaces.
curved
rolls.
German
off or relieving
for lathes.
ment.
WHILE an
work, and
will
the lathe, or
by means
of the
compound
There
name
of a "lathe attachment."
are, of course,
It is not proposed to give here a complete list of these ever varying kinds or types of lathe attachments or to exhaust the list of
it
may
may
likely to
way
those
176
or convex sur-
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
177
FIG. 150.
This
almost
is
of
work required
to be
done by a device of
178
proportion, for forming concave and convex surfaces for ball and
socket joints, for turning large spherical surfaces, and for forming
semicircular grooves in rolls for rolling iron and steel bars.
The construction and application of this device, as arranged on
an ordinary
lathe, is as follows.
pound
fit
is forged,
machine steel ring
to the circular portion of the com-
rest.
formed
for a
worm-gear,
its
teeth cut
riage as shown.
Upon
FIG. 151.
which
may
it is
Upon
is
the gear E,
varying
is
and held
ing screw K.
in
this
desired to use the lathe for ordinary turning for any length of time.
As the feed for this device is derived from the cross-feed screw
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
F,
it is
179
by a
split
nut (not shown) with the usual lever or eccentric device for opening and closing it as may be desired. A clutch device on the front
end
F may be
adopted,
if
desired,
by having
produced.
removed
entirely
and a
^g/of Attachment^
rest
may
be
having worm-gear
as the
All machinists
who have ever undertaken to turn balls or parknow how difficult it is to produce a satis-
180
In Fig. 153
accuracy.
an attachment
of the
shown a compound
In Fig. 154
rest
is
containing
a bottom view
In
is
same
is
its
FIG. 153.
Attachment.
which engages with the idle pinion, D, which in turn engages the
gear E, which is fixed to the central stem of the compound rest
C,
tool block F.
When
and
started,
and
in-
compound
moves only the rack C forward or back,
which motion, being transmitted by the pinion D, and gear E,
it
ordinarily would,
it
FIG. 154.
Bottom View
of Ball
Turning
Attachment.
of the
swings the compound-rest tool block F around on the center
to
the
fast
carriage.
gear E, the shoe A being
The diameter of the work is regulated by the ordinary compound
rest screw crank G, in the usual
The turning
of
curved
rolls
manner.
is
not pro-
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
181
for
The engravings
in
Fig.
156,
which
do
is
this.
In the engravings,
of the lathe,
B is
A is
the bed
FIG. 155.
Forms of Convex and
compound rest. The curved
Concave Rolls to be Turned.
is attached to the bed by
means of suitable brackets at each end, as shown in Fig. 157.
This bar is made exactly to the curve which the rolls are to have,
the
bar
for
its
concave and
the
FIG. 156.
its
rest
and Concave
Rolls.
in a slot in the
182
usual manner.
FiG. 157.
and Concave
Rolls.
H brought against
roller
H.
similar attachment, or in fact this one,
may
be used to finish
is
roller
H, as shown
in the engraving.
less
than
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
six inches in length,
may
183
of forming tools.
FIG. 158.
It
is very simple in
which is pivoted at
its
its
compound
it will
rest at B.
By
reference to the
is
operated, the compound rest must swing upon its center according
to the radius of the bar A, and be governed by it.
FIG. 159.
It is necessary for its practical working that all fits and adjustments must be nicely made and accurately set in order to have this
attachment operative. Also, that unless the parts are all comparatively heavy and rigid, the cuts made would of necessity be
light ones, otherwise the tool would be likely to have considerable
vibration and leave " chatter marks" in the work.
It should also be remembered that for a large radius the tool
184
must project out farther from the center of the compound rest as
in other attachments of the kind, since the radius bar has
nothing
the radius of
the curve
machined.
Figure 160
FIG. 160.
is
like origin,
having
is
drawing back
curve which
it is
FIG. 161.
to produce.
The bar
A is made
to this length
and
is
slide F,
and hence, as
it is
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
work, the slide
F is
185
In
is
the radius.
have
all
rigid, with bars, studs, bolts, etc., much larger and of better
mechanical construction than those shown in the engraving, in
and
order to insure accurate and well finished work as well that which
will
their original
This form
term
of
this operation.
tooth
is
"
of
the
The conditions
cutter
the
forming tool
must commence
to
cut
at the cutting edge of the cutter, quickly move in toward the center
until the cutting edge of the next tooth approaches, then fly back
to the original position ready for cutting the next tooth.
This
motion
From
these conditions
it will
186
To produce
this
movement
the function
is
"
backing-off
relieving" attachment.
An ingenious device of this kind is illustrated in Figs. 162, 163,
and 164, of which Fig. 162 is a plan of the attachment, Fig. 163
of the
or
Gj P
FIG. 162.
"
shows one
and
of the actuating
rests
against
the actuating
cam shown
in Fig. 163.
The construction
of
the device
is
as follows:
Upon
the small
shown
in Fig.
FIG.
163.
Ratchet Cam
"
for
Backingoff
Attachment.
'
roller
BracFIG. 164.
ket for Cam Rol-
'
of
ler
'
'Backing-
off" Attachment.
cam
B.
The
swivel bar
is
and the
friction
roller
The compound
rest, or cross-slide, as
the case
may
be,
is
con-
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
The operation
187
of the taper
pound
cam B
rest,
tool being
is
the
drawn
friction roll
in as
rides
up on
^1
~~jr~
dropping back to
its original
the
actuating
cam
by
di-
the ar-
row.
There are
two impor-
by
this
it is
arrangement.
First,
FIG. 165.
Plan of Micrometer Stop Attachconveniently applied to an
ment for Cross-Feed of Lathes.
engine lathe having a taper
attachment. Second, as the taper attachment swivel bar is used
as a lever in obtaining the motion desired, this leverage may be
E^-^~^\
IU~1
\-^^^FJ
/op
is
entirely
the
FIG. 166.
on the
In Fig. 165 is shown the plan, and in Fig. 166 the elevation,
of a convenient and practical stop for the cross-feed of an engine
lathe.
but in getting
188
same setting.
The construction
the
Upon
the cross-
cross-feed
fitted
is
may
The micrometer nuts are recessed on the side next to the feed
stop B, and provided with a washer and short spiral spring. The
washer
is
washer.
Two
When
This stop must, of course, be exactly one half the difference between
the large and the small diameter in thickness. In use it is turned
down
E.
so as to
When
more
not in use
of these stops
B and
it is
may
is
used
first
and "runs hard against the stop," or is guilty of the opponot coming closely up to it. Both these errors have
site error of
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
189
of
and that
This
drum was
round
as long as
belt
must
ground.
It must be admitted that even with these crude devices much
good work was accomplished, and that the way
was thus opened for the
much
work that
better
With
of
the introduction
electrical
the
ease
power and
which
with
wooden drum
is
In Fig. 167
is
pany.
may
made by
much
Company,
fast
made by the Cincinnati Electrical Tool Combe held in the tool-post or tool-clamping device, and
grinder attachments
It
FIG. 167.
190
is
cord.
Figure 168
of
is
FIG. 168.
is
shown attached
to a lathe
Like
in the proper position for grinding the head-stock center.
the last example it consists of an electric motor whose shaft carries
the emery wheel. The shaft is arranged to travel endwise as is
necessary in center grinding, and is operated by means of the double
crank shown at the left. It is driven by the current from an ordi-
above devices.
It is arranged to be bolted
down upon
the
same manner
as the last
two devices.
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
191
By
FIG. 169.
made by
it
is
entirely practical to
attach the grinder to the compound rest, set at the proper angle and
the wheel fed back and forth quite as readily as on straight work.
Being electrically driven the device may be set with its shaft at
right angles to the center line of the lathe,
and
face grinding
may
be conveniently performed.
In fact there are hardly any of the ordinary grinding operations
that are required to be done on centers that may not be performed
by one of these grinders, even to cutters, reamers, and the like, by a
little
192
in
Fig.
with propriety be classed as a tool, but from its importance in design, use, and effect it seems to deserve being classed as
an attachment and so it is made a part of this chapter.
170,
may
Its construction
is
adapted
upon
its
to be bolted
upright face
is
it
of the lever C.
which
The
may be
B has
slide
FIG. 170.
form
of the thread.
However, the
full
form
of the thread
is
only
given by the last one used in cutting the thread, the others being
gradually cut away,so that the first one hardly more than marks
the location of the cut, the design being to cut the full thread at
ten cuts, each successive tooth of the cutter cutting a little deeper
until the tenth tooth shall have but a trifle to cut to finish the
thread.
It will be noticed that the tooth marked-
in the engraving
in
its
it
a
which
cutting 'position
supports
upon projection E,
The cutter having
to act upon the piece F which is being cut.
rests
made one
cut
is
LATHE ATTACHMENTS
193
made
is
completed.
made
keen edge
be lost in the earlier roughing
With this device the roughing cuts are made with teeth
state
Hence a saving
of time,
CHAPTER X
RAPID CHANGE GEAR MECHANISMS
What
is.
The old pin wheel and lantern pinion
patent for a rapid change gear device. The inven-
The
device.
first
claims.
inventors
of
the device.
device.
Judd's quick
The Flather
BY the term "rapid change gear" we understand that the mechanism so denominated is one capable of performing all the functions of the former change-gears but without the necessity for
exchanging one gear for another or one set of gears for another,
that is, without removing a gear.
These gears were formerly called "change-gears" because they
were subject to change for each new operation of the lathe in which
their use
was
essential.
Jr.,
gear
mechanism was, so far as the United States Patent Office is concerned, made by Edward Bancroft and William Sellers, who on
February
7,
195
a gear or the hub of a gear; the set being made with telescoping
hubs, the ends of all coming against the fixed plate. It is interesting, in the light of present developments in this line, to read the
claim of their patent, so prophetic of the developments to come,
as follows: "The method of varying the motions of the mandrel or
first
screw-shaft, or leader,
and
diameters,
all
by means
of
two
series of
wheels of different
and
imparting motion to
all
and
turning together,
second series with different degrees of velocity, substantially as
described."
While a number
features of the
number
of years.
We may
Thus we may
follows
groups as
First, those in
gears are
all
Of the
"cone
first class,
of gears," the
Humphreys,
Miles, Riley,
Wood.
Of
this
number
it
was usual
to use one or
two cones
of gears,
196
but
this
used no
less
some
of the
them on a
places
them
placing
in the apron.
Among
all
Edward
Flather,
later followed
by
536,615, on April 2,
F.
Benj.
Burdick, William L.
who adopted
a
of
series
making
rings fitting inside
on
a
teeth
of
the
face of each and
each other, cutting gear
portion
arranging the proper mechanism to thrust out from its fellows, the
notable one
is
method
of
up
While this device was not a commercial success, it had a counterpart and was the prototype of a quite similar arrangement consisting of two sets of sleeves in line with each other and having teeth
cut on their outer surfaces precisely as Paulson had done, and
arranging them and their connecting gears in a more practical and
operative combination.
An
interesting review
illustrated of the
office,
he
is
referred to a
"
all this
data
197
is
presented
in detail.
FIG. 171.
End
is
an
mechanism.
interesting example
Figure 171 shows
an end elevation of this lathe, and Figs. 172, 173, and 174 some of
the details of the gearing.
of this type of
198
The line drawing, Fig. 172, shows the connection between the
box and the lathe spindle. The spindle gear A drives gear D
on the stud D through tumbler gears B and C. The tumbler gears
feed
x,
hand
Motion
threads, as required.
is
transmitted
from the
and H, which
shaft of
1?
G,
View of
Change
is
is
shown
in
t,
stud, which
is
The introduction
feed ratio of 4 to
Figure 173
is
1.
the latter
by
is
the
all
times
is
in
199
mesh with one of the gears in the cone by giving the bushing
a combined sliding and rotary motion on the barrel D.
The portion of the barrel D which is toward the cone of gears
into
E
is
slot, to
FIG. 173.
EXTERIOR VIEW
Le Blond's Quick Change
Gear Device.
Details of
by means
can be locked in
its
proper position
manner.
Figure 174
casing,
is
its
in the
device to adapt it to the engine lathe. The cone shaft carries besides the eight gears of the cone, an additional gear, K, and below
this shaft,
which
is
marked B,
R, and
and N.
is
is
connected
on which
200
to this shaft
feed rod
by a
slip
gear
W,
in the usual
is
rod
manner.
From
box
itself
FIG. 174
Rear View
of
lathe or removing a single gear. The feeds are four times the number of threads per inch. It will be noticed that the compounding
generally adopted on this style of lathe is done away with, and that
wherever there are coarse feeds or heavy threads the increase comes
speeding up the
t
directly from the 4 to 1 gear on the stud
same proportion,
so that it
mechanism of
is placed under no additional strain.
"
rapid change gear atFigures 175 and 176 illustrate the
"
tachment" of the Springfield Machine Tool Company's Ideal"
feed
lathe.
in the
is,
201
stock spindle gears being those ordinarily used. The cover of the
and the gears are carried
gear box is rotated about a central stud,
FIG. 175.
of the case.
is
202
gear is opposite the center of the lead screw extension, when the
small clutch is thrown. All of the eight change-gears are protected
by the case except the top of the one which is in mesh with the
intermediate gear.
To give a sufficient range of pitches, a set of three pairs of gears is
provided in the head-stock to vary the speed of the intermediate
FIG. 176.
Attachment
built
slipping
their
These
in the sectional drawing, Fig. 176.
last
The
1.
4
to
and
2
to
1
to
1,
1,
gears furnish ratios of from
fixed
the
to
be
be reversed and five
two
given
lead screw
shown
at
speeds may
The
driving the intermediate gear.
may
pinion
intermediate
gear
203
is
running.
FIG. 177.
End
mechanism
structurally
All
weak and
these
less
conditions
render
the
204
rod and screw, and a sliding gear B, which acts as a driver for the
cone and may be dropped into mesh with any one of the eight gears
FIG. 178.
mounted
freely at
quadrant
by operating
by
is
rates of feed
may be obtained,
increased to seventy-two.
205
and as the bracket turns with the quadrant it supports the pinion no matter which one of the three gears the intermediate may be in mesh with.
Figure 180 shows the quick change gear cut entirely out, and
ordinary change-gears used. It shows also on an enlarged scale the
and sliding key
plunger
in the pinion,
whereby one
gears
the
three
C may be keyed
to the
of
rotate
to
two
The
loosely.
are
fitted
with
tool
hardened and
steel bushings,
and plunger
out, or
knurled knob
to
be pulled
to central
in,
position.
ger
when set.
The locking device
handle
for the
is shown
position of gear
at H, Fig. 179, and consists
of a shoe with a semicircular
SECTION M-N
Sectional Views of Bradford
Rapid Change Gear Device.
FIG. 179.
recess at the
trolling handle.
The screws can be raised and lowered to allow the gear in the
frame to mesh correctly with the gears of the case, thereby enabling
the operator to use gears other than those ordinarily used, simply
The relauntil the gears mesh properly.
206
view near
A, Fig. 178
this gear
New Haven
Manufacturing Com-
pany.
It
is
unique in that in
all
shafts
parallel to
each other.
SECTIONAL VIEW
FIG. 180.
After
Sectional
much study
View
of Bradford
known
had been
and
thor-
oughly investigated and studied and their features carefully classithe question
fied, after they had in fact all been dissected, as it were,
was sought
device
of obtaining the most simple and direct acting
making the
faces of
is
207
device operates
any one
of the
._.|_^--|--|--p|-1|-]- -j-
FIG. 181.
built
by the
it.
The
slide
upon
B may
quill or sleeve
it,
is
splined so that
it, in order to
beveled pinion
the change-gear shaft D, and which carries at its outer end the
change-gear C. The shaft H, supporting the quill G, is mounted
208
in
two eccentrics
J, J,
an in-and-
The
indicated
moved
sliding pinion
is
by
knob M, and after being engaged with the desired gear is
held in position by the pin N. This pin enters a hole marked with
the number of teeth of the gear with which the pinion is engaged,
of the
FIG. 182.
Haven
be cut, or feeds from 8 to 56 obtained without changing the position of the intermediate stud, the gears being so porportioned that
as one is removed from the change-gear shaft E, it is used as the
and quickly
On
so-
that no nuts
change easily
effected.
it
This
to be
209
FIG. 183.
1 to
By
FIG. 184.
requiring a
less
number
of
number
of useful changes.
Figure 183
elevation
and
is
a front
Fig.
184 a
and
applied to the
lathes built by the Pren-
Gear
Device.
Quick Change
Brothers Company.
The inventor has directed his efforts to the production of an
improved change speed gearing of suitable form for economical
tice
210
of
the
device
is
as
fol-
The
or
is
is
may
driven from the spindle through the usual tumbler gears arranged
handy reversal of the shaft.
for the
is
a sweep
D having a transverse slot fitting a bolt threaded into the end of the
The sweep or stud-plate can be turned about its suphub
and fixed in any position to which it is adjusted. By
porting
this means an intermediate gear can be put in mesh with any two
of the six gears shown, and this forms a very convenient arrangement for a three-speed connection and avoids the use of an interlathe bed.
made with
As
will
countershaft
On
the shaft
is
forked lever G, and between the arms of the latter is a pinion J with
a key engaging the key way cut in F. An intermediate gear in
journaled on the stud extending between
the parts of the forked lever G. The end of this lever is turned
is fitted in the
upward and is provided with a handle. A pin
pinion,
is
is
controlled
by a spring-pressed
A cover plate is secured to the bed to form a box over the changeand the front lower edge of the plate, as illustrated in Fig. 183
has a guiding rib supporting the pin H. A series of holes is bored
The forked
in the cover plate and in line with the gear-wheels.
gears,
lever
slid
may
at the
211
M arranged
of the rod A.
An
spring normally keeps the toothed parts in contact.
collar
on
the
rod
feed
enables
the
to
autobe
adjustable
carriage
matically stopped when a predetermined point in the travel is
on the end of the countershaft E can
reached. The slip pinion
on the lead screw or the
be adjusted to engage either the gear
gear
FIG. 185.
Gear Device.
either
member
countershaft
is
The lead screw and the feed rod can be applied to the machine
bolting the brackets which support the lathe to the bed. Then
the supporting bracket is put in position so that the triple gears will
come in the same plane with their mates, and that the countershaft
by
E will be
gears
engagement
K with either
or N.
Figure 185 gives a front elevation and Fig. 186 a rear elevation
of the Flather quick change gear device, which is a simple and
212
practical device
most
be described
feed box.
later, to the
This shaft
is
kind, and pivoted in the lever E, but not shown in any of these cuts,
is the usual intermediate
gear, which meshes with the teeth cut in
of the series
of gears
FIG. 186.
The
sitions
Rear Elevation
of Flather's
locking pin F locates the lever in each of its different pointo the appropriate hole drilled in the face of the
by entering
gear box.
G is
and provided with a notch to match each locking pin hole. A projection on the inside of the lever E enters one of these notches, and
prevents the lever from being shifted along the shaft until the intermediate gear has been dropped clear of the gears on the shaft B.
A new feature in this device is the fact that means are provided
in the gear box for giving three different speeds to the feed rod or
lead screw for each position of lever F. The shaft C has turning
loosely upon it two gears, H and J, whose hubs are cut to the form
213
When
in the position shown, the motion is evidently transshaft B to shaft C through the gear I, and its mating
from
mitted
gear in the series on the shaft B. The gear I may be thrown either
to the right or left, and thus be disengaged from its mate, but connected by the clutch teeth on its hub with -either of the gears H or J.
are run
As these
by
from being
depressions in shaft C, and thus prevents the lever
is
shaft
C
extended
The
of
out
through the gear
position.
jarred
carries a pinion
number
CHAPTER XI
LATHE TOOLS, HIGH-SPEED STEEL, SPEEDS AND FEEDS, POWER FOR
CUTTING-TOOLS, ETC.
Lathe tools
in general.
their characteristics.
A set
of regular tools.
Materials and
Tool angles.
strong tool-holders.
of the tool.
tools.
Degree of angles.
Grinding
Tool-holders.
High-speed
tools.
Condi-
steel.
practical machinist's views on high-speed steel
tions of its use.
Preparing the tool. Testing the tool.
feeds.
Much
The Arm-
Economy
Betool.
difference of opinion.
Grinding the
steel tools.
Speeds and
tools.
Amount
Average speed
of
for lathes
different swing.
Speeds of high-speed steel drills. Mr. Walter
Brown's observations on high-speed steel. Its brittleness. Its treatment. The secret of its successful treatment. Method of hardening
and tempering. Method of packing. Making successful taps. Speeds
of
Lubrication of tools.
cant.
Lubricating
The kind
oils.
of lubricant.
Soapy mixtures.
for lubricant.
Pump
for lubricant.
Flather's formula.
WITH
are of the
Pressure on tools.
214
ETC.
215
i.
216
In nearly
is
all
also
quite apparent
from
names
their form.
The question
much
much on
is
the
not so
man
each
of his own experience and with the range of material with which
he has to work: otherwise, with the conditions which govern the
work under his observation.
are
meet them
all is possible.
Some
of
them
these:
We
machine
wrought
tool steel,
still
It
it may be soft and tough.
be of any percentage of carbon up to and perhaps over one
hundred points, and still we must make a tool to cut it.
may
Wrought
iron
but, of course, in a
The
much
alloys of copper
less degree.
commonly known
And
so
it is
we have to deal.
way we may say that
In a general
we have to cut
whether
it is
hard or
soft,
it is
crystalline or
ETC.
217
fibrous.
whether much
be fast or slow, and whether the feed shall be coarse or fine. Its
crystalline or its fibrous nature will make considerable difference
in the top angles of the tools,
and
this will
this will
all
tools
as the machinist
would
say, to
and durability
relief
or lasting quality of
we analyze
seen
if
The tendency
work
is
is
the
This
relief.
"
bury
itself in
the
is
These points
will
cutting-down
tool.
that
is,
at too acute
jeopardized.
Again,
an angle,
if
its
is
too keen,
218
Hence we
not only largely governed by the kind and quality of the material
to be acted upon, but is in itself, by reason of the conditions of its
is
down
tool,
both of which
for a
all
It will be seen that the clearance angle may be anywhere between a vertical line and 10 degrees from it. The face angle may
like variation although we frequently see tools having an
angle as great as 25 degrees. The "rake" or top cutting angle will
be any angle from horizontal to 25 degrees, seldom more.
have a
In a general
hard
way
it
may
For cutting wrought iron the tool with angles too acute is liable
to bury itself in the work and break, on account of the fibrous
nature of the material.
Again, in tools for brass
work
very
tool
angles will be
slight, otherwise the
the
will
work and
plunge
spoil
it.
into
It
the
is
common
when
FIG. 189.
for a
Cutting-down Tool.
discussed,
"Whatever you do
for a
steel tool,
workmen
219
same
for
form
ETC.
of tool.
Another
set
work
degrees of hard-
all
do requiring a special
of tool angles are used for brass and
to
bronze.
When
bronze
is
the form of a tool for turning steel, including considerable rake and
(See Nos. 4 and 5
top angle. Often a diamond-point tool is used.
in Fig. 187.)
for
Tools are of two general classes according to their use, that is,
roughing and for finishing. The former must be made mostly
for strength
for
rates of speed; while the finishing tools are for high speeds, fine
Fine feeds are not, however, always used,
feeds, and shallow cuts.
as
it is
common
the inside of engine cylinders. The author has seen such a cut of
nearly an inch feed, the tool being very carefully ground and acting
more as a scraper than a cutting-tool. In this case the angles of
is,
spring tool,"
neck," which
Fig. 190, the
being
goose-
is
shown
in
cutting-edge
nearly
straight
When
FIG. 190.
wood
is
much
"
spring"
inserted at B, to
furnish
still
very
many
such
all
220
shops, the use of
tool-holders, designed
for
made
much
very
holding tools
increased.
known
"
self -hardening," or
"
high-speed" tool
steels,
now
well-
that have so
changed machine shop conditions and which followed the introduction of '"Mushet" steel a number of years ago.
These tool-holders have been made in great variety and pro-
and the
best.
o
A Set
FIG. 191.
it is
of
Ten Tools
for
a Tool-Holder.
steel of the
proper
size
may produce
tools of
work.
The matter
is
square.
There are
many
different
very
little
respect, or
ETC.
221
difference in efficiency;
upon one
to be
class of materials
machined, while
As
to the best
form
of
by
their
FIG. 192.
In Fig. 193
straight work.
threads.
is
is
of parallel
form through-
out its length, it is only necessary to grind off the top as it becomes
dulled, and raise it to the proper position to compensate for the
amount ground away, in order to always have a fresh surface and
of proper cutting
222
and
sufficient to
is
FIG. 193.
The facility with which tools of different shapes that may be required can be produced is also an important reason for their use.
Another reason is that when the shop is once equipped with
tool-holders, the cost for the steel for
as
making the
The modern demand for high-speed steel for lathe tools and
high price makes it necessary, from reasons of economy, to use
small tools; hence tool-holders.
its
FIG. 194.
The
"
Three-in-one
"
steel in
general way,
there seems to be no doubt.
it,
Tool-Holder.
It has
it is
been proven
many
times, in
conditions and on almost every conceivable material that has to be handled in machine tools, that it
many
has
places,
"come
under
to stay"
many
it is
of
practical use.
ETC.
is
223
not at hand
so that proper credit can be given him, are here introduced as being
"The
first
thing
is
to
make up
one's
mind
as to the quality or
steel to use,
when properly
to,
"Each of these steels must be treated differently, and if the toolmaker succeeds in treating one grade properly and understanding
it thoroughly, it means much time saved and better results in the
shop.
"
In introducing the use of high-speed steel in a shop, like everything else that is to be a success, one must start right. That is, the
that
is
it
a wet emery wheel, and care taken to heat the tool just so
"The
'
can
fingers.
tool once
often arises,
it
224
it
into?
'
is tried, it is
put in a lathe,
that
is
considered
"I think the proper way is to get at least one dozen shafts of
size that are used in the regular line of product, and to
a standard
first
ous
look up the exact time it took to finish or rough off the previlot; then to determine about what percentage of time would
be considered a
fair
steel,
it
based on
be based at
all
right.
"The next
first
thing
is
step
is
to find out
running at. In most cases which I have seen, after the tool has
traveled a certain distance the cutting edge would break or crumble,
is
"Now
the tool
a portion of
its
is
most foremen make a mistake; they take the tool back to the
If
over.
forger or tool dresser to have it re-dressed and treated
ten
it
take
if
even
it is only broken off slightly and can be ground,
or fifteen minutes to grind,
it
should be done by
all
means.
My
ETC.
225
"The
tool is
in the lathe,
and
will
stand up
all right.
which
is
started again;
it will
to
break
the tool again (!), but should turn up two or three more pieces with
an increase of feed, keeping a record of the time it takes to turn up
each piece.
"Once convinced that the tool
will stay
up
all
increase of feed, the foreman can increase the speed one step on the
cone. About the time this is done, it is found either that the belt
slips,
the lathe
is stalled,
(It is
Now, no doubt
if
these things
had
not occurred the tool would have done better; but in this case,
reduce the speed, and finish the twelve shafts, which it will probably
"When
tool.
all
most
all
ordinary tool
steels.
"At
is at,
new
If the
worn out, and he is satisfied that he can get at least 25 per cent more
work out of the tool by increasing the counter speed, by all means
let him get a new countershaft and treat each machine this way.
"No doubt the reader will know the results that some of us have
arrived at in the last two years. In regard to cutting speeds and
feeds there has been and always will be difference of opinion, and it
is almost impossible to determine the right feeds and speeds, whether
226
it is
and
piece,
to be
is
the
steels, as
this is
tools, in
many
we
instances
mak-
them
know,
recommendation for grinding is to let one man
grind all the tools, and be responsible for them. When a lathe
hand or a machine hand wants his tool ground, he simply gives it to
the man who is responsible, and gets another the same size and
shape, these being always kept ground and ready for service. In
it
ing
much
this
all
this takes
My
time.
way
"In
on
over, and, as
necessary to treat
reference to the
different
machine
makes
know
that
ing.
If
steel
all
works better on roughing work than it does on finishmost of the product of the machine department is to be
it
it
Moreover,
especially where the strains of the cut spring the work.
as it is not necessary to straighten the work to any great extent, it
certainly
it
means a great
saving, as
many
of our readers
know.
The
writer
"
is
Below
is
fair
ETC.
227
by
feet per
speed must be taken with the belt on the largest step of the cone,
with the back gears in. The speed of the following sizes of lathes,
taken from a large face-plate with the slowest speed, I find to work
very well, and considerable saving has been effected even on old
lathes.
amount
of
"
power available
will
have
to
be determined by the
in,
100
feet.
in,
90
feet.
in,
85
feet.
in,
75
feet.
in,
65
feet.
in,
60
feet.
in,
50
feet.
in,
30
feet.
iron,
ought to
drill
the
following,
"
"
228
coming as every comparatively new product has, but when we conhow long it took to develop " machinery steel" to its present
condition, we must admit that high-speed steel has a record that
sider
its
may
friends
One
be proud
of.
"
be says
"In
qualities,
all
"The
things considered,
knowledge
it is
and behavior.
way
of its use
now
is its
exceeding
a user has become discouraged with the result
of a few experiments and has, because of finding that it lacked the
Many
brittleness.
toughness of other
would,
if
steels,
intelligently
discarded
tion the great value of this new product of the metallurgist's skill.
"The question of brittleness is largely a question of treatment;
and intelligent experience will very largely obviate the difficulty
so that
it will
be tough enough to stand up under any proper conEvery tool-dresser knows how to handle carbon
ditions of work.
and
carbon
is
steel.
"This
is
where most
learn an entirely different set of color values and methods of treatment. He thinks that if he has succeeded in getting a hardness
greater than that of his file, he has done his job. That, however,
has nothing to do with the fitness of the tool. I have known cases
(with a certain make of steel) where the tool would do the best
work while still soft enough to take a good Swiss file.
steels
much
ETC.
229
work, the tool gumming' up' and rapidly burning up. The whole
secret lies in getting the tool to such a heat, in the process of hard'
"When
the tool-maker has mastered this secret, he can prosteel as tough as any of carbon steel.
The mastering
of it is largely a
Our own
matter of experience.
submit them
herewith.
"The
surrounded
with small pieces of coke, the packing case then being sealed up
with fire clay. Small holes must be left for the escape of gases,
otherwise the clay will blow out. The heating furnace should
more than a thousandth of an inch in tools of moderate size. Carbon steel usually varies several thousandths as a result of hardening.
"The method of packing will depend somewhat upon the shape
of the tool.
packed
It is
way
that
all tools
and
at once plunged into the bath, to prevent scaling by reason of contact with the air, as explained above.
In case of milling cutters
and key-seat cutters, a good way is to suspend them all from a rod,
each separated from its neighbors by a slight space, sufficient to
allow a free circulation of oil when plunged. Neglect of this caution
will be very likely to cause cracks, from the unequal contraction of
the cutters, the outer edges only being brought into immediate
contact with the bath, and therefore shrinking more rapidly than
the interior parts.
230
"For
taps, drills,
and
similar
shaped
tools, this
hardening leaves
the steel too brittle, and as soon as the tool has become a little dull
it breaks off.
To avoid this the tool can be drawn as can a carbon-
It
tinge.
is
is
further softening,
still
it
enough
keg is convenient for this use) and then cooled as
before.
We have made taps as small as -j6d inch in diameter to be
used in an automatic nut tapping machine, about the hardest work
(an
to
empty
nail
"In the
results.
No
an average of almost
we
"This
is
if
properly treated.
in drills.
We
find that
drills is
drill,
and
at the
holes.
"Makers
of the
new
We
instance,
ETC.
feed, at a rate of
of
machine
231
steel.
"Such speeds
feet per
But think of the chip that comes off! In case of steel the chip is
no such thing as we are accustomed to, breaking into short pieces
and dropping into the box below.
"At a speed of, say, two hundred feet per minute, the chip
comes writhing and twisting, almost red hot, in a continuous length,
shooting here and there, everywhere but the chip box; and quick
must be the workman that manages to keep well out of the way
of
it,
"
Possibly, in time, a
Until this
find that
is
on
We
be no set rule for speed. Each job will work out a rate for itself.
The main thing is to get out the job as fast and as well as possible,
and at the same time to lose as little time as may be in grinding the
tool.
"The high initial cost of the new steels has made it necessary to
devise means for reducing the quantity of metal in the tools used.
The result has been the production of some very ingenious schemes
for holding cutters.
The lathe tool holder is, of course, familiar
to
all.
232
It is
now
true that
we
are
making
these tools with inserted cutters of rapid cutting steel at less cost
than the old carbon steel tools. At the same time they are doing
all
from three to ten times the work, and at a much greater speed."
The question of speeds and feeds is an important one in connection with that of lathe tools, whether the old carbon steel is
used or the new high-speed steel known as self-hardening is that
selected.
As has been
and
qualities of
tools, a great deal depends, not only on the kind of metal worked,
but also on the quality of the particular kind that is to be machined.
With the old form of tools made from the old carbon steels,
cast iron was turned at a speed of from 20 to 25 feet per minute;
soft steel, 25 to 30 feet; wrought iron, 35 to 45 feet; and ordinary
brass at from 50 to 100 feet.
With the present tools and methods such speeds are considered
child's play, and the speeds at which different materials are turned,
assuming a medium grade of metal, will more likely be given as
50 to
20 to
30 to
30 to
20 to
Hard Machine
Wrought Iron
Steel
35 to
20 to
The
15 to
110 to
90
60
40
40
to
to
to
to
60
40
40
40
30
45
30
20
130
110
80
60
CO
feet.
or in fact bear
"An important
this subject says that:
of speed
the
increase
conditions
that other
being equal,
A prominent writer on
point is,
involves a diminution of feed.
Hence
it is
ETC.
233
the practice of
each different
or finishing cut.
Roughing cuts
may
is
slightly
rounded.
inch.
may be
to 25 per inch.
20 to 40 per inch.
Finishing cuts on soft cast iron, with a wide point, practically
straight-faced tool with corners slightly rounded, the feed may be,
for soft cast iron,
Under
from
1 to
4 per inch.
machine
may
the cut
may
be substantially as stated
steel,
it will
be found
difficult to set
down
may
is
most
The
upon
234
the cutting-tool will tend to carry away such heat as will, to a certain extent, always take place.
Naturally a well lubricated tool
tool will be
As
much
less.
of metal to be
machined and
In fact
lubricant.
it is
it will
iron.
The
same may be
This
is
lard
oil
leads
all
others.
often replaced
While
one
is
it is
of sal soda, one pint lard oil; one pint soft soap,
make twenty
and water
sufficient
be dissolved in the
water, and the oil and soap added successively while the mixture
is hot.
Should the mixture prove too thick to run freely from a
drip can, or to pass through a lubricating pump, hot water should
to
quarts.
is
first
obtained.
all
of
which
will
ETC.
235
will also
most simple
is
enough
work.
As a constant stream
large or small
small tank
is
pump draws
it
of lubricant
may need
to be, a small
pump
is
is
it,
The tank
is
usually
made
resorted to.
up through a
by a stop-
of cast iron,
and
is
with
it
many
fine chips
fall
partment, flows over the vertical plate and into the other compartment where the clear liquid is drawn off by the pump. This
method
is
and attached
in
may
be purchased independ-
any manner
desired.
As the
pumps are usually of the rotary type, they may be driven from a
small pulley on the countershaft of the lathe if no special provision
them has been made on the machine itself.
While these lubricating devices are usually more appropriate
for a turret lathe or similar machine than for an ordinary
engine
lathe, yet the class of work and the kind of material to be mafor
238
chined will be the deciding factor more often than the type of
machine.
It will be often desirable to
know
the power which is being conon certain work for which data is required.
For most purposes this can be sufficiently approximated by calculating the power of the lathe from the width of the belt and its
sumed
in operating a lathe
usual
calculation.
For instance,
if we have a
piece of work 6 inches in diameter,
that for every revolution it will move through a distance
equal to its circumference, that is, 18.85 inches. If the cutting
speed is 30 feet, or 360 inches, we can easily calculate that it must
we know
make
lathe
is 12,
running
is
is
19 inches,
it will
or 5 feet,
or 1.176 horse-power for every inch in width of belt.
Now, assumthat
4
the
belt
is
4.7
inches wide, we shall be using
ing
horse-power,
if we force the cut
up to the full capacity of the belt to drive it.
and
qualities of metal,
made from
all
all differ-
and on
It would,
very
little
in a certain shop,
it
would
ETC.
237
make
calculations
cir-
cumstances, in this particular shop. And this table, while of considerable value in this shop, and interesting to any mechanical
engineer or shop economist, would not be a safe guide in any other
and "dig out" all these and similar facts relating to the
performance of machine tools, and such habits should be encouraged
No labor of this kind is lost,
in all who have to do with this work.
since every item of such work adds to the sum total of our information and enriches the subject for us, and gives us a more secure
and confident hold on the important questions involved in it.
A still further reason for such observation and the recording
calculate,
machine
tools, the
this subject is
contained
in Flather's
tool, neglect-
238
presently refer, it was found that the power absorbed by the machine varied greatly with the temperature of the bearings and also
with the speed. After the bearings become warm, the oil is more
viscous,
that
it
taking a heavy cut at a slow speed. These facts indicate the degree
of care necessary in arriving at reliable information upon the subject of
your inquiry.
Referring to the tests in Mather's text-book, we find the following formulas deduced from average results, which give the horsepower required to remove a given weight of cast iron, wrought
iron or steel
"In each
of these
is
026
03
044
X
X
X
W.
W.
W.
required with
at the Manthe
tests
obtained
by
English
high-speed
chester Municipal School of Technology. These are very elaborate
and cannot easily be summarized, but the following statement of
steels is that
results will
ject:
light
on the sub-
Light cut
Heavy
445
cut
Horse-Power
3
15
Light cut
Heavy
cut
Horse- Power
42
1.7
198
5.5
"
steel the
cast iron
we
would be
1.1,
light cutting;
tests,
and
will
ETC.
239
grade of
From
steel.
these comparisons
it
rule to multiply
the weight of metal removed per hour by .04 would give a safe
value for the horse-power for both steel and iron.
when
the cuts were deeper and taken with a heavier feed. The pressure
tool increased very rapidly as the tool became dull; but
on the
when
the tool
was
in
were recorded:
Tons
"It
steel
115
108
150
Tons
51
84
82
further
seeker after facts in this respect; but the limits of space will not
permit a more elaborate exposition in this chapter.
CHAPTER
XII
TESTING A LATHE
Prime requisites
of a
good
lathe.
Importance of correct
tests.
The
author's
The
inspector's duties.
Testing lead screws.
micrometer surface gage. Its use in lathe
face-plate.
micrometer
straight-edge.
BEFORE
lathe in
all its
We
should
particular lathe in question possesses them or not.
know whether the main spindle is exactly parallel with the V's or
and
not;
one that
so
will
TESTING A LATHE
241
is
and
user.
this time,
be sold as a fairly good tool ten or even five years ago could scarcely
be given away now; when a buyer critically tests every requirement of the machine he buys, and oftentimes almost literally dissects
it, it
becomes necessary
to
we
have,
we
bilities as yet,
out by the
knowing all its capabilities and possiand each year finds some added good points brought
many
workers in the
FIG. 195.
field.
whom he works,
question, since
is
its
of efficiency with-
242
to
inches
plate to be tested.
Upon
the arbor
is
accu-
ground
collar B.
of the arbor
At
and
the end
prevent
c.
FIG. 196.
it
is
a bar C, carrying at
its
outer
the
lathe
tool-post
as well as
slotted
where
end
of
the
in
the
of the bar C,
clamped by the
thumb-screw k.
it is
D is
which
carries
the micro-
The use
FIG. 197.
d, e, fix
Micrometer
these joints in
in Position to Test.
any desired
position.
B up near the mortise a, clamp the micrometer device in the tool-post in the position shown in the upper
figure in Fig. 198, and bring the point of the micrometer screw
TESTING A LATHE
down upon
243
the collar B, rotating the latter slightly to get the presSlide the collar B to near the tail-stock, move the
down
carriage
note
it
and
if
upon
opposite to
If not,
note on the graduations of the micrometer the amount that the tail
spindle
It
high or low.
is
is
fairly
well
sidewise.
the
and horizontally
vertically
we now
box
desire to
if
FIG. 198.
Testing Alignment of
the Tail-Stock Spindle.
the back
head spindle
is
in position
of the
centers.
know
correct,
it,
as
shown
in Fig. 195.
FIG. 199.
from a perfect right angle with the line of centers. Having determined the accuracy of alignment of the lathe, we now desire to test
its accuracy of facing
whether it will face up a piece concave,
convex, or exactly true, and to note the extent of the variation.
Figure 199 shows an adjustable straight-edge for this purpose.
244
blocks,
will
/,
accommodate the
to be tested.
The
To
To apply
m may
be ad-
all
face-plate.
face-plate, the
micrometer screw r
may
developments
The
tions
accompanying
tion and use will be
is
Their descrip-
It is assumed that the lathe bed, as well as the head-stock, tailstock and carriage, have been properly planed, the V's shaped to the
proper angle, and that the V's of the bed have been scraped straight
and true, removing as little of the metal as possible. The head-
TESTING A LATHE
stock, tail-stock,
fit
and
245
carrriage should
Their
fair
The
since
it
When
the lathe
be taken to have
it
finally "set
is
up"
requirement becomes
is
them out
same
plane.
Before proceeding to further describe this system of lathe testing, attention is called to the accompanying blank report for
properly recording the results of the inspection. It will be noticed
that
work
it is
246
when he has
it
set
up
in his
own
shop.
GRADWTIONS
FIG. 200.
50
TO
TESTING A LATHE
247
The frame B
support for the adjustable arm E, secured by the bolt e and adjusted by the screw /. This arm is extended to form a graduated
segment at g. Pivoted in the arm E is the indicating lever F,
and
g.
are
much
smaller fraction
may be
readily
screw to be tested.
down
ing
C, D, are set up just close enough to
insure a proper fit. The object of
using a babbitted nut in the bearing
at
is
not
felt,
there
is
on the point of
very
the indicating lever F, and the relalittle
friction
FIG. 201.
Micrometer Surface
Gage.
more obvious.
Another very important and useful instrument in lathe testing
is shown in Figs. 201 and
202, in which all principal dimensions are given.
is
The base
A is of
248
arrangement
clamping
bolt H,
The blocks
receiver.
C, D, are connected
end
HOS.PER INCH
it is
thumb-nut L, by means
of
which
of
inch,
that
fraction
are
readily
an
of
de-
termined.
Blocks C and
are forced
Details of Micrometer
Surface Gage.
The
final
means
adjustment made by
of the
graduated thumb-
nut L.
lathe being ready for testing and the face-plate having been
we begin with the test for alignment, as shown in Fig. 203,
faced
off,
which
is
TESTING A LATHE
pointer more
if
any.
249
To render
drawn
carefully
between the test bar and the pointer. The best paper for this
purpose is a hard calendered linen typewriter paper, three thousandths of an inch thick, as this paper runs very uniform in thickness.
FIG. 203.
If the inner
same
of
height,
a parallel bar should be laid across the V's and the micrometer
surface gage placed upon it. In any event much care should be
exercised to be sure that the gage base sits fairly on its support,
as a slight scratch, or a burr, or the least bit of dirt, will defeat the
object of the test.
FIG. 204.
and Tail-Stock
The
Spindles.
manner, as
shown
the pointer
down on
tail-stock,
in Fig. 203.
the spindle
it is
It
may
itself,
is
tested in the
also be tested
when
it is
same
by bringing
it will
go.
It
250
To
pound
rest as
shown
in Fig. 204,
The
lateral
in a
manner
moving the
point.
reading we may
The foregoing
correct boring of
of a turn at each
would seem
a job on this lathe.
tests
to be sufficient to insure
the
lathe will be
shown
in Fig. 205.
C, C,
ments
and measure-
taken
micrometer.
with
the
long.
of
making any
boring
tool,
held in a com-
pound
rest,
for test pieces for different sized lathes are given in Fig. 207.
For
micrometer straight-
TESTING A LATHE
251
it is first
points
accurately in
line,
The
test
bar
is
now
placed
FIG. 206.
in the
and the
flat
space a of the
straight-edge laid
upon
face-plate.
it
now
for support.
The micrometer
to hold the center slip of paper, when a second reading will give
convexity or concavity of the face-plate.
The allowable
riation of lathes
limits of va-
may
be about
22
to
28-inch
swing
30
-V
I4"and 16
22'
14*
and 2l"
the
21 \i
'
2G"and
28'
32"and
3G'
2%
1
42"and.48"
273/4
31
eOr'and 72"
all
dis-
foregoing tests,
tances between testing points
to be as given in the table,
Fig. 207.
It should
be under-
men
252
No
Size of Lathe
Lathe prepared
for inspection
by
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Level longitudinally
Level laterally
Swing over the V's
11.
Faces
12.
Head
Head
Head
13.
14.
20.
Center hole
21.
Back
in
head spindle
gears, run
22.
23.
24.
25.
Compound
26.
27.
28.
29.
run
concave
center, high at outer point.
30.
Lead screw
31.
32.
33.
Comp.
34.
point
rest
screw
fits
15.
Head
16.
36.
17.
37.
18.
38.
Change-gears
39.
Wrenches
19.
point
Tail center, to the rear at outer
40.
35.
point
sizes
point
Remarks
fit
fit
studs properly.
properly
.'
Signed.
Inspector,
critical
list
of questions is invited
workmanship
of
it.
employed
in
it.
workmen
TESTING A LATHE
253
On the other hand it will give a feeling of confidence and security to the purchaser, who will naturally feel that he is getting
full value for the money he has spent in purchasing the machine.
Further, the lathe going into the shop with such prestige will
naturally be looked upon as a good machine, and more than the
usual
amount
product which
of care will
it
turns out.
be bestowed upon
it
CHAPTER
XIII
LATHE WORK
The use
hand
tools.
center holes.
Universal chuck.
Face-plate jaws.
tools is
now done
in the
and with
will
be
When
LATHE WORK
255
not be tolerated.
F
FIG. 208.
which
in drilling
angle of
it shall
really
fit
the
The
a
drill
combined
and
purpose
of doing this.
The disadvantage
of using this
form
is
must
256
be performed, that of
drilling,
sinking.
To
regular caliper leg and one pointed one, similar to the leg of dividers),
which are set approximately to the radius of the piece, and three
it
as
work, then turning the work about a quarter turn and scratching
again in the same way. The intersection of these lines will be the
center,
which
may
only bear at the edge of the hole, as shown at F, and the tendency
be to wear a crease around the center at this point, and the
will
work
will finally
is,
drill
little
is
likely
LATHE WORK
257
and "burn
off."
To prevent
this
some
ones, have an
which
oil
oil
may
is
found in
its
application.
FIG. 209.
Lathe Dogs.
From
The
piece of
258
driven by the tail of the dog entering the driving slot in the small face-plate of the lathe. The clamp
dog shown at 2 is useful for driving square or flat pieces, and is also
is
it is
not so liable to
mar
At
is
work and driven from " drivers" placed against the two tails.
These drivers may be made for the purpose and consist of a piece
of round steel of sufficient length to reach from the front of the faceplate out to and across the dog, and be secured to the face-plate
by a cap screw, with a washer under its head, and coming through
the face-plate from the back and into the end of the driver. Or it
may have a shoulder and be held by a nut.
More often, however, the driver is a bolt long enough for the
large
made
it,
of the bolt
fastened together
by
bolts,
somewhat
in the
form shown at
2,
Fig.
209.
But in all cases the principle is the same, to clamp to the piece
of work a device having formed upon it a projecting part, called
the tail, by which the work may be rotated.
In some cases when the clamp dog shown at 2 is much used on
taper work the heads of the clamp screws are made in the form of
eyes, and the upper cross bar or clamp bar has trunnions or bearings
turned on each end which enter into the holes or eyes of the bolts.
By this means the clamp bar may turn in its bearings sufficiently
to
have
of the taper.
LATHE WORK
259
simply an
a "bolt dog"
is
used.
is
present time as bolts and cap screws are usually made from a bar
in the turret lathe at much less cost than is possible to produce
them
in an engine lathe.
Lathe work that is not held suspended between centers must
be held by one of the following methods, namely bolted or clamped
to the face-plate held entirely in a chuck one end held in a chuck
:
it,
This
is
that
center
boring and reaming and, with the exception of the advantage derived from accurate centering by means of the head spindle center,
is not a very advisable method of running work in a lathe, particularly
What
is
one end
is
call it
may
rest,
is left
circle
of being
fact very
260
One
of the oldest
is
which
is
At
is shown the front
in the back plate B, as shown.
plate with
the jaws in place, with the projecting portion at the back tapped
to receive the steel screws,
FIG. 210.
and back
fit
place.
The
front
each other
making a
perfectly tight
casing for the gearing and screws, so that no dirt, chips, etc., can
possibly get into them and clog and injure the gearing. The jaws
plates
closely,
At A,
way
is
all
may
the jaws
Fig. 211,
similar to
in that it
is
is
move simultaneously
to or
called, in
it
which
may be
LATHE WORK
The design
of the
improvement
is
to
make
261
the chuck independtwo chucks in one. In
cam
respond with the level recess in the rack. The cam blocks are held
in place by the convex spring washers, which allow them to be
moved to or from
in
FIG. 211.
is
an improvment
fully appreciated
by the
mechanic when adjusting the jaws for eccentric, concentric, or universal work. For instance, the chuck having been used independ-
workman
ent, the
now
the
cam
block outward.
If
one jaw
is
it
mesh undis-
turbed.
drill
or
steel,
262i
At Fig. 211 are shown the face-plate jaws heretofore referred to,
and which, when attached to a face-plate, make a very serviceable
and practical substitute for a chuck, and advisable to have from
questions of economy, even on lathes as small as 30-inch swing,
while on lathes above 40-inch swing they are all the more useful,
and on 50-inch swing and larger are almost indispensable, as the
largest chucks usually made are 42-inch and these are very heavy
and very expensive, while a set of four jaws for the face-plate may
be had at a comparatively nominal cost.
Figure 212 shows three forms of chucks. At A is a Horton
FIG. 212.
chuck with four jaws. It is built on the same plan as the three-jaw
chuck shown in Fig. 210.
At B is shown a Horton chuck with two jaws, which is very
useful for certain classes of work, and better adapted than those of
three or four jaws.
Not only the Horton chucks but also those of other makers are
built with two, three, four or six jaws, as the nature of the
work
may demand.
At C is shown a Cushman two-jaw chuck, with provision
slip,
or
"
false jaws."
made with
By
pieces to be machined.
fit
jaws
may
for
be
ing of valve bodies and similar work, and is sometimes fitted with
various indexing devices by means of which the piece may be turned
from side to side and held while various operations are performed.
Special chucks are made of various forms and with a varying
number of jaws, of a variety of different shapes, all of which are
too numerous to illustrate or describe here.
LATHE WORK
263
that
to be faced, bored,
is
and reamed.
When round
is
work.
center
is
of supporting the
and reaming
work
in a center rest,
operations.
is
These operations
may
be wholly done
with the
form
"
spider center," and often conany convenient casting, circular in form, that comes handy.
several set-screws tapped radially into its edges and adapted
sists of
With
to be backed out against the inside of the pipe and firmly held,
while a drilled and countersunk hole in the center affords a good
bearing for the lathe center. Mr. Mortimer Parker suggests some
improved forms which are shown in Fig. 213, in which A shows a
264
new
is
wood against it
when
the center
sideways
to keep
ing in or twisting
or when a heavy cut
is
is
that
from shov-
it
pressed against
it,
started.
This improved center will stand a heavier cut and can be set
quicker than the other style. If the outside is turned true with
the hole the job can be set very readily. C, D, and
views of different forms of this center; and F, G, and
ent sizes with bronze bushings in the interior.
At
I is illustrated the
manner
in
which a
show end
are differ-
common
cone center
FIG. 213.
and putting
rows of holes
drilling three
when
facing
the end of a flange, but a cone center does not. When the tool
which must
gets down to the center, as at J, it leaves a shoulder
off
be turned
off
with a pointed
tool.
LATHE WORK
Center
is less
265
work
to
of the others
and
also
Center
works well
on a pipe
carried
center, in the
same
lathe, will
be a creditable
job-
They
tool, as
is
etc.,
while a mandrel
of
hard machine
steel or
The
solid
a cheap grade of
That at
A is
the
B
FIG. 214.
common
form.
The ends
are turned
down somewhat
smaller than
the central body, and on one side, at each end, is a flat space for the
set-screw of the lathe dog to rest upon. The ends are slightly recessed around the center hole so that
end
is
it will
not be bruised
if
the
all
same proportion.
At B, Fig. 214, is shown an expanding arbor or mandrel. This
is made in two
The
parts, the arbor proper and an outer shell.
inner arbor is turned and ground to a considerable taper and the
outer shells accurately fitted to
it.
It is then split, as
shown,
266
At the end
of
each cut
is drilled
a small
size.
condition as to
finish grinding,
The
drilling in the
before
its
it
diameter very
slightly.
ing should be carefully done, the angles of the sides of the countersunk hole being exactly 60 degrees.
them accurately
cylindrical,
much
stiffer
and more
rigid,
and
also
per foot with the center of the arbor of the standard diameter. The
is tapered to this extent makes it necessary to be
side
that the reamer has entered, which should also be the same side
first entered by the piece that is to fit in the hole, provided it is to be
a close
fit.
LATHE WORK
267
and
The use
of
is likely
by the
fits
are desired.
of
which
is
made
from
end of
which have
in various sizes,
tail
a broad
shown
in
Fig.
presses there is
into the work,
215.
By
the use of
is
these
maintains
forced
in,
is
it
a
is
no unequal
strain or distortion.
FIG. 215 A.
The rack and pinion arrangement of this
Greenard's Arbor Press.
arbor press is at once simple and effective,
and the rotating table with its various sized recesses in the edge
forced into
it.
be imagined for
A
this
CHAPTER XIV
LATHE WORK CONTINUED
Irregular lathe work.
Clamping work to the face-plate. Danger of distortthe
work.
notable
instance of improper holding of face-plate work.
ing
The turning of tapers. Setting over the tail-stock center. Calculating
the
amount of taper.
Taper attachments. Graduations on taper attachDisadvantages of taper attachments. Fitting tapers to taper
ments.
holes.
lathes.
Drilling
Reverse gears. Arrangement of the change-gears. Ratio of changegears equal to ratio of lead screw to the thread to be cut. Cutting lefthand threads.
Compound gearing.
Calculating compound gears.
Triple and quadruple threads.
Cutting double threads.
Boring bars.
Varieties of boring bars.
Driving
deep holes. The author's device.
for the work.
boring bars.
The
drill,
lathe.
Cam
Much
of
called irregular
work
will
be
269
work
as
it is
The
fastened down.
held
it is
There
is
FIG. 215 B.
by the
Turning Tapers.
much
that several of
them
work
to
The turning
If
of tapers
may
if
the
When
work
is
long.
This
is
shown
much out
in Fig. 215.
One
of alignment to
tail-
and
work properly.
on this length
270
of
It will
and the
In
this
engraving
if
A is
the work
is
double what
simple rule
turning
tapers will
is
in
be avoided.
In
all
direction
is
271
One
of the
is
that
diameter
small end.
made
which the headstock and tail-stock are mounted upon a separate bed which is
pivoted at the center so that it practically amounts to the lathe
swiveling while the tool carriage runs straight. In this lathe the
in
centers are, of course, always in line, the setting for the required
and as the whole mechanism may be of very
economical.
it is
272
located, drilled,
nearly
its
to
finished dimensions.
273
sharp, and set either on the center or but a trifle above it. The
idea is to avoid as much as possible any undue strain in the turning,
as the work will not be very rigid and the cuts taken must be light.
One
and
vibration.
a cap F
and bolted
fitted to it
and the shaft much more rigidly held than in the former
example. The offset piece C is used at the tail-stock center the
same as before.
in
it
In all these operations great care should be used to lay out all
the centers in the same plane, and to locate the offset arms in the
same manner.
The
free
and
be necessary to success.
Forming work has been described in another part of
work
is
this book,
referred to the
When
easily, accurately,
The
fine feed.
and
efficiently.
when
is
274
and the
in the large
which
labor,
number
is
much
classes of work.
This
is
turns out
much
But
screw machines.
In
many
may
work
is
now
usually
done in the upright drill, the radial drill, or the boring machine.
However, there are shops which do not possess all these facilities
and still have many jobs that may be properly done in the lathe.
To the ordinary jobs of chucking and reaming it will not be
necessary to refer. The same may be said of ordinary drilling
such as may be done by holding the work in the chuck and using
either a flat drill with a center hole in its rear
center,
and the
drill
end
contrivance.
may
if
is
by
work
to be drilled.
There
It
is
is
often necessary to bore a hole so large that it is not conit in the ordinary way, by bolting to the face-plate,
venient to do
275
and
if
mary
ways.
B is driven in
solid
is
The
by being screwed
and that
it
bracket
FIG. 217.
which in
this case is of
the ordinary English pattern, with a flat bed. Of course, by making the bottom of the bracket to suit the raised V's, the attachment
is
capable of being
Three cutter heads, two roughing and one finishing, were made
one shown at F, at the right, in Fig. 217. All had four
like the
cutters slanting to the left at the inner end, in order to bring the
cutting edges outside, or near the end of the block.
At the
is
shown one
276
is
when
To insure the cutters all having an equal cut, the cutting edges
were ground and also backed off by means of a cutter bar, mounted
on the slide-rest and driven from overhead. The finishing cutter
from six to a dozen holes at one grinding and it was then
a simple matter to set them out a little and regrind. It was found
to be advisable to take out and grind the roughing cutters separately
finished
same time
as one of the roughing cuts in the large hole; the finishing cut, however, was taken separately to avoid disturbing the
large finishing cut.
of the rod feed.
The device for doing this job, when once made, proved to be
useful on other jobs as well.
The author once designed and built a lathe for doing a similar
job to the one here described and illustrated, but on a much larger
In this case it was required to very rapidly bore and finish
scale.
iron cylinders about four feet in diameter. As there was
cast
large
ample power to do the work, and sufficient length of bed was allowable to bore a number of these cylinders at a time, and as they were
quite short in proportion to their diameter, the lathe was arranged
to bore two cylinders at once, with three tools for each cylinder,
namely, a roughing tool, a sizing tool, and a finishing tool. Each
of these consisted of a cross bar attached to a boring bar,
and carry-
this
of the time,
it
was that
of doubling
277
may
by the use
of
be done
is
to at-
an angle-plate, by
Thread cutting
in a
modern
gear device for cutting any number of threads per inch, by shifting
one or more levers, is a comparatively simple matter. With a lathe
who
aspires to
become an
intelligent
The spindle or head shaft of the lathe runs at the same speed
main spindle; therefore it takes its place in all calculations
as the
placed.
of these
tions of
Upon
this spindle
the
first
change-gear
The
is
ratio
two gears determines the ratio of the number of revoluthe main spindle to those of the lead screw. The change-
motion, but does not in any way change or modify the ratio.
The reverse gears within the head are used only for reversing
the motion of the head shaft,
the ratio.
and are
marked d.
and
C the idler
change-gear,
variously termed,
278
spindle.
if
is
cut with
move a
quarter of an
revolution, and the
main
spindle,
and
Therefore, whatever
u ~ A rru A
Cutting Right-Hand Threads.
T>-
v,*
number
is
the ratio of
and B,
to
will revolve
screw
is cut.
be cut.
To
bears to the
number
of threads
select
The gears
if it
be a
B must be
by which
it is
seen that the lead screw revolves in the same direction as the changegear A on the head shaft a, and consequently as the main spindle
of the lathe.
This arrangement, with a right-hand thread (as
usual),
When
it is
lead screw
must be
6, will
reversed.
This
is
of the
idle gear
on a second stud
e,
279
shown
in Fig.
by the use
of the
in the stud-plate d, as
219.
When
termed
must be had
compound
what
to
gearing.
and the
is
Refer-
series
of
FIG. 220.
Compound Change-Gears
for
Right
are engaged
is
The
effect, then, of
280
reversed, the
1 j Spindle
Spindle
Stud
Lead Screw
Stud
Lead Screw
FIG. 221.
Edge View
of
Compound
Change-Gears.
72-gear
screw.
is
lead screw
number
The
by 4
(4
thus producing in the work a screw of one thread per inch, or oneinch pitch.
1,
as 24
and
48,
108.
It
is
is
281
Now
mediate gear out of the mesh, by unscrewing the clamp bolt of the
stud-plate for the purpose, and turn the spindle exactly one half a
revolution, that
passed the
is,
marked space
its
is
number
of teeth
ratio
between the lathe spindle and the head shaft or gear spindle
to 1, both conditions being the usual ones.
When
is 1
slot.
cult,
Boring bars may be used in various ways. They may be supported on both centers and the work they are to bore strapped to
the carriage. They may have one end fitted to the taper hole in
the head spindle and the other end carried by the tail-stock center
and the work held as before. Or, the boring bar may similarly be
held in the tail-stock spindle and the opposite end supported in a
bushing, in the center hole of the main spindle, while the work may
be carried in one of two ways. That is, it may be strapped to the
face-plate, or held in
a chuck;
or, if
282
work, it may have one end held in a chuck and the other supported
by a center rest.
The author once had a job of this kind to do and it was accomplished successfully by the arrangement described and illustrated
as follows:
FIG. 222.
perfectly
and expeditiously,
as will
be described.
Fortunately, a boring lathe was at hand, fitted with a chuck and
provided with a sliding carriage, operated by an automatic feed
One end of
to bore a 2J-inch hole, 25 inches deep.
the spindle to be bored was fixed in the chuck and the other run
in the jaws of a center rest, as shown at d, Fig. 222.
and designed
An
and with
soft
this a hole was bored a little over 30 inches deep.
brass tube of about i^-inch bore, carried oil under pressure to the
point of the drill and on its return brought out the chips. The
spindle
end
was then reversed and the hole was bored from the opposite
two holes met, which they did quite exactly.
until the
Now came
It is
inches.
283
As the means
and
round
steel, fitted in
just fitted the 2-inch hole already bored in the spindle, thereby
furnishing a correct and certain guide and support near the cutters.
The cutting ends of the cutters were formed as shown at A, Fig.
222,
i.e.,
and the leading edge 25 degrees, making the angle of the cutting
edge 60 degrees, which proved to be a very effective construction,
the cutter a enlarging the hole to the extent of taking out about
and the cutter b removing the remainder.
a disk
just
e fitted to
fit
The plan
where there
will doubtless
is
tage.
It is frequently the
made through
hole.
The
Still
284
whenever
possible,
economy.
When
used carrying
Sometimes two cutters on each end are
and a
arm
is
finishing cutter.
Sometimes a large hollow boring bar is used, carrying a crossbar or head with two tools. This cross bar is arranged to slide on
the boring bar and is fed forward by a screw passing through the
center of the bar and having upon it a nut that is connected with
Such an arrangement is used for boring engine
the cross head.
cylinders.
all
"
star-
machinists.
much work
as the plain
hand milling
machine.
The necessary
fixtures
for holding
gear-cutting machine.
Grinding is a common operation in the lathe and
in the chapter on lathe attachments.
is
referred to
In the absence
cam
suit-
may
compound
rest, or to
285
the carriage, as
be most convenient.
may
be adapted to his
many
available,
CHAPTER XV
ENGINE LATHES
Definition of the
word
engine.
What
The Reed
is
lathes.
The
lathe
lathes.
engine lathe. The New Haven 21-inch engine lathe. Two lathe patents
author. The Hendey-Norton lathes. Who were the pioneers
in quick change gear devices?
The Hendey-Norton 24-inch engine lathe.
by the
The Lodge
&
LARGE majority
to
them
Just
is
why
not
machine shop or
was applied
that in former times the
clear,
although
we know
Thus we read
in the
Marquis of Worcester's
showing the strange uses to which the term engine has been put
in times past, while at a comparatively recent period an indexing
286
ENGINE LATHES
287
of being set over for turning tapers; a carriage provided with suit-
it,
be cut, through
its
the engine lathe of the present day, the following examples are
presented and their special features discussed, with a view to the
better understanding of this important machine tool.
gravings, the facts stated, and the dimensions, where the
may
desire to
While
shall
will
it is
to the design
all
makers
illustrated
their
importance
may
Among the many manufacturers of lathes the F. E. Reed
"
Company may deservedly receive the title of ancient and honorable," not because the product of the concern deserves the name of
ancient, but because of the long and honorable career of the estab-
lishment which has always stood for good materials, good work-
machine
tool
market affords.
and practical
built substantial
conveniencies for the operator, they have not been given to the
exploiting of mechanical fads and fancies or to going to extremes
in
any one
direction.
288
FIG. 223.
by the
F. E.
Reed Company.
cabinet for holding the change-gears which are of the older form of
change-gears proper, that is, removable. The feed is by means of a
FIG. 224.
Spindle
Lathe Ready
FIG. 225.
Spindle
is
Box
arranged
of the
Reed
The head-stock
is
ENGINE LATHES
289
properly milled out to fit the housings of the head-stock. After this
operation it is bored out and then slotted ready to receive the babbitt
metal
slots,
lining.
It will
sufficiently to
it is
is
fill
when
finished,
very long time, and, if properly lubricated, that the babbitt metal
will soon "glace" over and form one of the best bearing surfaces
obtainable. The spindle is bored out to 1^ inches. The drivingcone
is
The carriage is of
the
bed, and supports a very substantial compound
bearing upon
rest.
The carriage is gibbed to the outside of the bed both back
a 2f-inch
and
belt.
front.
for large
simple in construction.
The feeds include an independent rod and patent friction feed.
Combined gear and belt feeds are furnished and also an automatic
stop motion in connection with either type of feed. There is also
provided a simple belt tightener device. The belt feeds are from
Then by changing
the gears
of the
be obtained from 12 to 125 per inch, inclusive. Even this range of feeds seems rather fine for modern methods
of work.
The lathe will cut seventeen different threads from 2 to
head-stock, feeds
may
An
"offset" tail-stock
is
are of steel
and
furnished.
The net weight of one of these lathes with an 8-foot bed is 3,080
pounds, by which it will be seen that ample weight is provided to
290
company make a
This
FIG. 226.
Another
of the old
and
is
them capable
of
marvelous
results.
it
ENGINE LATHES
291
The apron
is
shown
in Fig. 227, in
which
is
2,200,
it will
which
is
be seen that
very
it is
plates whereby
The feed rod is carried in
and left worms, engaging
the two worm-gears which operate the feed mechanism. While the
worms and worm-gears in a lathe apron cannot be commended,
use of
FIG. 227.
Apron
of the Pratt
& Whitney
Lathe.
and the
The lead screw nut is well supported to stand the strain to which
put, and altogether the apron is an excellent specimen of good
material and workmanship. The double plates are a feature that
it is
ought to be adopted in
all
strength of the
ing
them
ities of
sizes as
it
may
be said that
than usual diameter and length and the boxes are accurately scraped
to fit ground journals.
The head-stock is massive and well designed
292
Other lathes of different dimensions and types will be illusand described later on in this book and under their appro-
trated
For information
on these subjects.
priate headings.
to the chapters
The name
tified
of Flather has
of this
is
referred
tools,
that
M.
FIG. 228.
18-inch
in the
devices
we
each of
whom
find the
"
given a front elevation of 18-inch swing quick
lathe," which seems designed to meet the latest
In Fig. 228
change gear
is
requirements, and which is powerful, strong and rigid, and combines a reasonable degree of simplicity with accuracy, ease of
operation, good
workmanship and
material.
ENGINE LATHES
tail-stock are fitted to the
bed with a
293
at the rear
and a
flat
of
hammered
crucible
Its
steel.
The bore
inches.
The
or
made
The
bearing on the V's, while the tool rests are unusually wide and long,
and are supported the full length by the carriage, even when turning
the largest diameters.
The feed mechanism
it
may
form
of a case in
is
mounted upon a
shaft,
by the small
lever
is
on the top
a double clutch-
of
of the lathe,
entire
feeds from 7 to 450 per inch, are readily obtained without removing
a gear, while provision is made by which odd threads or feeds may
294
be had at
little
unbreakable.
The rack and pinion are cut from steel, as are also all the gears,
studs and plates in the apron, insuring a great degree of strength
and durability even under the strains incident to very heavy duty.
This company
make
establishments, and
all of
them
are of
by other
and
with
good workmanship
FIG. 229.
The head-stock
spindle.
is
spindle
ENGINE LATHES
2J-inch belt. The largest diameter of cone-step
spindle runs in hard bronze bearings.
295
is
10 inches.
The
from 10
to
The
The
for
shipment 1,850
pounds.
by
tail-stock
is
is
patented
much
dis-
pute with other builders who have made them from time to time.
Other than this feature and the quick change gear device the
lathe appears to be their regular
of engine
lathes.
and
known as machine
made,
practical.
that
may
be preferred.
The back gear ratio is 11 to 1, which is high for a lathe of this swing.
The lathe has a power cross feed with micrometer graduations
296
There
The lead screw will cut threads from 2 to 23, including 11J pipe thread. The net weight of this lathe with an
on the feed rod.
8-foot
bed
is
2,400 pounds.
if
is
FIG. 230.
18-inch
built
by
P. Blaisdell
are
among
&
Co.
the older
and
into them.
and Fig. 232 is an end view of the head and bed, showing the feeding
and thread-cutting gears. The arrangement of the former is
peculiar and the subject of a patent granted to the author. In this
case there is fixed upon the outer end of the head-shaft a "cone of
ENGINE LATHES
297
position
by a spring pin
shown
as
in the
end view
of the lathe.
FIG. 231.
New Haven
Manufacturing Company.
When
and one
of
ment
rod.
By
the
plate
this
arrangethe
carrying
by revolving
its
several
it
to
may,
any one of
positions,
succes-
of gears
gears,
FIG. 232.
End
Elevation of 21-inch
Lathe.
New Haven
number
of idle gears
may
298
numbers.
feed rod stopped. This same device may be applied to the cutting of threads if desired, by the addition of gears to the cone, and
the use of multiplying gears to get ratios of 2 to
4 to
1,
3 to
1,
and
1.
is
held perfectly rigid when moved from one position to the other.
This device was also invented and patented by the author. Either
of these devices can be operated while the lathe is in motion, with-
engraving
is
The
tail
spindle
is
2f inches in
ENGINE LATHES
diameter and bored for a No. 4 Morse taper.
and has a long bearing on the V's, to which
It has
The
it is
carriage
is
heavy
299
is
No worm-gears
in this
makers.
is
said in a catalogue
having the mounted system of gearing for thread and feed changes."
As to how far this claim is correct, is a proper matter for the mechanical public to judge. The phrase "commercially successful"
seems to have been well put in connection with the statement and
may possibly be its "saving grace," for it is well known that as
early as 1868 Humphreys used the much discussed "cone of gears,"
and that he wrote in his patent, "I place my gear-wheels upon a
shaft A, ranging from the smallest to the largest," while in 1892
Norton says
in his patent,
"on
300
The head-stock
ment.
which
is
is
FIG. 233.
Hendey Machine
Company.
metal and having taper bearings for the journals. The front bearing is 3f to 4f inches in diameter and 7 J inches long, while the rear
bearing
is
Both
these journals are not only self-adjusting, but adjustable, independent of each other, and allow for contraction and expansion of
The construction
smaller lathes
is
well
of this spindle
shown
and
its
appendages
for the
Fig. 234,
of mechanical construc-
tion
for
which
it is
designed.
ENGINE LATHES
301
This view in connection with the end elevation and partial section
given in Fig. 235 shows the internal construction of the feeding
FIG. 234.
to
accom-
FIG. 235.
End
in either direction
302
The
adapted for a 3f-inch belt. The lathe will cut threads from 1 to
56 per inch and has a turning range of feeds from 5 to 280 per inch.
will
The
liable to injury
of a plentiful supply of
carries
The weight of a 24-inch swing lathe with a 10-foot bed is 5,450 pounds,
by which it will be seen that it is relatively a heavy
ably more so than that of many of its competitors.
This firm
make
lathe, consider-
and also some very desirable attachments and accessories for lathes
which are illustrated and described under their appropriate headings further on in this work.
The Lodge & Shipley Machine Tool Company have turned out
some good examples of modern machine tool building, in the recent
types of their engine lathes, showing much consideration and study
of the conditions surrounding the
This
In this lathe the back gear quill and pinion are of forged steel
instead of cast iron, as usual, whereby great strength and durability
be expected of this part, which in ordinary lathes not infrequently fails and has to be renewed. The cone pinion is also
may
of forged steel.
The main spindle is of 55 point carbon-steel and
hammered, and has a If-inch hole through its entire length. The
front bearing is 3J inches in diameter and 5f inches long, and both
bearings are accurately ground and the boxes have an oil reservoir
beneath them from which oil is raised by small buckets attached
to a brass ring located midway on the journal, thus insuring abun-
dant lubrication.
show the
Gage
glasses at the
front of
the
head-stock
ENGINE LATHES
303
good condition.
The thrust
collar is of steel,
hardened and
ground.
is
FIG. 236.
&
Shipley
it,
shown and their use and operation may be readily seen and understood. The movable or sliding connecting or intermediate pinion,
by a
which
carried
lever
is
lathe
304
ENGINE LATHES
305
braced internally by cross girts The surfaces to which the leadscrew bearings are fastened are planed to receive them and the
top of which
is
The
strains.
rear
end
of the
bed
is
cut
when
is
to permit
very convenient
tail-stock.
The
carriage
is
upon the V's the entire length of the carriage, which is gibbed to
the bed its entire length also. In place of an inside V at the front
of the bed, the surface is flat for the carriage to find an additional
bearing, thus shortening the distance between the supports of the
carriage and so affording additional strength and rigidity immediately under that portion supporting the compound rest in its usual
position.
specially
carriage.
This not only insures the proper lubrication but prevents grit and
dirt getting
The apron
is
firmly bolted to
of
No worm
are of steel
The
rounded to prevent
the possibility of injuring the split nuts, which are made from
solid metal and then split, instead of being lined with babbitt
metal as usual. These nuts are held in planed grooves in the
306
back
of the apron,
made heavy and strong. The lead screw threads are never in use
except when thread cutting, the locking out of the thread cutting
or the regular feed device being automatically and surely provided
FIG. 239.
for
its
of the
Lodge
&
by a simple
by which
Apron
device.
and useful forms and equally good design, as well as various attachments and accessories which will be found illustrated and described
further on in this book under their appropriate headings, and to
which the reader is referred for information of this character.
CHAPTER XVI
ENGINE LATHES CONTINUED
Schumacher
&
Emmes
THE
and
Boye build a
line of well-designed
FIG. 240.
Lathe
built
by Schumacher
&
Boye.
It will be noticed that the spindle cone has but three steps,
respectively 9, 11, and 13 inches in diameter, and adapted for a
3J-inch belt.
As the head
is
308
number
of different speeds
3i to
and 10
1,
to
inches in diameter
The
1.
and
hole through
its entire
index pins which enter any one of a circle of index holes. Sliding
pinions are also used upon the feed rod to still further enhance the
value of the mechanism by providing for the operating or the disconnecting of the feed rod. The reverse for both feeding and thread
The
and
vice versa.
cutting
is
provided
for.
The apron
lines
in the
bed similar
to those
309
This lathe has forty changes of feeds and also the same number
for thread cutting.
of lathe
attachments and
modern con-
will
machine shops
of this country,
ciated.
known
and are noted for their good and careful design so as to properly meet the requirements which they have
to fulfil.
They are made from a good system of standard plugs,
and
templets, by which all the component parts are rendered
jigs,
are well
in the market,
interchangeable.
The
spindles are
finished
by
grinding.
and
are comand heavier
all
steel
made from
The
and
hand threads
by a
The aprons
are unusually
It frequently
upon
the
moving
parts of the
friction is
caused by these
serious in-
convenience and often damage or breakage to the ports, particularly to the rack pinion.
The
310
is
none
from feed
On
devices driven
shown
in Fig. 241,
FIG. 241.
is
The
is
general
as follows:
lathe, it really
swings 25} inches over the bed and 16 inches over the carriage. As
a 10-foot bed lathe takes in 4 feet 4 inches between centers, it is
seen that the head-stock and tail-stock occupy a space of 5 feet
make both
As a
of these
10-foot lathe
311
weighs 5,900 pounds net, it is seen that the weight is 590 pounds
per foot. Countershaft pulleys being 16 inches in diameter, and
FIG. 242.
End
Elevation of 24-inch
Le Blond Lathe.
In the end elevation, shown in Fig. 242, the two stud-plates and
the system of change gearing is clearly shown, and a good idea is
given of the strength and stability of the lathe.
The operation
is
often sub-
312
As no engraving
modern engine
FIG. 243.
lathe of a substantial
Apron
of the 24-inch
Le Blond Lathe.
have cabinet
One
them.
legs.
The
used in nearly
all
of
is
is
thread-cutting pitches.
front view of one of these lathes
The
be particularly
most
is
of these lathes is
special features
The main
which
seem
to
will
be noticed
later on.
hammered
crucible
with adjustable, taper, bronze boxes; the journals (as well as all
other cylindrical bearings of the lathe) are ground. In the 16-inch
steel
is
313
314
The head cone is of five steps and adapted for a 2J-inch belt.
The lathe swings 10| inches over the carnage. The carriage and
apron are of ample dimensions and the requisite strength for all
The lathe is back geared 9| to 1. A 6-foot
practical purposes.
lathe weighs 2,000 pounds.
FIG. 245.
This lathe will cut threads from 3 to 46 to the inch, and has a
number of threads per inch.
Figure 246
is
FIG. 246.
and housings,
shown
315
by which it will
be seen that worms and worm-gears are avoided and the substantial
arrangement of a large bevel gear and double bevel pinions, mounted
The locking device for preventing
in a sliding form, takes its place.
the
of
interference
the
thread-cutting and turning feeds with each
other is clearly shown. The smaller pinions and the large rack
gear are of steel and the rack pinion is capable of being withdrawn
when thread cutting is being done.
The carriage is scraped to the full bearing of its entire length
on the V's and is gibbed at both back and front to the outside of
the bed. It is made deep and strong and has power lateral and cross
rear view of the apron
feeds in
all sizes
is
in Fig. 247,
of lathes.
FIG. 247.
This company
Apron
make
concern and
older patterns.
up
to the
tools
316
by the use
The
carriage
is
provided with T-slots, and has a flat top for convenience of bolting
down work to be bored or otherwise machined. The bearings upon
the V's extend the entire length of the carriage.
The compound
FIG. 248.
rest
is
as are
fitted
The bed
stock
way is
renders
flat,
it
is
317
obviates
seat so
is
by
its
and are bushed with bronze. All gears are of wide face and
coarse pitch. The reverse feeds are not by means of bevel gear and
two bevel pinions, as in most modern lathes, but by tumbler gears,
steel
working contact. A separate splined rod is provided for driving the apron mechanism, thus obviating the necessity
of splining the lead screw, as it is well known that no screw will
and run
in close
its
mechanism.
The
carriage slides, both upper and lower, are fitted with taper
which
are tongued and grooved into the sides, so that no amount
gibs
of strain will disturb them.
These gibs are adjusted by a con-
micrometer
dials.
318
but what is of still more importance, to good fits. That the makers
have endeavored to make a particularly good lathe is evident, whatever
may
some
respects,
manu-
facturing work.
FIG. 249.
16-inch
Springfield
automatic stop for turning and thread cutting, and provided with
a friction-geared head spindle.
to a considerable extent
The main
spindle
is
hollow and of
hammered
and
is friction-
319
The lead screw has a telescopically arranged extension, conby a hand lever. This extension of the lead screw is re-
trolled
duced at
its
end
equal to its width, before the clutches with which the change-gears
and extensions are fitted come in contact with each other. Thus,
when one
of the change-gears is
is
it
mounted on the
As a
range of feeds or
screw pitches cannot be obtained by
sufficient
is
ac-
the ratios of
1 to 1,
2 to
1,
and giving
and 4 to 1;
End Elevation
FIG. 250.
16 - inch s P rin gfi eld Lathe
mediate gear, necessary for transmitting the motion to the gear on the lead screw.
of
-
on the inside
of
56 per inch, and the turning feeds from 8 to 224 per inch.
for rapid
320
thread cutting
may
FIG. 251.
by the
Hamilton Machine Tool Company.
are
product.
The
company
are
321
and small
The pads
will
steel forging
entire length
and runs
in
scraped to fit the spindle. Anti-friction thrust bearings are provided with an adjusting nut for taking up lost motion due to wear.
On this lathe these bearings are provided with hardened and ground
steel washers.
On
and
ings are provided with hardened and ground-steel balls which are
also adjustable and reduce the friction to a minimum, the ball-races
is,
cut
away
in
2^
and
may
off
322
Edward
Flather in 1895.
In addition
to this device the usual multiplying gears are used, being contained
in another case which properly protects them.
This device is
shown
in the
accompanying
illustrations, in
is
an
323
showing
it is
usually subjected,
is well made
The device
and
and
FIG. 252.
End Elevation of
the 18-inch Hamilton Lathe.
are
made
is
necessarily
FIG.
253.
Longitudinal Section of
Gearing of 18-inch Hamilton Lathe.
by other establishments.
The weight of the 18-inch swing by 8-foot bed lathe is 2,580
pounds, by which it will be seen that there has been no stinting of
built
material in
This
its design.
company
324
plain engine lathes, of which a good example is shown of their 18inch swing lathe in Fig. 254. The bed is of ample depth and well
proportioned, and is supported on the older design of legs instead
of cabinets.
The head-stock
is
of
steel-
forged spindle with a Ig^-inch hole through its entire length, and
runs in phosphor bronze boxes, reamed and hand scraped. The
front bearing
is
The spindle
cone has five steps, the largest being 11 inches in diameter and
adapted for a 2^-inch belt.
FIG. 254.
The feed is belt-driven by the usual three-step cone, an arrangement for tightening the belt and multiplying gears whereby six
different feeds may be obtained.
The change-gears are such as
will cut threads
The
from 2
ample dimensions
sions,
reader
is
particularly directed.
325
FIG. 255.
by the
when
The bearings
required.
constant lubrication
is
stiffness.
The design
shown, and
receive a
heavy
.well-known
tool-post.
Emmes
326
for turning
it
CHAPTER XVII
HEAVY LATHES
The Bradford Tool Company's 42-inch swing triple-geared engine lathe.
The American Tool Works Company's 42-inch swing triple-geared engine
The New Haven Manufacturing Company's 50-inch swing triplelathe.
geared engine lathe. The Niles Tool Works 72-inch swing triple-geared
engine lathe. The Pond Machine Tool Company's 84-inch swing engine
lathe.
THE
way
classed as modern.
on the head end of the bed, affording large housings for the spindle
boxes and ample space for broad-faced, heavy back gears, and a
five-step cone of from 10J to 22 inches in diameter and 5| inches
face.
The spindle is of crucible steel and is bored out with a 3-inch
It has a front bearing 6 inches in diameter and 10 inches
and
a rear bearing 5 inches in diameter and 9 inches long.
long,
The bearings are accurately ground and run in heavy bronze boxes,
which are reamed and hand-scraped to a fix.
hole.
327
328
FIG. 256.
Being
triple
FIG. 257.
HEAVY LATHES
329
with the inner gears engaged, cut a thread eight times as coarse, or
one thread in 8 inches. In cutting very coarse threads the back
gears are always used. Running in this manner the strain is taken
the change-gears, and threads or spirals as coarse as one turn in
16 inches can be cut.
off
In Fig. 258
is
FIG. 258.
The three upper gears are fast to the lead screw, while
the three lower gears are engaged consecutively by a sliding key,
controlled by the nut shown at the right of the engraving, and
handled by a wrench. These gears are of steel and may be engaged
the bed.
is
is
330
Fig. 256.
is
made
is
is
being done.
The carriage is very long, deep, and massive, and is gibbed both
and back. It has a bearing of 48 inches on the V's, and is
front
FIG. 259.
Rear View
of
Apron
of the 48-inch
may
be
made much
thicker
and
where
it is
The compound
rest is large
tool block
with heavy tool clamping bars, and having an angular power feed
of 12 inches in any direction.
The base is graduated and both top
and bottom
slides
and adjusting
screws.
The
tail-stock is of
The
HEAVY LATHES
and has a
331
travel of 16 inches.
use in turning taper work, and is provided with a rack and pinion
device for conveniently moving it to any desired point on the bed.
may
a number
ity.
An
of
a good idea
FIG. 260.
gives
by the American
The carriage is very heavy and strong, long bearing on the V's,
and made with a flat top so as to be convenient for bolting down
work to be bored. The compound rest is equally strong and provided with heavy clamping straps for holding down the tools.
The feed is driven through a quick change gear mechanism which
provides thirty-two changes for feeding and thread cutting, the
range of threads being from
332
the machine
is
running,
if
necessary,
by a revolving nut seen at the right of the gear box beneath the
head, which moves a sliding key engaging two opposite gears, each
being one of a cone of gears which is encased in the gear box. The
feed or screw pitches thus obtained are multiplied by the compound
gears on the quadrant at the end of the head, it being necessary to
change one gear only on the quadrant for each additional thread.
making
it
number
mechan-
of sizes of
above.
which
at
FIG. 261.
New
Fig. 261.
The head-stock
and 9 inches long, and running in cast iron boxes lined with genuine babbitt metal that is peinned in, bored, reamed, and scraped.
five steps,
The head
is
HEAVY LATHES
333
changes of speed.
by a steel pinion.
The tail-stock is constructed with a double set of holding-down
bolts, by which means the upper bolts may be loosened and the
tail center set over for turning tapers without blocking up the work
or danger of its dropping out of the centers. The tail spindle is 5
inches in diameter and reamed for a No. 6 Morse taper. The operating hand wheel is directly in front of the operator and is back
geared to the spindle in a ratio of 3 to 1, so as to be easily and conveniently operated. A back geared rack and pinion device permits
the tail-stock to be easily
The
moved
to
is
may
may be placed
may be most
is liable
to be the case
an additional
heavy cuts,
provided as safety device, as
the most careless operator is not liable to screw up both frictions
beyond the point of releasing under an abnormally heavy strain,
in case of an accident which might result in serious injury to the
tool, the work, or the feeding mechanism in the apron.
The feed is positive, by a series of gears on the head-stock, with
the usual change-gears for operating the lead screw, which is splined
for driving the apron mechanism.
friction is
334
screw
is
made
2^
inches in
diameter, and cut with 2 threads per inch. Pinions are of crucible
steel and all nuts are case hardened.
The countershaft has selfThe weight of the lathe with an 18-foot bed is 20,000
oiling boxes.
pounds, showing it to be a very massive machine for its capacity.
Prominent among the manufactures of heavy lathes is the Niles
Tool Works who are also builders of heavy machine tools of other
classes which have proven very popular on account of their good
design, ample strength, generous proportions and excellent work-
manship.
In Fig. 262
FIG. 262.
for
is
shown one
of their 72-inch
72-inch Swing Triple-Geared Engine Lathe, built by the NilesBement Pond Company (usually called a Niles Lathe).
heavy work.
This lathe
is
of
somewhat
but considerably
larger swing but as generally
in Fig. 261,
considered, a
The head
HEAVY LATHES
in the head-stock
by means
of a sliding pin
335
drives the
change gearing.
feeding mechanism without using the threads cut upon it, through
the medium of a short feed rod, located in the apron. This method
avoids the use of a long feed rod with its many supports and the
attendant inconvenience which is of much greater moment than in
those used for the much larger and heavier lead screw.
The bed
for the
The
tail-stock
is
moved by a system
tail spindle,
is provided for
turning tapers.
These builders make much larger lathes upon the same design,
and also upon special designs adapted for making large guns, ingot
slicing, machining large forgings such as crank-shafts and the like.
Of
this character
inches,
An
and
of
excellent
of
heavy lathes for handling large forgings such as crank-shafts and the heavier castings coming within
the capacity of such a machine is the 84-inch swing lathe, built by
the Pond Machine Tool Company, now operating in connection with
the Niles Company. It is shown in Fig. 263. It really swings
86 inches over the V's and 67 inches over the carriage.
The lathe is designed with ample provision for the immense
strains to which such a lathe is subjected.
As will be seen by an
example
336
Attention
is
which
compound
much
rest,
is
in Fig. 262.
The carriage has a very long bearing on the bed and is made
deep and heavy, as should be the case with this type of lathe. An
objectionable feature is that of locating apron gears in front of the
apron rather than between the apron plates, out of the way of the
The
for the
tail-stock is of
FIG. 263.
82-inch Swing Triple-Geared Engine Lathe, built by the NilesBement-Pond Company (usually called a Pond Lathe).
geared device for moving the spindle, by which the hand wheel is
placed at the front of the tail-stock and within easy reach of the
operator. The base is secured to the bed by four bolts in the usual
line between the base and the top castis
the
placed high up and the top secured by
ing carrying
spindle
four other bolts. By providing this double set of bolts the spindle
may be set over for turning tapers by loosening the upper set of
the bed.
Thus
it is
lathe
main casting
or base
still
firmly secured to
when
which
is
of considerable
this lathe is
designed to do.
In the builders' description of this lathe they say:
"With a 22-foot bed, this lathe will turn 8 feet 4 inches between
HEAVY LATHES
337
The
All its spindles are mounted in bronze bearings.
it a thick flange of large diameter to which
centers.
is
sliding
slide
its
when turning
front side
feeds.
screw cutting.
when
CHAPTER
XVIII
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
Prentice Brothers Company's
description of
new
A detailed
high-speed, geared head lathe.
roughing lathe built by the R. K.
Le Blond Machine Tool Company. Lodge & Shipley's patent head lathe.
The prime requisites of a good lathe head. Description of the lathe in
The capacity of the lathe. A special turning lathe of 24-inch
detail.
swing built by the F. E. Reed Company. A two-part head-stock. The
Its special countershaft.
Its two methods of operation.
special rest.
The Lo-swing lathe, built by the Fitchburg Machine Tool Works. Its
A single purpose machine. An ideal machine for
peculiar design.
small work. Builders who have the courage of their conviction.
meet
may
and
It is well designed
is worthy of careful consideration.
the most rigid demands of modern shop methods that
be made upon a lathe of this character, and is strongly built to
features
all
withstand
all
Apart from
ically in its
its
arrangement
single speed
may
be subjected.
interesting
mechanfrom a
interest in that
it
is
presents a
new
is
in use.
It
is
also of
much
feed device.
lathe
is
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
339
and that the number of changes are doubled by engaging the back
gears by means of a positive tooth clutch.
FIG. 264.
built
travel fast
enough to render
it
imprac-
FIG. 265.
15 horse power.
340
of the levers
no danger
by means
On
speed at all times, are two friction clutches E and F, either of which
may be operated by the lever A, which slides the friction spool I
along the shaft D, for the purpose of engaging the clutches at the
left.
Between the head spindle and the pulley shaft D
located a secondary shaft G, which carries two gears of different
right or the
is
FIG. 267.
Cross Section
FIG. 266.
of
and K.
These
friction discs
is itself
intermediate shaft.
I is
F.
By engaging
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
341
The device
for
and spring
Upon
splined.
same
head spindle
gears revolves
speed as the main
its
Below
of the lathe.
is
a hollow stud B,
,,
,,
FIG. 268.
Vertical Section of
Feed
The feed cuts per inch are 5.7 times the number of threads cut.
The hollow stud B contains a pull rod, C, which has fastened to
its end the spring spline D.
The
inch.
by
E, Fig. 269, on
FIG. 269.
Change-Gear Levers of
Prentice High-Speed Lathe.
four gears.
342
When
being
it is
moved
from a
slot in the
of use.
When
The gears G, G,
J,
on which
slid-
mounted on
end
of shaft
End Elevation of
Connections of Prentice High-Speed
Lathe.
FIG. 270.
especially
to
on the lead
is
preserve
intended
the
lead
FIG. 271.
in Fig. 271
Diagram
is
of
an end view
of the head-
of
to the
stock, showing the gear connections from the head spindle
cone of gears shown in section in Fig. 270, and is useful and inter-
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
343
of
Company, is shown
mechanism.
by the R. K. Le Blond Machine Tool
in Fig. 272,
and is principally
it will
bearings.
FIG. 272.
18-inch
The front tool rest has an extra movement in line with the
slide.
The back tool rest has an extra movement at right angles to
the slide. Both of these are moved by a single screw moving
rear.
and keep on
until
it
The
lathe
is fitted
with a geared
oil
pump
344
on the work; the pan is large enough to keep all dirt, oil, and
chips from the floor. Countershaft has double friction pulleys.
of oil
This lathe
is
pieces of cut-off
work that
re-
heavy roughing
cut.
With the present low price of machine steel there is a good
deal of the latter class of work to be done, and it can be done much
more quickly and economically in a lathe of the class here shown
than in the usual engine lathe, and its use saves the unnecessary
wear when such work is done on the more ex-pensive lathe.
Therefore the heavy roughing lathe is not only a saving in time
in money for doing the work, but also of the cost of tool
equip-
and
ment.
was
the so-called
"
doing this class of work. The first cost of these machines, however, is much more than that of the plain roughing
efficient in
lathe.
The Lodge & Shipley Machine Tool Company build a lathe with
a head-stock that is a radical departure from the usual form of
cone-driven lathes and which
is
It
is
much more
is
dependent, should
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
345
ratios.
shifting belts.
FIG. 273.
Head-Stock
for
Lodge
&
readily assent to
Shipley Patent
Head Lathe.
with the main spindle and the gear covers removed in order to
show the construction of the driving mechanism. Power is applied
through a wide-faced pulley of large diameter which is keyed to a
is
gears of different
sleeve without coming in contact with
346
gear speeds
through either
desired.
Sufficient clearance
is
communicated through it
The spindle bearings are thus relieved of all wear
to the spindle.
due to belt pull and their life greatly prolonged. By actual experiment with a 20-inch lathe it has been shown that the pressure
exerted by a belt on spindle bearings was 17.6 pounds per square
belt strain being
inch of bearing surface, while the total pressure exerted by the belt
upon a spindle between bearings which effect the alignment of the
spindle was 393 pounds. In the lathe under consideration this was
entirely eliminated.
lightest ones,
of
speeds can be secured through the back gears without the necessity of revolving the driving pulley at the enormous rate required
In addition the conof a cone pulley to perform the same work.
struction of its bearings
is
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
347
the purpose of showing the height of the oil. The oil wells are filled
through these gage glasses, which allows any sediment or dirt
which the oil may contain to settle to the bottom and not be deposited on the revolving journals where damage would be liable
from cutting. At the center of each journal is attached a brass
ring with four projections, on the principle of the bucket pump.
As the journal revolves these buckets dip into the oil in the well,
and, passing over the center of the bearing, pour the oil over the
Suitable ducts distribute the oil lengthwise of the bearjournal.
ing and return
it
method provides a
designed with ratios to give a uniform progression of speed from the slowest to the fastest. The two back
gears are connected to the back gear shaft by spline and key, and
is
thus insuring the requisite strength and wearing qualjournals for the shaft are placed at either end, where
they revolve in bushings provided with oil reservoirs and the same
system of oiling as that for the spindle and driving sleeve.
forged
steel,
ities.
The
The end thrust of the spindle is against the rear housing of the
head-stock by means of a large cast iron collar keyed fast to the
spindle, between which and the faced inside of the housing are
interposed two bronze washers placed on either side of a hardened
steel washer of like diameter.
This distributes the friction to four
contacts, each
composed
of
purpose.
in running condition.
348
and protect
which a head-stock
is
considered.
between
much
concerned,
less, the real capacity of
relatively
the lathe for producing work, good work, is so vastly increased that
the production of this head may fairly be considered as adding
is
is
FIG. 274.
very
much
to the
machine shop
A 24-inch
pany
that
is
&
tool.
is
built
strong,
of a cone pulley as
large as the lathe will swing over the bed. It has a large, forged
steel spindle, the front bearing of which is 4J inches diameter by
of
which
is
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
if
desired.
belt
desired.
if
349
is
the rest.
It
is
provided with
two patented elevating tool-posts, each having a universal toolholder, in which any size of steel can be used to advantage, and so
made that they admit of adjustment up and down while the tool
is
under cut.
screw,
ment
tool in
advance
of the other,
First.
it is
it will
Second.
When
is
engaged.
off
twice the
amount
of stock that
turning steels.
This lathe is set up with a pan and is provided with a
piping for ample lubrication of the cut ting- tools.
pump and
350
countershaft
is
This lathe
is
shown
its
ample proportions
It is undoubtmay
and
this
one
its
for
of
the
best
lathes
of
kind,
edly
particular and
important use, now on the market. With a 10-foot bed this lathe
and
excellent design
FIG. 275.
is
called the
by
tion of
is
HIGH-SPEED LATHES
"The
351
greater driving power, greater stability, the accurate conand work, the low swing and small carriages, made
trol of tools
possible
by thus
and eco-
"a
single
is,
much
as possible.
FIG. 276.
built
by the Fitchburg
Machine Works.
Its
enough
two
several of
The
on
which
ideal
may
machine
centers, should
first,
and second,
its
be simultaneously employed.
have the
tool
352
strain
to a very
CHAPTER XIX
SPECIAL LATHES
The
turning
gap
lathe.
Details of
general features.
New Haven
its
design.
McCabe's double-spindle
lathe.
Manufacturing Company.
defect in design.
general design.
feature. Pulley-turning lathe built by the
Its
by the
Its
turning machine. Its general construction. Turning angular work. Convenience of a bench lathe. The Waltham Machine Company's bench
lathe.
Its general dimensions and special features.
grinding and a
milling machine attachment.
Devising special attachments. Reed's
10-inch swing wood-turning lathe.
Special features of design.
Popularity
and endurance.
THE
F. E.
The countershaft.
Inverted Vs.
of sizes of turret
head chucking lathes, with both plain and back-geared headstocks, and cylindrical turrets placed upon a lateral top slide supported by a heavy base or bottom slide fitted to the V's of the bed.
In Fig. 277 is shown one of these lathes with a back-geared
head-stock. The spindle, which is of crucible steel, is bored out to 2
inches and has a front bearing 4 inches in diameter. It is fitted
with a three-step cone, the diameters of which are 7f 11, and 14
,
may
be
made automatic
in its action
if
desired.
The
turret slide
38 inches long and has a movement of 17 inches, with an automatic feed and stop device. The turret shoe or bottom slide is
26 inches long.
is
353
354
The patented
which
is
It is hinged to a slide
length of work.
with the builders system of three-lip drills and reamers, fully one
third more holes can be made than with ordinary turret chuck
lathes.
The lathe is built heavy and strong and the parts are well fitted
and of good material, so as to stand the hard and continuous service
to which such a machine is subjected, as well as the neglect and the
p,-jfoi&\
FIG. 277.
&
dirt
a special
tool carriage, carrying three tools, but there should be
and
centers,
the
long
of
feeding mechanism, specially
arrangement
the long shafts near the cutting-tools
special devices for supporting
pound
rest,
and when
upon
its oil
pump
SPECIAL LATHES
355
shaft to a similar gear on the driving shaft running the entire length
In designing the three-tool rest, two of the tools are
of the bed.
left
edges are always in plain sight. Some builders put one of these
tools in a reversed position in the rear of the shaft, to be turned so
as to balance the cutting strains better.
Thus
FIG. 278.
by the
Springfield
The saving
may
As the
mechanism.
is
driving
the shaft the tail-
thrown out
of time
Attention
is
manner
in
on long work.
which the
tail-
stock spindle is clamped in order to render it suitable for supporting the driving mechanism, and also for furnishing a large wearing
surface for the supplemental face-plate and face gear upon the
is
to
pass
through a split cylindrical collar, one of which is furnished
for each diameter of shaft to be turned.
These collars are broad
it
356
Water
is
forced
up
from which
supply tubes to the proper height above the cut ting- tools. This
tank is arranged with an automatic relief valve susceptible of adjust-
ment
On
this lathe,
when arranged
as above,
it is
only necessary to
rest, disconnect
compound
the tumbler gear under the head-stock, and the lathe is ready to
perform any of the ordinary functions of an engine lathe, thus
making it a valuable convertible lathe where there is not shaft-turn-
work to keep it going all the time, although that is the primary
object in designing it and that is supposed to be its chief function.
The long centers shown are necessary as they must reach through
ing
and reamed
to the diameter
is
supported in
Some
Front
long.
SPECIAL LATHES
by the head-stock and tail-stock.
inches in diameter and has a travel
The
357
tail-stock spindle is 2|
of 9 inches.
This lathe with a 35-foot bed (to take 30 feet between centers)
weighs, 13,000, pounds, showing its substantial construction and
ability to handle heavy shafting successfully.
Fay & Scott are the builders of an extension gap lathe which
has the advantage over a lathe whose bed is cast with a fixed distance in the width of the gap, as shown in Fig. 23. In this case there
is
a base or lower bed, as shown in Fig. 279, upon which the bed
FIG. 279.
By
this
desired, or
is
The Fay
&
Scott Extension
Gap
it slides.
Lathe.
it
nary lathe.
on crank
The
This
is
lathe
is triple
ratio being 34 to 1.
and
similar work.
The
carriage
is
full
and 10^
feet
when extended.
when
feet,
closed,
and every
358
lathe,
use.
An illustration of
is
shown
It
that
in Fig. 280,
is
26^8
the
it shall
it
seems as
somewhat improved
if
from
its
strength or usefulness.
FIG. 280.
J. J.
McCabe.
The
probably a fact that the large swing feature is more in use for boring
and similar work than for heavy work requiring the full swing.
Still we know personally that much large and heavy work is done
lathes, and that in shops where such work is an exception
rather than the general rule the lathe proves a valuable addition
to the equipment, saving the expense of a large lathe which, under
ordinary circumstances, would be engaged on useful work only a
on these
tail-stock are
ready at
all
times for
SPECIAL LATHES
359
either the small or large swing, requiring only the necessary changing of face-plates to suit the work, the compound rest and the
Naturally the compound rest will not be as stiff and rigid as that
of a regular 48-inch swing lathe, as the compound rest proper is
designed upon lines and with dimensions that appear to be a com-
also the
is
apron and
its
and capable
positive
which
it
lathe.
may
rais-
ing the head spindle, as the inside V's are omitted. The tail-stock
is fitted with a gib on the front side for the purpose of taking up
will in
is
The upper spindle is triple geared and has double the ratio of
back gearing of the lower spindle, while the internal geared faceplate shown in the engraving is furnished as an extra and gives a
giving ample power for large work.
also made 24-40 inch, and 26-44 inch swing, while
the one here illustrated and described is also furnished with per-
ratio of 72 to
1,
This lathe
is
manent
is also
built
solid to
It
of driving
up
is
preferred.
make
it
only for turning and boring pulleys, but for a variety of very useful
work.
Among
360
compound
these lines in the middle of the face of the pulley. While this answers
travels.
This lever
FIG. 281.
is
pivoted to the
compound
rest slide
and
New Haven
Manufacturing Company.
upper end connected to the compound rest tool block by a connecting bar which thus controls the movement of the cutting- tool.
its
Another feature of
This feed
is
tail-
of 13 inches travel,
in
SPECIAL LATHES
361
aligned hole. While this work is being done the pulley may be
held in a chuck, or chuck jaws attached to the face-plate, by the hub
tail-stock is
the tail-stock
for removing
from the bed.
the work from the lathe or blocking it up.
The head spindle is driven entirely by means of the internal
gear bolted to the back of the face-plate through a pinion on the
Back gearing
is
which
is
liable to
of the tool
upon the
work.
is
the gear
is
made
for
by making
upon
by which it will be allowed to slip if
heavy and unusual strain is brought upon it, rather than that the
shaft with a friction device,
machine.
The head
may
spindle
be used.
is
By
It will bore
face,
and a pulley up
to 50 inches in diameter
is
produced,
if
the pulley
362
may
pulley-turning lathe
strictly
on the
lines of a lathe.
Such a machine
is
shown
in Fig.
is
built
FIG. 282.
ma-
Niles-Bement-Pond Company.
extends to the
floor
The head
mechanism
of the machine.
cut, or a cut at a
much
coarser feed,
may
be successfully carried
much
re-
duced.
The pulley
to be turned
is
As
to the
method
for obtaining
good concentric
an equaliz-
SPECIAL LATHES
363
being in front and provided with an angular feed for crowning the
and one in the rear carrying an inverted tool and
ing cut while the front tool carries the finishing cut and crowns the
The angular feed with which the front tool is provided
pulley.
and
simi-
work.
it is
is
also provided
with an
This feature
is
leave an equal
during
amount
may
be mounted as shown at A,
is shown at B, which is
This machine
364
in a general
work is done.
Such a bench lathe, built by the Waltham Machine Works, is
shown in Fig. 283, and which is a good example of the best grade
of American made bench lathe.
The bed of the lathe is 32 inches long and has a T-groove planed
FIG. 283.
8-inch
built
lathe,
beauty
by the
its entire
entirely
length.
through the
casting, so that whatever its position it always has its full bearing
It is graduated to tenths of an inch, while the grada(6| niches).
on the hand wheel read to 1-200 inch. The front side of the
By this
casting is cut away to give more room for the slide-rest.
means the lathe can be used closer to the center than would othertions
SPECIAL LATHES
365
below the lowest part of the head-stock and tail-stock. This gives
the opportunity to make a long squaring device, thus insuring
greater accuracy, and also to have the bearing where there is less lia-
from
making
slide-rest.
This
is
a valuable feature in
having two
and bearings
angles.
index
will
make a
rest is neatly
ornamented.
size,
to its
original position.
is
taper hole in the front of the spindle to take arbors for small laps.
Two methods of thread cutting are provided for. The first is on
Fox
back
lathe principle
of the bed.
366
There
is
consisting of a base
made
which
is
a stand
and is
The verti-
milling machine
of
it is frequently
the case that others for special work are frequently devised and
added to the bench lathe equipment, making it a very useful ma-
many
different operations,
attached to the front end as usual, and the three-step cone pulley
attached at the opposite end, fitting upon the spindle for a distance
about equal to one of its steps and carried by a flanged collar which
SPECIAL LATHES
is
367
fastened to
the wear or
on the outside
of the head-stock,
2^
FIG. 284.
The head
spindle
is
a crucible
steel forging,
by the
and runs
in
com-
As
manu-
facturers say:
"We
368
is
all
time
this
it
has
The countershaft
FIG. 285.
is
Head-Stock of Reed
Wood
Turning Lathe.
fork
is
by means
of a short
lathe.
The V's in the bed are inverted, or planed out, and the head
and tail stocks are fitted into them, instead of upon them, which
This allows a perfectly free and level surface
is the usual way.
across the top of bed and shelf on back side, without any obstrucThe upper
tion, besides protecting the V's from being jammed.
angle of
is
also prevents
rounded where
it
or injury of the
The
T-rest holder
is
SPECIAL LATHES
369
shelf
ing.
This
of the
is
A
is
and
hook or holder,
in connection with the extra speed of the legs, and the manner of
attaching the lower shelf, all combine to insure steadiness of the
lathe
when run
lathe
is
run
five
it is
its quality.
CHAPTER XX
REGULAR TURRET LATHES
Importance
Classification of
turret lathes.
Lamson
The Warner & Swasey 24-inch swing uniGaneral description. Its capacity. Taper turning
attachment. Its speeds. The Bullard Machine Tool Company's 26inch swing complete turret lathe. Its massive form and its general design
and construction. Lubrication of tools. The countershaft. The Pratt &
special features.
Its tools.
Whitney 3 by 36
turret lathe.
Its special features.
Its general desing.
Special chuck construction and operation. The Gisholt
turret lathe.
Its massive design and construction.
Its large capacity.
Its general and special features.
The Pond rigid turret lathe. Its heavy
Its capacity.
Detailed description.
Its operation.
Gen-
eral dimensions.
WHILE the regular engine lathe is in almost universal use wherever machine work is done, and while it is the one indispensable
tool in every machine shop, the modifications of it in the various
forms of a turret lathe are becoming second only in the importance
and the range of its work. So great has been the advance in this
respect during recent years that nearly all machine shops, even
small jobbing shops, are not considered as possessing a passably
modern equipment without one or more turret lathes.
Formerly
a turret lathe
"
was not thought worth while to set up" a job on
unless there were fifty or more pieces of the same kind
it
to be machined.
It is
now a common
lathe
many
when only
whereas
now we have
a great
many
regular tools furnished with the turret lathe that are of such form
and construction as to be available for nearly all the ordinary turret
370
371
lathe jobs, while the addition of an extra tool now and then for
special work, or a special form, will adopt the turret lathe for a very
large variety of work, which may thus be performed with a great
degree of accuracy, with a very good finish and in a very economical
manner.
Where
large
numbers
of pieces of the
it is
work
work.
We may
when used
as turret lathes
classes,
pound
its carriage, in
rest.
slide.
to a slide supported
"
at the
end
Those
of the stroke.
with a cut-off
slide carrying
and
372
pages, since
it is
than to expand
subject of lathes.
its
shop for many years as a monitor" lathe, from the fact, no doubt,
of its resemblance to the turret of a monitor.
The slide upon which
the turret
it
is
pivoted
is
is
legs in a
accurate results.
The
turret
is
and
is
and the
is
located directly
373
under the working tool, and so close to it that there can be no lost
motion between the tool and the locking pin. The turret is turned
automatically to each position the instant the tool clears the work
on
its
backward
travel,
and
it is
so arranged that
by
raising
and
lowering trip screws near the center of the turret it may be turned
to three, four, or five of the six places without making any other
stops.
by a worm-shaft.
374
The worm
held into
its
There are
some
turret tools.
by
The head-stock is
would mean a weak
exercised to
make
of
They
of such great
posts which
make
lower half.
friction clutches.
at will
large diameter.
die carriage carries a die of any kind, and a pointer for shathe
end of a shaft or bolt. This carriage is mounted on a
ping
The
sliding bar
"
on a " three-point bearing, making it impossible
to twist or vary the deflection of the bed by an unsteady or un-
The bed
rests
natural foundation.
A
pump
need explanation.
375
power through a triple friction countershaft of unusual proportions and running speed. The three friction
pulleys are 12 inches in diameter by 4 inches face; two run 300 revolutions per minute, and the remaining, or middle, pulley runs 150
The head
receives its
FIG. 287.
Top View
& Lamson
These pulleys have extra long hubs that extend an equal distance
each side of the "pull of the belt" (each side of the rim), and perfectly distribute that strain over its entire bearing on the shaft.
is
so connected that
it will
act
on any one
of the
improved design
in
many
cases,
in Fig. 287, as
376
they appear on the machine, in the top view taken from the rear
end, and at the 'front of the machine, looking toward the head-stock.
The machine
tools built
by Warner
&
chine
is
example
FIG. 288.
The bed
as
it
is
is
The
spindle cone
it
is
machining operawhich is
The
friction
The
1.
is
377
face of the turret, one operating with the longitudinal and the other
with the cross travel of the carriage. When the general work which
the lathe
is
may
moving a
lever.
respectively 4,
7,
main spindle; that is, the spindle will make these various
number of revolutions while the feeds advance 1 inch.
The lead screw is provided with the proper gears for cutting 2,
Finer threads
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 J, 12, and 14 threads per inch.
than these are not likely to be required on a lathe of the capacity
of the
of this one.
The weight
of this
machine
is
its-
to- the
lathes, or as
is
378
At
much
less
support
is
required, a leg
is
deemed
sufficient.
The
is
adapted
and
is
fitted
379
The change to
belt speeds to either set of gears without stopping.
back gears is made by moving the clutch lever, and to the triple
gears by means of the lever shown on the back of the front spindle
bearing, thus obtaining three speeds from the cone, three through
the double train of gears, and three through the triple train of gears,
making nine spindle speeds in all.
The carriage is designed to be heavy and strong and has a long
bearing upon the bed, to which it is securely gibbed. It is provided
with a taper attachment, reversible cross and lateral feeds, which
are driven by gearing from a splined lead screw, the thread of
which is used only for thread cutting, thus insuring accurate work
of this kind. At the front of the bed and directly below the large
step of the spindle cone are seen the carriage stops, which are adjustable in a group upon the bed, and independently as the work
may
require.
The
a
three-ball crank.
may be made
The
is
is
turret
The
surfaces.
stud
wide and
cross-slide is unusually
The
with four
is
well supported
380
each end of
this, oil
be duly appreciated by
who has been
the operator,
three
pulleys 20 inches in
diameter, for 4 J-inch belt, and
friction
ward
backward.
minute for-
per
and
144
revolutions
The
weight
pounds, which
eral
this
9,500
a very lib-
and insures
and strength of
capacity,
great rigidity
its
is
of
is
principal parts.
is,
a lathe ca-
pable
handling a 3-inch
bar of round stock and in
of
and a plan of
As may be assumed from
Fig. 290
it is
shown
in perspective in
and
its
it is
bed is set in a pan of ample proporon heavy legs, those under the head-stock
stock, the
well supported
capacity
381
is
pan
One
shown
of the
in Fig. 291.
new
is
is
much
which there
is
at different points along the same bar, as well as the frequent occurranee of slight bends in the bar that render it difficult to handle in
FIG. 291.
The
This machine
is
regularly driven
by a
and Pan
of the
of
to the
speeds,
an open
belt range
its
large range
of conditions
The
power feed
up
to 36
and the driving device for the feed mechanism for the turret
by means of a silent chain which is driven from
a sprocket wheel on the spindle, from whence it leads down to a
gear box containing the variable speed gears for giving the different
rates of feed.
The shaft for operating the turret and cross-slide
inches,
and
cross-slides is
382
located at the rear of the bed, and the gear box mechanism is operated by the two short levers in front of the head-stock as seen in
Fig. 290,
The
turret
feeds range from .007 to 0.23 inchesand those of the cross-slide from .0014
to
main
spindle.
There are
dovetailed
upper
and
Each one
of these,
when
adjusted, is
held by an independent screw. As the
turret is rotated a cam at the bottom
swings
it
into
line
on the
The
machined surface
slide.
cross-slide
carries
two
tool-
point along the bed that the work rewheel at the front end of the head-stock
by a hand
The peculiar construction of the chuck referred to above is
worthy of special attention and may be understood by reference to
the sectional engravings and the following description of its mechan-
quires
In Fig. 293
parts,
and
is
shown a
383
mechanism;
and
its
related
is
made a
sliding
fit
of
in
end
is
hardened and
FIG. 293.
Pratt &
forced into the nose of the spindle D, and then ground while the
spindle is running in its own journal boxes.
The chuck jaws have square shoulders abutting against the cap
and open and close without end movement, as the spring plugs
FIG. 294.
of the Pratt
& Whitney
Turret Lathe.
keep them in contact with the cap when released by the closer.
The jaws for each nominal size of stock are adapted to hold bars
3
32
this
inch over
size,
or
^ inch
under
size,
This
is
due to
384
the fact that the contact between jaws and closer is always a line
contact along the middle of each jaw, the surface at either side of
this line being relieved so as always to clear the conical seat in the
closer.
To
them
by operating a
of a
second lever,
rear end of the spindle carries two sliding rings actuated by independent yoked levers; these latter are connected by links with the
The
is
fitted
which
tube K, the rollers at the outer ends resting against the shoes
carried in the ring I.
by the inner of the
nected also by
the rear.
The yoked
two
is
con-
When
the chuck
is
against the stock. When the bar is in contact with the stop the
clutch throws to the middle position as shown, stopping the screw;
the lever
is
and
bearing, and by means of the racks, spiral gears and right
left-hand screws the sleeve B, with fingers J and tube K, is drawn
on
its
forward, forcing the chuck jaws into contact with the bar. The
outer lever is then operated to push back the ring I and close the
chuck down hard upon the work.
The manipulation
it will
385
form and
I is
always uni-
effective.
The upright
at the outer
end
of the stock-feeding
apparatus
carries
When
its
run back by moving to the left the short lever shown in Fig.
The clutch
to the screw.
290, which clutches the reversing gear
between gears M and S is normally held in mid or inoperative posi-
it is
tion
at the lower
end
arm
The gears
running ahead), by
of the
P.
operative if the spindle is reversed, thus making it impossible to engage the feed accidentally before the spindle is again started ahead.
Taken altogether this mechanism represents the latest and best
much
much
larger
much
is
built as large as
41 J inches, this largest size weighing about eight tons, while there
are very few of those of other builders weighing more than one half
as
much.
Figure 295 shows this machine swinging 41 J inches over the
As will be seen, all the parts are very massive and calcu-
bed.
to the floor (or properly to a well built foundaupon which a machine of such
386
are
port
the
to
The
spindle.
than
w ere
r
they
the
in
placed
if
rear,
as
is
all
occasions.
all
sliding
surfaces
standard
being scraped
to
surface plates,
and
all
spin-
back gear
heaviest
which
the
adapted.
made
class
of
of
work
machine
The
forged
spindle
steel
for
is
is
and
The
carriage
any one
cutting.
is
of
387
which
or
The four
The feed
slide.
which
tools
are held
by means
screw in
its center.
may
is
of the
machine
The
cross feeds.
Turret stops are arranged at the rear of the machine and may
be severally brought into working position by rotating the cylindrical carrier.
They
are, of course,
independently adjustable.
given a view of the top of the machine, which will
serve to show the various operative parts of the turret and its stops,
the revolving tool-holder on the carriage, and the taper attachment,
In Fig. 296
is
is
shown
in the front
any
massive construction.
and
of the saddle
This
is
particularly true of
turret, as
388
well as the bed, which has the supporting legs cast with it.
Its
design is such as to furnish the best resistance and support for both
^
FIG. 296.
Top View
carriage
FIG. 297.
is
work, and also allows the carriage to be run behind the chuck so
that the turret may be brought up close to the chuck. Short,
rigid tools with practically no overhang and short boring bars can
The
In no other machine
389
is
which are
forming
This turret
is
299, showing
Fig.
and
be rigidly attached.
the narrow
width
all
of the face
that
is
necessary
ample, as
is
is sufficient
tool-hole
for in the
square surface at A.
In the
at
the
FIG. 298.
front of the turret in Fig. 297, the very wide face, provided with a
groove across the center into which a rib on the tool base fits, and
the two T-slots for the four bolts securing it to the turret, are
manifestly very valuable in holding the tool stiff and rigid, and
"
doubtless suggested the name of rigid turret," as there is every
reason to assume such condition from the excellent design.
rn Miii
Til
It
is
indexed by
worm
'
the
is
its entire
if
rigidity.
It
desired.
same time.
390
The
in the spindle
being inside the spindle when the finishing cutter is at work. Headstock has self-oiling bronze bearings and a two-step cone, providing
for a
very wide
belt.
is
The
ment
of its class.
It will be noticed
by
of feed
from J to 64 per inch can be cut. The spindle speeds are twenty in
number, and from 1J to 182 revolutions per minute in regular geometrical progression.
respectively 3J to
1,
The gearing
8J to
1,
22 to
is
5 feet 4 inches.
1,
and 57
to
1.
The
when
at
is
its
ex-
5 feet
and
its
The length
of the
CHAPTER XXI
SPECIAL TURRET LATHES
The R. K. Le Blond
Springfield
General description.
The
on the bed.
built
by
Its design
the Dreses Machine
Special features
combination turret lathe built by the R. K.
turret lathe.
Pratt
eral features
and construction.
Tool
Company
build a line of
FIG. 300.
by the
392
from a triple-speeded
friction countershaft,
by means
of
which
may
belt, thus adapting
it to a great range of work requiring different speeds in order to
do the work with the maximum degree of efficiency.
fifteen speeds
to
have
vibrations
large
and
massive.
It
is
back geared 55 to
making
it
The
perfectly rigid.
1,
so that
it
pin,
bushing. The carriage is very heavy, gibbed both back and front,
and the rack pinion is supported on both sides of the rack.
This lathe is especially fitted for box or forming tools, and will
work a nest of roughing tools to good advantage. Changes of
feed can be had instantly by the use of the lever shown on the bed
and, with half nuts in the apron, and any tapping work can be done
with positive lead from the screw. A specially strong chuck is fur;
of the
conditions.
and well
a
that
lathe
carries
work
and
the
very heavy and
heavy
strong chuck, which is all-important when heavy cuts are to be
made as well as when the work itself consists of large and heavy
It is particularly well adapted to machining forging up to
pieces.
the limits of its swing and of rough outline, which usually prove
It will be noticed that the feed gears are of broad face
adapted to
In this case
it will
may
upon
pivoted to a
is
slide,
393
fixed to the
is
by some
This
is
The
by the use
builders,
of
is
provided.
supplied with variable power feed and automatic stop, which in no manner interferes with the usual engine
lathe feeds and screw-cutting mechanism, each being entirely indeturret slide
is
as the
well as
when held
FIG. 301.
in
24-inch
fur-
built
The
power
feed,
made
and made
of tool steel.
is
is
made
of tool steel
mechanism
and hardened.
394
Some
width
across
usage.
strength it will fail when put to the actual test of hard work. If
"
not of sufficient rigidity the tools will " chatter and either seriously
mar or spoil the work. If all the parts are not well fitted the tools
"
will
it is
not
usual to find the entire six holes lining up perfectly with the headstock spindle. While the present machines of this type are far
ahead
of those built a
man
will
the usual class of work, and the remaining two considerably out of
And this will generally be the case even though the "finish
true.
is
done with a
may seem
by the head-stock
To the young
up
nevertheless true, and
tool carried
for.
strange, but it is
true of probably a large majority of turret machines of the present
machinist this
day.
A very complete turret lathe for working brass and other similar
metals is built by the Dreses Machine Tool Company. It is shown
in Fig. 302,
turret lathe,
and a
and
and
slide-rest.
is
known
is
SPECIAL TURRET
LATHES
395
box pattern with a dovetail top, which provides the best means for keeping alignment and for quick and firm
gripping of the turret and cut-off rest. It is supported on the
three- point principle to avoid springing and getting out of alignment through careless setting up or settling of floors and foundations.
The top is provided with holes for the oil and chips to
The bed
is
of the
drop through.
is
it is
FIG. 302.
The
up the wear. It is provided with a setThe top slide can be operated either by the crank
and screw shown at the rear end, or by the capstan levers in the
usual manner.
One of the capstan handles is provided with a short
over device.
it
396
The
may
located in easily
bed by a single
clamped
handle and the operation of clamping is by a single motion.
The turret locking bolt withdraws by the return stroke of the
accessible places.
slide is
to the
top slide, so that the operator needs only to revolve the turret.
This is equally effective as a full automatic turret, but less costly
and complicated.
The index ring and key
and ground.
The
The
stop for
heavy and
tools.
is
provided with an
both a screw
It has
independent
and crank wheel feed and a lever feed, either of which
as occasion
be used
may require.
is
may
slide-rest is of
the
machine
is
well
many very useful devices that no doubt prove convenient and effective in practical work. The special forming slide
located next to the turret may, of course, be located at any point
in relation to the usual cutting-off slide or the slide-rest that may
vided with
when needed.
.
Tool
Company is shown in
Fig. 303.
K. Le Blond Machine
The head-stock and its appen-
397
dages are the same as those shown in Fig. 300, and the bed and
cabinets supporting it are the same. The turret* and carriage
arrangements, however, are quite different and adapted to a
larger range of work.
much
FIG. 303.
The
clamp
any desired
in
position.
turret, is
upon which it is
forward and back by a capstan or pilot wheel with long levers giving
ample hand power.
The turret can be connected with the carriage so as to be used
for thread cutting and for tapping, as it thus connects positively
with the lead screw by way of the apron.
in
many
This feature
is
valuable
respects.
it
has
its
own automatic
it
is
box
tools,
any
398
It is altogether
and
in
of pieces of
FIG. 304.
15-inch
built
by
forming rest, etc., is found very useful, doing the work upon
soft metals that the very heavy rest with its horizontal forming
cal
a base securely clamped to the bed and supporting a horizontal slide fitted in a dovetail and moved by a feed or
adjusting screw. Upon the top of this slide is secured an upright
which consists
of
399
is
moved by means
of
is
also
moved
by means
of the rack
and
pinion.
when bar
stock
is
used.
While the machine, as shown, is without back gears, the manuthem with this additional means of increasing the
facturers build
friction type,
whereby
six-
The plan
is
of
much
range of the
this
of
forming
work
it
designed as to
make
it
increases very
making
much
the
may
compound
further increased,
all light
for
slide so
and including
on
its
in its action,
usefulness
is still
machine operations
for
its
range and
capacity.
cost
is
adapted to the lighter kinds of steel work, to cast iron of considerable dimensions, and to work of brass and other softer metals. Not-
400
withstanding the fact that this limits its range of work somewhat,
a machine of much practical usefulness as a great variety of
light manufacturing comes well within its range, and it can be done
it is
as well
sive machine.
The head-stock
is
taken by ball bearings which minimize friction. The drivingcone has four steps and is adapted for an extra wide belt. The
is
countershaft
is
FIG. 305.
by the R. K. Le Blond
The
turret
is
The
construction.
bottom
and when
the stem
bushing.
is
upon which
it is
pivoted
is
it
The top
slide is
401
The
turret base
two
is
turret.
It
The
lathe
shown
is of
16-inch swing
and has a
circular turret
bed and
is
FIG. 306.
turret
given.
field
be readily attached by
bed
in the
is
and gibbing
it
to the
402
Some
is
The carriage is very heavy, gibbed to the outside of the bed, both
front and back, and is fitted with a turret slide of unusual proportions
10 inches in width and 16 inches in length, upon which the
turret proper revolves.
The
the
turret
flats.
is
numerous and well understood to require any further explanation. The index pin and clamping lever are on the right side
are too
for manipulation.
The
is provided with power cross feed, as well as longiand screw-cutting apparatus, and may be equipped
with taper attachment if desired, and hence can perform on chuck
or face plate work all the functions usually done with the regular
lathe
tudinal feed
many
of 10-inch
403
is
These machines are used for drilling, boring, and reaming holes
much faster rate and with more uniformity than similar work
at a
can be done on lathes formerly used for the purpose. They are
also largely used to finish parts of machinery, cast or forged pieces
of irregular outline and circular cross section, when fitted with
the necessary tools.
FIG. 307.
They have
the
same construction
as the revolving
head screw
machines above the bed, but are not usually furnished with the
wire feed apparatus for feeding wire or rods through the chuck
automatically, or provided with an oil tank, dripping device, etc.,
as the work usually done upon them does not require the use of oil
in cutting.
When oil is required these accessories may be readily
attached
The heads have provision for vertical and horizontal adjustment of the spindle in case its alignment with the turret holes is
404
lost
metal.
The larger sizes of these machines are built with back gears,
which render them capable of doing much heavier work than the
machine shown in the engraving.
With this machine, with its quick acting and convenient hand
lever for operating the turret, a very large amount of work can be
turned out in a day; in fact, considering the cost of the machine, it
is,
for all
it is
die in
by the turret; and forming and cutting off by the cut-off slide,
making it exceedingly useful considering its simplicity and economy.
etc.,
CHAPTER XXII
ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN LATHES
System
of electric drives.
drive
Group
motor drives preferable
tricity.
The Reed
for medium and large sized lathes.
16-inch swing motor-driven lathe. The Lodge & Shipley 24-inch swing
motor-driven lathe. The Prentice Brothers Company's motor-driven
lathes.
Renold silent
motor drive.
motor drive de-
Crocker-Wheeler motors.
General description.
The Hendey-Norton
chain.
ONE
more important developments of the modern mais the electric drive, with which many of them are
chine shop
While the system of driving by electric motors has
equipped-.
many phases, and all of them most interesting problems, this chapter
will be more particularly concerned with the question of individual
of the
tools
There are
is
directly
Third, there
is
also
economy
lathe
power as none
actual operation; and
in the use of
is
in
is
is
used to
is
con-
mum
While
it
may
be
still
406
trate the
made by
FIG. 308.
16-inch Swing
The motor and its controller are built by the General Electric Company. The motor has a speed of from 500 to 1500 revolutions per
minute.
to the
This
407
is
FIG. 309.
&
a small two-step cone on the motor shaft to the spindle cone. The
motor is of the variable speed type with a speed variation of two to
one.
The motor
is
directly
above
by means
the head-stock.
hand wheel
at the front of
408
When
two
this
sets of
is
from 125
to 200 revo-
motor
mass
sufficient
speed changes.
This may be obviated by using the countershaft as above
arranged, although it is well known that short belts are objectionable on account of the high tension that must be maintained to
render them capable of transmitting the required power to properly
Company equip
and
shown
is
in Fig 310.
is
close to the
head
The
of these speeds are available without stopping the* lathe.
interto
for
the
is
so
that
it
is
operator
impossible
gearing
arranged
lock
is
any
This
greatly appreciated, as
it
removes
all
is
an advantage that
409
mechanical reverse
is
provided and
may
be operated from
the carriage of the lathe so that the operator can start, stop, and
reverse the direction of the spindle without stopping the motor.
This is a great saving of power over the method commonly used,
that
is,
when
stopping, starting,
For operating this lathe the manufacturers recommend a constant speed motor with either direct or alternating current, although
a direct-current motor, with a variation allowing an increase of
FIG. 310.
50 per cent in the speed, can be used to some advantage and would
divide the steps of the mechanical speed variation into five or six
additional changes, giving 40 or 48 changes of speed in
all.
not needed.
is
410
number
and reversed each day
is
stopped,
Turret Lathe
of this class of
machines so driven.
FIG. 311.
in Fig. 311 as a
built
good example
Lathe Company.
turret lathe,
Twelve rates of feed and feed reverse and eight speeds of the
spindle are possible with each speed of the motor. The gear combinations for all these are protected and may be operated to effect
a change in speed while the machine is running. The levers for
the various gear clutches are shown under the head. The turret
has universal facing heads and provides for thirteen
seldom more than five are used at a time.
tools,
though
411
The
is
spindle
all
the advantages
ing
to give
mation
shaft.
The clutch
which
is
is
and point.
412
We
thus have two speeds for the countershaft, affording the sixteen
changes for the lathe spindle. These are accomplished with the
motor running at constant speed, thus maintaining its maximum
efficiency at all times.
of expense
FIG. 312.
The motor
is
avoided.
is
is
is
free
directly attached to
the standard.
413
shaft
is
like the
it
its
ance.
The
Front Elevation
FIG. 313.
50-inch Lathe, designed
and
Fig. 314
is
a front elevation
by the Author.
section, is of
an
electric
the electric drive may be arranged. They are greater if the machine was originally designed to be so driven, and particularly with
a variable speed motor. But it sometimes happens that we are
414
it
parties
who
be replaced by a
as to engage
series of gears of
from each
other.
The
lathe
was
so arranged
and
into
was not
insistent
in Fig. 314.
415
by
six flush-
which
is
connecting rods N, N.
Upon
is
worm segment
In practice
it
to use the
crank for stopping and starting the lathe to examine and caliper
his work rather than to use the electric switch or the rheostat, claimit was more convenient to allow the motor to continue to
run and start the lathe gradually by tightening the belt slowly for
ing that
416
we must admit
ways
to
"do
original, it
has succeeded
admi-
it is
efficient
in use,
method
and
will
be found an
INDEX
Author's design of fiddle-bow lathe, 26.
reversing gear device, 298.
straight-edge
243.
lathe
testing,
for,
241.
Back gear
American
Turret
Lathe
tail-stock,
139.
gearing,
133.
of,
266.
homely proportions
for,
making
of, 58.
Company's
Watch Tool
data, 124.
122.
rests, 164.
Balance-wheel,
or mandrels, 265.
development
of,
in
lathes, 28.
taper, 266.
use of, 267.
tool-holders, 221.
Asiatic wood turner, 24.
Bed
Armstrong
thread
cutting,
59, 194.
for lathes, 69, 77.
the Rivett-
for turning
rolls, 181.
for turning
for turning
strain
Bench
Dock, 192.
Blaisdell
carriage,
pound
apron, and
rest, 146.
296.
417
He, 282.
com-
INDEX
418
work on the
Box form
Boxes
Box
the Author's
Cincinnati
lathe, 274.
for spindle,
lathes, 54.
Chuck work,
Reed form,
258.
Electric
Tool
Company's
288.
housings, 113.
32.
195.
of lathes, 52.
Classification of lathe
attachments,
52.
amount
of taper, 270.
rests for
rests,
Concave
New Haven,
surfaces,
147.
attachment
for turn-
ing, 183.
216.
of, 84.
Foundry
in,
1735,
Cone diameters,
133.
18.
New
England, 17.
Center grinder, Hisey-Wolf, 190.
reaming, 256.
of, 108.
rolls,
turning
of,
181.
and concave
surfaces,
attachment
Countershafts, 170.
book on,
of, 195.
listed, 52.
surfaces, machining,
friction, 170.
194.
Changing speed
form
176.
devices, 59.
how
steps,
and concave
Change gear
speeds, 125.
rests, 164.
Champion
gears,
ma-
change-gears, 279.
Compound
form
foot-power
chines, 33.
future use
Calculating
for
friction
Clutch,
two-speed, 170.
variable speed, 170, 173.
Countershaft boxes, self-oiling, 172.
speed, 225.
INDEX
Crowning device
for
pulley turning,
360.
Cutting speeds
419
steel
high-speed
threads, 277.
Cylindrical cutters for boring bars, 283.
power
for
cutting tools,
238.
form
method
tail-stock, 139.
Development
the
of
swing
of a lathe, 77.
triple-geared
balance-wheel
Expanding
mechanism, 131.
arbors, 265.
idea, 28.
of manufactures, 20.
improper holding
triple-geared
Author, 26.
Fitchburg machine works "Lo-swing"
lathe, 123.
lathe, 350.
Earliest
form of
lathe, 357.
lathe, 274.
269.
mechanism
of,
work on the
lathe, 23.
212.
tools,
New England
Forms
factories, 16.
manufacturers, 15.
INDEX
420
Forms
tools, 218.
Forming
Hendy
lathe, 62.
tools, 273.
work, 273.
Fosdick 16-inch engine lathe, 325.
Foundry, in Lynn, Mass., 1643, 17.
Fox
Friction
clutch
for
foot-power
ma-
chines, 33.
Hendey-Norton cabinets,
91.
Fay &
industrial, 16.
Freedom,
Gap
lathe, 61.
making
Graduations
on
taper
attachments,
270.
use
of,
of,
228.
224.
Horse-power transmitted by
belts, 236.
large, 191.
132.
Hamilton compound
159.
Introduction, 15.
Inverted V's, 368.
rest,
Hand
lathe, 53.
tools,
England,
254.
Foundry
form
an old design for, 93.
arch form for, 96.
design
of,
17.
of, 96.
John Winthrop,
Lynn, 17.
Jones
133.
& Lamson
his Iron
Foundry
in
372.
designing, 93.
17.
Hardened
arbors, 266.
Head-stock, a favorite
in
rest, 164.
Kinds
of materials to be turned,
216
INDEX
421
Le Blond triple-geared
centers, 256.
251.
design, 69.
design at a proper
dogs, 257.
medium,
70.
form
compound
rest, 159.
of, 23.
foot-power, 24.
history of before the introduction of screw threads, 21.
its influence on the mechanical
form
of bed, 79.
Shipley lathe apron, 306.
motor-driven lathe, 407.
Lodge
&
world, 21.
origin of, 22.
origin of the word, 24.
requisites of a good, 240.
tail-stock, 137.
speeds, 227.
spindles, 102.
Loose chain
machine shop
tool, 22.
lathe, 350.
by
attraction,
of, 120.
faces, 176.
Machine
397.
capillary
118.
neglect
swing
"Lo-swing"
Lubrication
157, 214.
work, 254.
full
oiler, 119.
the
lathe,
earliest
turret
391.
72.
162.
tools,
turing, 19.
lathes, 309.
Making
head-stock, 100.
tools of high-speed
Manufactures, development
view of the lathe, 69.
steel,
228.
of, 20.
15.
in,
15.
of,
INDEX
422
straight-edge, 251.
surface gage, 247.
Milling operations
on the
Modern American
299.
Pond
Power
Mushet
design, 87.
New Haven
head-stock, ICO.
lathe carriage, 145.
tail-stock, 137.
Prentice
development of machine
Nose
16-inch
to
tools,
19.
of
manufacturing
in
New England,
18.
siphon, 117.
Oiler, loose chain, 119.
loose ring, 118.
Lodge
&
beds, 73.
Pump
INDEX
Quick change gear device,
New Haven,
206.
423
157.
Slide-rest,
devices, 194.
Reaming
of drills, 227.
of lathes, 227.
lathe, 113.
158.
nose
of, 105.
proportions
speeds, 125.
slide-rest, 157.
The
F.
Company and
E.
their
work, 287.
turret
head chucking
two-tool
10-inch
lathe, 353.
good
366.
of a
for, 106.
lathe, 240.
Steady
development, 20.
Revolving tool-holder, 161.
Rivett-Dock thread-cutting
Stop-micrometer, 187.
attach-
of, 108.
ment, 192.
Roughing
rests, 164.
lathe, 57.
Summary
Schumacher
& Boye
head-stock, 99.
20-inch
instantaneous
change
Screw machines,
67.
gear,
Swing
of determining, 77.
INDEX
424
Siphon
oil
cup, 117.
Tail-stocks, 135.
features of
for
different
sized
lathes, 136.
functions
strength
of,
217.
of, 135.
"Tree lathe,"
attachments, 149.
23.
131.
turning, 149.
turning, failures
Taper turning
in,
150.
lathes, 271.
threads, cutting
Temper
Tempering high-speed
281.
rolls, 181.
of,
tail-
importance
of,
370.
Use
of arbors, 267.
of change-gears in thread cutting,
278.
of high-speed steel tools, 224.
of lubricant for tools, 234.
gears, 277.
V's, for lathe beds, 84.
Three-tool shafting
turning
rest,
163.
form
of,
mechanics, 18.
218.
Wood
turret
lathe, 377.
for,
220.
Work, amount
226.
England me-
of,
on machine
tools,
of these
books
will send
York, V. S. A.
will
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in
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regard to emergency work in connection with this class of engine.
all
under
For the railroad man, who is anxious to know what to do and how to do it
the various circumstances that may arise in the performance of his duties, this book will
be an invaluable assistant and guide. 250 pages, fully illustrated. $1.50.
FOWLER.
Boiler
Room
Chart
An
GRIMSHAW. Saw
Filing and
Management
of
Saws
the .brazing of
practical handbook on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and
band saws, the speed, work, and power to run circular saws, etc., etc. .bully illustrated.
Cloth, $1.00.
GRIMSHAW.
"Shop Kinks"
It is not
entirely different from any other on machine-shop practice.
of doing work better,
descriptive of universal or common shop usage, but shows special ways
in bu
more
or
shops
in
leading
done
as
than
fifty
more cheaply, and more rapidly
usual,
rope and America. Some of its over 500 items and 222 illustrations are contributed
author
the
been
by
has
rest
the
gathered
rectly for its pages by eminent constructors;
Fourth edition. Nearly 400 pages. Cloth, $2.50.
his thirty years' travel and experience.
This book
is
GRIMSHAW.
States
Tells how to erect, adjust, and run the principal steam engines in the United
Describes the principal features of various snecial and well-known makes ot engines, a
edition.
336 pages. Fully illustrated. Cloth, $2.00.
Publications of
GRIMSHAW.
A
Publishing Co.
series of direct practical answers to direct practical questions, mainly intended for
for examination questions.
Nearly 1,000 questions with their anFourteenth edition. 413 pages. Fully illustrated. Cloth, $2.00.
GRIMSHAW.
Locomotive Catechism
folding plates.
HARRISON.
Electric Wiring,
thorough treatise covering the subject in all its branches. Practical every-day
problems in wiring are presented and the method of obtaining intelligent results clearly
shown. 270 pages, 105 illustrations. $1.50.
$3.00.
as
being both practical and encyclopaedic in character. All the great sections of engineering
practice and enterprise receive sound and concise treatment.
Complete in five volumes. Each volume contains 500 pages and 500 illustrations.
Bound in half morocco. Price, $6.00 per volume, or $25.00 for the complete set of five
volumes.
HISCOX.
of a gas engine needs this book. Simple, instructive, and right up to date.
this important subject.
Tells all about the running and manFull of general information about the new and popular motive
power, its economy and ease of management. Also chapters on horseless vehicles, electric
Illustrated with 351 engravings.
Fifteenth
lighting, marine propulsion, etc.
450 pages
edition, revised, enlarged, and reset.
$2.50
Every user
of gas engines.
HISCOX.
Compressed Air
the most complete book on the subject of Air that has ever been issued, and its
thirty-five chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of.
Beginning
with a history of the progress that has been made in this ne, it takes rp the properties of
air, gives tables of its volume and weight, both dry and saturated, as well as numerous
other conditions.
Step by step the reader finds how it is used, the various methods of
compression and apparatus employed, its use in transmitting power, air motors and their
Pneumatic tools and their
efficiency, and a host of other information in this connection.
uses receive ample attention, as do the sand-blast, pneumatic tube transmission, and other
applications, such as raising water, ice machines and liquid air, while the air brake and air
Taken as a whole it may be called an encyclopaedia of
signal also come in for their share.
compressed air. It is written by an expert, who, in its 825 pages, has dealt with the subject in a comprehensive manner, no phase of it being omitted.
545 illustrations, 820
pages.
Price, $5.00.
This
is
HISCOX.
by Steam, Hydro-Carbon,
A practical
Capitalists, Investors,
use of the Automobile.
Nineteen chapters.
HISCOX.
Electric,
Large 8vo.
316 illustrations.
460 pages.
Cloth, $1.50.
This work of 400 pages contains 1,800 specially made illustrations with descriptive
text.
It is a Dictionary of Mechanical Movements, Powers, Devices, and Appliances,
embracing an illustrated description of the greatest variety of Mechanical Movements and
Devices in any language. A new work on illustrated Mechanics, Mechanical Movements
and Devices, covering nearly the whole ranpe of the practical and inventive field for the
use of Machinists, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Draughtsmen. Students, and all others
interested in any way in the devising and operation of mechanical works of any kind. $3.00.
Publications of
HISCOX.
Publishing Co.
of Construction
The many editions through which the first volume of "Mechanical Movements" has
passed are more than a sufficient encouragement to warrant the publication of a second
volume of 400 pages, containing 1,000 larger and specially-made illustrations, which are
more special in scope than those in the first volume, inasmuch as they deal with the peculiar requirements of the various arts and manufactures, and more detailed in their explanations, because of the greater complexity of the machinery illustrated and described.
$3-00.
HISCOX.
in
This book has been specially prepared for the use of the modern steam engineer, the
technical students, and all who desire the latest and most reliable information on steam
and steam boilers, the machinery of power, the steam turbine, electric power and lighting
plants, etc.
450 octavo pages, 400 detailed engravings. $3.00.
HORNER.
Operation
This work of 304 pages is fully illustrated and describes and
Machine from its early conception to the present time. $4.00.
HORNER.
A
illustrated.
in the lathe.
Fully
$3.50.
HORNER.
Tools
for
Machinists and
Wood
ments of Measurment
Inventor's
Manual
How
to
is
KRAUSS.
diagrams, accompanied
LE VAN.
Illustrated
by
Safety Valves;
by 69 engravings.
MATHOT.
A
full
$1.50.
170 pages.
Cloth, $1.00.
practical treatise of 320 pages, fully illustrated by 175 detailed illustrations, setting
forth the principles of gas engines and producer design, the selection and installation of
of perfect operation, producer-gas engines and their possibilities,
the care of gas engines and producer-gas plants, with a chapter on volatile hydrocarbon
and oil engines. $2.50.
an engine, conditions
MEINHARDT.
little
practice.
practical treatise describing the theory and principles of the action of gas engines
of various types, and the design and construction of a half-horse-power gas engine, with
illustrations of the work in actual progress, together with dimensioned working drawings
giving clearly the sizes of the various details. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Twenty-five chapters.
Large 8vo. Handsomely illustrated and bound. 300 pages. $2.50.
Man-
agement
The only work published that describes the Modern Machine Shop or Manufacturing
Plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped. By a careful study of its chapters the practical man may economically
build, efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine shop or manufacturing establishment. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of
modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction
It is a book written and illustrated
of Modern Shop Methods, Time and Cost Systems.
by a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theones and want
400 large
It is the most complete all-around book of its kind ever published.
facts.
quarto pages, 225 original and specially-made illustrations. $5.00.
Publications of
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Practice
A new book describing and illustrating the very latest practice in lathe and boring
mill operations, as well as the construction of and latest developments in the manufacture of these important classes of machine tools. 300 pages, fully illustrated. $2.50.
REAGAN,
Book
Illustrated.
Hand-
50 cents.
allied
SLOANE.
to
Electricity Simplified
The object of "Electricity Simplified" is to make the subject as
show what the modern conception of electricity is. 158 pages.
edition.
plain as possible
Illustrated.
and
Twelfth
$1.00.
SLOANE. How
edition.
189 pages.
SLOANE.
A
all of
Illustrated.
Cloth, $1.00.
Arithmetic of Electricity
SLOANE.
Nineteenth edition.
Cloth, $1.00.
138 pages.
Handy Book
Electrician's
An
up-to-date work covering the subject of practical electricity in all its branches,
being intended for the every-day working electrician. The latest and best authority on
Pocketbook size. Handsomely bound in leather,
all branches of applied electricity.
with title and edges in gold. 800 pages. 500 illustrations. Price, $3.50.
SLOANE.
Cloth, $1.00
140 pages.
practical treatise
Second edition. Cloth.
SLOANE.
on the manufacture of
all
kinds of rubber
articles.
146 pages.
$1.00.
Containing the full theory of the subject and giving the entire history of liquefaction
of gases from the earliest times to the present.
It shows how liquid air, like water, is
carried hundreds of miles and is handled in open buckets.
It tells what may be expected
from it in the near future. 365 pages, with many illustrations. Handsomely bound in
Second
buckram.
edition.
$2.00.
SLOANE.
and phrases.
An
entirely
8vo.
new
682 pages.
$3.00.
STARBUCK. Modern
Plumbing Illustrated
comprehensive and up-to-date work illustrating and describing the Drainage and
Ventilation of dwellings, apartments, and public buildings, etc. The very latest and most
approved methods in all branches of sanitary installation are given. Adopted by the
United States Government in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines,
and by the principal boards of health of the United States and Canada. The standard
book for master plumbers, architects, builders, plumbing inspectors, boards of health,
boards of plumbing examiners, and for the property owner, as well as for the workman
and his apprentice. 300 pages. 50 full-page illustrations. $4.00.
Machinist
Publications of
Publishing Co.
VAN DERVOORT.
An entirely new and fully illustrated work of 555 pages and 673 illustrations, describing in every detail the construction, operation, and manipulation of both Hand and Machine
Tools; being a work of practical instruction in all classes of machine-shop practice. Including chapters on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, reamers, taps, and dies;
the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers, and their tools; milling machines and cutters;
gear cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding machines and
their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting, and transmission machinery useful
;
Fourth
edition.
WALLIS- TAYLOR.
$4.00.
is one of the latest and most comprehensive reference books published on the subIt explains the properties and refrigerating effect
ject of refrigeration and cold storage.
of the different fluids in use, the management of refrigerating machinery and the construction and insulation of cold rooms, with their required pipe surface for different degrees of
cold; freezing mixtures and non-freezing brines, temperatures of cold rooms for all kinds
of provisions; cold-storage charges for all classes of goods, ice-making and storage of ice,
data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating engineers, with nearly one
hundred tables containing valuable references to every fact and condition required in the
instalment and operation of a refrigerating plant. $1.50.
This
WOOD.
Cloth $1.50.
WOODWORTH.
facturing
practical treatise of 560 pages, containing 600 illustrations on the designing, constructing, use, and installation of tools, jigs, fixtures, devices, special appliances, sheet-metal
working processes, automatic mechanisms, and labor-saving contrivances; together with
their use in the lathe, milling machine, turret lathe, screw machine, boring mill, power
press, drill, subpress, drop hammer, etc., for the working of metals, the production of interchangeable machine parts, and the manufacture of repetition articles of metal. $4.00
WOODWORTH.
Use
for the
Modern
and use
of tools, fixtures, and devices, together with the manner in which they should be
used in the power press, for the cheap and rapid production of the great variety of sheetmetal articles now in use. It is designed as a guide to the production of sheet-metal parts
at the minimum of cost with the maximum of output.
The hardening and tempering of
Press tools and the classes of work which may be produced to the best advantage by the
WOODWORTH.
Steel
A new
book containing
and tempering
both large and small, the simplest and most satisfactory hardening and tempering processes
The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are conare presented.
cisely presented, and their treatment for working under different conditions explained,
as are also the special methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands.
320
250 illustrations. $2.50.
pages.
Punches, Dies and Tools for Manufacturing in Presses
WOODWORTH.
A
work of 500 pages, and illustrated by nearly 700 engravings, being an encyclopaedia
of die-making, punch-making, die-sinking, sheet-metal working, and making of special tools,
subpresses, devices and mechanical combinations for punching, cutting, bending, forming,
of other
piercing, drawing, compressing, and assembling sheet-metal parts and also articles
materials in machine tools.
$4.00.
WRIGHT.
use only to the technologist, nor so unscientific as to suit only the tyro in electro-chemistry
it is a practical treatise of what has been done, and of what is being done, both experimentally and commercially, with the electric furnace. 288 pages. $3.00.
;
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