Dye Penetrant Inspection: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Dye Penetrant Inspection: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Dye Penetrant Inspection: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
1. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye.
2. Penetrant is applied to the surface.
3. Excess penetrant is removed.
4. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible.
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Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) or penetrant
testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects
in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all nonferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is
often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and
welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue
cracks on in-service components.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Principles
3 Materials
4 Inspection steps
5 Advantages and disadvantages
6 Standards
7 References
8 See also
9 External links
[edit]History
The oil and whiting method used in the railroad industry in the early 1900's was the first recognized use
of the principles of penetrants to detect cracks. The oil and whiting method used an oil solvent for
cleaning followed by the application of a whiting or chalk coating, which absorbed oil from the cracks
revealing their locations. Soon a dye was added to the liquid. By the 1940's, fluorescent or visible dye
was added to the oil used to penetrate test objects.
Experience showed that temperature and soak time were important. This started the practice of written
instructions to provide standard, uniform results. The use of written procedures has evolved, giving the
ability for design engineers and manufacturers to get the high standard results from any properly trained
and certified liquid penetrant testing technician.
[edit]Principles
DPI is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surfacebreaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or
brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed, a
developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw where a invisible indication
becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending upon
the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible).
[edit]Materials
Penetrants are classified into sensitivity levels. Visible penetrants are typically red in color, and represent
the lowest sensitivity. Fluorescent penetrants contain two or more dyes that fluoresce when excited
by ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation (also known as black light). Since Fluorescent penetrant inspection is
performed in a darkened environment, and the excited dyes emit brilliant yellow-green light that contrasts
strongly against the dark background, this material is more sensitive to small defects.
When selecting a sensitivity level one must consider many factors, including the environment under
which the test will be performed, the surface finish of the specimen, and the size of defects sought. One
must also assure that the test chemicals are compatible with the sample so that the examination will not
cause permanent staining, or degradation. This technique can be quite portable, because in its simplest
form the inspection requires only 3 aerosol spray cans, some lint free clothes, and adequate visible light.
Stationary systems with dedicated application, wash, and development stations, are more costly and
complicated, but result in better sensitivity and higher samples through-put.
[edit]Inspection
steps
soluble and suspendable developers are applied with the part still wet from the previous step. NAWD is
commercially available in aerosol spray cans, and may employ acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or a propellant
that is a combination of the two. Developer should form a semi-transparent, even coating on the surface.
The developer draws penetrant from defects out onto the surface to form a visible indication, commonly
known as bleed-out. Any areas that bleed-out can indicate the location, orientation and possible types of
defects on the surface. Interpreting the results and characterizing defects from the indications found may
require some training and/or experience [the indication size is not the actual size of the defect]
5. Inspection:
The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100 foot-candles or 1100 lux is typical) for
visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation of adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter
squared is common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent
penetrant examinations. Inspection of the test surface should take place after a 10 minute development
time. This time delay allows the blotting action to occur. The inspector may observe the sample for
indication formation when using visible dye. It is also good practice to observe indications as they form
because the characteristics of the bleed out are a significant part of interpretation characterization of
flaws.
6. Post Cleaning:
The test surface is often cleaned after inspection and recording of defects, especially if post-inspection
coating processes are scheduled.
[edit]Advantages
and disadvantages
The main advantages of DPI are the speed of the test and the low cost. The main disadvantages are that
it only detects surface flaws and it does not work on very rough surfaces. Also, on certain surfaces a
great enough color contrast cannot be achieved or the dye will stain the workpiece. [1]
Limited training is required for the operator although experience is quite valuable. Proper cleaning is
necessary to assure that surface contaminants have been removed and any defects present are clean
and dry. Some cleaning methods have been shown to be detrimental to test sensitivity, so acid etching to
remove metal smearing and re-open the defect may be necessary.[citation needed]
[edit]Standards
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing - Viewing
conditions
ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
ISO 3452-3, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 3: Reference test blocks
ISO 23277, Non-destructive testing of welds - Penetrant testing of welds - Acceptance levels
EN 1371-1, Founding - Liquid penetrant inspection - Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure
die castings
EN 2002-16, Aerospace series - Metallic materials; test methods - Part 16: Non-destructive
testing, penetrant testing
EN 10246-11, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes - Part 11: Liquid penetrant testing of
seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface imperfections
issn10185518
TrainingCourse series
45
non-Destructive Testing:
sample Questions for
Conduct of examinations
at Levels 1 and 2
Vienna,2010
non-Destructive Testing: sample Questions for
Conduct of examinations at Levels 1 and 2
TrainingCourse series
45
13.24 mmNon-Destructive Testing:
Sample Questions for Conduct of Examinations
at Levels 1 and 2
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and expanded by the national certifying bodies of the Member States.
The IAEA wishes to express its appreciation to all those who have contributed to this
publication. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were Joon Ha Jin and A.A.
Khan of the Division of Chemical and Physical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE
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The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as
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not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an
endorsement
or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS
1 LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (PT) .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1)............................................................ 1
1.1.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) General Examination............. 1
1.1.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) Specific Examination .......... 17
1.1.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) Answers to Questions.......... 25
1.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2).......................................................... 26
1.2.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) General Examination........... 26
1.2.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) Specific Examination .......... 36
1.2.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) Answers to Questions.......... 46
2 MAGNETIC PARTICLES TESTING (MT).................................................................. 47
2.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 1 (MT-1) ..................................................... 47
2.1.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 1 (MT-1) General Examination ...... 47
2.1.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 1 (MT-1) Specific Examination...... 65
2.1.3 Magnetic Particle Testing Level 1 (MT-1) Answers to Questions....... 83
2.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) ..................................................... 84
2.2.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) General Examination ...... 84
2.2.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) Specific Examination...... 97
2.2.3 Magnetic Particle Testing Level 2 (MT-2) Answers to Questions..... 105
3 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT).............................................................................. 106
3.1 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) ............................................................ 106
3.1.1 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) General Examination.............. 106
3.1.2 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) Specific Examination ............. 124
3.1.3 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) Answers to questions ............. 135
3.2 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) ............................................................ 136
3.2.1 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) General Examination.............. 136
3.2.2 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) Specific Examination ............. 153
3.2.3 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) Answers to questions ............. 169
4 ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) .................................................................................. 170
4.1 Ultrasonic Testing Level 1 (UT-1) ................................................................. 170
penetrant testing?
(a) Liquid penetrant testing is useful for locating subsurface discontinuities in a
test piece
(b) Liquid penetrant testing is useful for locating discontinuities in porous
materials
(c) Liquid penetrant testing is useful for locating discontinuities which are open to
the surface in non-porous materials
(d) none of the above
8. Which of the following discontinuity types could typically be found with a liquid
penetrant test?
(a) Internal slag in a weld
(b) Internal slag in a casting
(c) Sensitization in austenitic stainless steel
(d) Fatigue cracks 3
9. Which of the following chemical elements are normally held to a minimum in liquid
penetrant materials, when testing stainless steel and titanium?
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Chlorine
(c) Carbon
(d) Oil
10. Which of the following chemical elements are normally held to a minimum in liquid
penetrant materials when testing nickel based alloys?
(a) Sulphur
(b) Oxygen
(c) Carbon
(d) Nitrogen
11. Which of the following is the most desirable method of pre-cleaning a test piece prior
to penetrant testing?
(a) Sand blasting
(b) Vapour degreasing
(c) Emery cloth
(d) Wire brushing
12. Which of the following pre-cleaning processes is not recommended?
(a) Detergent cleaning
(b) Vapour degreasing
(c) Shot blasting
(d) Ultrasonic cleaning
13. A wire brush should be used for pre-cleaning:
(a) When grease and oil must be removed
(b) Only as a last resort
(c) When rust is to be removed
(d) When grinding burrs must be removed 4
14. A hydrometer is used to measure:
(a) Penetrant viscosity
(b) Specific gravity of water based wet developers
(c) Penetrant specific gravity
(d) Cleaner specific gravity
58. Which of the following is the most sensitive developer in descending order?
(a) Dry, water soluble, water suspendable
(b) Non-aqueous wet, water soluble, water suspendable ,dry
(c) Non-aqueous wet, dry, water soluble
(d) Water suspendable, water soluble, non-aqueous wet 13
59. Low sulphur and chlorine penetrant materials would be used for testing:
(a) Aluminium, steel and plastics
(b) Tool steels, chrome vanadium steel and ferritic stainless steels
(c) Austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloys and titanium
(d) Magnetic materials
60. Which type of developer may be either in suspension or a solution?
(a) Dry
(b) Non-aqueous wet
(c) Water based wet
(d) None of the above
61. The temperature of water rinse used in the water washable penetrant process should
be:
(a) 60 to 110
o
C
(b) 40 to 100
o
C
(c) 16 to 43
o
C
(d) 70 to 140
o
C
62. The danger of over washing during a water washable penetrant test is that:
(a) Excess penetrant will be removed from the test piece
(b) Penetrant will be removed from discontinuities
(c) The waste water will contain too high a concentration of penetrants
(d) A protective oxide coating on the test piece is formed
63. Which penetrant process is best suited to high production rates of many small parts?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent 14
64. Which penetrant process is best suited to detect shallow discontinuities?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
65. Which penetrant process is best suited to the detection of discontinuities in a test piece
having threads and keyways?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) _____________________________________________________________
(c) _____________________________________________________________
(d) _____________________________________________________________
22. Which of the following is a reason to post clean a part after a liquid penetrant test:
(a) The part might be further processed
(b) If repairs are necessary
(c) Developers absorb moisture and may result in part being corroded
(d) All of the reasons are correct
23. Which of the following penetrant has a built-in emulsifier
(a) Water washable
(b) Solvent removable
(c) Post emulsified
(d) All of the listed above
24. What is the main function of the emulsifier used in post-emulsification penetrant
process:
(a) _______________________________________________________________
(b) _______________________________________________________________ 22
25. Liquid penetrants can be classified into the types of dyes they contain:
(a) Visible/colour contrast
(b) Fluorescent
(c) Dual sensitivity
(d) All of the listed is correct
26. Explain why an emulsifier is used prior to the removal of excess surface penetrant
when a post emulsified penetrant is used.
(a) _____________________________________________________________
(b) _____________________________________________________________
27. Explain what will happen when the excess surface penetrant of a solvent removable
penetrant is removed by means of solvent sprayed directly onto the surface of a part.
(a) _____________________________________________________________
(b) _____________________________________________________________
28. The advantages of using a visible solvent removable penetrant versus a post
emulsified fluorescent penetrant is:
(a) No UV light is needed
(b) The technique is well suitable for site tests or spot checks
(c) No water or emulsifiers are needed
(d) No extra equipment is needed
(e) All of the advantages listed above are correct
29. Describe two important functions of a developer.
(a) _____________________________________________________________
(b) _____________________________________________________________
30. List four common surface breaking weld discontinuities that can be detected on
welded aluminium, stainless steel materials when conducting a liquid penetrant test.
(a) _____________________________________________________________
(b) _____________________________________________________________
(c) _____________________________________________________________
(d) _____________________________________________________________
31. The following precautions must be observed when removing the excess surface
20 d 54 a
21 c 55 d
22 a 56 c
23 c 57 b
24 b 58 b
25 b 59 c
26 d 60 c
27 a 61 c
28 b 62 b
29 a 63 b
30 d 64 c
31 b 65 b
32 b 66 c
33 d 67 a
34 a 68 a
20 b
21 b
22 c
23 a
24 d
25 d
26 c
27 a
28 d
29 c
30 d
31 b
32 b
33 b
34 d
26
1. Which one of the following conditions will affect the rate and the extent a liquid
penetrant will enter cracks, fissures, and other small openings?
a. the hardness of the specimen being tested
b. the surface condition of the specimen being tested
c. the color of the penetrant
d. the conductivity of the specimen being tested
2. Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant?
a. post-emulsifiable penetrant
b. nonferrous penetrant
c. chemical etch penetrant
d. nonaqueous penetrant
3. A generally accepted method for removing excess nonwater-washable penetrant is:
a. repeatedly dipping the test specimen in a cleaner
b. soaking the test specimen in hot detergent water
c. blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed air
d. wiping and cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner-dampened cloth
4. All of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except:
a. an iron casting
b. an aluminum forging
11. All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the penetrant methods
excepta. the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in order to form an indication
b. indications glow when illuminated with a black light
c. a longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities
d. if the penetrant is washed out of the discontinuity, an indication will not be
formed by that discontinuity
12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by:
a. the post-emulsification penetrant method
b. the visible dye penetrant method
c. the fluorescent, water-washable penetrant method
d. none of the above
13. Visible penetrant may be applied by:
a. brushing
b. spraying
c. dipping
d. none of the above
14. The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been
painted is to :
a. carefully apply the penetrant over the surface
b. completely remove the paint
c. thoroughly wash the surface with a detergent
d. wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint
15. When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier:
a. before applying the penetrant
b. after the water wash operation
c. after the dwell time has elapsed
d. after the develonment time has elapsed
16. When conducting a water-washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is
applied:
a. immediately after the penetrant has been applied
b. immediately before the penetrant is applied
c. after removal of the penetrant
d. after removal of the emulsifier
17. The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the
penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleed-out of the liquid
penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity, is known as:
a. blotting
b. capillary action
c. concentration
d. attraction
18. Using a black light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause
damage to human eyes because the lamp emits:
a. black light
b. ultraviolet light
c. infrared light
d. none of the above
19. The term used to define the period of time in which the test part is covered with
penetrant is:
a. waiting time
b. soak time (drain time)
c. penetration time (dwell time)
d. bleed-in time
20. Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant
after the dwell time is by using:
a. a low pressure coarse water spray
b. water and brush
c. a solid stream of water
d. water and clean rags
21. When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a post emulsifiable visible dye
penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by:
a. brushing
b. swabbing
c. dipping
d. spraying
22. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to liquid penetrant testing?
a. this method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity
b. this method can be used for on-site testing of large parts
c. this method can be used to find shallow surface discontinuities
d. this method can be made more or less sensitive by using different
penetrant materials
23. Which of the following discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper
rinse techniques?
a. a forging lap
b. deep pitting
c. shallow and broad discontinuities
d. the rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities
24. When conducting a fluorescent penetrant test, a commonly used technique for
assuring that the excess penetrant has been removed prior to the application of a
developer is to:
a. blow compressed air over the surface
b. chemically etch the surface
c. blot the surface with absorbent paper
d. scan the surface with a black light
25. Which of the following surface conditions could have a detrimental effect on a
liquid penetrant test?
a. a wet surface
b. a rough weld
c. an oily surface
d. all of the above
26. Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting:
a. intergranular stress corrosion cracking discontinuities
b. discontinuities open to the surface
c. subsurface discontinuities
d. all of the above
27. Black light equipment is required when penetrant testing by:
a. the.fluorescent penetrant method
b. the visible dye penetrant method
c. the non-fluorescent penetrant method
d. all of the above
28. The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small
openings such as cracks or fissures is:
a. saturation
b. capillary action
c. blotting
d. wetting agent
29. Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities) is removed
from the specimen:
a. after the required penetrant dwell time has elapsed
b. before the application of an emulsifier if a post-emulsifier penetrant is used
c. by means of a steam cleaner
ANSWER
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.C
5.A
6.D
7.C
8.B
9.D
10.D
11.B
12.D
13.D
14.B
15.C
16.C
17.A
18.B
19.C
20.A
21.D
22.A
23.C
24.D
25.D
26.B
27.A
28.B
29.A
30.D
31.B
32.D
33.C
34.A
35.C
36.D
37.B
38.A
39.C
40.C
Level I Questions
Liquid Penetrant Testing Method
1. Which one of the following conditions will affect the rate and the extent a liquid
penetrant will enter cracks, fissures, and other small openings?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-6
2. Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant?
a.
b.
c.
d.
post-emulsifiable penetrant
nonferrous penetrant
chemical etch penetrant
non-aqueous penetrant
A.6-2
3. A generally accepted method for removing excess nonwater-washable penetrant is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-19
4. All of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except:
a. an iron casting
b. an aluminum forging
c. a part made from a porous plastic material
A.6-1
5. Which of the following discontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a surface crack
a subsurface crack
an internal inclusion
none of the above
A.6-1
6. Which of the following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts
prior to penetrant testing?
a.
b.
c.
d.
sand blasting
wire brushing
grinding
vapor degreasing
A.6-6
7. All of the following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior
to penetrant testing?
a.
b.
c.
d.
vapor degreasing
liquid solvent
power wire brushing
alkaline cleaner
A.6-6
8. Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
pre-heating
vapor degreasing
washing with water
all of the above
D.106
9. The most common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
metal filings
oil
detergents (from cleaning)
water
A.7-33
10. Black light, with a proper functioning filter in place, used for fluorescent penetrant
inspection can cause permanent damage to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
human tissues
human eyes
human blood cells
none of the above
A.7-35
11. All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the penetrant methods
except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-5
12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-1
13. Visible penetrant may be applied by:
a. brushing
b. spraying
c. dipping
d. all of the above
D.234
14. The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted
is to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-6
15. When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-9
16. When conducting a water-washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is
applied:
a.
b.
c.
d.
F.33
17. The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the
penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleed-out of the liquid
penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity, is known as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
blotting
capillary action
concentration
attraction
F.25
18. Using a black light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause
damage to human eyes because the lamp emits:
a.
b.
c.
d.
black light
ultraviolet light
infrared light
none of the above
A.7-17
19. The term used to define the period of time in which the test part is covered with
penetrant is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
waiting time
soak time (drain time)
penetration time (dwell time)
bleed-in time
A.6-3
20. Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant
after the dwell time is by using:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-7
21. When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a post-emulsifiable visible dye
penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
brushing
swabbing
dipping
spraying
A.6-17
22. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to liquid penetrant testing?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.8-2
23. Which of the following discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper
rinse techniques?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a forging lap
deep pitting
shallow and broad discontinuities
the rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities
A.6-5
24. When conducting a fluorescent penetrant test, a commonly used technique for
assuring that the excess penetrant has been removed prior to the application of a
developer is to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-7
25. Which of the following surface conditions could have a detrimental effect on a
liquid penetrant test?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a wet surface
a rough weld
an oily surface
all of the above
A.6-6
26. Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting:
a.
b.
c.
d.
F.20
27. Black light equipment is required when penetrant testing by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.6-24
28. The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small
openings such as cracks or fissures is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
F.21
saturation
capillary action
blotting
wetting agent
29. Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities) is removed
from the specimen:
a.
b.
c.
d.
F.21
30. When using a post-emulsifiable penetrant , the emulsifier time should be:
a.
b.
c.
d.
F.35
31. When an inspector is working in a darkened area, he/she should become adjusted to
the dark before inspecting parts. The generally accepted time period for becoming
accustomed to the dark is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 minute
5 to 10 minutes
10 to 15 minutes
no waiting period is necessary
D.126
32. When applying penetrant by dipping, heating the penetrant prior to dipping:
a.
b.
c.
d.
b. surface cracks
c. an internal cavity
d. a surface forging lap
A.6-1
34. All of the following materials can be tested by the usual liquid penetrant test
except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
36. Which of the following are commonly accepted methods for applying
penetrant?
a.
b.
c.
d.
37. A solvent used to clean the surface of a test specimen must possess all of
the following characteristics except that the:
a. cleaner must be capable of dissolving oils and greases commonly
found on the surface
b. cleaner must not be flammable
c. cleaner must be free of contaminants
d. cleaner must leave a minimal residue on the surface
D.141
38. Which of the statements below best states the danger of sandblasting
(without subsequent chemical etching) for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant
tested?
a. the discontinuities may be peened over and closed
43. The inspection of a test specimen for discontinuities should take place:
45. The terms dry, aqueous wet, and nonaqueous wet are used to describe
three different types of :
a.
b.
c.
d.
emulsifiers
cleaners
developers
penetrants
F.26
dipping in a solvent
spraying
hand wiping
blowing
A.6-19
51. While conducting a penetrant test, all of the following health precautions
should be applied except:
a. keeping the work area clean
b. washing any penetrant from skin with soap and water as soon as
possible
c. keeping penetrant off clothes
d. washing any excess penetrant from skin using gasoline
A.7-35
52. Which of the following surface contaminants cannot be removed by cleaning
parts in a vapor degreaser?
a. grease
b. rust
c. heavy oil
d. soluble oil
A.6-6
53. Before conducting a liquid penetrant test, it is important to ensure that the
surface of the part is free of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
oil or grease
acids or chromates
traces of water
all of the above
A.6-6
dwell time
developing time
emulsification time
drying time
A.6-12
55. Which of the following is the most likely result of an excessive emulsification
time when penetrant testing with post-emulsification penetrants?
a.
b.
c.
d.
57. Which of the following is the primary limitation of liquid penetrant testing?
a. penetrant testing cannot be used on ferromagnetic material
b. penetrant testing cannot locate shallow surface discontinuities
emulsification time
development time
dwell time
none of the above
A.6-15
59. Liquid penetrant testing is a nondestructive test that can be used for:
a. locating and evaluating all types of discontinuities in a test specimen
b. locating and determining the length, width, and depth of
discontinuities in a test specimen
c. determining the tensile strength of a specimen
d. locating discontinuities open to the surface
A.6-1
60. When conducting a penetrant test using fluorescent penetrant, black light
equipment is required to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
61. The method used to remove excess visible dye penetrant from a test
specimen is primarily determined by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
dry
aqueous particulate
non-aqueous particulate
water-soluble
all of the above
F.26
63. When penetrant testing parts, the temperature of the parts should be near
room temperature. If the part is at a low temperature when tested, the:
a.
b.
c.
d.
nonsolvent-removable
vapor-degreased
brush-removable
water-washable
A.8-7
66. The problem with retesting a test specimen that has been previously tested
using liquid penetrant is that:
a. the penetrant may form beads on the surface
b. the dried penetrant residue left in discontinuities may not readily
dissolve and the retest may be misleading
c. the penetrant will lose a great deal of its color brilliance
d. none of the above are correct statements
D.128
67. Which of the following conditions will decrease the life of a black light bulb?
a.
b.
c.
d.
73. A red against white background discontinuity image is most likely to be seen
when:
a.
b.
c.
d.
74. Which of the following can be removed from the surface of a test a
specimen by vapor degreasing?
a.
b.
c.
d.
oil
paint
phosphate coatings
oxides
A.6-6
A.7-24
be sure that the part is washed thoroughly during the rinse operation
be sure that the recommended dwell time is not exceeded
avoid over-rinsing the part
avoid over-application of emulsifier
F.33
80. Which of the following safety precautions does not apply when handling
penetrant materials?
a. prolonged contact of penetrant with skin should be avoided because
the oil or solvent base may cause skin irritation
b. excessive amounts of developer powders should not be inhaled
c. air-line respirators and complete protective clothing must be worn at
all times
d. because the solvents used with the visible penetrant process are
flammable, this material should be kept away from open flames
F.26
81. How long must a part be kept wet with penetrant before the removal process
is started?
83. A serious loss of water in a wet developer mix or an excessive overconcentration of developer powder can cause:
a.
b.
c.
d.
84. What could happen if a person looks directly into a black light?
a. it will cause permanent damage to the eyes
b. it will possibly cloud the vision of the person looking into the light for a
short period of time
c. it will cause temporary total blindness
d. none of the above
A.7-17
85. When using dry developer, the drying operation is performed:
a.
b.
c.
d.
86. The failure to completely remove acid materials from a part before
fluorescent penetrant is applied will result in:
a. a decrease in the fluorescence of the penetrant
93. All of the following materials can be effectively tested with liquid penetrant
except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
aluminum
unglazed ceramics
glass
magnesium
A.6-1
94. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the liquid penetrant testing
method?
a. the liquid penetrant test method is adaptable to production inspection
of small parts
b. liquid penetrant testing can locate fine cracks
c. the liquid penetrant test method is a relatively simple test method
d. the liquid penetrant test method is effective at any temperature
A.7-34
95. A good penetrant must do all of the following except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
F.25
97. If improperly used, developers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
102. What can happen if a part processed by visible dye penetrant inspection is
reprocessed by the fluorescent penetrant method?
a.
b.
c.
d.
103. A suitable filter must be used at all times over a black light bulb because:
a.
b.
c.
d.
too much white light will be present if the filter is not in place
the human eye may be damaged without it
the filter filters out undesired wave lengths
all of the above
D.203-204
105. A material that is applied over the film of the penetrant on the surface of a
part, mixes with the penetrant, and enables the penetrant to be washed
off the surface is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.
an emulsifier
a penetrant
a developer
an isomer
D.32
106. The time allowed for the penetrant to enter discontinuities that may be
present is the:
a. emulsification time
b. application time
c. penetration time
d. drain time
D.32
107. Which of the following penetrant systems is generally considered to be the
least sensitive?
a.
b.
c.
d.
108. In penetrant examinations, the phase of the process requiring the greatest
skill and most experience of the operator is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
pre-cleaning
establishing the emulsification time
interpretation of results
penetrant removal
D.374
109. The best choice of a developer for use on a very smooth surface when
using a fluorescent penetrant would be:
a.
b.
c.
d.
dry fluffy
dry regular
wet
none of the above
D.102
112. Liquid penetrant examination can detect all of the following types of
discontinuities except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a forging lap
a seam
a surface crack
subsurface porosity
E.2-6
113. What is the most universally used black light?
a.
b.
c.
d.
incandescent lamps
metallic carbon arcs
tubular BL fluorescent lamps
enclosed mercury-vapor arc lamps
A.7-12
114. Which of the following processes would be most sensitive to detecting very
fine defects?
a.
b.
c.
d.
oil-and-whiting process
water-washable fluorescent process
post-emulsification process
water-emulsifiable visible dye penetrant process
A.6-23
116. Which of the following would be the most desirable center wavelength for
the output of the light source used in fluorescent processes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a false indication
a nonrelevant indication
a true indication
none of the above
E.6-1
118. Which of the following actions is likely to result in a loss of sensitivity in the
liquid penetrant examination?
a. pre-cleaning test specimen with a vapor degreaser
b. applying penetrant by immersion rather than spraying
c. reprocessing a specimen which has already been examined by liquid
penetrant examination method
d. using a post-emulsifiable penetrant rather than a solvent removable
penetrant
D.128
119. Liquid penetrants become sluggish and lose sensitivity at temperatures:
a.
b.
c.
d.
120. Why is it possible to flush a surface with a coarse water spray to which a
water-washable penetrant was applied, remove the excessive penetrant,
and not remove the penetrant that is in the defects?
a. the liquid will not wash the penetrant from the defects because the
penetrant has to be drawn out by the developer
b. the nature of a water-washable penetrant is such that water will not
dissolve the penetrant; it has to push the penetrant off the surface, which
is why a spray is used
c. the water droplets are relatively large and will not enter most defect
openings
d. a water spray should not be used; the penetrant should be removed by a
cloth dampened with water
A.6-5