Ap Eh CH 20 Notes
Ap Eh CH 20 Notes
Ap Eh CH 20 Notes
III.
a. 12 to 16 hour work days (half hour breaks for lunch and dinner)
b. six days a week
c. no job security or minimum wage
3. the worst working conditions in the early decades of the Industrial
Revolution were probably found in the cotton mills with their high
temperatures and hazardous air
4. conditions in the coal mines were also harsh as miners had to be vigilant of
cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes
5. Women and Children in factories
a. both women and children were employed in large numbers in early
factories and mines
b. by 1830, women and children made up two-thirds of the cotton
industry's labor
c. the employment of women and children in large part represents a
continuation of a preindustrial kinship pattern (later Factory Acts which
limited the number of hours women and children could work began to
break up these kinship patterns)
d. women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution
did not cause a significant transformation in female working patterns
(the majority of women in the work force still worked as domestic
servants or worked in agriculture)
e. reasons for using children as a source of labor in the Industrial
Revolution included:
1. children had an especially delicate touch as spinners of cotton
2. children's smaller size made it easier for them to crawl under and
between machines to fix snags
3. children were more easily broken to factory work
4. children represented a cheap labor supply (paid between one-third
to one-sixth what adult males were paid)
f. treatment of children in factories was often brutal (Beatings had long
been regarded as the best way to discipline children)
E. Standards of Living
1. the Industrial Revolutions impacted standard of living in Europe in a
variety of ways including:
a. benefited the middle class in particular
b. led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest in
society (richest 1% in Great Britain increased its share of the national
product from 25% to 35% from 1801 to 1848)
c. eventually led to an overall increase in real wages (2 nd half of the 19th
Century)
2. the newly created economies of the Industrial Revolution in Europe were
often caught up in traditional economic cycles of expansion and
contraction
3. periodic overproduction caused economic hardship
4. cyclical depressions were particularly devastating in towns whose
prosperity relied on one industry
F. Efforts at Change: The Workers
1. workers looked to the formation of labor organizations to gain decent
wages and working conditions
2. British government passed a series of Combination Acts in 1799 and 1800
outlawing associations of workers (failed to prevent trade unions)
b. limited labor for children from nine to sixteen to twelve hours a day
c. stipulated that children were to receive instruction in reading and
arithmetic during working hours