Medieval Europe PDF
Medieval Europe PDF
Medieval Europe PDF
Medieval
Europe
Caerphilly Castle in
South Wales, United Kingdom
A.D. 500
A.D. 496
King Clovis
becomes a
Catholic
A.D. 825
c. A.D. 800
Feudalism
begins in
Europe
1150
1095
First
Crusade
begins
1475
1346
Black Death
arrives in
Europe
Chapter Preview
Feudalism
Government weakness and the need for safety led to the rise of feudalism.
Pieces of tape
509
Questioning
Just Ask
Answering questions about what you have read is one way to show
what you know, but asking thoughtful questions about the topic can
often show even greater understanding. How do you learn to ask great
questions?
1. Use question starters such as who, what, when, where, how, and why.
2. Do more than just read the words on the pagethink deeply about
the concepts. For example, ask questions such as What would have
happened if . . .?
Read the following passage from Section 5, and look at the questions
that follow.
ea
ying lik
d
u
t
s
e
k
ons
Ma
e questi
t
a
e
r
C
.
game
find
read to
n
e
h
t
n
d
an
your ow
o
t
s
r
e
answ
s.
question
510
Read to Write
Write a What If
paragraph based on
your reading. For
example, what if Joan
had become Queen of
France, or what if fleas
carried the Black Death
today? Add lots of
details as if you were
answering questions
others might ask about
your What If ideas.
511
The Early
Middle Ages
Meeting People
Focusing on the
Reading Strategy
Leader
Locating Places
Major Accomplishments
A.D. 500
SCANDINAVIA
BRITAIN
Aachen HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
SPAIN
512
A.D. 496
King Clovis
becomes
Catholic
Rome
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
A.D. 800
A.D. 800
Charlemagne is
crowned by pope
1100
c. 1050
Most people in
Western Europe
are Catholic
Now that Rome no longer united people, Europes geography began to play a
more important role in shaping events.
Europe is a continent, but it is also a very
large peninsula made up of many smaller
peninsulas. As a result, most of Europe lies
within 300 miles (483 km) of an ocean or
sea. This encouraged trade and fishing and
helped Europes economy to grow.
Rivers also played an important role in
Europe. The Rhine, Danube, Vistula, Volga,
Seine, and Po Rivers made it easy to travel
into the interior of Europe and encouraged
people to trade.
The seas and rivers provided safety as
well as opportunities for trade. The English
Channel, for instance, separated Britain and
Ireland from the rest of Europe. As a result,
500 mi.
a
North
Sea
vs
Avars
.
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Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
lt
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CARP
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ed
500 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
ite
Se rra
a n
ea
30N
20E
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
515
Scala/Art Resource, NY
10E
N
W
ENGLAND
North
Sea
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In
Motion
Saxons
Rhine
R.
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EE
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ire R
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Cloviss kingdom
50N
Added by Martel and Pepin
Added by Charlemagne
Battle
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Aachen
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500 mi.
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500 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
RLEMAGNE
CHA
742814
A.D.
Charlemagne
No one shall . . . be
kept back from the
right path of justice
by . . . fear of the
powerful.
Charlemagne, as quoted in
The World of Charlemagne
e of
Charlemagne realized the importanc
writing
education. He arranged reading and
school
of
lessons for his people. What types
d?
programs does our government fun
517
(t)Ali Meyer/CORBIS, (b)Vanni/Art Resource, NY
In
Motion
KEY
60
N
E
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
SCOTLAND
SCANDANAVIA
ASIA
North Sea
Se
IRELAND
ENGLAND
tic
Bal
GERMANY
London
Aral Sea
Kiev
Se
R.
ine
Paris
FRANCE
40
80E
500 mi.
500 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
Settlements and
invasion routes:
Magyars
Muslims
Vikings
Normandy
60E
HUNGARY
ITALY
Caspian
Sea
Black Sea
Viking
ships
Rome Constantinople
SPAIN
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
AFRICA
0
Mediterranean Sea
20E
Europe Is Invaded
After Charlemagne
died in A.D. 814, his empire did not last
long. His son Louis was not a strong leader,
and after Louis died, Louiss sons divided
the empire into three kingdoms.
These three kingdoms were weakened
further by a wave of invaders who swept
across Europe in the A.D. 800s and A.D. 900s.
From the south came Muslims, who raided
France and Italy from Spain and North
Africa. From the east came the Magyars, a
nomadic people who had settled in Hungary.
From Scandinavia (SKAN duh NAY vee uh)
came the Vikings, whose raids terrified all of
Europe.
Scandinavia is in northern Europe.
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are all part
of Scandinavia today. Much of Scandinavia
518
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
The raids by
Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings helped
to destroy the Frankish kingdoms. In the
A.D. 900s, the eastern Frankish kingdom,
Both religion and geography played an
which became known as Germany, was
important role in shaping life in Europe. By
divided into many tiny states ruled by
the time the Western Roman Empire colcounts, dukes, and other nobles. In A.D. 911
lapsed, Christianity had become the official
a group of these nobles tried to unite
religion of Rome. After the Roman governGermany by electing a king. The king did
ment fell apart, the Roman Catholic Church
not have much power, however, because
began to play an important role in the growth
the nobles wanted to remain independent.
of a new civilization in Western Europe.
One of the stronger kings of Germany
Why Were Monks Important? At the
was Otto I (AH toh). He fought the Magyars
time Rome fell, much of northwest Europe
and sent troops into Italy to protect the pope.
was not yet Christian. One exception was
To reward Otto for his help, the pope
Ireland. In the A.D. 400s, a priest named
declared him emperor of the Romans in
Patrick traveled to Ireland, where he spread
A.D. 962. Ottos territory, which included
the Christian message and set up churches
most of Germany and northern Italy, became
and monasteries. For several hundred years,
known as the Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the emperors of the
Holy Roman Empire were not
very powerful. Two of the
strongest ones, Frederick I and
Frederick II, tried to unite northern Italy and Germany under a
single ruler with a strong central
government in the 1100s and
1200s. The popes fought against
these plans because they did not
want the emperor to control
them. They banded together
with Italys cities to resist the
emperors forces. As a result,
both Germany and Italy
remained divided into small
Pope Gregory I helped spread Christianity in a number
kingdoms until the 1800s.
Explain Who
were the Vikings, and why did they
raid Europe?
Medieval Europe
519
Hulton/Getty Images
Monks eating
together in a
monastery
Illustrated
page created
by monks
The monastery at Mont St. Michel in France is a beautiful
work of architecture that took several hundred years to
complete. How did monasteries help local people in Europe?
CHAPTER 15
The
growing role of abbots and other Church
leaders in politics caused many arguments
over who was in charge. Kings wanted
Church leaders to obey them, while the
pope claimed he could crown kings.
In 1073 Gregory VII was elected pope.
He wanted to stop nobles and kings from
interfering in Church affairs. He issued a
decree, or order, forbidding kings from
appointing high-ranking Church officials.
The popes decree angered Henry IV, the
Holy Roman emperor. For many years, the
Holy Roman emperor had appointed bishops in Germany. Without them, Henry IV
risked losing power to the nobles.
Medieval Europe
(l)Abbey of Montioliveto Maggiore, Sienna/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (c)Jim Zuckerman/CORBIS, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
Reading Summary
Review the
Critical Thinking
3. Summarizing Information
Draw a diagram like the one
below. Use it to describe the
role of monks in medieval
Europe.
Monks
CHAPTER 15
6.
Asking
Questions Henry IV stood
barefoot in the snow to gain
the popes forgiveness. If
you were asked to interview
Henry IV about this experience,
what three questions would
you ask?
Medieval Europe
521
Feudalism
Whats the Connection?
Locating Places
Focusing on the
Reading Strategy
Serfs
Slaves
(page 528)
SCANDINAVIA
ENGLAND
Bruges HOLY ROMAN
FRANCE EMPIRE
SPAIN
522
A.D. 800
c. A.D. 800s
Feudalism
begins in Europe
Venice
Rome
ITALY
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
1000
1200
c. 1100
Flanders and
Italy trade
goods regularly
c. 1200
Guilds are
widespread
in Europe
What Is Feudalism?
Feudalism developed in Europe in the
Middle Ages. It was based on landowning, loyalty,
and the power of armored knights on horseback.
Reading Focus What would it be like to live in a country where the government has fallen apart? Read to
learn how the fall of Charlemagnes government
changed life for people in the Middle Ages.
When Charlemagnes grandfather,
Charles Martel, needed an army to fight
the Muslims invading France, he began
giving estateslarge farmsto nobles
willing to fight for him. The nobles used
the resources generated by the estates to
obtain horses and weapons. Although
Martel did not realize it, he was using a
Knights
Peasants
and serfs
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
523
A Medieval Manor
A medieval manor usually consisted of the lords
manor house or castle, the surrounding fields, and
a peasant village. While minor knights or nobles
would own only one manor, more powerful lords
might own several. A powerful lord would spend
time at each of his manors during the year.
What duty did lords have to their serfs?
524
524
Fields
In the spring, serfs planted crops such as
summer wheat, barley, oats, peas, and beans.
Crops planted in the fall included winter wheat
and rye. Women often helped in the fields.
During the
Middle Ages, Europeans invented new
technology that helped increase the amount
of crops they could grow. Perhaps the most
important was a heavy wheeled plow with
an iron blade. It easily turned over Western
Europes dense clay soils.
Another important invention was the
horse collar. The horse collar made it possible for a horse to pull a plow. Horses could
pull plows much faster than oxen, allowing
peasants to plant more crops and produce
more food.
Castle
Castles were built in a variety of forms and
were usually designed to fit the landscape.
Church
Village churches often had no
benches. Villagers sat on the floor
or brought stools from home.
Serfs Home
Serfs had little furniture. Tables were
made from boards stretched across
benches, and most peasants slept
on straw mattresses on the floor.
Europeans also found new ways to harness water and wind power. Europes
many rivers powered water mills that
ground grain into flour. Where rivers were
not available, windmills were used for
grinding grains, pumping water, and cutting wood.
Peasants also learned to grow more food
by rotating crops on three fields instead of
two. The rotation kept soil fertile. One field
was planted in fall and another in spring.
The third field was left unplanted. The
three-field system meant that only onethird, rather than one-half, of the land was
unused at any time. As a result, more crops
could be grown. Greater food production
allowed the population to expand.
Knights followed
certain rules called the code of chivalry
Explain How could a noble
(SHIH vuhl ree). A knight was expected to
be both a lord and a vassal?
obey his lord, to be brave, to show respect to
women of noble birth, to honor
the church, and to help people. A
knight was also expected to be
honest and to fight fairly against
his enemies. The code of chivalry
became the guide to good behavior. Many of todays ideas about
manners come from the code of
chivalry.
When noblemen went to war,
their wives or daughters ran the
manors. This was no small job
because manors had many officials and servants. Keeping track
of the households accounts took
considerable skill. The lady of a
manor also had to oversee the
storing of food and other supplies
needed to run the household.
The center of the manor was a
castle. At first, castles were built
Nobles celebrated special occasions with large
of wood. Later, they were built of
feasts, which included many courses of meats, fruits,
stone. A castle had two basic
and vegetables. What were the wifes duties when a
nobleman went off to war?
parts. One was a human-made or
526
Scala/Art Resource, NY
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
A Medieval Castle
The homes of
peasants were much simpler. They lived in
wood-frame cottages plastered with clay.
Their roofs were thatched with straw. The
houses of poorer peasants had a single room.
Better cottages had a main room for cooking
and eating and another room for sleeping.
Peasants worked year-round. They harvested grain in August and September. In
October they prepared the ground for winter crops. In November they slaughtered
livestock and salted the meat to keep it for
winter. In February and March, they
plowed the land for planting oats, barley,
peas, and beans. In early summer they
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
527
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
(l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Guildhall Library, Corporation of London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library
repaired bridges and roads, arrested bandits, and enforced the law. As a result, trade
resumed.
As trade increased, towns grew larger,
and several cities became wealthy from
trade. For example, the city of Venice (VEH
nuhs) in Italy built a fleet of trading ships. It
became a major trading center by A.D. 1000.
Venice and other Italian cities began trading
with the Byzantine Empire and soon became
the center of trade in the Mediterranean.
Meanwhile, towns in Flanders (FLAN
duhrz)which today is part of Belgium
became the center of trade for northern
Europe. This area was known for its woolen
cloth. Merchants from England, Scandinavia,
France, and the Holy Roman Empire met
there to trade their goods for wool. Flemish
towns such as Bruges and Ghent became centers for making and trading cloth.
By 1100, Flanders and Italy were
exchanging goods regularly. To encourage
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
529
Towns were
often located on land owned by lords. This
meant the towns were under their control.
However, townspeople needed freedom to
trade. They wanted to make their own laws
and were willing to pay for the right to
make them. In exchange for paying taxes,
people in towns were granted certain basic
rights by their lords. These included the
right to buy and sell property and the freedom from having to serve in the army.
Over time, medieval towns set up their
own governments. Only males who had
been born in the city or who had lived
there for a certain length of time were citizens. In many cities, these citizens elected
the members of a city council. The council
served as judges, city officials, and lawmakers. Candidates from the wealthiest
and most powerful families were usually
able to control the elections so that only
they were elected.
Crafts and Guilds Trade encouraged manufacturing. People produced cloth, metalwork, shoes, and other goods right in their
houses. Over time, these craftspeople organ-
Medieval
cities had narrow, winding streets. Houses
were crowded against one another, and the
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Reading Summary
Review the
Critical Thinking
3. Compare and Contrast
Draw a chart to compare the
duties and obligations of lords,
knights, and serfs.
Lords
Knights
Serfs
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
531
akg-images
Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
Good?
owgether two p
to
t
h
g
u
ro
b
Feudalism
The lords
and vassals.
s
rd
lo
s:
p
u
ary
erful gro
turn for milit
re
in
d
n
la
as a help
gave vassals
Feudalism w
.
es
ic
rv
se
er
owing
and oth
s for the foll
n
ea
p
ro
u
E
to Western
nireasons:
rotect commu
p
ed
p
el
h
sm
Feudali
arfare
iolence and w
v
e
th
m
o
fr
ties
of
t after the fall
that broke ou
rong
collapse of st
e
th
d
n
a
e
m
o
R
tern
nment in Wes
central gover
alism secured
ept
Europe. Feud
society and k
s
e
p
ro
u
E
rn
Weste
invaders.
out powerful
trade.
helped restore
sm
li
a
d
eu
F
ads.
ridges and ro
b
ed
ir
a
p
re
s
Lord
its,
arrested band
Their knights
e it
law, and mad
enforced the
on roads.
safe to travel
assals,
efited lords, v
en
b
sm
li
a
d
eu
F
a
. Lords gained
and peasants
ghting force in
dependable fi
ed
Vassals receiv
their vassals.
e.
military servic
r
ei
th
r
fo
d
n
la
y
e protected b
Peasants wer
ilt
e lord also bu
h
T
s.
rd
lo
r
ei
th
ckgrain and bla
mills to grind
ing
nd woodwork
smith shops a
e tools.
shops to mak
and
onies, oaths,
Feudal cerem ed lords and
ir
contracts requ
faithful and
vassals to be
eir duties to
to carry out th
ese kinds
each other. Th
and rituals
of agreements
ape the
later helped sh
of Western
development
.
governments
not allow
Feudalism did rganization
o
one person or
powerful.
to become too
ared among
Power was sh
Serfs working
the land
532
532
ong lords.
to many wars am
ted Western
Feudalism protec
ide invaders,
Europe from outs
g peace to a
but it did not brin
region.
r
often placed thei
Lords or vassals
rs over the inte
personal interest
al
they ruled. Feud
ests of the areas
r
ei
ete power in th
lords had compl
uld make harsh
local areas and co
r vassals and
demands on thei
peasants.
t treat people
Feudalism did no move up in
equally or let them
a serf was
Landowning
y. A person born
et
ci
so
as a
nobles often
remain a serf, just
to
ed
os
pp
su
served as
l
rd received specia
knights.
person born a lo
t earning it.
treatment withou
ere
ere serfs. They w
w
ts
an
as
pe
t
os
M
s
to leave their lord
ed
w
lo
al
t
no
.
ps
grou
k three or
many people and
Serfs had to wor
an
s.
pe
ro
nd
la
Eu
to
ep
st
yment
This was the first
each week as a pa
ys
t,
da
en
ur
m
fo
rn
ve
d go
s for allowing
ideas about limite
e lords or vassal
.
th
ts
to
gh
ri
l
vi
ci
d
themselves on
constitutions, an
them to farm for
rfs were restricted
other days. The se
d even daily
in movement an
as
k
or
uld not
w
t always
es because they co
iti
tiv
ac
Feudalism did no
d
ission.
it did in theory, an
nd without perm
it
la
e
as
e
th
e
lif
av
al
le
re
in
l
wel
y.
oblems for societ
it caused many pr
and
ided some unity
ov
pr
m
is
al
ud
Fe
Bad?
533
Kingdoms
and Crusades
Whats the Connection?
In the last section, you read
about how Western Europeans lived
during the Middle Ages. This section
describes the political changes that
took place while people went about
their daily lives.
Focusing on the
Moscow
ENGLAND
HOLY
RUSSIA
ROMAN
Kiev
FRANCE EMPIRE
Clermont
Rome
SPAIN
A.D. 900
c. A.D. 871
Alfred becomes
Englands king
PALESTINE
Jerusalem
534
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Locating Places
Meeting People
William the Conqueror
King John
Philip II (FIH luhp)
Saladin (SA luh DEEN)
Reading Strategy
Effects
1150
1400
1095
1480
Pope Urban II
calls the First
Crusade
Ivan the
Great ends
Mongol rule
In the
A.D. 900s, the Vikings conquered part of
western France across the English Channel
from England. This region came to be called
Normandy (NAWR muhn dee), after the
Vikings, or Norsemen, who ruled it. By the
middle of the A.D. 1000s, Normandy was
ruled by William, a descendant of the
Viking ruler who had conquered
Normandy. William was also a cousin of
King Edward of England.
When Edward died, a noble named
Harold Godwinson claimed Englands
throne. However, William believed that he,
not Harold, should be king of England. In
1066, William and his army of knights
landed in England. They defeated Harold
and his foot soldiers at the Battle of
Hastings. William was then crowned king
of England and became known as William
the Conqueror.
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
535
A modern jury
536
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Henrys
son John became king of England in 1199.
King John raised taxes in England and
punished his enemies without trials. Many
English nobles resented the kings power.
They refused to obey him unless he agreed
to guarantee certain rights.
The nobles met with King John at a
meadow called Runnymede in 1215. There
they forced John to sign a document of
rights called the Magna Carta, or the Great
Charter. The Magna Carta took away some
of the kings powers. He could no longer
collect taxes unless a group called the
Great Council agreed. Freemen accused of
crimes had the right to fair trials by their
peers, or equals. Habeas corpus was introduced, which protects a person from being
imprisoned indefinitely without a trial.
The Magna Carta also stated that the king
and vassals both had certain rights and
duties. The Magna Carta was important
because it helped to establish the idea that
people have rights and that the power of
the government should be limited.
In the 1200s, another English king,
Edward I, called for a meeting of people
Magna Carta
This excerpt from
the Magna Carta
describes the right
to a trial by jury:
No free man shall
be taken, imprisoned, disseised
[seized], outlawed,
banished, or in any
way destroyed, nor
will We proceed
against or prosecute
him, except by the
lawful judgment of
his peers and by the
law of the land.
Magna Carta
Medieval Europe
537
Europe c. 1160
10W
60
0
N
N
E
KINGDOM
cS
ea
HOLY
ROMAN
EMPIRE
KINGDOM
OF
POLAND
LI
500 mi.
DO M
500 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
IT O
RY
CHAPTER 15
N
40
Black Sea
PAPAL KINGDOM
OF
STATES
SICILY
M Mediterranea
n Sea
TE
RR
538
KIN
G
Sardinia
US
KIEVAN RUS
PRUSSIA
KINGDOM
KINGDOM
OF
VENETIAN
OF
TERRITORIES
NAVARRE
HUNGARY
KINGDOM
OF
.
LEON
Y
Da n u b e R
ZA
KINGDOM
N
KINGDOM
Corsica
TIN
OF
E EMPIRE
CASTILE OF ARAGON
M
40E
Ba
i ne R.
Rh
OF
OF FR ANCE
50
N
30E
KINGDOM
OF
SWEDEN
KINGDOM
OF
SCOTLAND North
D
Sea
KINGDOM
OF
WALES
DENMARK
ENGLA
ND
IR
EL
AN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
20E
10E
KINGDOM
OF
NORWAY
lt i
20W
Sicily
Medieval Europe
In the late
A.D. 700s, Vikings began moving into the
Slavs territory from the north. Over time,
the Vikings became rulers of the Slavs. The
Slavs called their Viking rulers the Rus.
Over time, the Vikings and Slavs intermarried and blended into one people.
Around A.D. 900, a Viking leader named
Oleg created a Rus state around the city of
Kiev (KEE EHF). Called the Kievan Rus, this
state was really a group of small territories.
Ibn Fadlan
Describes the Rus
In A.D. 921, the Muslim official Ibn Fadlan
encountered the Rus while visiting a settlement on the Volga River.
I have seen the Rus as they
came on their merchant
journeys and encamped by
the [Volga River]. I have
never seen more perfect
physical specimens, tall as
date palms, blonde and
ruddy; they wear neither
[coats] nor caftans [long
shirts], but the men wear a
garment which covers one
side of the body and leaves
a hand free. . . . They build
Statue of a
big houses of wood on the
Rus leader
[Volga] shore, each holding ten
to twenty persons more or less.
Ibn Fadlan, Risa la
Medieval Europe
539
Growth of Moscow
KEY
N
E
Moscow, 1300
Acquisitions:
Land added by 1340
Land added by 1389
Land added by 1425
Land added by 1462
Land added by 1505
ARCTIC
OCEAN
200 miles
200 kilometers
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0
Lake
Ladoga
Lake
Onega
60N
Novgorod
Ustyug
Vologda
Galich
Vo
l g a R.
Vladimir
Volokolamsk
Moscow
Kasimov
30E
Tula
40E
50E
540
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
The Crusades
European
crusaders
captured
Jerusalem but were later driven out by the Muslims.
Reading Focus Have you ever put all your energy
into making something important happen? Read to
learn why Europeans thought capturing the city of
Jerusalem was important.
During the Middle Ages, the Byzantine
Empire in the East came under attack. In
1071 an army of Muslim Turks defeated the
Byzantines and seized control of most of the
Byzantine lands in Asia Minor.
The Byzantine emperor did not have
enough money or troops to drive out the
Turks. In desperation, he asked the pope to
help him defend his Christian empire
against the Muslim invaders.
In 1095 Pope Urban II spoke before a
large crowd in eastern France. He asked
Europes lords to launch a crusade, or
holy war, against the Muslim Turks. He
urged them to capture Jerusalem and free
the Holy Land where Jesus had lived from
Early Victories
Medieval Europe
541
60N
N
W
20E
KEY
ENGLAND
London
Cologne
Paris
R.
ine
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Rh
40E
North
Sea
In
Motion
HOLY
ROMAN
EMPIRE
500 mi.
Caspian
Sea
500 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
FRANCE
Clairvaux
Venice
Genoa
Marseille
Pisa
Clermont
40
SPAIN
D a n u b e R.
ITALY
Rome
BYZANTINE
EMPIRE
Sicily
Me
Black Sea
Constantinople
ASIA
MINOR
Antioch
dite
Cyprus
rranea
n Se a
Crete
PALESTINE
le
Re
Ni
R.
Tyre
Acre
Jerusalem
ea
dS
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Reading Summary
Review the
French kings regained French territories from the English and, like
the English, created a parliament.
Critical Thinking
3. Organizing Information
King/Country Achievements
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
543
The
mass
heresy (HEHR uh see)
anti-Semitism
Focusing on the
Reading Strategy
Locating Places
Meeting People
Francis of Assisi
(FRAN suhs
Thomas Aquinas
(TAH muhs
SCANDINAVIA
ENGLAND
HOLY
FRANCE ROMAN
EMPIRE
Clermont
SPAIN
Rome
ITALY
uhv
CHAPTER 15
uh SIHS ee)
uh KWY nuhs)
1200
1209
Francis of
Assisi founds
Franciscan order
Jerusalem
544
Gothic
Cathedrals
Medieval Europe
1250
1233
Catholic Church
sets up the
Inquisition
1300
c. 1267
Thomas Aquinas
begins writing
Summa Theologica
This religious painting from the wall of a church in Italy depicts the pope
and other Christian leaders, a number of saints, and Jesus ruling over all.
How did Cistercian monks aid European society?
545
Scala/Art Resource, NY
The Franciscan
Way of Life
Francis of Assisi recorded instructions
for living in the Franciscan order. This
passage is about the nature of love.
Blessed that friar who loves his brother as
much when he is sick and can be of no use to
him as when he is well and can be of use to
him. Blessed that friar
who loves and respects
his brother as much when
he is absent as when he is
present and who would
not say anything behind
his back that he could not
say charitably [nicely] to
his face.
Francis of Assisi, as
quoted in Admonitions
Francis of Assisi
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Throughout
medieval Western Europe, daily life
revolved around the Catholic
Church. Priests ran schools and hospitals. They also recorded births, performed weddings, and conducted
burials. On Sundays and holy days,
people went to massor the Catholic
worship service.
During mass, medieval Christians
took part in Church rituals called
sacraments. The most important
sacrament was communion, in which
people took bread and wine to
remind them of Jesus death on the
cross for their sins. Only clergy could
give people the sacraments.
Many Christians also prayed to saints.
Saints were holy men and women who had
died and were believed to be in heaven.
Their presence before God enabled the saints
to ask favors for people who prayed to them.
Of all the saints, Mary, the mother of
Jesus, was the most honored. Many churches
were named for her. Several French churches
carried the name Notre Dame, or Our Lady,
in honor of Mary.
Some people tried to make a connection to the saints by touching relics. Relics
were usually bones or personal belongings
of saints. People believed that relics had
special powers, such as the ability to heal
the sick.
The Catholic
Church was very powerful in medieval
society, and most of its leaders wanted
everyone to accept the Churchs teachings.
Church leaders feared that if people
stopped believing Church teachings, it
would weaken the Church and endanger
peoples chances of getting into heaven.
Using its power, the Church tried to put
an end to heresy (HEHR uh see), or religious beliefs that conflict with Church
teachings. At first, it tried to stop the spread
of heresy by sending friars like the
Dominicans to preach the Churchs message. Then, in 1233, the pope established a
court called the Inquisition (IHN kwuh ZIH
shuhn), or Church court. To Church leaders,
Church
leaders persecuted Jews as actively as they
punished heretics. Many Europeans hated
Jews for refusing to become Christians.
Others hated them because many Jews
were moneylenders who charged interest.
At that time, Christians believed charging
interest was a sin.
Medieval Europe
547
Borromeo/Art Resource, NY
20E
500 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
North
Sea
N
E
71
1322
13
06
Sp
5
149
m
ro
92
14
n
i
a
e
c S LITHUANIA Polotsk
Vitebsk
Vilna
Minsk
Hamburg 0961192
1
Grodno
Gomel
Amsterdam
Posen Bialystok
Chernigov
Kalisz Lodz
Antwerp
Pinsk
Kiev
GERMAN
Lublin
1182
Lvov
STATES
Zhitomir
1 3 48
Tarnopol
Strasbourg AUSTRIA
1
UKRAINE
142 48
13
9
16
4
FRANCE
Kishinev
HUNGARY
12
lti
Ba
1 4 95
50
N
ESTONIA
13491360
Milan
Venice
Genoa
Trieste
Belgrade
Nis
Livorno
Black Sea
tic
ria
Ad
14
SPAIN
Rome
a
Se
Skopje
Salonica
F r o m Spai n
Corfu
the expulsion of
Jews in 14
wing
92
f o llo
Mediterranean Sea
CRIMEA
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Aegean
Sea
KEY
Crete
Medieval Culture
Church and government leaders supported learning and the arts in medieval Europe.
Reading Focus What are the most important parts of
American culture today? Read to learn about the kinds
of things that made up the culture of medieval Europe.
As strong governments arose, people in
medieval Europe felt safer. As a result,
trade, banking, and businesses prospered.
A good economy meant more money to
support learning and the arts and to pay for
new churches and other buildings.
Europe
experienced a building boom in the
A.D. 1000s and 1100s. Architecture is one
way a society shows what is important to
its culture. In the Middle Ages, religion was
an important part of life and society. As a
result, Church leaders and wealthy merchants and nobles paid to build large new
churches called cathedrals. The new
cathedrals were built in either the
Romanesque ( ROH muh NEHSK) style or
the Gothic style.
Romanesque churches were rectangular
buildings with long, rounded roofs called
barrel vaults. These roofs needed huge pillars and thick walls to hold them up.
Windows let in little light because they
were small and set back in the thick walls.
Gothic cathedrals had ribbed vaults and
pointed arches instead of rounded barrel
vaults. This allowed Gothic churches to be
taller than Romanesque churches. Gothic
churches also used flying buttresses. These
stone supports were built onto the cathedrals outside walls. They made it possible
to build churches with thinner walls and
large stained glass windows.
Early Christian churches (above) were often rectangular with flat roofs, like some Roman buildings.
Romanesque churches (top right) had rounded barrel
vault ceilings, eliminating the flat roof. Gothic cathedrals, such as St. Etienne in Bourges (right), used flying buttresses on the exterior to hold up the tall
ceiling inside. Who paid for cathedrals to be built?
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
549
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Beginning in
the 1100s, a new way of thinking called
scholasticism
(skuh LAS tuh SIH zuhm)
began to change the study of theology.
Followers used reason to explore questions
of faith. A Dominican friar and priest
named Thomas Aquinas (TAH muhs uh
KWY nuhs) was scholasticisms greatest
champion. He is best known for combining
Church teachings with the ideas of
Aristotle.
Europeans had forgotten about Aristotle
after Rome fell and his works had been lost.
In the 1100s, however, Muslim and Jewish
scholars reintroduced Aristotle to Europe
using copies of his books that had been preserved in Muslim libraries. Aristotles ideas
upset many Christian thinkers because he
used reason, not faith, to arrive at his conclusions about the meaning of life.
In the 1200s, Thomas Aquinas wrote
several works explaining that Aristotle
would have agreed with many Christian
teachings. About 1267, Aquinas began writing Summa Theologica, or a summary of
knowledge on theology. In this book,
Aquinas asked hard questions such as
Does God exist?
Aquinas wrote about government as
well as theology, with an emphasis on the
idea of natural law. People who believe in
natural law think that there are some laws
that are part of human nature. These laws
do not have to be made by governments.
Aquinas claimed that natural law gave
people certain rights that the government
should not take away. These included the
right to live, to learn, to worship, and to
reproduce. Aquinass writings on natural
law have influenced governments to the
present day. Our belief that people have
rights can partly be traced to the ideas of
Thomas Aquinas.
THO127M4 AS AQUINAS
1225
Monte Cassino
monastery
uenced
The writings of Thomas Aquinas infl
g time after
governments and religions for a lon
or leaders
his death. Which present-day writers
uence
do you think have ideas that will infl
people for centuries to come?
551
(t)Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, Robert Lee Memorial Collection, gift of Sarah C. Blaffer/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)The Art Archive/Dagli Orti
Reading Summary
1. What is theology?
Review the
Critical Thinking
3. Compare and Contrast
Franciscans
Dominicans
552
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
The
Meeting People
Joan of Arc
Isabella of Castile
Ferdinand of Aragon
plague (PLAYG)
Reconquista (RAY kohn KEES tuh)
Focusing on the
Reading Strategy
Locating Places
1300
London
Paris
Orleans
1400
1346
1429
1500
Joan of Arc
inspires the
French
1492
Granada
SICILY
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
553
The Black Death probably began somewhere in the Gobi, a desert in central Asia.
It had been around for centuries, but in the
1300s, it began to spread farther and more
quickly than ever before. Scientists are still
not sure why this happened.
Historians believe the Mongol Empire
was partly responsible for the plague
spreading so fast. The empire covered all
the land from Eastern Europe through central Asia to China. The Mongols opened up
trade between China, India, the Middle
East, and Europe. They encouraged the use
of the Silk Road and other trade routes.
By the early 1300s, more goods were
being shipped across central Asia than ever
before. This made it possible for the Black
Death to spread rapidly, as caravans
infested with rats carried it from city to city.
The first outbreak took place in China in
1331. It erupted there again in 1353. The
1346
Aral
Sea
Black
Sea
Samarkand
N Caspian
Lake
Issyk
E
S
Beijing
1353
PERSIA
Persian
Gulf TURKISTAN
Makkah
Red
Sea
13461339
Baghdad
ARABIA
Arabian
Sea
Xian
Hangzhou
TIBET
CHINA
1340s
EQUATOR
554
Sumatra
INDIAN
OCEAN
CHAPTER 15
PACIFIC
OCEAN
South
China
Sea
AFRICA
KEY
30N
1331
Chittagong
INDIA
1349
Detail from a
medieval painting
representing the
Black Death
1,000 km
0
Mercator projection
Kashgar
Sea
1,000 mi.
60E
Borneo
Java
90E
Medieval Europe
In120E
the 1300s, the Black Death spread quickly
through Asia and then into Europe.
1. When did the Black Death arrive in the
Arabian Peninsula?
2. Based on this map, how do you think the
Black Death was spread through Asia?
Lubeck Danzig
Frankfurt
Paris
Lyon
Lisbon Toledo
Cordoba
0
Florence
Corsica
Me d i t e r r a n e a
Tunis
ea
500 km
0
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
Belgrade
Da
A.D. 13001500
KEY
by 1351
by 1353
Kiev
Caffa
Black Sea
40N
80
60
40
20
0
1300
1350
1400
Year
1450
1500
Sicily
20E
Spread of disease:
by 1347
by 1349
n u b e R.
Rome Constantinople
Sardinia Naples
Barcelona
500 mi.
Krakow
Nuremburg
Vienna
Milan Venice
Genoa
Marseille
European Population
London
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Novgorod
Edinburgh
tic
al
60N
Se a
Stockholm
In
Motion
Crete
Cyprus
JOA1N431OF ARC
1412
the village
of Arcwas born January 6, 1412, in
Jeanne dArcbetter known as Joan
en she was 13,
was the youngest of five children. Wh
of Domremy in eastern France. Joan
nd church and to be a good person.
atte
to
her
ing
tell
ts
sain
of
ons
visi
she began having
ability to
to speak with Charles VII about her
her
ing
tell
an
beg
ces
voi
the
,
sed
As time pas
Charles spoke
was finally allowed to see the leader.
she
ts,
mp
atte
e
thre
er
Aft
.
nce
Fra
p
hel
d Joan was a
doctors and priests. All of them believe
with Joan and had her questioned by
h.
good person and was telling the trut
of Orlans, which was surrounded
city
the
to
y
arm
nch
Fre
the
h
wit
t
Joan was sen
es on
carried a banner with religious pictur
n
Joa
nt,
we
she
e
her
ryw
Eve
.
lish
by the Eng
ops, giving
apon, she rode at the front of the tro
we
a
e
hav
not
did
she
ugh
tho
n
it. Eve
on their side.
The troops came to believe God was
them directions and encouragement.
eated the
and better than ever before. They def
Inspired by Joan, they fought harder
them out
English at Orlans and began driving
of France.
to her
In 1430 Joan said the saints revealed
late May, she
that she would soon be captured. In
d with heresy
was seized by the English and charge
Joan of Arc
s uniform she
and improper dressfor the soldier
found guilty
wore as army commander. Joan was
es, she
and told that if she admitted her crim
she had
would not be executed. She insisted
ed on
done nothing wrong and was execut
later,
May 30, 1431. Almost two decades
nd Joan
an investigation into the matter fou
was
innocent of all charges. In 1920 she
ic
made a saint by the Roman Cathol
Church.
Courage! Do
not fall back.
Joan of
Arc on
horseback
n though
Joan was tried and found guilty, eve
She was
many people felt she was innocent.
trial. What
also denied many rights during her
in the
prevents this from happening today
United States?
In
Motion
A Troubled Continent
KEY
London
50N
200 mi.
Channel
English
Formigny
1450
200 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0
Agincourt 1415
Crecy
1346
Paris
Loire R .
Seine R
Orleans
1429
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
In Section 3, you
learned that William of Normandy became
king of England in 1066, although he still
ruled Normandy. French kings wanted to
drive the English out of Normandy. English
kings claimed a right to the land, and in
1337 the English king Edward III declared
himself king of France. This angered the
French even more. War began, and it lasted
for over 100 years.
The first major battle of the Hundred
Years War took place at Crcy (kray SEE)
after Edward invaded France. English archers
defeated the French army and forced the
French king to give up some of his kingdom.
Under a new king, however, the French
slowly won back their land. Then in 1415
Henry V of England went on the attack.
Englands archers again won the battle and
left the English in control of northern France.
E
S
The plague was not Europes only problem in the late Middle Ages. The English
and French went to war with each other,
while the Spanish and Portuguese fought to
drive out the Muslims who had conquered
them centuries before.
Bordeaux
1453
Rh
o n e R.
Medieval Europe
557
Reading Summary
Review the
558
CHAPTER 15
Critical Thinking
3. Understanding Cause and
Effect Draw a diagram like
the one below. Fill in some of
the effects of the Black Death
on Europe.
The
Black
Death
Medieval Europe
Asking
Questions Write three question that Charles might have
asked Joan of Arc to determine
if he would support her efforts.
Section
Vocabulary
fjord
missionary
excommunicate
concordat
Section
Vocabulary
feudalism
vassal
fief
knight
serf
guild
Section
Vocabulary
grand jury
trial jury
clergy
Focusing on the
Geography influenced where medieval Europeans settled and what they did. (page 513)
The Franks, Angles, and Saxons of Western Europe built new societies and defended them
against Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings. (page 514)
(page 519)
Feudalism
Focusing on the
Feudalism developed in Europe in the Middle Ages. It was based on landowning, loyalty, and
the power of armored knights on horseback. (page 523)
Knights followed a code of chivalry and lived in castles, while peasants lived in simple
houses and worked hard all year long. (page 526)
Increased trade led to the growth of towns and cities and the rise of guilds and city
governments. (page 528)
England developed a system in which the kings power was shared with Parliament. (page 535)
French kings called the Capetians conquered lands held by the English in western France
and set up Frances first parliament. (page 538)
After the Mongols destroyed the Kievan state, the rulers of Moscow built a new Russian
state headed by a czar. (page 539)
European crusaders captured Jerusalem but were later driven out by the Muslims.
(page 541)
Section
Vocabulary
mass
heresy
anti-Semitism
theology
scholasticism
vernacular
Section
Vocabulary
plague
Reconquista
The Catholic Church played an important role in medieval Europe and used its power to
uphold its teachings. (page 545)
Church and government leaders supported learning and the arts in medieval Europe.
(page 549)
A terrible plague, known as the Black Death, swept through Europe in the 1300s, killing
millions. (page 554)
Western Europe was devastated by war in the 1300s and 1400s as England and France
fought each other, and Spain and Portugal fought against the Muslims. (page 557)
559
Review Vocabulary
Section 2 Feudalism
Questioning
Critical Thinking
17. Cause and Effect What improvements in
farming led to an increase in the production of food?
18. Compare What did Alfred the Great and
William the Conqueror succeed in doing?
Just Ask
19. Read the passage from page 525. Write six questions that you might ask about it. Use a different question starter for each question: who, what, when, where, how, and why.
560
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
Geography Skills
Study the map below and answer the following questions.
20. Place On which river was the battle of
Orlans fought?
21. Interaction Which rival do you think had
an advantage at the point shown on the
map? Consider the battles, amount of land
held, natural advantages, and so on.
22. Location Why were most battle sites near
the English Channel?
KEY
E
S
London
200 mi.
Using Technology
25. Modeling Do research to find out more
about the parts of a manor and its general
layout. (For example, you know that the
castle of the lord and lady was at the center of the manor.) Then work with your
classmates to create a computer drawing
or model of a manor.
50N
Discuss as a class
24. Using Your
why the events of medieval Europe
occurred. Then choose one major event
from your foldable, and write a paragraph
that predicts how history would have been
different if that event had not occurred.
Channel
English
Formigny
1450
Crecy
1346
Paris
Loire R .
Seine R
Orleans
1429
200 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0
Agincourt 1415
Bordeaux
1453
Rh
o n e R.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Read to Write
23. Script Writing Suppose you are living in
a small medieval town. Suddenly, the people of your town begin dying from the
plague. You and your family have to
decide whether to stay in the town or
leave. Write a dialogue between you, family members, and perhaps some neighbors.
The dialogue should give the advantages
and disadvantages of both actions and
should show the family reaching a decision
about what to do.
Analyze
King Louis IX asked the following of
his vassals.
All vassals of the king are bound to appear
before him when he shall summon them,
and to serve him at their own expense for
forty days and forty nights, with as many
knights as each one owes.
King Louis IX, Legal Rules for Military Service
CHAPTER 15
Medieval Europe
561
Comparing Medieval
Civilizations
Compare civilizations of the
Middle Ages by reviewing the
information below. Can you
see how the peoples of these
civilizations had lives that
were very much like yours?
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
China in the
Middle Ages
Medieval
Africa
Medieval
Japan
Medieval
Europe
Cha pt e r 12
Chapt er 13
Chap t er 14
C hap te r 15
Mainland of East
Asia
Taizong, ruled
A.D. 627649
Zheng He,
A.D. 13711433
West Africa;
Southern Africa;
East Africa
Ibn Battuta,
A.D. 13071377
Mansa
Musa, ruled
A.D. 13121337
Queen Nzinga,
ruled
c. A.D. 16231663
562
Farming villages
and towns along
major rivers
Prince Shotoku,
A.D. 573621
Murasaki Shikibu,
c. A.D. 9731025
Minamoto
Yoritomo,
A.D. 11471199
Ashikaga Takauji,
A.D. 13051358
Europe and
Mediterranean
area
Charlemagne,
ruled
A.D. 768814
William the
Conqueror, ruled
A.D. 10661087
Thomas Aquinas,
A.D.
12251274
Joan of Arc,
A.D. 14121431
Farming
villages;
trading
centers, such
as Timbuktu
and Kilwa
Northwestern
Farming villages
Fishing and farming villages in
coastal plains area
on estates
located on
plains; trading
centers in Italy
and Flanders
What were
these peoples
beliefs?
China in the
Middle Ages
Medieval
Africa
Medieval
Japan
Medieval
Europe
Cha pt e r 12
Chapt er 13
Chap t er 14
C hap te r 15
Confucianism,
Daoism,
Buddhism
Traditional
African religions,
Christianity,
Islam
Ruled by kings,
close advisers,
and local officials
Emperors ruled
Shintoism,
Buddhism
Emperors ruled
in name but
power held
by military
leaders
Roman Catholic
with small
numbers of Jews
and Muslims
Feudal territories
united into
kingdoms
Chinese:
What
contributions
did they make?
Civil service
symbols
standing for
objects are
combined to
represent
ideas
based on merit;
invented
moveable type,
gunpowder, and
the compass
Many languages
and different
writing systems,
but much
knowledge
passed on by oral
history
Produced
tradition of
storytelling,
dance, music,
and sculpture
Japanese:
Chinese
characters
standing for
ideas as well as
symbols
representing
sounds
Many languages
derived from
Latin and
Germanic
Developed ideas
based on
harmony with
nature; produced
martial arts
Developed
universities and
representative
government
How do these
changes affect
me? Can you
add any?
The Chinese
invented fireworks, the
compass, and
printed books
Early Africans
passed on
musical traditions
that led to jazz,
rap, gospel,
reggae
Medieval
Japanese warriors
developed martial
arts, such as judo
and karate
Europeans passed
on Christian ideas
and a system of
banking
563
(cw from top) Scala/Art Resource, NY, Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, Vanni/Art Resource, NY, Private Collection, Paul Freeman/Bridgeman Art Library, Seattle Art Museum/CORBIS, The British Museum,
London/Bridgeman Art Library, CORBIS