6 components of the Code of

Ethics:

A Priori Probability

7 Standards of Professional
Conduct:

Absolute Yield Spread

A change in accounting
estimates...

Accelerated Depreciation

A change in accounting
principles...

Accelerated Sinking Fund

1a

Comes from a formal reasoning

and inspection process; an
objective probability

+Act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect and in an

ethical manner wit the public, clients, prospective clients,
employers, employees, colleagues, and all participants in global
markets
+Place integrity of profession and interest of clients above all else
+Use reasonable care and independent professional judgement
when conducting investment analysis, making investment
recommendations, taking investment action, and engaging in
professional activities
+Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and
ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the
profession
+Promote the integrity, and uphold the rules of, the capital markets
+Maintain and improve their professional competence of
themselves and others

The difference between yields on two

bonds;
= Higher Bond Yield - Lower Bond
Yield;
Most commonly used;
Shortcoming is it may always remain
constant even as yield rise or fall

+Professionalism
+Integrity of Capital Markets
+Duties to Clients
+Duties to Employers
+Investment Analysis, Recommendation
and Action
+Conflicts of Interest
+Responsibilities of a CFA
Member/Candidate

Applies depreciation more at the

beginning of an assets life

Is a change due to new

information and does not require
old statements to reflect it

Allows the issuer the choice of

retiring more than the amount of
bonds specified in the sinking fund
requirement

Requires restatement of prior

financial statements

1b

Accounting Information Flow

Action lag

Accounting Warning Signs

Active crawling peg

Accrual Accounts

Ad Hoc Auction Services

Acquisition Method of Accounting

for Business Combinations

Addition of Probability

2a

Time it takes governments to vote

on and enact policy

When the adjustments are

periodic, announced and
implemented

Method where central government

auctions new securities when
market conditions are
advantageous

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)

1. Journal record every transaction by order of date

in the general journal
2. The general ledger sorts the entries in the
general journal by account
3. An initial trade balance is prepared at the end of
the period to show the balance of each account
and adjustments are then made
4. Financial statements are made from the
adjusted trial balances

+Aggressive revenue recognition

+Different growth rates of operating cash flow and earnings
+Abnormal sales growth as compared to the economy, industry or peers
+Abnormal inventory growth compared to sales growth
*Could be signs of obsolete products
+Boosting revenue with nonoperating income and nonrecurring gains
+Delaying expense recognition
+Abnormal use of operating leases by lessees
+Hiding expenses by classifying them as extraordinary or nonrecurring
+LIFO liquidations
+Abnormal gross margin and operating margin as compared to industry
peers
+Extending the useful lives of long-term assets
+Aggressive pension assumptions
+Year-end surprises
+Equity method investments and off-balance-sheet special purpose entities
+Other off-balance-sheet financing arrangements including debt guarantees

+State the objective and context

+Gather data
+Process data
+Analyze and interpret data
+Report conclusions and
recommendations
+Update analysis

When the purchase price is

allocated to the identifiable assets
and liabilities of the acquired firm
based on fair value and the rest is
recorded as goodwill
2b

Adjustments to Compare Firms'

Financial Statements

Adverse auditor's opinion

Administrative Steps to Capital

Budgeting

Affirmative Covenants

Advantages of ETFs

After-Tax Nominal Return

Advantages of NPV and IRR

After-Tax Yield =

3a

The statements are not presented

fairly or don't conform to
standards

+Accounting of investment
securities
+Inventory cost methods
+Depreciation schedules
+Off-balance-sheet financing
+Treatment of goodwill and other
intangible assets

When the borrower promises to do

certain things

*Idea generation
*Analyzing project proposals
*Create firm-wide capital budget
*Monitoring decisions and
conducting a post-audit

The return after tax liability is

deducted

+Efficient diversification
+Traded like a stock
+Better risk management by having options and
futures markets
+Investors know the exact composition of the fund
throughout the day
+Low expense ratios
+No worry about trading a a premium or discount
to NAV
+Dividends can be reinvested immediately
+Low capital gains tax liability

Taxable Yield * (1 - Marginal Tax

Rate)

NPV: A direct measure of the

expected increase in the value of a
firm
IRR: A percentage and shows
return on each dollar invested
3b

Agency Bonds

American Option

All or Nothing Orders

Amortization

Alternative Hypothesis

Amortizing Bonds

American Depository Receipts

Approaches to Calculating Cost of

Equity

4a

Exercisable at any time;

Will never have a smaller
premium than a European option;
More flexible

Securities issued by various agencies and

organizations of the Federal government;
Most aren't guaranteed by US Government
explicitly, but it is implicit;
Federally related institutions are owned by the US
Government and are exempt from SEC rules and
are guaranteed by US Gov't;
Government sponsored enterprises are privately
owned but publicly chartered organizations and
were created by Congress but not guaranteed by
US Gov't

Only done on assets with finite

lives and is done the same as
depreciation

Trades that execute only if the

entire lot can be bought

Pay periodic interest and principal

payments over the life of a bond;
Payments are equal with the
proportion of interest and
principal changing with each
payment

What is concluded if null is

rejected

+CAPM
+Dividend Discount Model
+Bond Yield + Risk Premium

Receipts denominated in US
Dollar and trade in the US;
The security it is based on is called
the American Depository Share

4b

Appropriations Backed
Obligations

Arbitrage-Free Treasury Spot

Rates

Arbitrage

Arithmetic Mean

Arbitrage CDO

Arms Index (or TRIN)

Arbitrage Free Valuation

Ascending price (English) auction

5a

The rates for different time

periods that correctly value a
Treasury bond;
Discount rates for a zero-coupon
bond

When the state isn't the issuer but

can act as a back up if the issuer
defaults;
General obligation

Average of every period's return

An opportunity where the return that can

be earned without risk is greater than the
risk-free rate;
Come from market mispricings;
If uncertain returns can be combined into
a portfolio that has certain returns, the
portfolio should not exceed the risk free
rate

A measure of funds flowing into

advancing and declining stocks;
Calculated by (Number of advancing
shares\Number of declining shares) *
(Volume of declining shares\Volume of
increasing shares);
Greater than 1 indicates money going into
declining shares, the opposite means it's
going into increasing shares

Created by a sponsor seeks to

profit from the spread between the
rate earned on the underlying
assets and the rate promised to
CDO holders

Bidders can bid amounts greater

than the previous bid, and the
bidder that first offers the highest
bid wins the item and pays the
amount

When a bond has each of its cash flows

discounted using a discount rate that is
specific to the maturity of each cash flow;
Spot rates used are required rate of
returns on zero coupon bonds maturing
at a given time;
The value of a bond based on spot rates
must be equal to the value of its parts or
there is an arbitrage opportunity
5b

Asset Backed Securities

Asset's Carrying Value

Asset Based Models

Asset's Tax Base

Asset Beta

Assumptions of Gordon Growth

Model

Asset Returns and Correlation

Attitude/Rationalization

6a

The value reported on the

financial statements net of
depreciation

Represent a claim to a portion of a

pool of assets and the return is
passed through to investors with
different tranches having different
levels of risk and return

Amount that will be deducted on

the tax return in the future as
economic benefits are realized

Based on the equity value of a firm

being the fair market value of the
assets minus the fair market value
of the liabilities;
Market value and intangible assets
make this difficult

*Dividends are appropriate to

measure shareholder wealth
*Dividend growth rate and
required return never change
*Required return is greater than
the dividend growth rate
A mindset that fraudulent behavior is justified;
Inappropriate ethical standards;
Excessive participation by nonfinancial management in the
selection of accounting standards;
Violations of laws and regulations by management or board
members;
A management obsession with maintaining or increasing the
firm's stock price or earnings trend;
Making commitments to third parties to achieve aggressive results;
Failing to correct known reportable conditions;
Inappropriately minimizing earnings for tax purposes;
Use of materiality as a basis to justify inappropriate or
questionable accounting methods;
Strained relationship between management and the current or
previous auditor

= Equity Beta * [1/1 +

(Debt/Equity)(1 - Tax Rate)]

Prefer correlations of asset returns

within an asset class are
significantly greater than
correlations of asset class returns

6b

Auction Process

Available for Sale Securities

Auditor's Opinions

Average Collection Period

Austrian

Average Inventory Period =

Autarky

Average Revenue < AVC

7a

Listed at fair value but but

unrealized gains and loses are not
reported

When the issuer determines the

size and terms of the issue and
several banks bid on the interest
rate required to sell it;
Lowest interest rate bid wins the
deal

Average number of days it takes

for a customer to pay its bills;
ACP = 365/Receivables Turnover

+Unqualified opinion
+A qualified opinion
+An adverse opinion
+A disclaimer opinion

365/Inventory Turnover

Business cycles are caused by the

government

Firm should shut down

Closed economy

7b

Average Revenue > ATC

Balance Sheet CDO

Average Revenue > AVC

Bank Discount Yield

Backfilling Bias

Banker's Acceptance

Backwardation

Banker's Acceptances

8a

Created by a bank to reduce its

loan exposure on its balance sheet

Firm should stay in business for

long-run

= ((face value - market

value)/(face value)) * (360/days
until maturity)

Firm continue production

Guarantees by a bank that a loan will be repaid;

Part of a commercial transaction;
Gives assurance to counterparty that financing is
secure for the trade;
Counterparty can sell the acceptance in a
secondary market or hold until it is paid;
Credit risks are the borrower does not repay or the
acceptance bank does not pay

When past performance of an

index is inflated because funds
with poor performance in the past
is not included

Guarantees from a bank stating

that a firm has ordered goods and
a payment will be made at the
receipt of the goods, which the
firm sells at a discount
immediately to generate cash

When a futures price is below the

spot price;
Caused by hedgers to insure
against price declines in the
future;
Some markets are described as
having normal backwardation
8b

Barriers to Creating a Coherent

Financial Framework

Bayes' Formula

Barter Transaction

Behavioral Finance

Basic EPS

Benefits of a Lease

Basis Swap

Benefits of Derivatives

9a

Used to update a given set of prior

probabilities for a given event in response
to new information;
(Updated Probability) = {(Probability of
new information of a given event) \
(Unconditional probability of new
information)} * (Probability of event)

+Valuation
+Standard setting
+Measuring value at a point in
time versus it's movement over a
period of time

Investigates investor behavior, it's

effect on financial markets, how
cognitive biases affect anomalies,
and if investors are rational;
Says investors have an asymmetric
preference towards risk

When two parties exchange goods with no cash

payments;
GAAP says revenue can be recognized at fair value
only if the firm has historically received cash for
the goods and use the historical price to determine
fair value, otherwise the revenue is recorded at the
carrying value of the surrendered items;
IFRS says revenues must be based on fair value of
revenue from similar transactions with unrelated
parties

+Less costly financing

+Reduced risk of obsolescence
+Less restrictive provisions
+Off-balance-sheet financing
+Tax reporting advantages

(Net Income - Preferred

Dividends)/(Weighted Average of
Shares Outstanding)

+Provide price information

+Allow risk to be managed and
shifted among market participants
+Reduce transaction costs

Trading one floating rate payment

for another

9b

Benefits of Funds of Funds

Best Efforts Sale

Benefits of Intermediaries

Beta

Bernoulli Random Variable

Beta

Best Efforts IPO

Beta Pure Play Method

10a

When the banker agrees to sell as

much of the issue as possible;
Not liable for the debt left over

*Gives access to investors with

limited capital resources
*Greater diversification
*Fund of fund managers have
expertise in picking managers

Measure of systematic risk

*Savers fund entrepreneurs

*Companies share risk

The sensitivity of an asset's return to the return of

the market and is the standardized measure for
the Covariance of the asset's return with the
market;
= (Covariance of Asset's and Market's
Return)/(Variance of Market);
= (Correlation of Asset and Market) * (Standard
Deviation of the Asset)/(Standard Deviation of
Market);
Estimated by regressing asset returns with market
returns

Binomial random variable with

only one trial

Looking at a publicly traded security of a

company involved directly in the business
the project is engaged in;
Company's beta is also a product of its
capital structure and must be adjusted
accordingly to fit the need of the project;
Delever the comparable beta and relever
for the project in question

When a bank agrees to distribute

shares but if undersubscribed,
bank does not buy unsold portion

10b

Biased Fund

Board Member Qualifications

Bid-Ask Spread

Bollinger Bands

Binomial Random Variable

Bond Equivalent Yield

Block Brokers

Bond Equivalent Yield =

11a

+Make informed decisions about the firm's future

+Have made public statements indicating their
ethical stance
+Have had any legal or regulatory problems as a
result of working for or serving on a board
+Have other board experience
+Will regularly attend meetings
+Do they have significant stock positions and are
committed to shareholders
+Have they served on the board for a long time
and become too close to management

Either stays net long or net short

always

Charting 1 standard deviation

above and below the closing price
for a certain amount of days

The difference between the bid

price and ask price;
Bid price is the price that a dealer
will sell a security;
The ask or offer price is the price a
dealer will pay for a security;
How the dealer makes money

= 2 * (semiannual discount rate)

OR
= HPR * (365/days until maturity)

Variable may be defined as the number of

successes in a given number of trials
where the outcome can be either a
success or failure;
Expected value = (probability of success)
* (number of trials);
Variance = (expected value) * (1 probability of success)

[(1 + Annual YTM) ^ (1/2) - 1] * 2;

Referred to as the semiannual
yield to maturity or semiannualpay yield to maturity

Trade large lots

11b

Bond Indenture

Book Building

Bond Legal and Issuance Costs

Book Value of Equity

Bond Pricing

Bootstrapping

Bond Yield + Risk Premium

Break Even Quantity of Sales

12a

When investment banks solicit

indications of interest from
market participants and adjust the
offering price accordingly

The contract that specifies all the

rights and obligations of the issuer
and the owners of a fixed income
security

The value of the firm's assets on

its balance sheet minus it's
liabilities; Market value of equity
is a firm's market cap

GAAP: Capitalized
IFRS: Subtracted from book value

Method of constructing a Treasury

yield curve using the yield to
maturities of different maturities

Prices quoted in percent and

32nds of a percent;
102-5 is equal to $102.16 per bond

Quantity of sales for which

revenues equal total costs so net
income is zero;
= (Fixed Operating Costs + Fixed
Financing Costs)/(Price - Variable
Costs per Unit)

Cost of Equity = Risk Free Rate +

Risk Premium

12b

Break Point

Business Risks

Bringing About Disinflation

Buyout Funds

Broker Dealers

Call Market

Brokered Markets

Call Option

13a

Risks associated with a firms'

operating income and is the result
of uncertainty about a firm's
revenues and expenditures

Where the cost of one of the

WACC components changes;
= Amount of Capital at which the
Component's Cost
Changes/Weight of the
Component in Capital Structure

Buy entire public companies and

take them private to restructure or
resell later to gain a profit;
Company typically purchased
largely from debt;
Time horizon is 3-5 years

When policy rate is above the

neutral interest rate

When trades can only be placed during a

specific time period;
Very liquid when in session because all
traders are present but illiquid between
sessions;
All trades, bids, ands asks are declared
and then one negotiated price is set that
clears the market for the stock

Have an inherent conflict of interest

because they should seek the best
prices for their clients but their goal
is to profit through the transaction;
Traders typically place limits on
how their orders are filled when
working through a broker dealer

The right to buy

Where investors use brokers to

locate a counterparty to a trade;
Useful with unique or illiquid
securities;
Dealers do not carry inventory;
Too few trades to trade in an
order-driven market
13b

Call Option

Callable Shares Risk ___

Common Shares Risk

Call Option P/L

Capital account components

Call Risk

Capital Allocation Line

Callable Common Shares

Capital Budgeting

14a

More than

The right to buy an asset at a

certain price by a certain date;
Counterparty has the obligation to
sell the asset

-Capital transfers
-Sale and purchase of nonfinancial assets

+Maximum loss is the premium

+Break-even price is the premium plus the strike
price
+Profit to the buyer is unlimited, loss to the writer
is unlimited
+Call holder will exercise when stock price is
greater than the strike price
+Maximum profit for the writer is the premium
+Zero-sum game between buyer and writer

Represents the combinations of a

risky portfolio and a risk free asset

As interest rates fall, an issuer is

more likely to call its bonds and
refinance at a lower rate

The process of identifying and

evaluating projects where the cash
flow to the firm will be received
over a period longer than a year

Give the firm the right to repurchase the

stock at a pre-specified price;
Benefits the firm because when the
market price is great than the call price,
the firm can call shares and reissue them
at a higher price;
Allows firm to reduce its dividend
payments without changing its per-share
dividend
14b

Capital Market Line

Cash Flow Earnings Index

CAPM =

Cash Flow per Share

CAPM Approach

Cash Flow to Revenue

Cash Conversion Cycle

Cash Flow Yield

15a

A way to measure the relationship

between the operating cash flow
and earnings;
CFEI = Operating Cash Flow/Net
Income

A variation of earnings per share

but using cash flow;
CFPS = (CFO - Preferred
Dividends)/Weighted Average
Number of Common Shares

The same thing as a capital

allocation line but the risky
portfolio is now a portfolio of all
the investable assets available in
the market

Risk Free Rate + (Beta * Excess

Market Return)

Measures the amount of operating

cash flow generated per dollar of
revenue;
CFTR = CFO/Net Revenue

1 Estimate risk free rate of government

bond with maturity closest to the life of
the project
2. Estimate beta
3. Estimate the expected return of the
market
4. CAPM = Risk Free Rate + (Beta) *
(Estimated Market Return - Risk Free
Rate)

Used for mortgage-backed securities and other

amortized asset-backed securities;
Includes assumptions on how prepayments are
likely to occur;
Once monthly cash flow projections are made, can
calculate a CFY as a monthly IRR based on the
market price of the security;
Bond Equivalent Yield = [(1 + Monthly CFY) ^ 6 1] * 2

The length of time it takes to turn

the firms cash invested in
inventory back into cash;
CCC = Days Sales Outstanding +
Days of Inventory on Hand Number of Days of Payables
15b

Cash Ratio =

Cash-Settled Forward Contract

Cash Return on Assets

Categories of Capital Budgeting

Projects

Cash Return on Equity

Causes of demand changes

Cash to Income

Causes of Low Quality Earnings

16a

When the party with a negative

value pays the party with the
positive value in cash

(Cash + Marketable
Securities)/Current Liabilities

+Replacement projects to maintain the

business
+Replacement projects for cost reduction
+Expansion projects
+New product or market development
+Projects mandated by governments or
agencies
+Projects not easy to analyze under
capital budgeting

Measures the return of operating

cash flow attributed to all
providers of capital;
CROA = CFO/Average Total
Assets

Income
Increases as prices of substitute
goods increase
Decreases as the prices of
complement goods increases

Measures the return of operating

cash flow attributed to
shareholders;
CROE = CFO/Average Total
Equity

+Selecting legal accounting measures

that don't accurately represent the
economics of a business
+Structuring transactions to get a
favorable outcome
+Using aggressive or unrealistic
estimates and assumptions
+Exploiting the intent of an accounting
principle

Measures the ability to generate

cash from the firms operations;
CTI = CFO/Operating Income

16b

Causes of supply changes

CFA designated officer looks into

inquiries raised by:

Central bank tools

Characteristics of a coherent
financial framework

Central Limit Theorem

Characteristics of Commercial
Paper

Certificates of Deposit

Characteristics of Medium-Term
Notes

17a

+Self disclosure of civil litigation,

criminal investigation, or written
complaint
+Written complaints to CFA
+Media reports
+CFA exam proctor

+Transparency
+Comprehensiveness
+Consistency

Rises if technology increases;

Rises if input prices decrease

+Policy rate
+Reserve requirements
+Open market operations

+Maturities of 270 days or less

+Pure-discount security
+Typically issued by corporations with
strong credit ratings
+Directly placed paper is sold to large
investors without going through a broker
+Dealer placed paper is sold to
purchasers through a commercial paper
dealer

For simple random samples of size n

from a population with a mean u and a
finite variance o, the sampling
distribution of the sample mean x
approaches a normal distribution with
mean u and a variance equal to the
population variance divided by the
number of sample observations

+Shelf-registered and they do not

need to be all sold at once
+Provide a range of maturities and
yields the issuer would like to sell
+A best-effort issuance and agent
does not buy bonds unsold
+No typical structure or terms

Issued by banks and sold to their

customers;
A promise by the bank to repay a certain
amount plus interest;
Issued in specific denominations and for
specified periods of time that can be of
any length;
Penalty if funds are withdrawn earlier
than the maturity date
17b

Chebyshev's Inequality

Clearinghouses

Chi-Squared Test

Closed End Fund

Classified Balance Sheet

Closed-End Fund

Clearing Instructions

Coefficient of Variation

18a

Provide escrow services,

guarantees of contract completion,
assurance margin traders have
necessary capital, and limits on
orders;
Reduce counterparty risk

The percentage of the observations

that lie within k standard
deviations of the mean is at least 1
- (1/k^2) when k > 1

Traded through secondary

markets;
Initially sell for a small premium
to the value of the underlying
assets

Used to test hypothesis about one

variance

Professionally managed pools of

investor money that do not take in
new money or redeem shares;
Trade like equity shares on an
exchange or over the counter
Charges an ongoing management
fee

Separates asset and liabilities into

current and non-current
categories;

Standard deviation divided by the

mean

Specify how to settle a trade

18b

Coincident economic indicators

Commercial Paper

Collateralized Commodities
Futures Positions

Committed Line of Credit

Collateralized Debt Obligation

Common market

Combinational Ordering

Common Shares

19a

A short-term debt security that

can be sold directly to investors or
through dealers

Employees on nonfarm payroll

Personal income
Industrial production
Manufacturing sales

When a bank commits to lending a

certain amount over a certain
period of time

Require buying a specific futures contract and

buying government securities, with a market value
equal to the contract value of the futures contract;
Any gains from the futures contract would be used
to buy more government securities and cover
margin calls by selling them;
Total return is the change in commodities' prices
plus the interest from the government securities

All benefits of a customs union;

All barriers to the movement of
labor and capital goods among
member countries are removed

Debt instrument where the

collateral for the promise to pay is
an underlying pool of other debt
obligations;
Tranches are created for seniority
of cash flows

Represent an ownership interest,

a residual claim on the firm's
assets in liquidation, and govern
through voting rights;
No obligation for firm to pay a
dividend;
Can proxy their votes to others;

Formula to find the number of

possible ways of selecting r items
from a set of n items;
C = (n!) \ {(n - r)! * r!}

19b

Common Size Income Statement

Components of Credit Rating

Complete Markets

Components of Direct Cash Flow

Method

Complying to Preservation of
Confidentiality

Components of Net Daily Cash

Position

Components of an Order

Comprehensive Income

20a

+Scale and diversification

+Operational efficiency
+Margin stability
+Leverage

+Cash collected from customers

+Cash used in production of goods
and services
+Cash operating expenses
+Cash paid for interest
+Cash paid for taxes
*Treasury bills
*Short term agency securities
*CDs
*Banker's acceptances
*Time deposits
*Repo agreements
*Commercial paper
*Money market funds
*Adjustable rate preferred stock

Accounts for all changes in equity except

for owner contributions or distributions;
Includes foreign currency gains/loses,
pension liability adjustments, cash from
hedging and unrealized gains/loses from
available-for-sale securities

Shows each category of the income statement as a

percentage of revenue;
+Controls for a company's size, allowing for easier
comparison
+The effective tax rate is the amount of tax paid
divided by pretax income
+Gross profit margin is the gross profit divided by
the total revenue
+Net profit margin is the net income divided by
total revenue

Allow investors to save for the

future at fair rates of return,
creditworthy borrowers obtain
funds, hedgers manage risk and
traders get assets

Best way is to only share

information with someone in the
company working with that client

+Bid-ask spread
+Execution order
+Validity instructions
+Clearing instructions

20b

Concentration measures

Conservatism

Conditional Probability

Considerations of Firm Voting

Policy

Confidence Interval

Considerations When Electing

Board

Conflicts of Interest:

Contango

21a

When investors react slowly to

change

Nth firm indicator

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

*Whether it is a classified board

(staggered multi-year terms) or annual
elections
*Whether Board filled a vacancy without
shareholder approval
*Whether shareholders can remove
member
*Whether the Board is the proper size

When one event's probability

affects the other events
*P(A|B) = The probability of A
given B

*Majority of Board is comprised of independent

members (not managers)
*Board meets regularly without management
*Chairman is current or former CEO
*Independent Board members have a primary or
leading Board member in cases when the
chairman is not independent
*Board members are closely aligned with
suppliers, customers, etc

A range of values the population parameter is

expected to fall under;
When a distribution has a known population
variance, found by:
(sample mean) (+\-) (z-statistic) * (standard
error);
When distribution population variance is not
known, found by:
(sample mean) (+\-) (t-statistic) * (standard error)

When a future price is above the

spot price;
Caused by companies wanting to
lock in future rates to match future
liabilities

+Disclosure of Conflicts
+Priority of Transactions
+Referral Fees

21b

Contents of Auditor's Opinion

Continuation Patterns

Contents of Footnotes

Continuous Markets

Contents of Investment Policy

Statement

Continuous Random Variable

Contents of Management
Discussion and Analysis

Contraction/Recession

22a

Suggest a pause in an uptrend

rather than a reversal

+Independent view of the firms

financial statements
+Generally accepted accounting
policies were used and judgements
were reasonable
+Explanation when accounting
policies change from year to year

Trades occur any time a market is

open

+The basis of presentation such as

the accounting period
+Information about the
accounting methods used
+Additional information about
extraordinary events

Variable where the number of

possible outcomes is infinite, even
if upper and lower bounds exist

+Description of Client
+Statement of Purpose of IPS
+Statement of Investment Manager's Duties and
Responsibilities
+Procedures to Update IPS
+Investment Objectives
+Investment Constraints
+Investment Guidelines
+Evaluation of Performance
+Appendices

Real GDP is decreasing

Rates of spending, investment and
employment remain positive while
inflation accelerates

+The basis of presentation such as

the accounting period
+Information about the
accounting methods used
+Additional information about
extraordinary events
22b

Contribution Margin

Convertible Debt

Conventional Cash Flow Pattern

Convertible Preferred Stock

Conventional fixed peg agreement

Convexity

Convertible Bond Arbitrage

Convexity

23a

Debt an investor can exchange for

a specified number of equities in
the issuing firm

Difference between price and

variable cost per unit

Can be exchanged for common stock at a

predetermined exchange ratio;
Dividend is usually higher;
Investor has upside potential;
Conversion option holds value over
regular preferred stock;
Less risk than common stock

Signs of cash flows only change

once

Makes so a bond's rate of

devaluation fall the more yields
rise

When a country pegs its currency

to within a certain margin of
another currency or to a basket of
currencies of is trading partners

The curvature of the price-yield

curve;
The more convexity, the worse the
duration estimate will differ from
actual change

Takes long and short positions in

convertible bonds and equity
shares to benefit from relative
mispricing

23b

Core inflation

Cost of Goods Sold

Corporate Governance

Cost of Preferred Stock

Cost Method Ratio Effects

Cost-push inflation

Cost of Debt

Country Risk Premium

24a

= Beginning Inventory +
Purchases - Ending Inventory

Headline inflation - food & energy

Equals the dividend yield of the

preferred stock

The set of internal controls,

processes and procedures by which
firms are managed and defines the
rights, roles and responsibilities of
management

Caused by a decrease in supply

+FIFO/LIFO produces higher/lower

profitability measures
+FIFO/LIFO produces higher/lower
Current and Working Ratios
+FIFO/LIFO produces lower/higher
Inventory Turnover and higher/lower
Days of Inventory On Hand
+FIFO/LIFO produces lower/higher
solvency ratios

Sometimes added to Beta to capture specific

country risk;
Spread between Treasury yield and country's yield;
= Sovereign Yield Spread * (Annualized St. Dev. Of
Developing Country Equity Index)/(Annualized St.
Dev. Of Developed Country Bond Market)
CAPM = Risk Free Rate + (Beta) * (Estimated
Market Return - Risk Free Rate + Country Risk
Premium)

Equals the market's yield to

maturity

24b

Cournot duopoly

Credit Default Swap

Covered Call

Credit Risk

Covered Call Option P/L

Credit Spread

Crawling bands

Criteria for Capital Budgeting

Method

25a

One firm will look at the other's

price and production and adjust
Form of insurance pays if an issuer
accordingly until both firms meet
defaults on its bonds
at an equilibrium of the same price
and quantity

Chance the creditworthiness of an

issuer will decrease

When the writer of a call also owns the stock he is

obligated to sell;
Used to increase income in a time when you do not
expect the stock price to increase;
Can be written out of the money to add insurance
that the stock won't get called away;
Trading away chance of stock appreciating in
future for income now

The difference in yields between

two issues that are similar in all
respects except credit rating;
Decline in an expanding economy;
Increase during economic
contractions

*If stock closes below strike price, the call expires

worthless and the writer keeps the premium
*Breakeven point is the stock's price minus the call
premium
*If stock appreciates past the initial price but not
as high as the call's strike price, the writer gets the
premium as well as the stock's appreciating
*Maximum loss is the stock price minus the
premium

+Location (Europeans use payback period a lot

more)
+Size of company (Larger companies are more
likely to use NPV or IRR)
+Public vs Private (Private companies prefer
payback period, public companies prefer NPV or
IRR)
+Management education (The more education
management has, the more they will use IRR or
NPV)

When the width of the bands of

permissible exchange rates is
increased over time

25b

Criticisms of Derivatives

Cumulative Preferred Stock Risk

___ Non-Cumulative Preferred
Stock Risk

Cross rate

Cumulative Voting

Cum Coupon

Currency board

Cumulative Preferred Stock

Currency Forward

26a

Less than

+Too risky for investors with

limited knowledge
+High leverage and high payoffs
liken them to gambling

Shareholders can allocate their

votes to one or more candidates
and lets minority shareholders
have proportional representation
on the board

The exchange rate between two

currencies implied by both their
exchange rates to a third currency

Explicit commitment to exchange

domestic currency for a specified
foreign currency at a fixed
exchange rate;
Cannot set its own monetary
policy

When the buyer is entitled to the

next couponn

One party agrees to exchange a certain

amount of one currency for a certain
amount of another at a future date;
Specifies an exchange rate where one
party can buy a fixed amount of
currency;
Either delivered or cash settled

Has promised fixed dividends and

any dividend not paid must be
paid before common shareholders
are given dividends

26b

Currency Swap

Current Liabilities

Currency Swap

Current Ratio =

Current account components

Current Yield

Current Assets

Custodians

27a

+Accounts Payable
+Notes Payable and Current
Portion of Long-Term Debt
+Accrued Liabilities
+Unearned Revenue

Swapping loans in different

currencies

Current Assets/Current Liabilities

One party makes payments

denominated in one currency
while the payments from the other
party are made in a second
currency

The yield from the bond's annual

coupon payments;
Offers little information;
Current Yield = (Annual Cash
Coupon Payment)/(Bond Price)

Improve market integrity by

holding client securities and
preventing their loss due to fraud
or other events

-Merchandise and services

-Income receipts
-Unilateral transfers

+Cash and Cash Equivalent

+Marketable Securities
+Accounts Receivable
+Inventory
+Other Current Assets
27b

Customs unions

Cyclical unemployment

Cycle Theory

Daily Sales in Payables

Cyclical Firms

Dead Cross

Cyclical Sectors

Debenture

28a

Due to changes in the general level

of economic activity

DSIP = (Accounts
Payable)/(COGS) * Number of
Days in Period;
A firm can temporarily increase
operating cash flows by delaying
payment to suppliers

All benefits of a free trade area;

Countries adopt a common set of
trade restrictions with nonmembers

+Presidential Cycle = 4 years

+Decennial Cycle = 10 years
+Kondratieff Wave = 54 years

When the short term average

crosses below the long term
average;
Indicate downtrend

Earnings highly dependent on the

business cycle, a non-cyclical firm
has stable demand over economic
stages;
High operating leverage and
earnings volatility

Unsecured bond

+Energy
+Financials
+Technology
+Materials
+Consumer discretionaries
28b

Debt Coverage

Debt to Assets =

Debt Payment

Debt to Capital =

Debt Securities

Debt to Equity

Debt Supported by Public Credit

Enhancement

Decisions of an Index Maker

29a

Total Debt/Total Assets

Measures financial risk and

leverage;
DC = CFO/Total Debt

Total Debt/(Total Debt + Total

Shareholders Equity)

Measures the firms ability to

satisfy long term debt with
operating cash;
DP = CFO/Cash Long-Term Debt
Repayment

Measure of a firms fixed-cost

financing;
DE = Total Debt/Total
Shareholders Equity

Promises to repay borrowed funds

+What is the target market an asset is

supposed to measure
+What securities should be included
+How should securities be weighted
+How often should index be rebalanced
+When should selection and weighting be
reevaluated

An explicit guarantee that the

bond is backed up by the state or
federal government;
General obligation

29b

Declaration Date

Defensive Interval Ratio

Declining Stage

Deferred Tax Asset

Decreases to Consumer Surpluses

Deferred Tax Disclosures

Deductible Temporary Difference

Deferred Tax Liability

30a

The number of days the average cash

expenditures the firm could pay with
its current liquid assets;
DI = (Cash + Marketable Securities +
Receivables)/Average Daily
Expenditures

The date the board of directors

approves the dividend

Created when taxes payable are greater

than income tax expense;
POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS,
WARRANTY EXPENSES AND TAX
LOSS CARRYFORWARDS ARE MOST
COMMON CAUSES;
Must be reduced if it is unlikely to be
used under GAAP

When industry starts to shrink;

Negative growth;
Declining price;
Consolidation

+Deferred tax liabilities and assets, valuations

allowance and the net change in the valuation
allowance over a period
+Any unrecognized deferred tax liability for
undistributed earnings of subsidiaries and joint
ventures
+Current year effects of each temporary difference
+Components of income tax expense
+Reconciliation of reported income tax expense
and the tax expense based in the statutory rate
+Tax loss carryforwards and credits

Import quotas, tariffs and

volunteer export restraints

Created when income tax expense

is greater than taxes payable;
MOST COMMON REASON IS
USING DIFFERENT
DEPRECIATION METHODS ON
TAX RETURN AND INCOME
STATEMENT

Result in expected future tax

deductions

30b

Deferred Tax Liability and Asset

Adjustments

Defined Contribution Pension

Expense

Deferred-Coupon Bonds

Degree of Financial Leverage

Defined Benefit Fund Status

Degree of Operating Leverage

Defined Benefit Pension Expense

Components

Deleveraged Floater

31a

= Employer's Contribution

Adjusted for changes in expected

tax rates under the liability
method

= (% Change in EPS)/(% Change

in EBIT)
= (EBIT)/(EBIT - Interest)

Initial coupon payment is delayed;

Interest accrues and is paid as a
lump sum;
Coupons paid regularly after the
first

= (Percent Change in EBIT)/(Percent

Change in Sales)
= [Quantity of Units Sold (Price per
Unit - Variable Cost)] /[Quantity of
Units Sold (Price per Unit - Variable
Cost) - Fixed Cost]
= (Sales - Total Variable Costs) / (Sales Total Variable Cost - Fixed Costs]

Difference between the defined benefit obligation

and the plan assets;
Reported on balance sheet under GAAP;
IFRS removes unrecognized actuarial gains and
losses and unrecognized prior service expenses
from the funded status and the result does not
reflect economic reality;
Firms separately disclose the components of the
benefit obligation, assets and expenses and the
assumptions used to calculate the pension expense

Structured note that has coupon

rates that equal a fraction of the
reference rate plus a constant
margin

~Service cost is the present value of benefits earned

by employees during the current period
~Interest costs is the increase to the benefit
obligation due to the passage of time
~Expected return on plan assets reduces the pension
expense
~Actuarial gains or losses come from changes to
assumptions the actuary uses about future
obligations
~Prior service costs are retroactive benefits awarded
to employees when the plan is initiated or amended
31b

Deliverable Forward Contract

Depreciation Methods

Demand-pull inflation

Derecognition

Depository Institutions

Derivative

Depository Receipts

Derivative Contracts

32a

Straight-line depreciation;
Accelerated depreciation;
Units-of-Production method

When a forward is settled with

physical delivery

When an asset is sold, exchanged or abandoned;

When sold, the asset is taken off of the balance
sheet and the gain/loss is reported on the income
statement;
If abandoned, the entire value is listed as a loss on
the income statement;
If traded, the new asset is put on the balance sheet
and the difference in values is put on the income
statement

Caused by increase demand

A security that derives its value

from the value or return of
another asset or security

Institutions pay interest on

customer deposits and provide
transaction services

Securities with values that depend

on values of other assets

Represent ownership in a foreign firm and are traded

in other countries' markets at the local currency;
A bank deposits shares of the foreign firm and then
sells receipts representing ownership of a specific
number of foreign shares;
Depository bank acts as a custodian and manages
stock events such as splits and dividends;
Although conversion is not necessary, changes in
exchange rates affect price;
Sponsored DR is if the firm is involved with the issue

32b

Descending price (Dutch) auction

Differences between IFRS and

GAAP

Development Cost Treatment

Differences Between IFRS and

GAAP Cash Flow Statements

Difference Between Modified and

Effective Convexity

Differences Between Security

Market Line and Capital Market
Line

Differences Between Futures and

Forwards

Differentiation Strategy

33a

+IASB lists income and expenses as elements

related to performance, GAAP includes revenues,
gains, loses and comprehensive income
+GAAP defines an asset as having future economic
benefit, IASB defines an asset as a resource for
which a future economic benefit is probable
+GAAP doesn't allow for the upward valuation of
most assets

Begins with a price greater than what any

bidder will pay and the price is reduced
until a bidder agrees to pay it;
If there are multiple units available, each
bidder and specify how many they want
to buy;
Can be modified so that winning bidders
all pay the same price

+GAAP lists dividends paid under financing

activities and interest paid in operating activities.
IFRS allows them to be listed as either operating
or financing activities
+GAAP lists dividends and interest received under
operating activities. IFRS allows them to be listed
as either operating or investing activities
+GAAP lists taxes paid under operating activities.
IFRS lists taxes as operating activities unless they
are associated with an investing or financing
activity

Capitalized under IFRS;

Expensed under GAAP

*CML plots total risk on the x-axis and

only plots efficient portfolios; SML plots
beta on the x-axis
*All points on the CML, except point of
tangency, represent the risk-return
characteristics of portfolios formed by
combining the risk free rate and market
return or borrowing at the risk free rate
to invest more than 100% in the market

Modified convexity does not take

options into account and effective
convexity does

Firm's products are distinct;

Cost of differentiation must be less than
the premium customers will pay for it;
Pricing premium must be sustainable;
Require extensive market research and
creative personnel

*Futures are on exchanges,

forwards are private
*Futures are standardized,
forwards are customized
*Futures go through
clearinghouses
*Government regulates futures
33b

Diluted EPS

Direct Investing

Dilutive/Anti-Dilutive Securities

Direct Method -> Indirect Method

Direct Cash Flow Method

Direct quote

Direct Finance Lease

Disadvantages of Callable Bonds

34a

Buying a firm's securities in a

foreign market;
Denominated in foreign currency;
May be less liquid than domestic
markets;
May have less strict reporting
procedures
+Cash Collected from Customers
1. Start with net sales
2. Subtract/add any increase/decrease in accounts receivable
3. Add/subtract any increase/decrease in unearned revenue
+Cash Payments to Suppliers
1. Begin with Cost of Goods Sold
2. Add back depreciation and amortization if they have been
included in COGS
3. Add/subtract any increase/decrease in the inventory balance
4. Reduce/increase COGS by any increase/decrease in the accounts
payable balance
5. Subtract any inventory write off from COGS

[(Net Income - Preferred Dividends) +

Convertible Preferred Dividends +
Convertible Debt Interest * (1-t)] /
[Weighted Average Shares + Shares from
Conversion of Preferred Shares + Shares
from Converted Debt + Shares from
Issuable Stock Options]

Stock options, warrants, convertible bonds or

convertible preferred stock that would
decrease/increase earnings per share if converted
to common stock;
Stock options and warrants are only dilutive when
their exercise prices are less than market value of
the stock; the treasury stock method must be used
to calculate average number of shares outstanding

The value of one unit of a foreign

currency in terms of the home
currency

Converts each line item of the

accrual-based income statement
into cash receipts and payments;
Begins with cash inflows from
customers and deducts cash
outflow from purchases, operating
expenses, etc

+Uncertainty about cash flow stream

+Principal tends to be returned at times
when the possibilities for reinvestment
are less attractive
+Capital appreciation potential is less
than an option-free bond

When the present value of the lease payments does

not exceed the carrying value of the asset;
Typically lessor bought the asset from a third
party;
Lessor removes asset from balance sheet and
creates a lease receivable account in the same
amount;
The interest portion of each payment is equal to
the beginning of period lease receivables times the
lease interest rate
34b

Disadvantages of ETFs

Discount Bond

Disclaimer auditor's opinion

Discount Bond Effects

Discontinued Operation

Discounted Payback Period

Discount Basis

Discrete Random Variable

35a

Bond priced below its par value;

Yield required in the market rises,
causing prices to fall

+Few indices for ETFs to track

+Intraday trading might not matter for
long-term investors
+Low volume may result in inefficient
markets
+Institutions can get same exposure with
lower expenses and tax consequences by
investing directly in the index

+Reported on balance sheet as

less than face value
+Discount is amortized over time
and eventually the value of the
bond liability will increase until it
equals face value at maturity

When the auditor cannot issue an

opinion

Calculates the time it takes to get back

invested capital in present value terms;
Alleviates the problem of the regular
payback period by incorporating The
time value of money;
Doesn't take into account payback after
investment is recouped

Operation that management plans to get rid of, or

already has;
The measurement date is the date management
made a plan of discontinuation;
The phaseout period is the time between the
measurement period and the actual disposal date;
Income must be separated on the income
statement, past income statements must be
restated

Variable where the number of

outcomes can be counted and each
outcome has a measurable and
positive probability

Same as bank discount yield;

= (Face Value Discount) * (360/
Days)

35b

Discrete Uniform Random

Variable

Diversification Ratio

Discriminatory Pricing

Dividend Dates

Disposition Effect

Dividend Discount Model

Distressed Securities

Dividend Payment

36a

The ratio of the risk of an equally

weighted portfolio of n securities
to the risk of a single random
security from the list of n
securities

Variable where all possible

outcomes for a discrete random
variable are equal

+Declaration date
+Ex-dividend date
+Holder-of-record date
+Payment date

Uses the limit price of the order

that arrived first as the trading
price

Cost of Equity = (Expected

Constant Growth Rate) + [(Next
Year's Dividend)/(Stock Price)]

When investors are willing to

realize gains but not losses

Measures the firms ability to make

dividend payments from operating
cash flows;
DiP = CFO/Dividends Paid

When companies are about to or have

filed for bankruptcy;
Company sometimes tries to negotiate a
restructuring outside of court;
Debt holders try to get equity stakes;
Illiquid with long investment horizons

36b

Does IFRS accept LIFO?

Drawbacks of Funds of Funds

Domestic Government Collects

Full Value of Import License

Drawbacks of NPV and IRR

Dominant firm model

Dual Index Floater

Double-Barrel Bonds

DuPont ROE Equations

37a

*Fees are higher than investing in

a hedge fund by yourself
*Returns can be lowered by
diversification

NPV: It is an absolute measure

and doesn't take into account the
size of the project.
IRR: It is not too useful for
mutually exclusive projects and a
project could have multiple or no
IRR

NO!!!

Quota has same economic result

as a tariff

Structured note that has two

reference rates

When a firm with the vast

majority prices smaller firms out
of the market over time by
lowering prices to the point where
it falls below the average total cost
of smaller competitors

= Net Profit Margin Asset Turnover

Leverage Ratio
= (Net Income/EBIT) (EBT/EBIT)
(EBIT/Revenue) (Revenue/Total
Assets) (Total Assets) * (Total
Assets/Total Equity)
= (Tax Burden) (Interest Burden)
(EBIT Margin) (Asset Turnover)
(Financial Leverage)

Backed by both taxes but also

special charges that are collected
outside of the general fund;
General obligation

37b

Duration

Duties to Clients:

Duration Relationships

Duties to Employers:

Duration/Convexity Approach

Earnings Multiplier

Duration/Convexity Bond Pricing

=

Economic union

38a

+Loyalty, Prudence and Care

+Fair Dealing
+Suitability
+Performance Presentation
+Preservation of Confidentiality
(unless unlawful)

Bond's interest rate sensitivity;

The ratio of the percent change in price to the
percent change in yield;
= (- Percent Change in Bond Price)/Yield Change
in Percent;
Longer maturities have longer durations;
Lower coupon rates have higher duration;
Callable bonds have lower duration;
Putable bonds have less duration risk

+Loyalty
+Additional Compensation
Agreements
+Responsibilities of Supervisors

*HIgher/lower coupon means

lower/higher duration
*Longer/shorter maturity means
higher/lower duration
*Higher/lower market yield means
lower/higher duration

Same as a PE ratio

Approximates the actual interest

rate sensitivity of the bond

All benefits of a common market;

Member countries establish
common institutions and
economic policy for the union

[(-Duration Change in Yield) +

(Convexity Change in Yield ^ 2)]
* 100

38b

Effective Annual Rate

Elasticity of demand

Effective Annual Yield

Elements of a Through Industry

Analysis

Effective Convexity

Elements of Company Analysis

Effective Duration =

Elements of IFRS' Conceptual

Framework

39a

A measure of how consumers

respond to price changes;
Perfectly elastic is when the
demand curve is horizontal;
Perfectly inelastic is when the
demand curve is perfectly vertical

= (1 + (periodic rate/compounding
periods)) ^ (compounding periods)
-1

+Evaluate the relationships between macroeconomic variables and

industry trends
+Estimate industry variables using different approaches and
scenarios
+Compare with other analysts to confirm conclusion or find
instances of misvaluation due to group think
+Determine relative valuation of different industries
+Compare valuations of industries over time to determine their
volatilities over business cycles
+Analyze industry prospects based on strategic groups
+Classify industries by life-cycle stages
+Position the industry on the experience curve, which shows cost
per unit relative to output
+Consider forces that affect industries
+Examine forces that determine competition within industries

= (1 + HPR) ^ (365/days until

maturity) - 1

*Overview of firm's operations,

governance, strengths and weaknesses
*Industry characteristics
*Product demand
*Product costs
*Pricing environment
*Financial ratios
*Projected financial statements and firm
valuations

Takes into account changes in

cash flows from embedded options

+Assets
+Liabilities
+Equity
+Income
+Expenses

(Bond Price When Yields Fall Bond Price When Yields Rise)/(2
Initial Price Change in Yield in
Decimal Form)

39b

Elliot Wave Theory

Enterprise Value

Embryonic Stage

Equal Weighting Index

Empirical Probability

Equity Forwards

Enhancements of relevance and

faithful representation

Equity Securities

40a

Measures total company value and

represents what it would cost to
acquire the firm;
Appropriate when comparing
firms with different capital
structures;
EBITDA is most used
denominator

Financial markets can be described as a series of

cycles;
A few minutes is a subminuette cycle, centuries it
is a grand supercycle;
In uptrend, prices go up 5 waves, down 3; down 5
and up 3 in downtrend;
Size of waves thought to correspond to Fibonacci
sequence and can be used to set price targets by
convering to 0.618 and 1.618

The arithmetic average return of the index stocks;

Matched by the returns of a portfolio that had
equal dollar amounts invested in each stock;
Simple to calculate;
Replication portfolio would have to be periodically
rebalanced, creating transaction costs;
Percentage increases by smaller companies equal a
proportionally larger weight in the index return;
Value Line Composition Average and Financial
Times Ordinary Share Index are major examples

When the industry has just

started;
Slow growth;
High prices;
Large investment required;
High risk of failure

Have a stock, portfolio, or stock index as

the underlying asset;
The more stocks covered by the forward,
the more cost effective it is;
Index forwards are usually cash settled;
Dividends normally are not taken into
account

Comes from past data; an

objective probability

Represent ownership positions

+Comparability
+Verifiability
+Timeliness
+Understandability

40b

Equity Swap

Eurodollar Deposit

Equity Swap

Eurodollar Future

Equity Valuation Models

European Option

Estimations of Dividend Growth

Rates

Event Driven Fund

41a

A deposit in a large bank outside

of the US but denominated in US
dollars;
LIBOR is the interest rate on
Eurodollar deposits;
Euribor is the equivalent Euro
interest rate

When the return on a stock,

portfolio or index is paid each
period by one party in return for a
fixed or floating rate payment

Based on 90 day LIBOR

Cash settled;
Price quote is 100 minus the
annualized interest rate of the bill;
One tick move is equal to $25

Swapping the return on an equity

index for the interest payments on
a debt instrument

Only can be exercised on the

expiration date

+Discounted Cash Flow

+Multiplier Model
+Asset Based Models

Invests in response to one

corporate action

*Historical rate
*Industry average rate
*Sustainable growth rate

41b

Event Driven Funds

Excess Kurtosis

Event Risk

Exchange Rate Risk

Ex-Coupon

Exchange Traded Fund

Ex-Dividend Date

Exchange Traded Funds

42a

Kurtosis - 3; Significant if result is

greater than 1

Strive to capitalize on some unique

opportunity in the market

Uncertainty about the value of

foreign currency cash flows to an
investor in terms of his domestic
currency

Effects from factors outside of

financial markets

A fund that invests in a portfolio of

stocks and bonds in efforts to
mimic an index;
Traded like a stock

When the buyer does not get the

next coupon

Similar to closed end funds but we often passively

managed and do not always trade to their NAVs
Often traded to match a particular index
Can be bought, sold short, and bought on margin
intra-day
Pay brokerage commissions on trade and bid-ask
spreads
Dividend is typically only offered as cash
Produce less capital gains liabilities since it doesn't
have to sell securities to match redemptions

The first day the stock trades without the

dividend;
If stock bought on or after, it does not
receive the dividend;
Always two business days before the
holder of record date;
Stock falls by dividend amount on the exdividend date
42b

Exchange-Traded Derivatives

F-Test

Expansion

F-Test Statistic

Export subsidies

Face Value Discount =

Extraordinary Item

Factors Affecting Market

Efficiency

43a

Used to compare two variances

Derivatives that are standardized

and backed by a clearinghouse

Examines two sample variances,

with the larger in the denominator
and smaller in the numerator

Real GDP is increasing

Increasing employment, consumer
spending and business investment
The start of each new expansion is
called a recovery

(Fair Value - Price)/Face Value

+Number of market participants

+Availability of Information
+Impediments to trading
+Transaction and information
costs

Increase the good's price and decrease

consumer surplus;
In a small country, the price of the good
will increase by the amount of the
subsidy. In a large country, the world
price decreases and some foreign
participants also benefit

Item that is both unusual and

infrequent;
Allowed only by GAAP

43b

Factors Increasing Reinvestment

Risk

Fama-French Model

Factors Influencing Difference

Between Nominal and Zero-Vol
Spreads

Features of preparing financial

statements

Factors Influencing Industries

Federally Related Institutions Not

Guaranteed

Fair Dealing

FIFO

44a

Estimates a security's sensitivity to

firm size, book to market value
and excess market return;
Carhart adds sensitivity to price
momentum

+Coupon is higher so interest cash

flows are higher
+A call feature
+Is amortizing
+Contains prepayment option

+Fair presentation
+Going concern basis
+Accrual basis
+Consistency
+Materiality
+Aggregation of only similar items
+No offsetting of assets against liabilities or
revenues against expenses unless explicitly
stated by a standard
+Reporting frequency is annual

~The steeper the benchmark spot rate

curve, the greater the difference between
the two and an upward/downward
sloping curve produces a Z spread
greater/smaller than nominal spread
~The shorter the maturity, the greater
the difference

+Tennessee Valley Authority

+Private Export Funding
Corporation

+Macroeconomic
+Technology
+Demographics
+Government policies
+Social influences

*GAAP and IFRS

*Each unit sold is matched with
the unit's actual cost
*Most appropriate when items are
not interchangeable and when
firms have a small number of
costly and distinguishable items

If a client places an order that goes

against the firm's recommendation for
that security, members and candidates
should inform the client of the
discrepancy between the order and the
firm's recommendation before accepting
the order.
44b

Finance (Capital) Lease

Financing Activities

Financial account components

Firm Specific Credit Factors

Financial Leverage =

First Stage Financing

Financial Risk

Fiscal policy tools

45a

+Principal from issued debt

+Proceeds from issued stock
+Principal paid on debt
+Payments to reacquired stock
+Dividends paid to shareholders

Basically a purchase of an asset that is financed by debt;

Lessee adds equal parts asset and liability to the balance
sheet at inception;
Lessee includes principal payments is an investing cash
outflow while the interest payment is an operating cash
outflow under GAAP;
Depreciation expense is recognized on the asset and
interest expense on the liability;
Lessor takes asset off of balance sheet and replaces it with
a lease investment account;
Leads to higher EBIT calculations and net income will be
lower in early years and higher in later years

*Past payment history

*Quality of management and their ability to adapt
to changing conditions
*Industry outlook and firm strategy
*Overall debt level of firm
*Operating cash flow and ability to service debt
*Sources of liquidity
*Competitive position, regulatory environment
and union history
*Financial management and controls
*Susceptibility to event and political risk

-Government owned assets abroad

-Foreign owned assets in the
country

The funding used during the

transition to commercial
production and sales of products

Average Total Assets/Average

Total Equity

*Transfer payments (entitlement

programs)
*Current spending
*Capital spending
*Direct taxes
*Indirect taxes

Risk that the firm's common

stockholders must bear when a
firm uses fixed cost financing

45b

Fisher effect

Fixed Income Arbitrage

Fisher index

Fixed Income Financial Statement

Disclosures

Fixed Asset Turnover

Float Adjusted Market Weighting

Index

Fixed Charge Coverage =

Floating-Rate Bonds

46a

Take long and short positions in

bonds to benefit from mispricing
while minimizing interest rate
effects

Nominal interest rate equals the

sum of expected inflation and the
real interest rate;
Consistent with money neutrality;
Can be modified to add a risk
premium for inflationary
uncertainty

+Nature of liabilities
+Maturity dates
+Stated and effective interest rates
+Call provisions and conversion
privileges
+Restrictions imposed by creditors
+Assets pledged as security
+The amount of debt maturing in each of
the next 5 years

Geometric mean of a Laspeyres

index;
Used to eliminate bias from
substitution

Like a market cap index but are based on the

proportion of each firm's share value available to
investors to the total market value of the index
available to investors;
Stock with large controlling shareholders will have
less weighting in index;
Advantage is weights represent total market value;
Disadvantage is the relative impact of a stock's
return on the index;
S&P 500 is an example

Measures the utilization of fixed

assets;
FAT = Revenue/Average Net Fixed
Asset

Coupon payments are based on another

rate or index;
Reference rate is the underlying rate;
Payment is a specified spread applied to
the reference rate;
Indenture lists schedule of rate changes

(EBIT + Lease
Payments)/(Interest Payments +
Lease Payments)

46b

Flotation Costs

Form 10-Q

Foreign Currency Translation Loss

Form 144

Form 8-K

Form DEF-14A

Form 10-K

Form S-1

47a

Quarterly report

Fees charged by investment banks

when raising equity capital;
Correct way to account for
flotation costs is to include them
in the initial project cost

Notice to the SEC of a sale of nonregistered securities

Taken directly to owners' equity

Proxy statement

Discloses material events

Filed before sale of a new security

Annual report

47b

Formal dollarization

Forward Contract

Formative Stage Financing

Forward Contract

Forms 3, 4, 5

Forward Dealer

Forward Contract

Forward End-User

48a

One party agrees to buy, and the

counterparty to sell, a physical
asset or security at a specific price
on a specific date in the future

Using another country's currency;

Country can't set its own monetary
policy

Agreement to buy or sell an asset

in the future at a specified price in
the contract at its inception

Spanning seed stage to first stage

financing

Someone who has a balanced book

of positions and make money off of
the bid-ask spread

Notices of insider ownership

Someone looking to lock in a

future price

A bilateral contract that obligates one party to buy

and the other to sell a specific quantity of an asset,
at a set price, on a specific date in the future;
No premium is paid to get into the contract ;
Used to hedge risk and speculate on prices;
Buyer has long position;
Seller has short position;
Can terminate a forward contract by entering into
the opposite position in another trade
48b

Forward Rate

Free Cash Flow

Forward Rate Agreement

Free Cash Flow to Equity

Fraud Triangle

Free trade area

Free Cash Flow

Frictional unemployment

49a

Represents the total amount that could be paid to

investors;
The cash remaining after a firm meets all of its
debt obligations and provides for capital
expenditures necessary to maintain existing assets
or purchase new ones;
FCF = Net Income + Depreciation - Increase in
Working Capital - Fixed Capital Investment - Debt
Principal Repayments + New Debt Issues;
FCF = Cash Flow from Operations + Net
Borrowing - Fixed Capital Investment

Borrowing/lending rate for a loan

to be made at a future date;
Borrowing for three-years at a
three year rate or for 1-year
periods, three in succession,
should cost the same

Cash flow that would be available

for distribution to common
shareholders;
= Cash Flow from Operations Fixed Capital Investment + Debt
Issued - Debt Repaid

A forward contract to lend/borrow money at a

certain rate in the future;
Cash settled, no loan is made;
Creditworthiness is not considered;
If yield goes up, long gets paid; if yield goes down,
short gets paid
Payment = (Nominal Principal) [(Floating Rate Forward Rate) (Days/360)]/[1 + (Floating Rate
* Days)/360]

All barriers to import and export

of goods and services among
member countries are removed

-Incentive/Pressure
-Opportunity
-Attitude/Rationalization

The time lag necessary to match

employees to employers

Cash available once the firm has covered

it's capital expenditures;
= Net Income + Noncash Charges +
(Interest Expense * [1 - tax rate]) - Fixed
Capital Investment - Working Capital
Investment;
= Cash Flow from Operations + (Interest
Expense * [1 - tax rate]) - Fixed Capital
Investment
49b

Front-Running

Funded Investor

Functions of Financial System

Future Contract

Functions of Intermediaries

Future Income and Interest Rates

Relationship

Fundamental Weighting Index

Futures Contract

50a

Investor who borrows to finance

an investment position

Same as forward but are

standardized in amount, asset
characteristics and delivery time;
Greater liquidity than forwards
since they are traded on a
secondary market

Prohibited for employees at

financial firms

+Allow entities to save and borrow

money, raise equity capital, manage risks
and
trade assets
+Determine returns required for the
supply of savings to equate to the demand
for borrowing
+Allocate capital to the most efficient
uses

Increases in expected future

incomes will increase the
equilibrium interest rate.

*Organize trading venues

*Supply liquidity
*Securitize assets
*Manage banks, insurance firms and
investment advisory services
*Providing clearinghouses to settle trades
*Manage depositories

A forward contract that is standardized,

traded in a secondary market, regulated,
backed by a clearinghouse, requires daily
settlement of gains and losses, and
exchange-traded

Weights are based in firms'

fundamentals, like earning, dividends or
cash flow;
Avoids bias of market cap indices to
overvalued firms;
Has a value tilt, overweighting firms with
higher value-based metrics
50b

GAAP Asset Impairment

GAAP Treatment of Impaired

Assets

GAAP Inventory Requirements

Gambler's Fallacy

GAAP PP&E Disclosures

Geometric Mean

GAAP Qualifications for a Finance

Lease from Lessee's & Lessor's
Perspective

Giffen good

51a

*Only tested for impairment when

it is deemed necessary
*First tested for recoverability
then the loss is measured
*No loss recovery is allowed

Book value is greater than the sum

of the estimated undiscounted
future cash flows from its use and
disposal

When recent events affect

investors' perceptions of future
probabilities

Requires inventory be reported at the

smaller of cost or market value;
Market price is usually replacement cost
but cannot be greater than net realizable
value or net realizable value minus a
normal profit margin;
Even if inventory has to be written down,
it is not allowed to be written back up

Compounded annual rate of return

for an investment

+Depreciation expense by period

+Balances of major asset classes
by nature and function
+Accumulated depreciation
+General description of the
methods used

An inferior good for which the

income effect outweighs the
substitution effect so that the
demand curve is positively sloped
(higher the price, higher the
demand)

*Title of asset is transferred to the lessee at the end

of period
*A bargain purchase option is available to the
lessee to buy the asset at a price significantly below
market value at some future date
*The lease period is 75% or more of the assets
economic life
*The present value of the lease payment is 90% or
more of the assets fair market value
*Collection of lease payments is fairly certain
(lessor only)
51b

GIPS Compliance with CVGs

Global Macro Funds

Global Depository Receipts

Global Minimum Variance

Portfolio

Global Fund

Global Registered Shares

Global Macro Fund

Going Concern Assumption

52a

Make bets on the direction of a

market, currency, interest rate or
some other factor;
HIghly levered through the use of
derivatives

The portfolio on the efficient

frontier with the least risk

Firms may include performance

figures for periods prior to January
1, 2006, that were compliant with
their applicable CVG, together
with GIPS-compliant performance
figures for periods after that date,
and claim GIPS compliance

Receipts issued outside both the US and

the firm's domestic market;
Usually denominated in US Dollar;
Not subject to capital flow restrictions
and allow the firm and investor greater
opportunities for foreign investment

Shares that trade in different

currencies on exchanges around
the world

Invests in strategies all over the

world

The company will remain in

operation for the foreseeable
future

Speculates on changes in
international interest rates and
currency rates, often using
derivatives and leverage

52b

Golden Cross

Gross Profit

Golden Parachute

Gross Profit Margin =

Gordon Growth Model

Gross Return

Greenmail

Gross Revenue Reporting

53a

Amount that remains after the

direct costs of producing a good
are subtracted from revenue

When the short term average

crosses above the long term
average;
Indicate uptrend

Gross Profit/Revenue

A rich severance package for

managers who lose their jobs after
a takeover

Total return in a security before

fees and expenses

When the cost of goods sold and

sales revenues are reported
separately;
Sales are higher than under Net
Revenue Reporting

Assumes annual growth rate of

dividend is constant;
Stock value equals the dividend
divided by the difference of the
required return and the dividend
growth rate

The right of the company to use

corporate funds to buy back the
shares of a hostile acquirer at a
premium to market value

53b

Growth Stage

Headline inflation

Guarding Against Inflation

Heckschler-Ohlin model

Harmonic Mean

Hedge Fund Indices Problems

Head and Shoulders Pattern

Hedge Funds

54a

Measures inflation of all goods

When industry is growing rapidly;

Rapid growth;
Limited competitive pressures;
Falling prices;
Increasing profitability

Takes into account a country's

labor and capital;
Assumes capital receives more
income than labor

When policy rate is less than the

neutral interest rate

*Self-selection bias
*Backfilling bias
*Survivorship bias
*Smoothed pricing
*Return measures do not account for
unlimited downside with limited upside with
options
*The incentive fees give the manager reason
to take extra risk since they have nothing to
lose

The mean of n numbers expressed

as the reciprocal of the arithmetic
mean of the reciprocals of the
numbers

Pools of investor funds that are

not regulated to the same extent
as mutual funds

Suggests that demand drove the uptrend

but it is fading;
More telltale if the highs are hit on
declining volume;
Range between the head and the neckline
is how far the trend is supposed to
decrease past the right "shoulder"
54b

Hedonic index

Holder-Of-Record Date

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

Holding Period Return =

Hidden Orders

Holding Period Yield

High Willingness to Bear Risk,

Low Ability to Bear Risk

Identifiable Tangible Asset

55a

The date that share holders on

record are owed the dividend

Adjusts a price index for the

quality of goods used in basket

(Price Change + Dividend)/(Initial

Price)

Adds up the sum of the squares of

the largest firms in the market

Holding Period Return = (ending

value/beginning value) - 1
OR
= (ending value - beginning value
+ cash flow received)/(beginning
value) - 1

Orders where only the broker

knows the trade size

Capable of being separated from

the firm, controlled by the firm
and expected to provide future
economic benefit

The low ability will win out in an

advisor's assessment

55b

If Company Redeems Bonds

IFRS Treatment of Impaired

Assets

IFRS Inventory Requirements

Impact lag

IFRS PP&E Disclosures

Implications of Gordon Growth

Model

IFRS Qualifications for a Finance

Lease from the Lessee's & Lessor's
Perspective

In verification, a third-party
attests that:

56a

*Assets must be evaluated annually

*Impaired if its carrying value exceeds its
recoverable amount
*An impaired asset must be written down on the
balance sheet and the impairment loss of the
difference of the carrying value and the
recoverable amount is recorded on the income
statement
*Asset can be revalued up if the recoverable
amount rises

Time it takes for fiscal policy to

produce change once out into law

A gain or loss is recognized by subtracting

the redeem price from the book value of the
bond liability at the redeem date;
GAAP requires any remaining unamortized
bond issuance costs must be written off and
included in the gain or loss calculation;
IFRS requires no write down since the legal
and issuance costs have already been
deducted

When inventory purchased or sold

is recorded directly in the
inventory account;
Inventory is written down if net
realizable value is less than cost
and written back up if necessary

*If the gap between the discount

and dividend growth rates grows,
stock price falls and vice versa
*Small changes in rates can
change stock price significantly

+Historical cost
+Useful life and depreciation rates
+Gross carrying value and accumulated
depreciation
+Reconciliation of carrying amounts from
beginning to end of period
+Title restrictions and assets pledged as collateral
+Agreement to acquire any PP&E in the future

+The firm has complied with all GIPS

requirements for using composites firm
wide
+The firm's processes and procedures
are established to present performance in
accordance with the calculation
methodology, data requirements and in
the format required by GIPS

*All rights and risks of ownership are transferred to the

lessee
*Title is leased asset is transferred to lessee at end of lease
*The lessee can purchase the asset at a price significantly
lower than the fair value of the asset at some future date
*The lease term covers a major portion of the asset's
economic life
*The present value of the lease payments is substantially
equal to the fair value of the leased asset
*The leased asset is so specialized that my the lessee cause
the asset without significant modification
56b

In-Kind Creation and Redemption

Income Tax Expense

Incentive/Pressure

Income Tax Expense

Incidence of tax

Increased Collection Period

Income effect

Increases to Producer Surpluses

57a

Income tax expense is the expense

recognized on the income statement that
includes taxes payable and changes to
the deferred tax assets and liabilities
= Taxes Payable + Changes in Deferred
Tax Liability - Changes in Deferred Tax
Assets

When authorized participants ensure an efficient

and orderly market;
Can create new shares by depositing with a trustee
a portfolio of stocks that track the index;
Can redeem shares with the trustee for underlying
portfolio;
Keeps market price close to NAV;
No capital gains to fund, resulting in no tax
liability

Is a non-operating item that is

reported within "income from
continuing operations"

Motive for fraud;

Threats to financial stability or profitability;
Excessive third-party pressures on management;
Personal net worth of management or the board of
directors is threatened;
Excessive pressure on management or operating
personnel to meet internal financial goals

Indicates that customers are

taking longer to pay their
outstanding accounts;
Represents a drag on the
company's liquidity

Import quotas, tariffs and

volunteer export restraints

Who ends up bearing the cost of a

tax

Either increase or decrease a good

that has fallen in price;
Typical of normal good to have a
positive income effect;
Typical of inferior good to have
negative substitution effect
57b

Increasing Required Rate of

Return and Decreasing Dividend
Payout

Independence Test

Incremental Cash Flow

Index Amortizing Notes

Indecent entry floating exchange

rate

Index Fund

Independence and Objectivity

Indexed Commodity Strategy

58a

Events are independent if P(A|B)

= P(A)

Reduce a company's PE

Structured Note with fixed

coupons but pay back some
principal early based on a
reference rate

Does not include financing costs

Match returns of a particular

index

An active investment because rolling risk

and investing on the futures curve
require active management;
Weights of various commodities and
blocks can change over time and must be
managed;
Collateral must be managed

Market determined and only

influenced by monetary
authorities to slow the rate of
movement, not keep them at a
certain level

Specifically addresses the

requirement of disclosure of the
nature of any compensation from
the subject company

58b

Indifference Curve

Inflation Risk

Indirect Cash Flow Method

Information Cascades

Indirect Cash Flow Method

Process

Informational Efficiency

Indirect quote

Initial Margin

59a

Uncertainty of future inflation

rates and decreased real return
rates

A plot of the combinations of risk

and return that an investor is
indifferent to;
Slope upward for risk adverse
investors because they will only
take more risk if they get paid for
it

Uninformed traders watch the actions of

informed traders and follow when they
are given a lot of unclear information;
Consistent with investor rationality and
improved market efficiency if they stem
from uninformed traders;
Said to be fragile if it does not lead
towards the correct pricing of an asset

Converts net income into operating cash by

making adjustments for transactions that
affect net income but are not cash
transactions;
Eliminate noncash expenses and
nonoperating items;
Only presents the net of cash receipts and
payments;
Focuses on the differences between net
income and operating cash flow

Prices reflect all information associated

with fundamental value in a timely
fashion;
Allocationally efficient is capital is
allocated to its most efficient use;
Brought by traders who bid prices up and
down in response to new information;
Helped by accounting standards and
financial reporting requirements

1. Begin with net income

2. Subtract gains or add loses from financing or
investing cash flows
3. Add back all noncash charges to income and
subtract all noncash components of revenue
4. Subtract increases in operating assets and add
back decreases
5. Add increases in operating liabilities and
subtract decreases

The money deposited in a futures

account before trading begins;
Typically around one day's
maximum price movement

The amount of foreign currency

that can be bought for one unit of
home currency

59b

Installment Sales

Integrity of Capital Markets:

Insurance Companies

Interest Coverage

Insurance Contract

Interest Coverage

Insured Bonds

Interest Expense

60a

+Material Nonpublic Information

+Market Manipulation

When a firm finances a sale and payments are expected

to be received over an extended period of time;
If collection is certain, revenue is recorded at the time of
sale;
If not certain, either the installment method or cost
recovery method can be used;
In the installment method, profit is recognized as cash is
collected and equals the cash collected multiplied by the
total expected profit as a percentage of sales;
The cost recovery method only recognizes profit when
cash collected exceeds costs incurred

Assesses the company's ability to

pay back it's debt;
IC = EBIT/Interest Payments

Collect insurance premiums in

return for providing risk reduction
to the insured

Measures the firms ability to meet

its interest obligations;
IC = (CFO + Interest Paid + Taxes
Paid)/Interest Paid

Security that pays a cash amount

if a future event occurs;
Used as a hedge

The book value of the bond times

the market rate of interest when
the bond was issued

Carry a third-party guarantee that

cannot be cancelled and is good for
the life of the bond;
Usually raises rating to AAA;
More common for a revenue bond
than general obligation
60b

Interest Rate Cap

Interest Rate Swap

Interest Rate Floor

Interest Rate Swap

Interest Rate Option

Interest Rate Theories

Interest Rate Risk

Interest Rate Tools of the Fed

61a

When floating rate interest

payments are exchanged for fixed
rate payments

A series of interest rate call

options that have expiration dates
that correspond to the reset date
on a floating-rate loan;
Protect a floating-rate borrower;
Pays when rate rises above the cap

An exchange of one loan for

another (typically one is a floating
rate, the other is a fixed rate);
Total loan amount isn't
exchanged, just the difference
between the liabilities at the end
of the period

A series of floating rate options

that have expiration dates that
correspond to the reset date on a
floating-rate loan;
Protect floating rate lenders;
Pays when rate falls below floor

+Pure Expectations Theory

+Liquidity Preference Theory
+Market Segmentation Theory

Have an interest rate as the exercise price and

reference are as the underlying asset;
No deliverable asset and are only cash settled;
Mostly European options;
Long gets paid when reference rate exceeds strike
price; short gets paid when reference rate is below
strike price;
LONG RATE CALL COMBINED WITH A SHORT
RATE PUT IS THE SAME AS A LONG FORWARD
RATE AGREEMENT

+Discount rates
+Open market operations
+Bank reserve requirements
+Persuading banks to change
credit policies

The effect of changes in bond rates

on bond values

61b

Interest Rates and Financial

Capital Relationship

Inventory Turnover

Interpretations of Duration

Inventory Valuation Methods

Inventory Cost Changes

Inverse Floater

Inventory Disclosure

Investing Activities

62a

Measures a firms efficiency with

inventory;
IT = Cost of Goods Sold/Average
Inventory

If the demand for financial capital

rises, interest rates also rise

+Specific Identification
+First-in, first-out
+Weighted average cost
+Last-in, first-out

+Duration is the slope of the price-yield

curve at the bond's current YTM
+Duration is a weighted average of the
time until each cash flow
+Duration is the approximate percentage
change in price for a 1% change in yield

Structured note increase when

reference rates decrease and vice
versa

+Sales proceeds of fixed assets

+Sale of debt and equity instruments
+Principal from loans made to others
+Acquisition of fixed assets
+Loans made to others
+Acquisition of debt and equity
investments

Must be changed retrospectively on all past

financial statements;
IFRS requires an explanation as to why a change
provides better information;
GAAP requires an explanation as to why the cost
flow method is preferable;
IF CHANGING TO LIFO, NO CHANGES ARE
MADE RETROSPECTIVELY AND THE OLD
METHOD JUST BECOMES THE FIRST LAYER
OF THE LIFO COST BASIS
+Cost flow method used
+Total carrying value of inventory, with carrying
value by classification if appropriate
+Carrying value of inventory recognized at fair
value minus selling costs
+Total COGS for the period
+Amount of inventory write downs during a
period, as well as any write ups with a description
of the event
+Carrying value of inventories pledged as
collateral
62b

Investing and Financing Ratio

Investment Property

Investment Analysis,
Recommendations and Actions:

Investment Property Transfers

Investment Bank's IPO Conflict of

Interest

Investor's Utility Function

Investment Constraints

IS curve

63a

Held by a firm for the purpose of collecting rental

income and gaining capital appreciation;
ONLY DISTINGUISHED BY IFRS;
Can be valued using fair value or cost model;
Any upside revaluation is recognized as a gain on
the income statement;
Must disclose the the valuation model used

Measures the firms ability to

purchase assets, satisfy debts and
pay dividends;
IF = CFO/Investing and Financing
Cash Outflows

If from owner-occupied to investment property,

treat as a revaluation and recognize gain only if it
reverses a previous loss;
If from inventory to investment property,
recognize a gain or loss if fair value is different
from carrying amount;
If from investment property to owner-occupied or
inventory, the cost basis is the property's fair value
at that date;

+Diligence and Reasonable Basis

+Communications with Clients
+Record Retention

Represents the investor's

preference in terms of risk and
return

As an agent, they should set a high

price to maximized the funds
raised for the issuer but, as
underwriters, they want the price
to be low so the whole issue sells

Shows the inverse relationship

between the real interest rate and
income;
Decrease in real interest rates ->
decrease in financing costs ->
increase in capex by businesses ->
same increase in savings as capex

+Liquidity
+Time horizon
+The tax treatment
+Legal and regulatory constraints
+Ethical or personal preferences
63b

Issue Specific Credit Factors

Keynesian

Issuing an Investment
Recommendation Report

Kinked demand curve

Jensen's Alpha =

Lagging economic indicators

Joint Probability

Lags of fiscal policy

64a

Demand fluctuations are due to swings in the level

of optimism of business owners and that business
owners overinvest when optimistic and
underinvest when pessimistic;
Argue that wages are "downward sticky" and it is
difficult to reduce them in times of recession;
Believe government should control expectations
with monetary or fiscal policy;
Policymakers can use the budget to diminish
aggregate demand through restrictive fiscal policy

*Priority of claim being rated

*Value/quality of collateral
pledged to issuance
*Covenants of issuance
*Any third-party guarantees or
insurance

Based on the assumption that an increase in a

firm's product price will not be followed by its
competitors, but a price decrease will;
Firms assume that demand is more elastic above a
certain price than below it;
Firms produce the quantity at the kink, assuming
if they increase production, their revenues will be
eroded by decreased prices and if they decrease
production the price won't go up much;
Model doesn't account for cause of kinks

All clients of a firm must be given

it at the same time

Average duration of unemployment

Inventory to sales ratio
Labor cost per unit of output
Average prime rate
Commercial and industrial loans
Consumer installment credit to income
ratio
Consumer price index

Portfolio Return - Portfolio's

CAPM;
Most appropriate when a fund has
multiple managers and only has
systematic risk

+Recognition lag
+Action lag
+Impact lag

P(AB) = P(A|B) * P(B)

P(A|B) = P(AB)/P(B)

64b

Laspeyres index

Lease Disclosures

Later Stage Financing

Leptokurtic

Leadership Strategy

Leverage

Leading economic indicators

Leveraged Buyout

65a

+General description of leasing arrangement

+Nature, timing, and amount of payments to be
paid or received in each of the next 5 years
(payments can be aggregated)
+Amount of lease revenue and expense reported in
the income statement for each period presented
+Amounts receivable and yearned revenues from
lease arrangement
+Restrictions imposed by legal agreements

Uses a constant basket of goods;

Can be biased to upward movement when
old products are replaced by newer and more
expensive products, higher quality products
replacing lower quality and by consumers
using substitute goods when those in the
basket get expensive

Bigger peak and smaller tails than

a normal distribution (k>3)

Financing when marketable goods

are in production and sales are
underway

Amount of fixed costs a firm has

The firm seeks to have the lowest

costs of production in the industry;
Either to protect or grow market
share;
Pricing can be aggressive or
predatory;
Managerial incentives are to improve
efficiency

When an investor buys an entire firm

with debt financing;
Called a managed buyout if it is the firm's
management that is taking it private;
Firms usually have cash flow to service
the debt or undervalued assets hat can be
sold to pay down debt over time

Average hours worked weekly

Weekly unemployment claims
New manufacturer orders
Index of supplier deliveries
New building permits
Stock prices
Money supply
Interest rate spreads
Consumer expectations index
65b

Leveraged Equity Real Estate

Ownership

LIBOR

Leveraged Position

LIFO

Leveraged Return

Limit Move

Liability's Tax Base

Limit Order

66a

The rate paid on negotiable CDs

by banks and bank branches
located in London;
Most important reference rate for
floating-rate debt

Investor the same entitlements of

outright ownership but must meet
conditions of the loan

*GAAP only
*Values inventory at a historical
cost basis
*In an inflationary/deflationary
environment, earnings are
lower/higher

When borrowed funds are used to purchase assets;

Funds are considered margin loans;
Interest paid is called the call money rate;
The initial margin requirement is the minimum
amount of equity an investor is required to provide
at time of new margin purpose;
Additional risk in portfolio is considered risk from
financial leverage

When a future exceeds its limit

and trading does not take place

A return that is a multiple of the

return on the underlying asset

Places a minimum execution price for a sale

or maximum execution price for a buy;
Not guaranteed to be filled;
Marketable or aggressively priced if buy/sell
order is above the best ask/below the best
bid;
A limit between bid and ask is said to be
making a new market or inside the market;
Standing orders are limits waiting to be
executed

The carrying value of the liability

minus any amounts that will be
deducted on the tax return in the
future

66b

Limit Order "Behind the Market"

Limitations of Ratio Analysis

Limit Order "Far From the

Market"

Limited Tax General Obligation

Bonds

Limit Order "Making the Market"

Liquidating Dividend

Limitation of Yield to Maturity

Liquidity Drag

67a

*Not useful when viewed in isolation

*Skewed by different accounting
treatments
*Difficult to find appropriate ratios when
companies compete in multiple
industries
*Conclusions can't be made by looking a
a single ratio
*Determining a target or comparison
value of a ratio is difficult

A buy order below the best bid or a

sell order above the best ask

Subject to a statutory limit on

taxes that may be raised to pay off
the obligation;
General obligation

A buy considerably lower than the

best bid or a sell considerably
higher than the best ask

When a company goes out of

business and distributes its
proceeds to shareholders;
Treated as a return of capital for
tax reasons and not taxed unless it
is over the investor's cost basis

A buy order at the best bid or sell

at the best ask

Delay or reduce cash inflows or

increase borrowing costs

Doesn't tell the compounded rate

of return that will be realized on a
fixed income security;
Assumes reinvestment at the yield
to maturity
67b

Liquidity Preference Theory

Locked Limit

Liquidity Pull

Lognormal Distribution

Liquidity Risk

Long Lived Assets: IFRS v. GAAP

LM curve

Long Position

68a

When trading stops due to a limit

move

The function e^x where x is

normally distributed;
Positively skewed;
Bound to the left by 0
;Price relative is the ending price
divided by the starting price

Both short-term rate expectations and a liquidity

premium determine yields;
Consistent with longer maturities having higher
yields;
Size of liquidity premium will depend on how
much additional compensation investors require to
take on the greater risk of longer maturity bonds;
Liquidity premium can distort information coming
from the yield curve

Accelerate cash outflows

Disclosures are more extensive

under GAAP

Chance a bond will be sold at less

than market price due to a lack of
liquidity

When an investor owns, or has the

right to own, an asset

Shows the combination of GDP and real

interest rates;
Demand for money is inversely related to
the real interest rate;
Demand for money is positively related to
real income;
At equilibrium, there is a positive
relationship between real income and
real interest rates
68b

Long-Term Fixed Income

Low Willingness to Bear Risk,

High Ability to Bear Risk

Long/Short Fund

Lower Bound of American Put

Long/Short Fund

Lower Bound of European Put

Longitudinal Data

M-Squared =

69a

Advisor can try to educate client,

but it is not his responsibility to
force client to take on more risk

Securities that have maturities

more than 5 years;
Usually called bonds

The maximum of 0 and the

present value of the strike price
minus the stock price

Take long and short stock

positions;
Largest category;
Not market neutral since they try
to profit more from their long
positions than their short
positions

The maximum of 0 and the

present value of the strike price

Buy securities that are expected to

outperform the market and sell
those that are expected to
underperform

(Portfolio Return - Risk Free Rate)

* (Market Standard
Deviation/Portfolio Deviation) (Market Return - Risk Free Rate);
Most appropriate when portfolio
holds no systematic risk and is
managed by one manager

Observations over time of multiple

characteristics of the same entity

69b

M1

Maintenance Margin

M2

Managed floating exchange rate

M3

Margin Debt

Macaulay Duration

Margin Percentage

70a

The amount of margin that must

be maintained in a futures
account;
Additional funds must be added to
the margin account if the balance
falls below the maintenance
margin

Sum of currency in circulation and

overnight deposits

When the monetary authority tries

to influence exchange rates in
response to specific economic
indicators

M1 plus deposits with maturity up

to two years and deposits
redeemable at notice up to three
months

An increase in the number

indicates bullish sentiment;
Sentiment indicator

M2 plus repo agreements, money

market funds and debt with
maturity up to two years

The percentage of security value

that is owed

An estimate of a bond's interest

rate sensitivity based on years
until promised cash flow will
arrive;
Cannot be used for bonds with
options
70b

Marginal Cost of Capital Break

Points

Market Anomaly

Marginal cost of capital slopes

____, investment opportunity
schedule slopes ____

Market Cap Index Value =

Marginal cost pricing

Market Model

Market Anomalies

Market Order

71a

Something that would lead to a

rejection of the hypothesis that
markets are efficient

Show changes in the cost of capital

(Current Total Market Value of

Stocks/Base Year Total Market
Value of Stocks) * Base Year Index
Value

upward, downward

Single factor model where the only

factor is excess return on the
market portfolio

Forces the monopoly to reduce

price to the point where the firms
marginal cost curve intersects the
market demand curve

Instructs broker to execute trade

immediately at best possible price

+The January effect is that in the first five days of January, stock returns
are significantly higher than the rest of the year
+The overreaction effect is the finding that firms with poor stock returns
over the last 5 years subsequently have higher turns in the next period
than firms that performed well
+The momentum effect is that firms with high short-term returns are
followed by continued high returns
+The size effect is that small cap stocks outperform large caps
+The value effect is that value stocks outperform growth stocks
+Closed end investment funds typically deviate from NAV at a discount
+Positive earnings surprises are generally followed by above average
returns that last past the announcement day and can be exploited by
buying positive surprises and selling negative surprises
+IPOs typically rise after issuance and then fall in the long term

71b

Market Premium

Market-Neutral Fund

Market Segmentation Theory

Markets for Commodities

Market Weighting Index

Marshall-Lerner condition

Market-Neutral Fund

Mature Stage

72a

Long/short funds where the short

exposure nets out the long

+Spot
+Futures
+Forwards

Difference between the risk free

rate and the market return

The supply of bonds and demand for

bonds determine equilibrium yields for
various maturity ranges;
Different investors may have strong
preferences for maturity ranges that
closely match their liabilities

The demand for exports plus the demand for imports is greater
than 1;
Under this condition, depreciation of a currency will decrease a
trade deficit;
For export elasticity, the worst case is completely inelastic demand
because the decrease in foreign currency has no effect on the
quantity demanded;
For import elasticity, the worst case is perfectly inelastic demand
because the quantity demanded remains the same as price
changes;
Overall, currency depreciation will improve the trade deficit when
either import or export demand is elastic;
Only considers trade flows and not capital flows

Weightings based on the market cap of each stock

as a proportion of the index's market cap;
Replicated by a portfolio in which the value of
each security position is the same proportion of the
security's market cap to the index's market cap;
Not adjusted for dividends or stock splits;
An alternative is to incorporate a security's number
of shares available to the investing public, or a
security's float

When there is little industry

growth and firms consolidate;
Slow growth;
Consolidation;
High barriers to entry;
Stable pricing;
Superior firms gain market share

A type of long/short fund that

attempts to make money despite
what the general market is doing;
Long and short positions net
themselves out
72b

Maximum Price for American Put

Measurement Scales

Maximum Price for European Put

Mental Accounting

Maximum Price of a Call Option

Mesokurtic

Mean Absolute Deviation

Mezzanine Financing

73a

+Nominal scales are arbitrary ways of coding data

+Ordinal scales are coding data categorically
based on some sensical order that is relative
+Interval scales are coding data in an order that
has an equal distance between scale values
+Ratio scales provide ranking, equal distance
between values, and a true 0

Put's strike price

When investors classify different

investments into separate mental
accounts rather than viewing
them as one portfolio

Present value of option's strike

Kurtosis equal a normal

distribution (k=3)

Stock's current price

Financing enables the company

the financing to go public

Average of the absolute values of

each deviation

73b

Minimum Option Price

Money Market Fund

Modified Duration

Money Market Yield

Monetary union

Money Markets

Monetary union

Money neutrality

74a

Invest in short-term debt

securities and provide interest
income with low risk;
NAV is set at $1.00

= HPR * (360/days until maturity)

Similar to Macaulay but takes into

account YTM;
= (Macaulay Duration)/(1 +
Periodic Market Yield)

Markets for debt securities with

maturities of one year or less and
capital markets are for longer term
debt securities and equities

Countries use a shared currency;

Can't make their own monetary
policy but participate in making
the policy of the union

The belief that real variables (real

GDP and velocity) are not affected
by monetary variables (money
supply and prices)

All benefits of an economic union;

Member countries adopt a single
currency

74b

Money Weighted Return

Mortgage Backed Securities

Money-Weighted Return

Mortgages

Monopolistic competition

Moving Average
Convergence/Divergence (MACD)

Monopoly

Multi-Step Format

75a

Backed by pools of mortgage loans that provide both collateral and

cash flow;
Self-amortizing and can be paid early;
Issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac;
Cash flows are of periodic interest, scheduled principal
repayments, and unscheduled principal payments;
Mortgage pass through securities pass payments made on a pool of
mortgages through proportionally to each security holder;
Collateralized mortgage obligations are derivatives of mortgage
passthroughs;
Stripped mortgage-backed securities are either principal or interest
portions of a mortgage backed security

Same as IRR

Receives monthly principal and

interest payments paid by a
borrower;
If borrower defaults, investor gets
ownership

IRR of a portfolio

Lines drawn by smoothing moving average curves

and putting more weight on recent observations;
Difference between two moving average lines;
Signal Line is the smooth moving average of the
MACD line;
The crossing of the MACD line above the Signal
Line is a buy signal, the opposite is a sell signal;
Oscillator

Many firms that compete with differentiated

products;
Demand curve is downward sloping and is highly
elastic;
Quality, Price and Marketing are key differentiators ;
Low barriers to entry;
Firms must advertise and innovate;
In short run maximize economic profits by producing
where marginal revenue equals marginal cost ;
In long run, price equals average total cost and
economic profits are 0

Gross profit is included

Only one seller in the market and there

are no good substitutes;
High barriers to entry;
Maximize profit, not price;
Profit maximized when marginal revenue
equals marginal cost when demand curve
is above ATC
75b

Multi-Year Dividend Discount

Model

Mutual Fund Cash Position

Multifactor Model

Mutual Termination

Multiple Price, Regular Auction

Cycle

Narrow Framing

Mutual Fund

Nash equilibrium

76a

Ratio of a mutual fund's cash to its

total positions;
Increases in a down market,
decreases in an up market

Add each year's dividends discounted by

each years required return on equity to
the present value of the terminal value;
Most of the time they use an infinite
holding period model where the terminal
value is calculated at some point in time
when growth rates remain constant

One party pays the other to end

the swap

Normally take into account

macroeconomic factors along with
fundamental factors and statistical
factors and estimates the
sensitivity of a security to each
factor

When investors see events in

isolation

Winning bidders receive bonds at

the price each bidder bid

When the choice of all firms are

such that there is no other choice
that makes any firm better off;
Each decision maker will
unilaterally choose what's best for
himself

Pooled investments where each

investor owns shares representing
ownership of a portion of the
portfolio

76b

Natural monopoly

Neoclassical

Negative Covenants

Net Asset Value

Negative Skew

Net Operating Income

Negotiated Offering

Net Profit Margin =

77a

Shifts in aggregate supply and

demand are driven by technology
over time and that the economy has a
strong tendency towards full
employment;
Business cycle is a temporary
deviation from the long-run
equilibrium

When the average cost of

production is falling over the
relevant range of demand and
having two or more producers
would lead to hire production costs
and hurt the consumer

Total net value of its assets divided

by the shares outstanding

When the borrower promised to

refrain from certain activities than
can adversely affect the lenders
position

Gross operating income minus

estimated vacancy, collections and
other operating expenses

Long tail to the left and Mean <

Median < Mode

Net Income/Revenue

When the price is determined

between the lead investment bank
and the issuer

77b

Net Return

New Classical

Net Revenue =

New Keynesian

Net Revenue Reporting

Nominal Spread

Neutral Interest Rate

Non-accelerating inflation rate of

unemployment (NAIRU)

78a

Believe in Real Business Cycle

Theory;
Argue that governments shouldn't try
to fight business cycles;
Emphasize the effect of external
shocks and technology on aggregate
demand

The return of a security after fees

and expenses are paid

Modify Keynesian by saying all

inputs of productivity are
downward sticky, not just labor

Revenues - ordinary expenses +

other income - other expenses +
gains - losses

The difference between a bond's

YTM and a similar Treasury's
YTM;
Uses a single discount rate;
Ignores the shape of the yield
curve and is technically only
correct if yield curve is flat

The natural weight of

unemployment

Reports the difference between the

two figures

Sum of the real growth rate and

the target inflation

78b

Non-Amortizing (Bullet) Bonds

Non-Cyclical Sectors

Non-controlling/Minority
Interests

Non-Parallel Shift

Non-Current Assets

Non-Refundable Bonds

Non-Current Liabilities

Nonparametric Tests

79a

+Healthcare
+Utilities
+Telecom
+Consumer staples

When not all maturities change by

the same amount

Pays interest until maturity, then

principal is repaid

In the equity section of the

balance sheet; Represents the
portion of the subsidiary that is
not owned by the reporting firm

Can be called but cannot use

borrowed money to buy back
bonds;
Can be called but not refunded

+Plants, Property, and Equipment

+Investment Property
+Intangible Assets
+Goodwill
+Financial Assets

Do not make any assumptions

about the population and are used
when parametric tests cannot be

+Long-Term Financial Liabilities

+Deferred Tax Liability

79b

NPV Profile

Objectives of International
Organization of Securities
Commissions

Nth firm indicator

Objectives of Regulation

Null Hypothesis

Officer can decide:

Number of Days Payable

Officer can do:

80a

+Protect investors
+Ensure market fairness,
efficiency and transparency
+Reduce systemic risk

*Protect unsophisticated investors

*Promote minimum standards of
performance reporting
*Prevent insider trading
*Require common financial reporting
standards
*Require minimum capital levels so all
participants can honor their obligations

A graph that shows a project's NPV for

different discount rates;
Discount rate on the X axis, NPV on the
Y;
IRR is where the line intersects the X
axis;
The point where multiple projects
intersect is called the crossover rate

How much market share is held by

the top N firms in the market;
Isn't affected by two large
companies merging

+No sanctions
+Cautionary letter
+Issue sanction

What you are testing

+Request written response

+Interview subject
+Interview complainant
+Collect documents relevant to
the investigation

Average time it takes for a

company to pay its bills;
DP = 365/Payables Turnover
Ratio

80b

Offsetting Contracts

On The Run Issues

Oligopolists and Collusion

Agreements

One-Year Holding Period Dividend

Discount Model

Oligopoly

Open End Fund

Oligopoly models

Open-End Fund

81a

Most recently auctioned treasury

issues;
More actively traded than other
issuances;
Provide best information

Open a swap with an opposite

exposure with the same terms
with the same counterparty

Equal to the current year's

dividend in present value plus the
present value of the stock's
expected price at the end of the
year

There is an incentive to cheat and

raise your share of the joint profit

Issues and redeems new shares based on

that day's closing value;
May charge an upfront sales fee called a
load
Sometimes there are back-end loads;
Annual fees are charged to cover
management fees, administrative
expenses, distribution fees

Only a few firms compete and each

must consider the actions of
others when setting price and
strategy;
High barriers to entry;
Demand is less elastic than
monopolistic competition

Allows investors to buy newly issued

shares at NAV;
New cash is invested by mutual fund
manager in new securities;
Investors can redeem their shares at
NAV;
Management charges an ongoing fee
as a percent of NAV

-Kinked demand curve

-Cournot duopoly
-Nash equilibrium
-Dominant firm model

81b

Operating Activities

Operating Lease

Operating Break Even Cost of

Sales

Operating Profit

Operating Cash Cycle

Operating Profit Margin =

Operating Cycle

Operating Return on Assets =

82a

A rental agreement;
Lessee recognizes rental expense each
period and an operating cash outflow;
Lessor does not remove asset from
balance sheet, recognizes rental income
and continues to depreciate the asset

When operating expenses are

subtracted from gross profit;
Profit before financing costs,
income tax and nonoperating
items

+Cash collected from customers

+Interest and dividends received
+Sales proceeds from trading securities
+Cash paid to suppliers and employees
+Cash paid for other expenses
+Acquisition of trading securities
+Interest and taxes paid

= Fixed Operating Costs/(Price Variable Cost per Unit)

EBIT/Revenue

The average number of days that it

takes to turn raw materials into
cash proceeds;
= Days of Inventory + Days of
Receivables

EBIT/Average Total Assets

The time it takes to produce or

purchase inventory, sell it, and
collect the cash

82b

Operational Efficiency

Option Contract

Operational independence

Order Driven Market

Opportunity

Oscillators

Option Adjusted Spread

Outright Ownership of Real Estate

83a

Security that gives its owners a

right to buy or sell an asset at a
specified price at a specified time
in the future

Rules are used to match buyers and sellers;

Traders are usually anonymous;
Order matching rules establish an order
precedence hierarchy;
*After orders are matched, trade pricing rules are
used to determine the price;
*In electronic markets, orders are batched
together and matched at fixed points in time
during the day at the average of the bid-ask quotes
from the exchange

tools that move between a set

range (example: 0-100);
Convergent when the oscillator
and the price chart look the same;
divergent when they don't;
Convergence means trend will
continue

Holder has full ownership rights

for an indefinite time period

Market with low trading costs;

Will make markets more
informationally efficient because
low trading costs encourage
trading on new information

When the central bank can

independently set the policy rate

Exists when there is a weakness in

internal controls;
The nature of the firms operations;
Ineffective management monitoring;
A complex or unstable organizational
structure;
Deficient internal controls

The spread to the Treasury spot

curve that the bond would have if
it were option-free

83b

Outside Compensation and

Benefits

Par Value Bond Effects

Paasche index

Parallel Shift

Panel Data

Parametric Tests

Par Bond

Participating Preferred Stock

84a

+Assets and liabilities increase by the bond

proceeds
+Interest expense is equal to the coupon payment
+Proceeds are reported as cash inflow from
financing activities and coupon payments are
reported as cash outflows from operating activities
+Repayment of principal is reported as cash
outflow from financing activities

Require written consent from

employer

Shift in the curve is when the

entire curve shifts by the same
amount

Weights its basket based on

current consumption

Rely on assumptions regarding

the distribution of the population
and are specific to population
parameters

Observations of the same

characteristic of multiple entities
over time

Preferred stock that gets an increased

dividend if profits exceed a
predetermined level and may get more
than par value if firm is liquidated;
Used by smaller, riskier firms to attract
capital by giving investors chance for
upside potential

When the bond's coupon rate

equals the market yield;
Bonds are typically issued near par
value

84b

Passive crawling peg

Peak

Payables Turnover

Percentage of Completion Revenue

Recognition

Payment Date

Perfect competition

Payment of Interest Rate Option

Performance Presentation

85a

Real GDP stops increasing and

starts decreasing
Inventory to sales ration increases

When an exchange rate is adjusted

periodically to adjust for higher
inflation versus the currency it is
pegged to

The percentage of total cost is how

much revenue can be recognized;
Revenue is recorded faster, more
subjective and better matches
revenues and expenses

Measures the firms use of trade

credit;
PT = Purchases/Average Trade
Payable

Many firms compete with identical products, low barriers to entry,

and the only way to compete is on price;
Perfectly elastic demand curves for each firm;
A firm will continue to expand production until marginal revenue
equals marginal cost, which maximizes profit or where MR = MC;
Economic loss occurs when marginal revenue is less than
marginal cost;
Firm can't make economic profit in long-run;
Long-run equilibrium output is where marginal revenue equals
marginal cost equals average total cost ;
An increase/decrease in market demand will increase/decrease
both equilibrium price and quantity;
Short-run supply curve is the marginal cost curve above the average
variable cost

The date dividend checks are sent

out

Statements about performance

must be accurate, fair and
complete.

Based on a stated nominal amount

and the difference between the
reference rate and the strike rate
times the fractional interest period

85b

Period Costs

Perpetual Inventory System

Periodic Inventory System

Personal disposable income

Permanent Difference

Personal Income

Permutational Ordering

Phases of business cycle

86a

When inventory purchased or sold

is recorded directly in the
inventory account

Costs that are expensed in the

period incurred;
Abnormal waste of materials,
labor or overhead;
Storage costs;
Administrative overhead;
Selling costs;

Personal income - personal taxes

When inventory values and COGS are

determined at the end of the period;
Inventory bought is put into a Purchase
account, which is added to beginning
inventory to find the cost of goods
available for sale. COGS is found by
subtracting the ending inventory from
goods available for sale

National income + transfer

payments to households - indirect
business taxes - corporate income
taxes - undistributed corporate
profits

Difference between taxable

income and pretax income that
will not reverse in the future;
Do not create deferred tax assets
or liabilities but change the
effective tax rate from the
statutory tax rate

Expansion
Peak
Contraction/Recession
Trough

A specific ordering of a group of

objects and answers the question
of how many different groups of
size r in specific order can be
chosen from n objects;
P = (n!) \ (n - r)!
86b

Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swap

Poison Pill

Platykuric

Porter's 5 Forces

Point and Figure Chart

Portfolio Duration

Point Estimates

Portfolio Management Process

87a

Giving certain rights to existing

shareholders if a certain amount
of the stock is acquired

Trade fixed interest payments for floating

rate payments;
LIBOR is typically the floating rate used;
Zero-sum game;
Net Fixed-Rate Payment = (Swap Fixed
Rate - Swap Floating Rate) (Number of
Days/360) (Notional Principal)

*Rivalry among competitors;

*Threat of new entrants;
*Threat of substitute products;
*Bargaining power of buyers;
*Bargaining power of suppliers;

Smaller peak and fatter tails than

a normal distribution (k<3)

The weighted average of each

bond's duration;
Best with a parallel curve shift
since not all bonds will have the
same yield change

Shows price movement by having

price on the vertical axis and the
number of changes in direction on
the horizontal axis;
X = increase one box size
O = decrease one box size

+Planning step begins with the analysis of the

investor's risk tolerance, return objectives, time
horizon, tax exposure,liquidity needs, income
needs, and any other preferences
+Execution step is an analysis of the risk return
characteristics to determine how the fund should
allocate (top-down analysis)
+Feedback step is rebalancing the portfolio and
adjust the investor's IPS

Single values used to estimate

population parameters

87b

Portfolio Perspective

Positive substitution, negative

income smaller than positive
substitution

Positive Abnormal Returns By

Using Technical Analysis

Positive substitution, positive

income

Positive Skew

Power of Test

Positive substitution, negative

income greater than positive
substitution

Precautionary demand

88a

Consumption increases

Evaluating individual investments

by their contribution to the riskreturn of a portfolio

Consumption increases

No form of efficient market

hypothesis supports this

Probability of correctly rejecting

the null;
Found by subtracting the
probability of a Type II error from
1

Long tail to the right and Mean >

Median > Mode

Money held for unforeseen future

needs;
Increases with GDP

Consumption decreases

88b

Preferred Stock

Premium Bond Effects

Preferred Stock Risk ___

Common Stock Risk

Presentation of deferred taxes on

balance sheet

Prefunded Bonds

Pretax Margin =

Premium Bond

Pretax Nominal Return

89a

+Reported on the balance sheet as

above face value
+As the premium is amortized the
book value of the bond will
decrease until it equals par value
at maturity

GAAP: Classified as current or

noncurrent based on the
classification of the underlying
asset or liability
IFRS: Netted and classified as
noncurrent

Hybrid between debt and equity;

Typically have fixed periodic
payments to investors;
Usually don't have voting rights;
Have a stated par value and
dividend is a percentage of that
par

Less than

EBT/Revenue

Bonds for which Treasury securities have been

purchased and placed in escrow to make all of the
remaining required bond payments;
Income and principal from Treasuries must be
enough to cover remaining payments until
maturity or next call date;
Have little credit risk

Return prior to paying taxes

Bonds priced above the bond's par

value;
Yield required in the market
decreased, causing prices to rise

89b

Price elasticity

Price Value of a Basis Point

Price Multiples

Price Weighting Index

Price Priority

Primary Dealers

Price Return

Primary Market

90a

The dollar change in the

price/value of a bond or portfolio
when the yield changes by one
basis point;
= Duration 0.0001 Bond Value

How responsive the quantity

demanded is to a change in price

The arithmetic average of the prices of securities included in the

index;
Divisor is adjusted for stock splits and changes in composition
when securities are added or subtracted;
Advantage is it is simple to compute;
Disadvantage is that a percentage change in a higher priced stock
has a greater impact than an equal percentage increase in a lesser
valued stock;
Stock splits, repurchases or dividends can change the relative
weight of a stock in the index;
Having an equal weighting of stocks to the index will return an
identical return;
Major examples are the Nikkei and Dow Jones Industrial

+Price-to-Earnings
+Price-to-Book Value
+Price-to-Cash Flow

Trade with central banks when

they buy and sell securities

When trades with the highest bids

and lowest asks are given the
highest priorities

Market for newly issued securities

secondary market is for
subsequent sale of securities

When an index uses only the

prices of an index's constituency
securities

90b

Principles of Capital Budgeting

Private Placement

Prior Service Cost

Private Placement

Private Equity in Comparison to

Public Equity

Private Securities

Private Investment in Public

Equity

Private value auctions

91a

When an issue is sold to a small group of

investors and is not required to be
registered with the SEC;
Issue can be better tailored for the
investors' needs;
Buyers will require a slightly higher
interest rate since issue can not be resold
to the public

+Decisions are based on cash flows, not

accounting income
+Cash flows are based on opportunity
costs
*Opportunity costs need to be analyzed
+Cash flow timing is important
+Cash flows are analyzed after taxes
+Financing costs are incorporated in the
required rate of return

When securities are sold directly to

qualified investors with the help of an
investment bank;
Do not require the issuer to disclose as
much information about the securities;
Issuance costs are less;
Offer price is lower since securities
cannot be resold in the public markets

When changes in the terms of a

defined benefit pension plan
increase the future benefits due
employees based on their prior
employment with the company

Not traded on public markets,

illiquid, and not subject to
regulation

*Less liquid
*Share price negotiated between firm and investor,
not the market
*No government or exchange requirement for
disclosures
*Lower reporting costs since they are less frequent
*Weaker corporate governance since there is less
public scrutiny
*Greater focus on long-term prospects since no
public pressure for short-term results
*Potential for large return once firm goes public

Value is subjective and different to

each bidder

When a public firm needs capital

quick and sells private equity to
investors;
Usually at a sizable discount to the
market price
91b

Pro-Forma Statement Steps

Product Costs

Problems Fixed by Regulation

Professionalism:

Problems with Pure Play

Profit maximized

Process for Testing Hypothesis

Profitability Index

92a

Costs capitalized under the Inventories

account on the balance sheet;
Purchase costs less trade discounts and
rebates;
Conversion costs including labor and
overhead;
Other costs necessary to bring the
inventory to its present location and
condition

*Estimate relationship between changes in sales

and the changes in sales-driven income statement
and balance sheet items
*Estimate the future tax rate, interest rates on
debt, lease payments, etc
*Forecast sales
*Estimate fixed operating costs and financing
costs
*Integrate estimates into pro forma statement

+Professionalism
+Integrity of Capital Markets
+Duties to Clients
+Duties to Employers
+Investment Analysis, Recommendation
and Action
+Conflicts of Interest
+Responsibilities of a CFA
Member/Candidate

*Fraud and theft

*Insider trading
*Costly information
*Defaults

Producing up to but not over

MR=MC;
Producing quantity where TR-TC
is at a maximum

~Beta uses historical data and sensitive to the

length of time and frequency of data
~Affected by which index is chosen to represent
the market return
~Betas are believed to revert to 1 after time and the
estimate may need to be adjusted accordingly
~Betas of smaller firms may need to be adjusted
upward to reflect risk inherent in small firms not
captured by Beta calculation

= Present Value of Cash

Flows/Initial Investment
= 1 + NPV/Initial Cash Flow

+State Hypothesis
+Select Test Statistic
+Specify Level of Significance
+State Decision Rule Regarding
Hypothesis
+Calculate Sample Statistics
+Make a Decision about Hypothesis
+Make a Decision Based on Test
92b

Project Beta

Protective Put Option P/L

Project Selection

Publicly Traded Securities

Properties of Estimators

Pure Expectations Theory

Protective Put

Pure Expectations Theory Yield

Curve Ramifications

93a

*Maximum loss is the premium

*Maximum loss occurs when the stock
falls below the strike price
*The break even point is the strike price
plus the premium amount
*Losses begin to occur when the stock
falls below the break even
*Same profit diagram as a long call

= Asset Beta [1 + (Debt/Equity)

(1 - Tax Rate)]

Traded on exchanges or through

securities dealers and are subject
to regulatory oversight

Independent projects can be evaluated based on its

own profitability;
Mutually exclusive projects allow for only one to be
selected from the group;
Some projects may need to be completed in
sequence, and if the preceding project wasn't
profitable, the next might not be undertaken;
At times only a set amount of capital might be
available and rationing decisions must be made

The yield for a particular maturity

is an average of the short term
rates that are expected in the
future;
If rates are expected to rise, yields
on longer maturities will be higher
than on shorter maturities

Unbiased - Low sampling error

Efficient - Small variance
Consistent - Accuracy increases as
sample size increases

~Short term rates expected to rise in

future = normal curve
~Short term rates expected to fall in
future = inverted curve
~Short term rate expected to rise then
fall = humped curve
~Short term rate expected to remain
constant = flat curve

Buying a stock and a put on the stock to

protect the decline of a stock's price;
Can be replicated by buying a bond that
pays the strike price minus the premium
at expiration and a call with the strike
price

93b

Put Option

Put/Call Ratio

Put Option

Putable Common Shares

Put Option P/L

Putable Shares Risk ___ Callable

Shares Risk

Put-Call Parity

Qualified auditor's opinion

94a

Put volume divided by the call

volume;
The higher the ratio, the more
negative the sentiment;
Sentiment indicator

The right to sell an asset at a

certain price by a certain date;
Counterparty has the obligation to
buy the asset

Give the shareholder the right to sell back

shares to the company at a specific price;
Puts a floor on the share price;
Shareholders implicitly pay for put
option because putable shares sell for
more than non-putable;
Raise more capital for firm when issued

The right to sell

Less than

+Maximum loss for the buyer is the premium

+Maximum profit is the strike price minus the
premium
+Maximum loss to writer is the strike price minus
the premium
+Break-even is the strike price minus the option
premium
+Maximum profit for the writer is the premium
+Zero-sum game between buyer and writer

There is an exception to
accounting principles

Based on the payoffs of two

portfolio combinations, a fiduciary
call and protective put
Call with Strike X + Present Value
of X = Stock Price + Put with
Strike X
94b

Qualities of central bank

Quota

Qualities of useful financial

statements

Quota Rents

Quantity theory of money

Quote Driven Markets

Quick Ratio =

Range Notes

95a

Same effect as a tariff except the

government only gains if it charges for
tariff licenses (quota rents);
If the government doesn't charge quota
rents, the loss to the domestic economy is
equal to the quota rents (the difference
between the gain in producer surplus and
the loss in consumer surplus)

+Independence
+Credibility
+Transparency

Gains to those foreign exporters

who receive import licenses under
a quota if the domestic
government does not charge for
the import licenses.

Relevance and faithful

representation

Investors trade with dealers;

Dealers keep an inventory of
securities;
Most securities other than stocks
trade in quote driven markets;
Trading is often electronic

(money supply)(velocity of
money)=(price level)(real
GDP)

Floaters that equal the reference

rate if it is within a specific range
or zero if it is outside the range

(Cash + Marketable Securities +

Receivables)/Current Liabilities

95b

Rate of Change

Reasons Floating Rate Might

Reset at Par

Real Assets

Reasons for Differences Between

an Accounting Item for Tax
Reporting and Financial
Reporting

Real Estate Aggregation Vehicles

Reasons for Differences Between

Effective and Statutory Tax Rate

Real Return

Reasons to Invest in Commodities

96a

*Placing a cap on a floating rate

can increase the interest rate risk
*There is time until the next reset
*If the spread in indenture no
longer reflects the credit and
liquidity risk of the bond

Measures momentum by multiplying 100

by the difference between the latest
closing price and the closing price of a
certain number of periods ago;
Sell when moving negative;
Buy when moving positive;
Oscillator

+Timing of revenue and expense recognition may differ

on the income statement and tax return
+Some revenues are only recognized on the income
statement or tax return
+Assets and/or liabilities have different carrying amounts
and tax bases
+Gain or loss recognition in the income statement differs
from the tax return
+Tax losses from periods prior may offset future taxable
income
+Financial statement adjustments may not affect the tax
return or may be recognized in different periods

*Increasingly being held by institutions

*Provide income, tax advantages and
diversification, but also entail large management
costs
*Require increased due diligence
*Illiquid
*Can be bought indirectly through REITs and
MLPs
*Can get exposure by buying stock in companies
that have large real asset ownership

+Different tax rates in different jurisdictions

+Permanent tax differences (tax credits, taxexempt income, non deductible expenses)
+Changes on tax rates and legislation
+Tax holidays in some jurisdictions
+Deferred taxes provided on reinvested earnings
of foreign and unconsolidated domestic affiliates

Investing in a pool of real estate

assets

+Exposure to economic growth

+Hedge against inflation
+Diversification

Return adjusted for inflation

96b

Reasons to Overstate Earnings

Recognition of DTA

Reasons to Understate Earnings

Record Retention

Receivables Turnover

Rectangles

Recognition lag

Referral Fees

97a

GAAP: Recognized in full and

reduced if it is more likely than not
it won't be fully realized
IFRS: Recognized if probable that
tax profit will be able to cover the
tax asset

*Meet earnings expectations

*Remain in compliance with
lending covenants
*Receive higher incentive
compensation

Requires members to maintain

records of the data and analysis
they use to develop their research
recommendations.

*Obtain trade relief in the form of

quotas and protective tariffs
*Negotiate favorable terms from
creditors
*Negotiate favorable labor
contracts

When trading creates a range

between a support level and a
resistance level;
Continuation pattern

Measures the turnover of accounts

receivable;
RT = Annual Sales/Average
Receivables

Members and candidates must

disclose to employers and to
affected clients, before entering
into any formal agreement for
services, any benefits received for
the recommendation of services
provided by the member.

When it takes time for policy

makers to recognize what is
happening in the economy and
make the appropriate decision

97b

Regimes of countries with their

own currency

Reinvestment Risk

Regimes of countries without their

own currency

Relationship cost curves

Regular Dividend

Relative Strength

Reinvestment Ratio

Relative Strength Index (RSI)

98a

Not being able to reinvest money

at the same rate of return if
interest rates fall and issuers call
bonds or prepay loans

AFC slopes downward

Vertical distance between ATC and AVC
equals AFC
MC initially declines, then rises
MC intersects AVC and ATC at their
minimums
ATC and AVC are u-shaped
The MC above the AVC is the firm's
short-rum supply curve

The asset's price charted against

the index price

Ratio of total price increases to

decreases over a set amount of
time;
Over 70 is overbought;
Under 30 is underbought;
Oscillator

-Currency board
-Conventional fixed peg agreement
-Target zone
-Passive crawling peg
-Active crawling peg
-Crawling bands
-Managed floating exchange rate
-Indecent entry floating exchange rate

-Formal dollarization
-Monetary union

When a company pays out a

portion of its profits on a regular
basis;
Sign of company stability

Measures the firm's ability to

acquire long term assets with
operating cash flow;
R = CFO/Cash Paid for LongTerm Assets
98b

Relative Yield Spread

Require Shareholder Attendance

to Vote Hold Their Meetings on
the Same Day but in Different
Locations

Repo Agreement

Required Financial Statements

Repo Agreement

Required Interest Rate

Representativeness

Resale

99a

Prevents shareholders from

attending all the meetings and
therefore exercising their full
voting rights

The absolute yield spread as a

percentage of the benchmark
bond's yield;
= Absolute Yield Spread/Yield on
Benchmark Bond

+Balance sheet
+Income statement
+Cash flow statement
+Owner's equity
+Footnotes

A borrower sells a high quality

asset and has both the right and
obligation to buy it back at a
higher price in the futures

= (risk free rate) + (default risk

premium) + (liquidity premium) +
(maturity risk premium)

An arrangement by which an
institution sells a security with a
commitment to buy it back at a
later date for a higher price

Sell the swap to another party

with the permission of the
counterparty

When investors assume good

companies are good investments

99b

Research Cost Treatment

Responsibilities of Supervisors

Responsibilities as CFA
Member/Candidate

Restrictions of Board's Business

Dealings

Responsibilities of regulatory
authorities

Retail Inventory Method

Responsibilities of standardsetting bodies

Return on Assets =

100a

Speaking to the employee to

determine the extent of the
violations and receiving
assurances that it will not be
repeated is not enough.

Typically expensed

*The firm, it's subsidiaries, or former

employees
*Individuals or groups with a controlling
interest
*Executive management or their families
*Firm's advisors, auditors and families
*An entity with a cross directorship with
the firm

+Uphold reputation of CFA

+Don't misrepresent CFA

Measures inventory at retail price

and subtracts a predetermined
profit from each unit

Government agencies with legal

authority to enforce compliance
with financial reporting standards

Net Income/Total Assets OR

[Net Income + Interest Expense
(1-t)]/Total Assets

Professional organizations to
establish financial reporting
standards

100b

Return on Capital =

Revaluation of fixed and

intangible assets

Return on Common Equity =

Revenue Bonds

Return on Equity =

Reversal Pattern

Revaluation Model

Ricardian model

101a

GAAP: Not allowed

IFRS: Deferred tax recognized in
equity

EBIT/Average Total Capital

Supported by revenues from a

specific project that is funded by the
proceeds of the issuance;
Only required to pay interest and
back principal if the project generates
a sufficient amount of revenue

(Net Income - Preferred

Dividends)/Average Common
Equity

When a trend approaches a range

of prices but fails to continue
beyond that range

Net Income/Average Total Equity

Uses the factor of differences in

labor productivity due to
differences in technology

An alternative to the cost model and

allows for long lived assets to be reported
at fair value as long as there is an active
market for the asset;
Any revaluation above historical cost is
not reported on the income statement but
is an increase in the revaluation surplus
in owner's equity
101b

Rights Offering

Risks of Hedge Funds

Risk Budgeting

Risks of Insurance Companies

Risks of Bonds

Role of Nominations Committee

Risks of ETFs

Roles of central banks

102a

+Illiquid
+Hard to value underlying assets
+Counterparty credit risk
+Short squeezes
+Margin calls

Existing shareholders are given

the right to buy new shares at a
discount to the current market
price;
Dilutes ownership unless option is
exercised;
Sometimes the option can be sold

~Moral hazard when policy holders take

more risk because they are insured
~Adverse selection that people who buy
insurance are the ones who are most
risky
~Fraud when the insured purely causes
damage to collect a claim

Sets an overall risk limit for a

portfolio and allocates the risk to
different asset classes

Regularly reviewing performance,

independence, skills, and
experience of existing board
members

+Sole supplier of money

+Banker to the government and other
banks
+Regulator and supervisor of payments
system
+Lender of last resort
+Holder of gold and foreign exchange
reserves
+Conductor of monetary policy

+Interest rate risk

+Yield curve risk
+Call risk
+Reinvestment risk
+Credit risk
+Liquidity risk
+Exchange rate risk
+Inflation risk
+Volatility risk
+Event risk
+Sovereign risk

+Exposed to market risk

+Only invest in only a portion of the market,
opening up investor to asset class and sector risk
+If market isn't liquid enough, won't stick to NAV
+If doesn't replicate index exactly, there is
tracking error risk
+Can be levered and opened to credit risk by using
derivatives
+Can be exposed to country or currency risk
102b

Round Trip Transaction

Sanctioned candidate can:

Roy's Safety First Criterion

Sanctions are:

Sales-Type Lease

Scenario Analysis

Sample Skew

Schools of economic thought

103a

+Reject sanction and refer it to a

panel of CFA members
+Accept sanction

When goods are sold to one party

with the simultaneous purchase of
identical goods from the same
party

+Condemnation by peers
+Suspension of CFA membership

The optimal portfolio minimizes the

probability that the return of the portfolio
falls below A minimum acceptable level;
= (Historical Return - Return
Threshold)/(Volatility)
Shortfall risk is the probability of being to
the left of the minimum return

Measuring interest rate risk by

plugging in different rates to the
valuation model and looking at the
outputs

When the present value of the lease payments exceeds

carrying value of the asset;
Treated as if the lessor sold the asset to the buyer and also
provided them a loan for the same amount;
Typical of dealers or manufacturers;
Lessor recognizes a sale equal to the present sale of the
lease payments, cost of goo sold equal to the carrying
value, and a lease receivables account is created equal to
the present value of the lease payments;
Interest portion of each payment is the lease receivable
balance at the beginning of the period times the lease
interest rate

-Neoclassical
-Keynesian
-New Keynesian
-Austrian
-New Classical

(1/sample size) * [(Sum of Each

Sample Deviation Cubed)/(Sample
Deviation Cubed)]; Skewness
greater than 0.5 is significant

103b

Sealed bid auction

Sections of GIPS:

SEC Forms

Sector Strategy

Second sealed bid auction (Vickrey

auction)

Secured Debt Collateral

Second Stage Financing

Securitizers

104a

-Fundamentals of Compliance
-Input Data
-Calculation Methodology
-Composite Construction
-Disclosures
-Presentation and Reporting
-Real Estate
-Private Equity
-Wrap Fee/SMA Portfolios

Each bidder submits one bid, which is unknown to

the other bidders and the bidder with the highest
bid wins the item and pays the price;
The reservation price is the highest price that a
bidder is willing to pay;
The optimal bid for the bidder with the highest
reservation price is just slightly above the bidder
with the second highest reservation price;
Bids are not necessarily equal to reservation price

Have its investments concentrate

in a specific industry

+S-1
+10-K
+10-Q
+DEF-14A
+8-K
+144
+Forms 3, 4, 5

*Personal property
*Real property
*Financial assets

The bidder with the highest bid wins the item but
pays the price bid by the second highest bidder;
No reason for a bidder not to bid his reserve price;
Similar to a an ascending price auction, the
winning bidder tends to pay one increment of price
more than the bidder who values the time the
second most

Pool large amounts of securities or other

assets and sell interests in the pool to
other investors;
The returns from the pool, net of fees, are
passed through to investors;
Cash flows are segregated by risk into
traunches

Investing in a company producing

and selling a product that isn't
generating income yet

104b

Security (Prime) Brokers

Selecting an External Auditor

Security Market Index

Selection Methods

Security Market Line

Self Selection Bias

Seed Stage

Semi-Strong Form Market

Efficiency

105a

Responsibility of the Board's audit

committee

Provide loans to investors who

purchase securities on margin

-NPV
-IRR
-Payback Period
-Discounted Payback Period
Profitability Index

Used to represent the performance

of a certain asset;
Constituent securities are those
that make up an index;
Have a numerical value calculated
from constituent securities

When the only information

available for reporting is from
managers who had good enough
performance to want to report it

Plot of the relationship between an

asset's risk and return;
= Risk Free Rate + (Beta *Excess
Return);
Shows CAPM

Securities rapidly adjust without

bias and reflect all current publicly
available data;
Best for passive investing;
Suggested if fundamental analysis
allows for profits

Providing capital in the earliest

stage of business;
Helps fund research and
development

105b

Sentiment Indicators

Share Repurchase

Separately Managed Account

Shareholders' Equity

Shakeout Stage

Shelf Registration

Shapes of Yield Curve

Shifts in aggregate demand curve

106a

A company buys back shares of its own common stock;

Increases earnings per share;
EPS RISES IF EARNINGS YIELD > COST OF BORROWED
FUNDS;
EPS FALLS IF EARNINGS YIELD < COST OF BORROWED
FUNDS;
Purchasing with company funds reduces interest income and
earnings;
Purchasing with borrowed funds incurs interest costs;
BOOK VALUE PER SHARE WILL INCREASE/DECREASE IF THE
PURCHASE PRICE IS LESS THAN/GREATER THAN THE BOOK
VALUE PER SHARE;
Alternative to a cash dividend

Discern the potential views of

buyers and sellers

+Owner's Equity
+Contributed Capital
+Par Value is the stated legal value, has no
relationship to fair value, and is reported
separately in the statement
+Shares
+Preferred Stock
+Non-Controlling Interest
+Retained Earnings
+Treasury Stock
+Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Owned by a single investor and

managed to meet their needs

When a firm makes its public

disclosures as a regular offering
but it then the issues the
registered securities as it needs
capital or the markets are
favorable

When growth and profitability are slowing

due to strong competition;
Growth has slowed;
Intense competition;
Increasing industry overcapacity;
Decreased profitability;
Increased cost cutting;
Increased failures

Change in price level/inflation

Consumer income and wealth increases
Higher expectations for economy in the
future
Expansionary monetary and fiscal policy
Favorable exchange rate movement

+Normal (upward sloping)

+Inverted (downward sloping)
+Flat
+Humped

106b

Shifts in long run aggregate supply

Short-Term Fixed Income

Shifts in short term aggregate

supply

Short-Term Treasury Forwards

Short Interest Ratio

Simple Capital Structure

Short Position

Simple Random Sampling

107a

Securities that have maturities

less than 2 years;
Usually called paper or notes

Increase in supply and quality of

labor
Increase in supply of natural
resources
Increase in stock of physical
capital
Technology

Must settle before maturity date;

Price is typically the yield to maturity as
of the settlement date;
Default provisions must be worked in if
there is a chance of default by issuer;
Option provisions must be made if bond
has embedded options

Shifts to long run aggregate supply

Labor productivity
Input prices
Expectations of future output
prices
Taxes and government subsidies
Exchange rates

Only contains common stock and

nonconvertible stock

The short interest divided by the average

daily trading volume;
Can indicate a bearish sentiment but also
an upcoming spike from shorts closing
positions;
Sentiment indicator

Completely random, systemic

sampling is picking every nth
member of a population;
Sampling error is the difference
between the sample statistic and
the population's statistic

Result from borrowing an asset and selling it, with

the obligation to replace the asset at a later date;
Must borrow the securities through a broker,
return the securities at the request of the lender
when the short sale is closed out, and keep a
portion of the proceeds on deposit with the broker;
Borrower must pay lender all dividends or interest
the lender would have received;
*Collateral earns interest, some of which is
returned to the borrower at a short rebate rate
107b

Single Price, Regular Auction

Cycle

Smoothed Pricing

Single-Step Format

Software Development Treatment

Sinking Fund

Sources of Bond Return

Situations Where Estimating Cash

Flows is Difficult

Sources of Commodity Returns

108a

Occurs because there is not daily

pricing of hedge fund assets

Debt is auctioned periodically

according to a cycle and the
highest price (lowest yield) at
which the entire issue to be
auctioned can be sold and is
awarded to all bidders

Expensed until known to be

feasible, then they are capitalized
by both GAAP and IFRS

All expenses are grouped together

+Coupon payments
+Recovery of principal at maturity
+Reinvestment income

Provisions provide the repayment of principal

through a series of payments over the life of the
issuance;
In a cash payment, the issuer can deposit the
required cash amount annually to a trustee, who
will randomly call a portion of the issuance back;
In a delivery of securities, the issuer purchases
bonds with a total par value equal to the amount
that is to be retired in that year in the market and
deliver them to the trustee who will retire them;

+Collateral yield
+The price return
+Roll yield

+Principal repayment stream is

not known with certainty
+Coupon payments are not known
with certainty
+Bond is convertible
108b

Sovereign Risk

Special Redemption Prices

Spearman Rank Correlation Test

Specific Identification

Special Dividend

Speculative demand

Special Purpose Vehicle

Spot Market

109a

Redemption prices from a sinking

fund or government mandated
sale

Credit risk of a sovereign bond

outside of the investor's home
market

*GAAP and IFRS

*Each unit sold is matched with
the unit's actual cost
*Most appropriate when items are
not interchangeable and when
firms have a small number of
costly and distinguishable items

Order all of the data and examine

its correlation to see if there is any
relationship at the extremes ;
Used when data isn't normal

Money available to take advantage

of investment opportunities that
arise in the future;
Rises as economic future becomes
uncertain

Used when favorable

circumstances allow a firm to
make a one-time cash payment to
shareholders,in addition to any
other dividends it pays

Market with immediate delivery

A legal entity to which the assets used as

collateral in an ABS issue are sold. This
transaction separates the assets backing
the ABS from the other assets of the
company that creates the SPV.

109b

Stable Value Fund

Standard Error

Stages of Industry

Start-Up Financing

Stages of Venture Capital

Statutory incidence

Standard Costing Inventory

Statutory Voting

110a

Dividing the sample variance by

the square root of the number of
observations since the populations
standard deviation is rarely known

Invests in short term government

securities or other investments
that can provide timely principal
payments and a set interest rate

Funding used for completion of

product development and fund
initial marketing efforts

+Embryonic
+Growth
+Shakeout
+Mature
+Declining

Who is legally responsible for

paying a tax

Each share gets one vote in the

election of each board nominee

*Seed stage
*Start-up financing i
*First stage financing
*Formative stage
*Later stage financing
*Second stage investing
*Third stage investing
*Mezzanine financing

Assigns predetermined amounts of

materials, labor, etc to each unit
produced

110b

Step-Up Note

Steps of a Multistage Dividend

Growth Model

Step-Up Notes

Steps of Arbitrage Free Valuation

Steps for Forming Peer Group

Steps of Bootstrapping

Steps in a Fixed-For-Fixed
Currency Swap

Steps of Financial Statement

Analysis Framework

111a

*Determine required return

*Project initial size and duration of high initial
dividend growth
*Estimate dividends during high growth period
*Estimate sustainable growth at the end of period
*Estimate first dividend that will grow at a
constant rate
*Use sustainable growth to calculate stock value
*Add all present values

Structured note with coupon rates

that raise on a set schedule

*Value the security using spot

values
*Compare the value to the market
price

Coupon rates increase over time at

a specified rate

*Begin with 6-month spot rate

*Set value of the 1-year bond equal to present
value of the cash flows with the 1-year spot rate
divided by two as the only unknown
*Solve for 1-year spot rate
*Use 6-month and 1-year spot rates and equate the
present value of the cash flows of the 1.5-year bond
to its price, with 1.5-year bond as the only
unknown
*Solve for 1.5-year bond

*Determine which companies are in the same

industry
*Examine firms' annual reports to find competitors
*Examine competitors' annual reports to find more
competitors
*Use trade publications to find new competitors
*Confirm comparable firms have comparable
characteristics
*Adjust financial statements of non-financial
companies for any financing subsidiary data they
include

+State the objective and context

+Gather data
+Process data
+Analyze and interpret data
+Report conclusions and
recommendations
+Update analysis

*Notional principal is swapped at

initiation (Party A gets Currency B and
Party B gets Currency A)
*Full interest payments are exchanged at
each settlement date, each in a different
currency
*Notional payment is returned at the
final settlement date
111b

Steps of Valuing a Bond

Stock Split

Stochastic Oscillators

Straight Line Depreciation

Stock Dividend

Strategic Asset Allocation

Stock Index Futures

Stratified Random Sampling

112a

When each existing share is

divided into multiple shares;
No change in owners wealth;
Share price drops accordingly;
Historically, stocks rise after a
split because it is seen as a positive
sign

+Estimate cash flows

+Determine appropriate discount
rate
+Calculate the present value of the
estimated cash flow

When an asset's value is decreased

by the same amount each year

Calculated using the highest and lowest

closing prices over a set time period;
%K line is the difference between the
latest price and recent low divided by the
difference between the recent high and
low;
%D is a three period average of %K line;
The crossing of the %D line above the %K
line is a buy signal, the opposite a sell

Specifies the percentage of assets

go to each asset class

Dividends paid as newly issued

stock

When a population is divided up

into smaller groups based on
distinguishing characteristics;
Proportions of groups in sample
same as in population

S&P 500 Index is most popular;

Settlement is in cash and based on
a multiplier of 250

112b

Strong Form Market Efficiency

Subjective Probability

Structural unemployment

Substitution effect

Structured Note

Sum of value added method GDP

Style

Sustainable Growth

113a

Comes from a personal judgement

Security prices fully reflect all

information from both public and
private sources

Always acts to increase the

consumption of a good that has
fallen in price

Long-run changes in the economy

that eliminate some jobs while
generating others for which
unemployed workers are not
qualified

Summing the additions to value

created at each stage of production
and distribution

Debt security combined with a

derivative

= Retention Rate * ROE

Describes the basic characteristics

of the underlying assets

113b

Swap

Synthetic Lease

Swap and Forward Commonalities

T-Distribution

Swap Contract

T-Test

Swapation

Tactical Asset Allocation

114a

When the lease is treated like

ownership for tax reporting to
allow for the deduction of
depreciation and interest expenses
but the lease does not appear on
the balance sheet

A series of forward contracts

where one party agrees to pay the
short-term (floating) rate of
interest on some principal
amount, and the counterparty
agrees to pay a certain (fixed) rate
of interest in return

A bell shaped distribution

symmetrical about its median
used to make confidence intervals
with small samples (<30) and
unknown population variance;
Degrees of freedom = # of
Observations - 1

*Require no payment at initiation

*Custom instruments
*Not traded in a secondary market
*Mostly unregulated
*Default risk matters
*Large institutions are the main
players

Used to compare two means when

population is known to be
normally distributed

When two parties make payments

equivalent to one asset being
traded for another one

When a manager varies from the

strategic allocation weights when
attractive opportunities are
present

Buy an option to enter an

offsetting swap and exercising it
would cancel the original swap

114b

Takeover Defenses

Tariff

Tap System

Tax Backed (General Obligation)

Bonds

Target independence

Tax Burden

Target zone

Tax Rate Decrease Causes...

115a

Increases the domestic price;

Decreases the quantity imported and
increases the domestic quantity supplied;
The government gains by the amount of
the tariff revenues

+Golden parachute
+A poison pill
+Greenmail

Backed by the full faith, credit and

taxing power of the issuer

When issuance and auction of

bonds identical to the previously
issued bonds

Falls on the party with less elastic

curve

When the central bank defines

how inflation is computed, sets the
target inflation, and determines
the time horizon for achieving the
target

The decrease in the DTL would

result in lower income tax expense
and the decrease in DTA would
result in higher income tax
expense

A set range a currency is allowed

to fluctuate relative to another
currency;
Larger movement range than a
fixed peg
115b

Tax Rate Increase Causes...

Temporary Difference

Tax rate used to measure deferred

taxes

Tenor

Taxable Temporary Difference

Term Repo

Taxes Payable

Test's Significance

116a

Difference between the tax base

and the carrying value of an asset
or liability that will result in either
taxable amounts or deductible
amounts in the future

The increase in DTL is added to

taxes payable and the increase in
DTA is subtracted from taxes
payable

Length of the swap

GAAP: Enacted tax rate only

IFRS: Enacted or substantially
enacted tax rate

Repo lasting longer than a day

Result in expected future taxable

income

The probability that a true null

hypothesis will be rejected by
chance

The tax liability on the balance

sheet caused by taxable income

116b

Things to Consider when

Comparing Market and Modeled
Valuations

Total Asset Turnover

Third Stage Financing

Total Leverage

Time Weighted Return

Total Probability

TIPS

Total Return

117a

Measures the firms effectiveness

at creating revenue from assets;
TAT = Revenue/Average Total
Assets

*The bigger the difference between modeled and

market valuation, the mover likely it is an investor
buys stock
*The more confident an investor is in the
assumptions in his model, the more likely the
investor is to buy stock
*Market values should be seen as rational
indicators of intrinsic value
*Investor must believe market price will eventually
move towards his estimated intrinsic value

= Degree of Operating Leverage *

Degree of Financial Leverage

Investing is when a company is

going through a major expansion

P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B) if

independent events

Same as annualized return

When an index includes both price

changes and income from
constituent securities

Inflation protected 5 and 10 year notes and 20 year

bonds;
Make semi-annual coupon payments at a rate
fixed at issuance;
Par value starts at $1,000 and is adjusted semiannually for changes to the CPI;
COUPON IS PAID ON ADJUSTED PAR VALUE;
Bond holder gets the greater of $1,000 or the final
adjusted par value at maturity;
The par value increase is taxed as income in that
year
117b

Total Risk =

Traditional Investment Market

Trade blocs

Transaction demand

Trading Securities

Traveling for Business/to a Client

Traditional Finance

Treasury Bill Future

118a

Market for debt and equity,

alternative markets, alternatives
markets are for everything else

Systematic Risk + Unsystematic

Risk

Money held to meet the need for

undertaking transactions;
Increases with GDP

+Free trade areas

+Customs unions
+Common market
+Economic union
+Monetary union

It is not required the each person

pays for their own room

Listed at fair value, with

unrealized gains and losses are
recognized in the income
statement

Based on $1 million face value and 90

day maturity;
Quote is 100 minus the annualized
discount rate in percent of the bill;
Heavily influenced by monetary policy;
Eurodollar futures are more popular
now;
1 tick move is equal to $25

Markets are rational even if

individuals aren't

118b

Treasury Bills

Treasury Strips

Treasury Bond Future

Treatment of Float Costs

Treasury Notes and Bonds

Treynor Measure =

Treasury Stock Method

Triangles

119a

Treasury securities that are sold in bulk to large

dealers, who then strip out the coupons from
principal, repackage the cash flows, and sell them
separately as zero-coupon bonds;
Coupon strips are strips created from coupon
payments stripped from the original security;
Principal strips refer to principal payments with
the coupons stripped off;
Taxed on their implicit interest rate

Maturities of less than a year and do not make

explicit interest payments;
Sold at a discount to par and pay out par value at
maturity;
The implied interest rate is called the implicit
interest rate;
Either 28 day (4 week), 91 day (3 month) or 182
day (6 month) maturities;
Sometimes offer cash management bills with very
short maturities

Treat as a cash outflow at project

initiation rather than as a
component of the cost of equity

Traded on bonds with maturities greater than 15

years;
Deliverable contract;
Can choose a number of bonds to deliver, will
choose the cheapest;
Face value of $100,000;
Quotation in 1/32nds of percent of face value;
Conversion factor is used to adjust the long's
payment at delivery so more valuable bonds
receive a higher payment

(Portfolio Return - Risk Free

Rate)/Portfolio Beta;
Most appropriate when a fund has
multiple managers and only has
systematic risk

Bonds pay semi-annual coupons at a rate

fixed at issuance;
Notes have maturities of 2, 3, 5, and 10
years;
Until 1984, were callable every 5 years;
Bonds have maturities of 20 or 30 years

When prices reach lower highs and higher lows;

Trendlines converge when projected forward;
Imply buying and selling pressures have
temporarily become equal but will not impede the
trend;
A price target can be set by the difference between
the two trendlines at the beginning of the pattern

Equates the net increase in the number of shares

outstanding to the number of shares created by
exercising the option minus the number of shares
repurchased with the proceeds of the exercise;
Assumes the funds received by the company from
the exercise of the options would be used to
purchase shares of the company's common stock at
the average market price

119b

Trough

Type II Error

Two Assets' Correlation Coefficient

Types of Bonds

Two Fund Separation Theorem

Types of Currency Swaps

Type I Error

Types of Dividends

120a

Not rejecting a false null

Real GDP stops decreasing and

begins increasing
Inventory to sales ratio decreases

+Zero-Coupon Bonds
+Step-Up Bonds
+Deferred-Coupon Bonds
+Floating-Rate Bonds

Dividing the covariance between

returns of two assets by the
individual standard deviations of
returns of the two assets

*Party A pays a fixed rate on Currency A received,

Party B pays a fixed rate on Currency B
* Party A pays a floating rate on Currency A
received, Party B pays a fixed rate on Currency B
* Party A pays a fixed rate on Currency A received,
Party B pays a floating rate on Currency B
* Party A pays a floating rate on Currency A
received, Party B pays a floating rate on Currency
B

-Regular dividends
-Special dividends
-Liquidating dividends
-Stock dividends
-Stock splits
-Reverse stock splits

All investors' optimum portfolios

will be made up of some
combination of an optimal
portfolio of risky assets and a risk
free asset

Rejecting the null when it is true;

Significance level is probability of
Type I error

120b

Types of Equity Indices

Types of trade restrictions

Types of Event Risk

Types of Treasury Securities

Types of Execution Orders

Types of unemployment

Types of Investors

Types of Validity Instructions

121a

-Tariffs
-Quotas
-Export subsidies
-Minimum domestic content
-Voluntary export restraint

+Broad market index

+Multi-market index
+Multi-market index with
fundamental weighting
+Sector index
+Style index

+Treasury Bills
+Treasury Notes and Bonds
+TIPS

+Disasters
+Corporate Restructuring
+Regulatory Issues

+Frictional
+Structural
*Different
+Cyclical

+Market order
+Limit order
+All or nothing order
+Hidden order

*Day orders
*Good-till-cancelled orders
*Immediate-or-cancelled, or fillor-kill, orders
*Good-on-close orders
*Stop-loss orders

+Individual investors
+Institutions
+An endowment fund
+A bank
+Insurance companies
+Investment companies
+Sovereign wealth funds
121b

Uncommitted Line of Credit

Undistributed profit from a

subsidiary

Underwritten Issues

Undistributed profit from an

associate firm

Underwritten Offering

Uniform Pricing Rules

Undistributed profit from a joint

venture

Unit of Production Depreciation

122a

GAAP: No deferred taxes for foreign

subsidiaries that meet the indefinite
reversal criterion or domestic
subsidiaries if amounts are tax free
IFRS: Recognized unless the parent is
able to control the distribution of profit
and it is probable that the difference will
not reverse in the future

An offer of credit for a certain

amount a bank extends but may
refuse to lend if conditions change

GAAP: Deferred taxes are recognized

from temporary differences
IFRS: Recognized unless the parent is
able to control the distribution of profit
and it is probable that the difference will
not reverse in the future

When a banker purchases the entire issue

and resells it;
Arrangement is called a firm
commitment;
Deal is called a bought deal;
Typically a syndicate of other banks is
put together to help sell issue;
Goal is to presell as much of the debt as
possible

When all trades trade at the same

price, which results from where
the highest volume is

When the investment bank agrees

to entire issue at a negotiated
price;
Bank is stuck with position if
undersubscribed

Depreciates the assets based on

the actual usage of the asset

GAAP: No deferred tax for a foreign joint

venture that meets the indefinite reversal
criterion
IFRS: Recognized unless the parent is
able to control the distribution of profit
and it is probable that the difference will
not reverse in the future
122b

Unlimited Tax General Obligation

Bonds

Unsecured Debt Credit

Enhancements

Unqualified auditor's opinion

Unstable equilibrium

Unrealized Gains/Losses on Held

For Trading Securities

Use of Accounts Receivable Aging

Schedule

Unrealized Gains/Losses on
Securities Available For Sales

Use of Activity Ratios

123a

*Third-party guarantees
*Letters of credit that a bank will
advance the issuer for the service
of its debt
*Bond insurance

Backed by unlimited taxing power

of the issuer;
General obligation

When a supply curve intersects a

demand curve more than once, the
unstable equilibrium is an
equilibrium where supply can
increase towards another equilibrium
that results in a lower price;
Caused by a nonlinear supply
function

Indicates the auditor believes the

statements are fine

To identify trends in how well the

firm is doing at collecting
receivables and converting them
to cash

Included in net income

Give indications of how well a firm

utilizes various assets

Included in comprehensive income

123b

Use of Liquidity Ratios

Uses of Ratio Analysis

Use of Profitability Ratios

Value of final output GDP

Use of Solvency Ratios

Value Weighted Indices Adjust for

Stock Splits?

Uses of Market Indices

Variation Margin

124a

*Project future earnings and cash flow

*Evaluate a firms flexibility
*Assess managements performance
*Evaluate changes in the firm and
industry over time
*Compare firms within an industry

The ability to pay short-term

obligations as they come due

Summing the value of all final

goods and services produced

Give information about how well a

company generates operating
profits and net profits from its
sales

No, market cap does not change

Ability to pay back long-term

obligations

The funds that must be deposited

into an account to bring it back up
to the initial margin amount

+Reflection of market sentiment

+Benchmark of manager
performance
+Measure of market risk and return
+Measure of beta risk adjusted
returns
+Model portfolio for index funds
124b

Venture Capital

Volatility Risk

Venture Capital Fund

Voluntary export restraint

Venture Capital Investment

Characteristics

Warrants

Volatility Index (VIX)

Ways for Company to Buy Back

Stock

125a

Chance of increased interest rate

volatility causing prepayments

Capital provided to firms early in their

life cycles to fund development and
growth;
Can be seed, early stage, or mezzanine
funding;
Very illiquid;
Require 3-10 year commitment;
Profit comes from the firm's IPO

Agreement by the government to

limit the quantity of a good that
can be exported;
The loss to the domestic economy
is equal to that of an equivalent
quota with no charge for quota
rents

Invests in companies in the startup phase with the intent that they
grow into profitable companies
and the investment is sold at an
IPO

Give the holder the right to buy a

firm's equity at a fixed price prior
to the warrant's expiration;
Similar to options

*Illiquidity
*Long-term investment horizon
*Difficult to value
*Limited information
*Good entrepreneurs don't always make good
managers
*Market conditions play a big role in venture capital
returns
*Require extensive operations analysis
*Most implant factors are expected payoff at exit,
timing of exit, and probability of failure

+Buy stock in the open market at

prevailing market price
+Negotiate directly with a large
shareholder to buy back it's shares,
usually at a premium to the market price
+Make tender offer to buy a certain
number of shares at a set price

Measures the volatility of options

on the S&P 500 index;
The higher the level, the more
scared the market;
Sentiment indicator
125b

Ways Hedge Funds Use Leverage

Ways to Terminate Swap

Ways to Invest in Foreign

Companies

Ways to Value Real Estate

Ways to Issue Sovereign Debt

Weak Form Market Efficiency

Ways to Terminate a Futures

Contract

Weighted Average Cost of Capital

126a

*Mutual termination
*Offsetting contracts
*Resale
*Swapation

+Replacement cost
+Comparable sales
+Income method
+Discounted after-tax cash flow
model

*Borrow through a margin account

*Borrow externally
*Utilize derivatives that do not
require trading in cash

+Direct Investing
+Depository Receipts
+Global Depository Receipts
+American Depository Receipts
+Global Registered
+ETF of Depository Receipts

Current security prices fully reflect

all currently available security
market data

*Single price, regular auction cycle

*Multiple price, regular auction
cycle
*Ad hoc auction services
*Tap system

The discount rate used in capital

budgeting;
= (Weight of Debt) (After Tax Cost of
Debt) + (Weight of Preferred Stock)
(Cost of Preferred Stock) + (Weight of
Common Equity) * (Cost of Common
Equity)

+Delivery
+Cash settlement
+Make an offsetting trade
+Exchange for physicals

126b

Weighted Average Cost of

Inventory

Who enforces the Code of

Standards?

When Bond at Discount...

Why Capital Budgeting is

Important

When Bond at Par....

Why Firms Support One Set of

Reporting Standards

When Bond at Premium...

Why were GIPS created?

127a

The Board of Governors

*Involves large transactions

*Same principles apply to most
corporate decision making
*Objective way to maximize
shareholder value

Would reduce the cost and the

time spent on reporting

Discourage:
+Showing a top performing
portfolio as representative of a
firms total performance
+Survivorship bias
+Varying time periods

*GAAP and IFRS

*Dividing total cost of goods
available for sale by the total
quantity of goods available for sale

Coupon Rate < Current Yield <

Yield to Maturity

Coupon Rate = Current Yield =

Yield to Maturity

Coupon Rate > Current Yield >

Yield to Maturity

127b

Working Capital

Yield Spreads

Working Capital Turnover =

Yield to Call

Yield Curve Risk

Yield to Maturity

Yield Ratio

Yield to Put

128a

+Absolute yield spread

+Relative yield spread
+Yield ratio

Working Capital = Current Assets

- Current Liabilities

The yield on callable bonds that are

selling at a premium to par;
Can be less than the yield to maturity if
the bond is trading at a premium;
Calculate the same way as yield to
maturity but the call price is used instead
of par and the time period only runs to
the next call

Revenue/Average Working Capital

The IRR of a bond's price and

promised cash flows;
Stated as two times the
semiannual coupon payments
implied by the bond's price

Used if a bond has a put option

and is selling at a discount;
Calculated the same way as yield
to maturity but with the put price
as the price and put date as the
date

Possibility of a change in the

shape of the yield curve

The ratio of the yield on the

subject bond to the yield on the
benchmark bond;
= Subject Bond Yield/Benchmark
Bond Yield;
= 1 + Relative Yield Spread
128b

Yield to Refunding

Zero Volatility Spread

Yield to Worst

Zero-Coupon Bonds

Z-Test

Z-Value of Normal Distribution

129a

The equal amount that must be added to each rate

on the Treasury spot yield curve in order to make
the present value of the risky bond's cash flow
equal to its market price;
Measures spread to Treasury spot rates necessary
to produce a spot rate curve that correctly prices a
risky bond;
For a risky bond, the value obtained from
discounting expected cash flows at Treasury spot
rates will be too high since Treasury spot rates are
lower than they would be for a risky bond

Used when a bond is callable and rates

make sense for it to be called, but the
bond covenants contain provisions giving
protection from refunding until a future
date;
Same calculation as yield to call but date
used is the first date refunding is allowed

Do not pay periodic interest;

Sold at a discount and pay par
value at maturity

The worst yield outcome of any of

the possible call provisions

Used to calculate a mean when

population is known to be
normally distributed

The number of standard

deviations away a random variable
is from the population mean ;
z = (variable - population
mean)\(standard deviation)
129b