Report - Vulnerability Mapping - Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component (VMWC) Project - Mohammad - Ali
Report - Vulnerability Mapping - Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component (VMWC) Project - Mohammad - Ali
Report - Vulnerability Mapping - Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component (VMWC) Project - Mohammad - Ali
Vulnerability Mapping
July 2009
Introducing to
Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component Project
Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the highest disaster prone countries in the world. Every year, the country
experiences frequent natural disasters causing huge loss of lives and properties due to its
geographic location and climatic condition. The horrible disasters like flood, cyclone, tornado, tidal
surge, river erosion, drought, hill slide and earthquake are common phenomenon here. The
social, economic, demographic and environmental problems are exacerbated by these natural
disasters. Disaster directly affects water and sanitation condition. WatSan infrastructures like
tubewell and latrine are mostly damaged in the disaster exposing millions of people to high risk of
health hazards, wasting large efforts and repeated investments. Ultimately it slows down the
development of the country. There are multiple examples of damaged water and sanitation
facilities and post flood prevalence of high rate of diarrheal incidences during the flood in the year
2007.
Disaster friendly water and sanitation concept and technologies intend to provide disaster resilient functional water and sanitation
facilities and allow the people in having continuous access to the facilities during and after disaster. The facilities are developed in a
way to make them friendly in use especially during the disaster. These contribute in limiting the spread of diseases due to
contaminated water and lack of sanitation facilities all the time and during disasters and post-disasters especially. The concept has
been piloted in a small scale through ‘Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component’ project. Concern Universal Bangladesh (CUB)
and Dhaka Ahsania Mission (DAM) jointly undertake this project with a view to test the effectiveness of the concept and to
disseminate learning to other sector stakeholders.
Project Objectives
The specific objectives of the projects are to:
• Promote disaster friendly concept and technology at micro and macro levels.
• Identify set-up and needs of the community through vulnerability mapping.
• Ensure availability of potable water to the targeted population through provision of water sources.
• Improve sanitation for the targeted population through provision of sanitation facilities.
Implementation Strategies
The project is being implemented on pilot basis to assess the effectiveness of disaster
friendly concept and technologies. The project undertakes initiatives to implement few
elements of the concept and to establish a functional mechanism to sustain the process.
The major strategies to be followed in this project are to:
Program Activities
Capacity Development
• Project sharing/ launching at upazilla level
• Upazilla level planning workshop
• Project sharing/ Advocacy workshop with Union Parishad
• Union and Ward Sanitation Taskforce reform
• Training on UP led disaster friendly total sanitation
• Stakeholders’ workshop (GO-NGOs, Teachers & Religious leaders)
• Child and Adolescent Group training
• Ward Sanitation Taskforce training (including Rural Sanitation Engineer)
• Teachers Training on school based activity
• Caretaker Training on Operation and Maintenance
Social Mobilization & Community Awareness
• Vulnerability Mapping
• Community Ignition (Situation analysis, Feces calculation, Disease transmission route, WatSan situation during and after
disaster, Disaster preparedness etc.)
• Awareness raising campaign (Rally, Slogan, Household Visit)
• Cultural Program
Part - II
Vulnerability
Vulnerability describes the potential to be harmed physically and/or psychologically which is often understood as the counterpart of
resilience. In relation to hazards and disasters, vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship that people have with the
environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. In other words, it is the extent to
which a community can be affected by the impact of a hazard1.
The concept of social vulnerability emerged most recently within the discourse on natural hazards and disasters. Most work
conducted so far focuses on empirical observation and conceptual models. It emphasizes on understanding the social conditions that
transform a natural hazard (e.g. flood, cyclone, river erosion etc.) into a social disaster. The concept emphasizes two central
themes2:
1. Both the causes and the phenomenon of disasters are defined by social processes and structures. Thus, it is not only a geo-
or biophysical hazard, but rather the social context that is taken into account to understand ‘natural’ disasters.
2. Although different group of a society may share a similar exposure to a natural hazard, the hazard has varying consequences
for these groups, since they have diverging capacities and abilities to handle the impact of a hazard.
Vulnerability Assessment
Vulnerability assessment is the process through which the vulnerability is identified, quantified and prioritized or ranked in an
organized system. Vulnerability in the perspective of disaster management means assessing the threats from potential hazards to the
1
, 2 Vulnerability, Wikipedia
population and to the infrastructure developed in that particular area. Vulnerability assessment has many things in common with risk
assessment. Risk analysis is principally concerned with investigating the risks surrounding physical plant or other object, its design
and operation. Such analyses tend to focus on causes and the direct consequences for the studied objects.
Vulnerability analysis, on the other hand, focuses both on consequences for the object itself and on primary and secondary
consequences for the surrounding environment. It also concerns itself with the possibilities of reducing such consequences and of
improving the capacity to manage future incidents. In general, vulnerability analysis serves to categorize key assets and to drive the
risk management process.
Vulnerability assessment in ‘Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component’ project was performed according to the following steps:
1. Classify the assets such as safe water option, safe sanitation facility, institutions and public places used as shelter during
disaster and the capabilities (resources through wealth ranking) in a system.
2. Identify the vulnerabilities or potential threats to resource such as condition of safe water and sanitation option during
normal period and safe water and sanitation facilities under risk of disaster.
3. Assess the vulnerability and present in order (ranking).
• Make the overall community aware of vulnerable group as well as vulnerable areas in terms
of water, sanitation and disaster.
• Identify vulnerable pockets in the working area by the community itself in a participatory
approach.
• Ensure distribution of the project facilities to appropriate vulnerable group/ community.
• Disseminate vulnerability information to the sector actors at micro and macro level.
Vulnerability Mapping was developed at different level such as para, ward, union and − Water Options (Functional Tubewell-with
upazilla. At the very outset, the vulnerability mapping was developed at para level platform and without platform, Non-functional
identifying the pockets within the para. Then, based on para map and information, the Tubewell)
− Sanitation Facilities
maps at ward, union and upazilla level were finalized. The detail of the steps is as follows. − Tubewell under risk of disaster (Functional-with
platform and without platform, Non-functional
)
• Vulnerability Mapping at Para level − Hygienic Latrine under risk of disaster
− Wealth Ranking (Rich, Middle Class, Poor,
With the view to identify the vulnerable area/ pocket in the respective para, according to Hardcore Poor)
existing situation analysis, a mass gathering within the area was organized at the very − Water bodies (River, Canal and Pond etc.)
beginning. The community from all walks of life joined the gathering. Transect walk, − Institutions (School, Mosque, College,
Madrasa)
Water source mapping, Experience sharing and discussion were the methods in − Growth Centre
developing the water resource map. The activities initiate through Transect walk. After − Cyclone/ Flood centre
completing the transect walk, the community developed the area map and identified the
household, infrastructure, water points, latrines etc. Accordingly, analyzing the important indicators of wealth ranking, the
households were classified into Rich, Middle Class, Poor and Hardcore Poor. Then, the households were marked with the status of
wealth ranking. Afterward, the issue of disaster was introduced to the community in detail. The community has shared the
experience about disasters in the area. They highlighted the vulnerable situation within the area, WatSan situation during and after
disaster and affected zones of the area in detail. Accordingly, the areas of the para which were mostly affected by disaster were
identified. Afterward, they made the consensus on the group/ households who are capable to fight
against disaster and its damage utilizing their own resources. The community, then assessed the
vulnerability and categorized the total area into different groups as most vulnerable, moderately
vulnerable and less vulnerable based on WatSan situation, affect of disaster and capability of
household. And, later, they marked the areas in map with different color to reflect vulnerability.
The map was developed through demarcation of the para areas. Then the compiled information of
vulnerability mapping at para level was included in the respective para area and was analyzed in
detail by the representatives of WSTF. As the members of WSTF come from the respective paras
within the ward, they easily could share information and also could review the information accordingly. The WSTF then analyzed
information of the paras and compared with one another. Based on the comparative analysis of the information and risk of disaster,
WSTF analyzed situation of all respective para and finalized the ranking accordingly. The basic indicators such as hygienic latrine,
safe water option, WatSan situation during normal period as well as during disaster and wealth ranking were analyzed in detail for
vulnerability analysis.
In Doulatkhan upazilla, there are nine unions named by Charkholifa, North Joynagar,
Charpata, South Joynagar, Meduya, Bhobanipur, Sayedpur, Madanpur and Hazipur.
There are 28,694 households in total in the upazilla, out of which, 5,631 and 10,065 are
hardcore poor and poor respectively. In the upazilla, the unions Bhobanipur, Sayedpur,
Modonpur and Hazipur are identified as the most vulnerable unions. North Joynagar,
South Joynagar and Meduya are marked as less vulnerable and two unions Chakholifa
and Charpata are moderately vulnerable. In the four most vulnerable unions, the
percentage of hardcore poor and poor in total is 87.2%, 62.8%, 94.8% and 95.3% respectively. The latrine coverage is 17.86%,
46.92%, 13.27% and 10% respectively. There are only 4 safe water options in Modonpur union for 633 households. On the other
hand, only 6 safe water options exist in Hazipur for 400 households. In both the unions, no water option remains safe during
disaster. So, during disaster, the vulnerable community becomes more vulnerable due to lack of the facility of safe water and
sanitation. Moreover, due to tidal flow, most of the areas in both unions get under water two times per day. And, that’s why;
installation of hygienic latrine and safe water option here is quite challenging. In Sayedpur union, on an average, 51 families have a
one safe water option. In Bhobanipur, there are 41 safe water options for 1125 households, whereas only 18 remain safe during
disaster. No way, the community can overcome the situation as the poor and hardcore poor are 87% of the total in the union.
Accordingly, the latrine coverage of both the union also is not satisfactory. In Bhobanipur, the latrine coverage is only 17.86%
according to the baseline survey conducted on June 2008. On the other hand, Charkholifa and Charpata unions are moderate in
terms of vulnerability. The situation is a bit better than that of the most vulnerable unions. The rate of poor and hardcore poor is
66.5% and 79.6% in Charkholifa and Charpata union respectively. On an average, 27 HHs and 23 HHs enjoy the facility of one safe
water option. But, the situation of latrine coverage (16.50% and 23.97% respectively) is quite dissatisfactory on the other hand.
In Chilmari upazilla, there are six unions named by Ramna, Thanahat, Noyarhat,
Oshtomir Char, Ranigonj and Chilmari. As per the information of vulnerability mapping,
there are 24,699 households in the upazilla, out of which 7,500 and 10,799 are hardcore
poor and poor respectively. Oshtomir Char is the most vulnerable out of total six unions.
The poor and hardcore poor jointly cover 74% percent of total population. On an
average, around 150 households have only one safe water option (TW with platform).
Only 13 safe water options remain safe during disaster. The latrine coverage is 31%.
Only Noyarhat and Ramna unions are less vulnerable in the upazilla. On the other hand,
Ranigonj, Thanahat and Chilmari are moderately vulnerable in terms of the relevant
indicators.
In Ranigonj, Thanahat and Chilmari union, there are 5,227, 6,516 and 1,557 HHs respectively. The percentage of poor and hardcore
poor people is 76.98%, 75.70% and 81.95% accordingly. 87 and 62 families in Ranigonj and Chilmari union have only a one safe
water option respectively. Dramatically, only 30 and 23 TWs remain safe in both the union during disaster that makes the people
vulnerable severely. On the other hand, in Thanahat union, only 6.88 HHs have a safe water option and 592 TWs remain safe during
disaster. But, the river erosion of the Brohmaoputra has made the union one of the vulnerable. The latrine coverage also in
Ranigonj, Thanahat and Chilmari is 23.72%, 27.08% and 22.87% respectively. Only two unions, Noyarhat and Ramna are
comparatively less vulnerable in the upazilla. However, in Noyarhat, on an average, 90.96 HHs have a safe water option. Whereas,
13 HHs in Ramna union enjoy the facility of one safe water option on an average.
Part - III
5 11 115 424 284 823 3 294 0 297 3 189 0 192 308 515 3
6 9 148 332 130 610 16 164 26 206 8 164 24 196 72 538 3
7 4 63 94 52 209 8 108 7 123 5 76 6 87 19 190 2
8 5 78 187 15 280 6 195 0 201 4 103 0 107 33 247 1
9 4 76 199 38 313 13 157 1 171 1 76 1 78 49 264 1
Ranigonj Total 57 1230 2794 1203 5227 60 1361 57 1478 30 842 48 920 1240 3987
1 3 114 116 19 249 3 44 6 53 0 42 4 46 13 236 1
2 4 113 88 8 209 2 83 5 90 0 34 1 35 22 187 1
3 3 62 65 64 191 3 47 12 62 0 31 8 39 104 87 3
Noyarhat
4 3 41 32 16 89 3 78 2 83 2 66 2 70 0 89 1
5 5 165 256 257 678 2 33 0 35 2 23 0 25 315 363 3
6 4 130 183 70 383 1 88 2 91 0 22 0 22 34 349 3
7 4 116 108 59 283 4 253 5 262 2 89 2 93 89 194 2
8 4 123 88 68 279 4 80 0 84 0 59 0 59 11 268 1
9 4 119 111 47 277 7 65 8 80 0 24 3 27 124 153 2
Noyarhat Total 34 983 1047 608 2638 29 771 40 840 6 390 20 416 712 1926
Ward Based Basic Information
Upazilla: Chilmari, Kurigram
5 6 180 220 128 528 139 306 15 460 36 236 10 282 51 477 2
6 8 104 371 262 737 77 232 13 322 41 199 13 253 223 514 3
7 11 124 327 142 593 76 249 0 325 76 249 0 325 148 445 1
8 10 290 155 289 734 142 510 5 657 35 394 0 429 169 565 3
105
9 12 575 226 257 8 328 601 49 978 87 481 21 589 236 822 2
Thanahat Total 88 1997 2505 2014 6516 946 2705 141 3792 354 2314 86 2754 1765 4751
1 6 191 156 152 499 3 150 12 165 0 77 12 89 132 367 1
107
2 9 251 456 371 8 27 326 26 379 4 143 11 158 263 815 2
3 6 154 182 234 570 80 221 14 315 0 120 2 122 330 240 3
Ramna
1 3 65 82 38 185 0 28 6 34 0 16 3 19 58 127 1
2 2 38 34 11 83 0 57 2 59 0 8 1 9 7 76 1
3 2 96 33 22 151 0 66 3 69 0 26 3 29 0 151 1
4 3 121 36 17 174 1 61 0 62 0 21 0 21 39 135 2
Chilmari
4 5 32 68 20 120 1 54 0 55 1 54 0 55 97 23 3
5 5 26 89 49 164 3 77 0 80 3 40 0 43 11 153 1
6 3 207 239 58 504 0 178 0 178 0 178 0 178 39 465 2
7 5 52 150 45 247 10 110 0 120 2 29 0 31 121 126 3
8 2 57 166 7 230 0 168 0 168 0 132 0 132 95 135 1
9 4 68 254 38 360 0 36 0 36 0 21 0 21 127 233 1
Ostomirchar
Total 39 886 1678 581 3145 21 941 0 962 8 602 0 610 983 2162
Ward Based Basic Information
Upazilla: Doulatkhan, Bhola
Table: 04, Information of Charkholifa and North Joynagar Union
1 4 22 59 31 112 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 14 98 1
2 4 11 103 41 155 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 38 117 1
3 3 8 45 77 130 6 1 0 7 3 0 0 3 36 94 3
4 4 28 96 67 191 2 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 30 161 2
Medua
5 3 1 42 44 87 3 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 37 50 3
6 3 9 34 29 72 5 0 0 5 2 0 0 2 7 65 2
7 3 8 57 21 86 3 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 29 57 3
8 3 4 27 64 95 5 1 0 6 1 1 0 2 53 42 3
9 3 8 39 39 86 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 18 68 1
Medua Total 30 99 502 413 1014 28 6 0 34 10 5 0 15 262 752
1 1 52 2 6 60 2 2 0 4 2 2 0 4 28 32 2
2 1 40 3 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 22 1
3 1 85 4 0 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 1
Bhobanipur
4 1 77 16 43 136 4 0 0 4 2 0 0 2 14 122 2
5 1 102 20 10 132 5 0 0 5 5 0 0 5 48 84 1
6 1 70 14 0 84 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 84 1
7 1 167 37 7 211 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 30 181 2
8 1 100 38 47 185 7 0 0 7 1 0 0 1 54 131 3
9 1 102 52 31 185 16 0 0 16 1 0 0 1 6 179 3
Bhobanipur
Total 9 795 186 144 1125 41 2 0 43 18 2 0 20 201 924
Ward Based Basic Information
Upazilla: Doulatkhan, Bhola
1 2 27 94 23 144 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 52 92 1
2 4 163 94 30 287 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 66 221 1
3 4 124 201 330 655 17 1 1 19 13 1 0 14 135 520 1
Sayedpur Total
4 2 57 13 1 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 1
5 2 28 42 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 48 2
6 2 95 30 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 110 2
7 2 22 40 0 62 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 26 36 2
8 1 57 4 0 61 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 21 40 3
9 1 34 5 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 1
Modonpur
Total 15 498 134 1 633 4 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 84 549
Ward Based Basic Information
Upazilla: Doulatkhan, Bhola
1 1 35 29 5 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 1
2 1 17 8 2 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 1
3 1 27 12 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 1
4 1 20 7 2 29 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 29 2
Hazipur
5 1 10 19 8 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 1
6 1 16 11 1 28 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 28 2
7 1 15 23 0 38 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 38 2
8 1 67 32 1 100 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 40 60 3
9 1 17 16 0 33 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 33 3
Hazipur Total 9 224 157 19 400 6 0 1 7 6 0 0 6 40 360
Vulnerability Mapping
Working areas of the Project ‘Vulnerability Mapping and WatSan Component’
Affected Areas in Bangladesh by Flood 1998 and Flood 2007
Cyclone Tracks History and SIDR 2007 in Bangladesh
Chilmari Upazilla, Kurigram
Wealth and Disaster Map of Chilmari Upazilla
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Ramna Upazilla
Wealth and Disaster Map of Astomirchar Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Astomirchar Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
Wealth and Disaster Map of Chilmari Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Chilmari Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
Wealth and Disaster Map of Nayerhat Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Nayerhat Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
Wealth and Disaster Map of Ramna Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Ramna Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
Wealth and Disaster Map of Ranigonj Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Ranigonj Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
Wealth and Disaster Map of Thanahat Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Thanahat Union
Chilmari, Kurigram
Doulatkhan Upazilla, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Doulatkhan Upazilla
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Doulatkhan Upazilla
Wealth and Disaster Map of Bhobanipur Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Bhobanipur Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Charkhalifa Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Charkhalifa Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Charpata Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Charpata Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Dakshin Joynagar Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Dakshin Joynagar Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Hazipur Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Hazipur Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Madanpur Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Madanpur Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Medua Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Medua Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Sayedpur Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Sayedpur Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola
Wealth and Disaster Map of Uttar Joynagar Union
Doulatkhan, Bhola
WatSan Vulnerability Map of Uttar Joynagar Union
Daulatkhan, Bhola