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PsychologyIIPUC
CHAPTERI
EMOTIONANDMOTIVATION:
TotalPeriodsallotted:14
TotalMarks:2526
Approxno.ofQus.Onthischapter(1Mark2,2marks2,5marks2,&10marks1)
Onemarkquestion:
1) Howisthetermemotionderived?
Key:ThetermemotionderivedfromLatinwordemovere.
2) Whatisthemeaningofthetermemovere.?
Key:Emoveremeans,stirredup,agitate,excite,move,etc.
3) Defineemotion.
Key:Stirredupstateofanorganismisknownasemotion.
4) NameanytwoPleasantemotions.
Key:Sympathy,empathy,Joy,happiness,etc.
5) Nameanytwounpleasantemotions.
Key:Anger,fear,aggression,Phobia,anxiety,etc.
6) Whatisanxiety?
Key:Anxietyisaninternalfearbutthecausesunknown.
7) ExpandG.S.R
Key:GalvanicskinResponse

8) ExpandECG
Key:ElectrocardioGraph
9) ExpandEMG
Key:Electromyograph
10) ExpandEEG
Key:ElectroEncephaloGraph
11) Whatisdrive?

Key:Anactivestateinducestheorganismintoaction.

12) Whatisamotive?
Key:Motiveisanurgefromwithinwhichsetstheorganismintoactionina
definitedirectiontoachieveitsgoal.
13) Nameanytwophysiological(primary)motivesordrives.
Key:Hunger,thirst,sex,sleep,excretion,etc.
14) Nameanytwoexamplesforsocialmotives.
Key:Prestige,recognition,achievement,needforsecurity,etc.
15) Whatishomeostasis?
Key:Maintainingbodilyequilibriumisknownashomeostasis.
16) Howisthirstcaused?
Key:Thirstiscausedduetocellulardehydration.
17) WhatarethehormonesproducedbytheGonads
Key:Androgensandestrogen.
18) Whatarethehormonesconcernedwithmaternaldrives?
Key:Prolactin,progestinandthilene.
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TwoMarks
1) Whatisbodylanguage?
Key:Nonverbalwayofshowingemotionsisknownasbodylanguage.Ex:
touching,smile,gestures,facialexpressions,etc.
2) Whatisphobia?Giveanexample
Key:Phobiaisanirrational,intensive,meaninglessandunbearablefear.E.g.
haemophobia,pyrophobia,hydrophobia,zoophobia,etc.
3) Whatarefacialexpressions?

Various muscles of the face such as muscles of eyes nose, lips & fore head
undergochangesbytwisting&twitching.

4) Whatisneedforachievement?
Key:Itvariesfromindividualtoindividualandculture.Everyindividualtriesto
achievesomethingmorethanotherstoshowthatheissuperiortoothers.
5) Whatisgregariousnessoraffiliationmotive?
Key: Desire to associate oneself with other members of the same group or
species.Itisnotonlyfoundwithmanbutalsowithanimals.
6) Whatisselfactualization?
Key:Theprocessofbecomingthebestpossiblepersonbyachievingonesown
goalsinlife.
5Marks
1) Writedifferentwaystocontrolfear?
Key:Fearcanbecontrolledbydifferentways.Theyare:
Method of tolerance exposing the individual to a fearful situation, distracts
himwithsomethingpleasant.
Exhaustion Expose the individual to the fearful situation until the fear
responseisexhausted.
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Desensitizationreducethesensitivityoftheindividualtothesituation.
Reinterpretationinterpretthefearfulsituationinadifferentway.
ImitationTeachtheindividualtofacethesituationinaparticularwaysothat
he/shewilllearntoovercomethefear.

2) Whatissexdrive?
The physiological basis of the sex drive is the gonads or sex glands. In
males, testes produce the hormone Androgens. In females, ovaries produce
the hormone estrogen. Sexual maturity starts at puberty and stops the
productionofsexhormonesatthetimeofclimactericinmenandmenopause
inwomen.
If the gonads are damaged before puberty, the primary and secondary
sexual characteristics like beard, mustache etc and in case of girls, female
sexual characteristics and sex drive are absent. If damage occurs after
maturityisattained,thenthesexdrivereduces.
Sexdriveisaffectedbycultureandsocialfactorsandalsopsychological
factorslikefearofpregnancyanddiseases,tension,stress,fear,etc.
3) ExplainMaternaldrive?
Maternal drive is instinctive in nature; it is not learnt and is
stereotyped. Prolactin hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
which is important for natural behaviors. In human beings, neither the
maternaldrivenorthematernalbehaviorsisclearlyinstinctiveorinborn.All
women are not equally motivated to perform the functions of motherhood.
Studies proved that hormones progestin, thilene are also responsible for
maternal drive. Studies have proved that women who were not ready to
bear children, after giving birth to a baby they took maximum care and
showeredalotofaffectiononthechild.
4) ExplainAchievementMotivationordrive?
The need for achievement is need to accomplish challenging goals and
achievestandardofexcellence.Itcontributestotheirselfesteem.Thisdrive
wasfirstexplainedbyDavidMcClelland.

Characteristicsofhighachievers:
1. They do better on a task, learn things faster and accomplish more in less
time.
2. Theyworkonmoderatelydifficulttask.
3. They seek out situations where they can get feedback about their
performance,toimprovetheirperformance.
4. Findsatisfactioninaccomplishingataskratherthanrewards.
5. Preoccupiedwithtaskuntilitiscompleted.Attributesuccesstotheirown
effortsandtalentsandnotmuchtoluckorotherfactors.

6. They are good for jobs in research and development than personnel
activities.
Achievement motive varies from individual to individual due to family
background, education, culture, religion, and training methods used in
childhood,etc.
5. Jealousyandenvy:Jealousyispersonoriented.Itisthecombinationsof
the feeling of subjugation and inferiority associated with fear anger and
affectionarisesduetolossoflove&affectionorfearoflossofloveor
lackofproperattentionfromtheparentswhenthereisnewbornbabyin
thefamily.
Envyisobjectorwealthorpositionorientedotherpersonhasbuthe
doesnt have, impulse to earn it or destroy it both are twin negative
emotionsgreeneyedmonstersfeeduponthemselvesstemfrom
loveandshatterlovemakelifemiserableandrestlesssowtheseed
ofhatredness.
Howtoprevent
1. Byhavingmeaningfuldialoguewithchildren
2. Bykeepingthembusy.
3. Orientingthemproperlyaboutthenewborn.
4. Bygivingproperattentionandshowingaffectionandlove.
5. Bynotshowingpartialityorbiasness
6. Providingequalopportunity
7. Byindulgingingroupactivities,etc.

6. Sympathy and empathy Two pleasant emotions play significant role in

promotingcordialandcompassionatesocialliving.
McDougall Sympathy feel with others who are either sad or happy not
experiencing the same feeling as the others. But console them when they are sad,
andhappywhentheyarealsohappy.
EmpathyFeelasiftheindividualfeelsputoneslegsintoothersshoesanhigher
orderemotionThereismuchofidentificationoronenesswithothers.Empathycan
beseenamongclosefriendsandrelatives.
Theypromoteunderstanding,harmony,mutualunderstandingandacceptance.
10Marks
1. Explainhungerasbiologicaldrive?
If man is deprived of food for a certain length of time, he feels an aching or
gnawingexperienceknownashungerpangs.
Hungerandbloodchemistry.
Stomach contraction and hunger pangs are depends on blood chemistry. When
bloodsugarlevelwasreduced,Theorganismexperiencehunger.Inonestudy,when
bloodofastarvingdogwasinjectedintoasatiateddog,satiateddogbeganshowing
stomach contractions and hunger pangs. Similarly when the blood of satiated dog
wasinjectedintoastavringdog,contractionsandpangsstopped.Whenglucoselevel
decreasesinthebloodtheorganismexperienceshunger.
Hungerandhypothalamus

Two areas of hypothalamus mediate hunger drive lateral medial

hypothalamusfeedingcentretellstheorganismtostarteating.Damageto
this part makes the organism to starve to death since it is unable to start
eating.
Thevertromedialhypothalamussatietycentretellsorganismtostop
eatingdamagetothismakestheorganismtoovereat.

Specifichungers:Organismsneedsproteins,fats,carbohydrates,mineraland
vitamins. Deficiency of any of these creates appetite for them. The person
shows craving to eat what is lacking. For E.g., diabetics crave for sugar,
pregnantwomencraveforsaltandsour.
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ExplainMaslowstheoryofhierarchicalneeds.

KeyAbrahamMaslowhassetupfivelevelsofneeds.Thepersonfeelsthe
secondneedonlyafterthedemandsofthefirsthavebeensatisfied,thethirdafter
secondbeensatisfied,andsoon.Themaslowsfiveneedsare.

Selfactualizationneeds

Physiological Needs: biological need, vital for survival strongest need involves
food,water,oxygen.
SafetyNeedWhenallphysiologicalneedsaremet,thisneedarises,Wheresafety
and security becomes active E.g., neighborhood, steady employments, health
insuranceandshelter.
SocialNeedorNeedforaffection,loveandBelongingnessWhenneedsforsafety
andPhysiologicalwellbeingaresatisfied,thenthisneedarisesinvolvesbothgiving
andreceivinglove,affectionfriendshipandrelationshipsandsenseofbelonging.
Need for selfesteem When first three needs are satisfied, this need arises
involvesneedsforbothselfesteemandfortheesteemapersongetsfromotherand
includetheneedforthingsthatreflectonselfesteem,selfrespectandrespectfrom
other.
NeedforselfactualizationWhenallneedsaresatisfied,highestlevelneedforself
fulfillment,theneedtodeveloponesownpotential,talentandcapabilities.
CharacteristicsofSelfActualizedpeople.
Self esteem needs
Love & Belongingness
(Social needs)
Safety needs
Physiological needs
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1. Perceive reality, make accurate judgment accept themselves and others as

theyare,
2. Spontaneous,simpleandnatural.
3. Have deep emotional ties with a few specially loved ones, they are creative
andinventive.
Each motive functions depending on an individuals age, gender, family, etc. The
motivesareguidedbyeitherconsciousorunconsciousmind.
2. Whatarethephysical,physiologicalandpsychologicalchangesoccurduring
emotion?
Key:PhysicalChanges:facialexpressionschanges,twisting&twitchingofforehead
Physiological
a)Muscularadjustmentsuddenmovementofhead,limbs,arms,etc.
b)Gestureandmovementsc)changeinvoice
d) Sweating, dryness of mouth, frequent urination, stammering, erection of body
hair,etc.
e)Visceralfunctions:digestion,excretionsuspends
f)Respiration,circulation:fasterbreathe,riseinBP,etc.
g) Electrical resistance of the skin reduces, this can be measured by
psychogalvonometer
PsychologicalChanges
Thinking memory, learning, concentration, reasoning affected perception
distorted,etc.