Laboratory Investigation
Laboratory Investigation
Laboratory Investigation
Laboratory investigations play a key role in the diagnosis and finding abnormalities in the metabolic
functions. They are of paramount importance in the layout of treatment regimen.
IMPORTANT LAB VAUES ARE TABULATED
HEMATOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE
Total WBC count
Total RBC count
Hemoglobin
Platelet count
ESR
Neutrophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
4 11*103/UL
13 14 g/gL
150 400 / uL
4 12 mm
50 80 %
20 30 %
2 6 %
2 4%
0 1%
Allergy. Tuberculosis,
cold.
Polycythemia,
emphysema.
Porphoria, Thalessemia
Asphyxia, allergy,
hemorrhage, rheumatic
fever, trauma.
Tuberculosis, anemia,
liver disease, tumors.
Infections, poisoning,
vaccines, hemorrhage.
Diphtheria and hepatitis
TB, syphilis, malaria,
glandular fever
Asthma, allergy,
malarial scarlet fever.
Small pox, chicken pox,
polycythemia vera.
Shock, cirrhosis,
pernicious anemia.
Anemia
Anemia
Acute leukemia,
anemia, chicken pox,
small pox, purpura,
typhoid, tuberculosis.
Allergy, polycythemia,
sickle cell anemia.
TB, typhoid, vitamin
deficiencies,
autoimmune diseases.
AIDS, lymphoid
leukemia, immune
suppressants.
Cushings syndrome,
stress, infections
Utricaria, stress
radiation therapy.
SEROLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE
Bilirubin
SGOT
SGPT
Alkaline phosphate
GGT
CPK
LDH
Total proteins
Albumin
Globulin
Glucose fasting
Glucose random
0.3 1mg/dL
Up to 37 U/ L
Up to 40U/L
40 120U/L
10 66U/L
10 50 U/L
50 200 U/L
6 8 g/dl
3.5 5g/dl
2.5 3.5 g/dl
70 100 mg/dl
Jaundice, liver failure,
renal failure.
MI, liver cirrhosis.
Hepatitis, jaundice.
Rickets,
hyperparathyroidism.
Hepatitis, jaundice,
alcoholism.
MI, hyperthyroidism
MI, hepatitis.
Dehydration, hepatitis,
jaundice.
Jaundice, CCF, excess
glucocorticoids.
Jaundice, cirrhosis,
hypersensitivity.
Diabetes
diabetes
Diarrhoea, cirrhosis.
Malnutrition, burns,
cirrhosis,
hypothyroidism.
Emphysema, hemolytic
anemia
Glomerulonephritis.
URINE ANALYSIS
INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE
Urine creatinine
Urine urea
Urine albumin
0.8 2g/dl
15 50 g/dl
0.5 1.5 g/dl
Chronic renal failure
LIPID PROFILE
INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE
Total cholesterol
Serum LDL
Serum HDL
150 200 mg/dl
Diabetes, myxoedema,
obstructive jaundice,
atherosclerosis.
Dyslipidemia,
atherosclerosis.
Hyperthyroidism,
pernicious anemia,
hemolytic jaundice.
Dyslipidemia,
atherosclerosis.
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE
Sodium
Potassium
135 145mEq/L
3.5 5 mEq/L
Aldosteronism, renal
impairment.
Renal failure, diabetic
coma, Addisons
disease.
Diarrhoea, vomiting,
CRF, Addisons disease,
decreased blood
pressure.
Cushings syndrome,
diarrhea, vomiting.
Calcium
Iron
Phosphorus
Chloride
Bicarbonate
9 11 mg/dl
50 150mg/dl
3 4.5 mg/dl
95 105 mEq/dl
24 30 mEq/dl
Hyperthyroidism,
vitamin D excess,
Pagets disease.
Pregnancy
Starvation, overdone
adrenal gland
Hypoparathyroidism,
Vitamin D deficiency.
Anemia, pregnancy,
malabsorption,
menstruation.
Renal insufficiency.
Kidney failure, heart
failure, diuretic therapy.