Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives are forms of verbs that act like nouns. They can follow adjectives and other verbs. Gerunds can also follow prepositions. A gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. See also Nouns/Gerund. Not all words formed with -ing are gerunds. An infinitive is to + the verb. When a verb follows a verb it either takes the gerund or infinitive form. Some verbs can take either the gerund or the infinitive with no loss of meaning. For example:

With the verb start - "It started to rain." or "It started raining." Both sentences have the same meaning.

Sometimes the use of the gerund or infinitive changes the meaning of the sentence. For example:

With the verb remember - "I remembered to do my homework". or "I remembered doing my homework."

In the first sentence (I remembered to do my homework), the person speaking remembered they had some homework first and then carried out the action and did it. In the second sentence (I remembered doing my homework.), the person speaking carried out the action (their homework) first and then remembered doing it. Other verbs only take one or the other, unfortunately there is no rule as to which form the verb takes. The same is true when the verb follows an adjective. The best way to learn their correct use is with practice - these lists may help:Gerunds after Prepositions When a verb is used after a preposition the verb takes the -ing form. For example:

You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs.

Verbs that are normally followed by the gerund

acknowledge | admit | adore | anticipate | appreciate | avoid | celebrate | confess | contemplate delay | deny | describe | detest | discuss | dislike | dread | endure | enjoy fancy | finish | imagine | involve | keep | justify | mention | mind | miss | omit | postpone | practise quit | recall | recommend | regret | report | resent | resume | risk | suggest | tolerate | understand For example:

I adore reading your books. They anticipated winning the election. I detest going to discos. We postponed making any decision in the meeting. I quit smoking. Do you recall seeing someone like that?

Verbs which are normally followed by the infinitive

afford | agree | appear | arrange | ask | attempt | care | choose | claim | come | consent dare | decide | demand | deserve | determine | elect | endeavour | expect | fail | get | guarentee hate | help | hesitate | hope | hurry | incline | intend | learn | long | manage | mean | need offer | plan | prepare | pretend | promise | refuse | resolve | say | seem | tend | threaten | want | wish For example:

I can't afford to go to the pub. He agreed to practise more. You should learn to express yourself. They managed to fix the problem.

Verbs which can be followed by the gerund or infinitive

Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or infintive With no change in meaning begin | continue | hate | like | love | neglect | prefer | start | try For example:

He began to learn English when he was eight. He began learning English when he was eight. I hate to leave early. I hate leaving early.

With a change in meaning forget | remember | stop

For example:

I forgot to feed the cat. (The cat is hungry - he has not been fed) I forgot feeding the cat. (The cat is ok - I fed him and then forgot about it)

The gerund (-ing form) must be used when a verb comes after a preposition:against | at | after | by | on | instead of | talk about | tired of | without

For example:

I am against smoking in public places. She is good at speaking English. I went home after leaving the party. You can improve your English by using the Internet. We need to keep on going. You should tell the truth instead of lying all the time. We can talk about going home. I'm tired of hearing excuses. You can't learn English without making mistakes.

Nouns
A noun is the word that refers to a person, thing or abstract idea. A noun can tell you who or what. There are several different types of noun:

There are common nouns such as dog, car, chair etc. Nouns that refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or plural) are countable nouns. Nouns that refer to some groups of countable nouns, substances, feelings and types of activity (can only be singular) are uncountable nouns. Nouns that refer to a group of people or things are collective nouns. Nouns that refer to people, organisations or places are proper nouns, only proper nouns are capitalised. Nouns that are made up of two or more words are called compound nouns. Nouns that are formed from a verb by adding -ing are called gerunds

What is a past participle? A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. It can be used to form a verb phrase as part of the present perfect tense. For example:-

I have learnt English. (Learnt is part of the verb phrase 'have learnt') It can be used to form the passive voice. For example:Her hair was well brushed. It can also be used as an adjective. For example:As an adjective: He had a broken arm. (Broken is used here as an adjective.) Here is a comprehensive list of irregular verbs. What is the perfect participle? The perfect participle indicates completed action. You form the perfect participle by putting the present participle having in front of the past participle. For example:having done, having finished, having read, having spoken It can be used to form the passive voice. For example:Having improved her English Pia's promotion prospects were much better. Here is a comprehensive list of irregular verbs. What is the present participle? The present participle is a participle that ends in ing. It can be used with the auxilliary verb 'to be' to form the continuous tense. It always takes the ing form of the verb, even irregular verbs have an ...ing form, in fact virtually all English words that end with ing are present participles. For example:I am learning English. (Learning is part of the continuous verb phrase 'am learning') We were running through the woods. (Running is part of the continuous verb phrase 'were running' ).

It can also be used as an adjective. For example:As an adjective: I am a working woman. (Working is used here as an adjective.) !Note :The present participle can also be used as a noun denoting the action of a verb a gerund. But remember the present participle can be used as a verb or an adjective whilst the gerund is used as a noun.

Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions can be used to show movement. For example:to, through, across We use to to show movement with the aim of a specific destination For example:I moved to Germany in 1998. He's gone to the shops. We use through to show movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other. For example: The train went through the tunnel. We use across to show movement from one side of a surface or line to another. For example: She swam across the river.
More prepositions of movement She ran to through the door. the tunnel. (from one side of an enclosed space to the other)

across along down over off round into

the road. (from one side of an open space to the other) the road. (the length of the road) the road. (the length of the road) the bridge. (from one side of an open space to the other) the stage. the track. the room.

Prepositions of Place
Prepositions can be used to show where something is located.
The prepositions at, on, and in

We use at to show a specific place or position. For example: Someone is at the door. They are waiting at the bus stop. I used to live at 51 Portland Street. We use on to show position on a horizontal or vertical surface. For example: The cat sat on the mat. The satellite dish is on the roof. We also use on to show position on streets, roads, etc. For example: I used to live on Portland Street. We use in to show that something is enclosed or surrounded. For example: The dog is in the garden.

She is in a taxi. Put it in the box. We also use in to show position within land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents). For example: I used to live in Nottingham.
More prepositions of place Prepositions of Place after She slammed the door They ran among I enjoy being I found my handbag at The secretary was sitting The man was standing behind The car park is He never won a race, he was always between The prisoner sat I held the pen between between the two policemen. my thumb and fingers. behind behind the building. the others. at at her desk. the taxi stand. among among my friends. my luggage. after after her. the thief.

in The pen was He lives in front of The teacher stands The car was parked next to / beside / by In my English lesson I always sit next to/ beside/by next to/ beside/by my friend. in front of in front of the class. the garage. in in the drawer. South Africa.

The bank is

the hotel.

on The painting was hanging The boy was sitting over/above The sign hanging I put the tablecoth I enjoy watching the planes fly under / below The temperature outside was under/below 0. The woman was sheltering When flying I enjoy watching the clouds under below a tree. me. over/above over above the door read 'No smoking'. the table. me. on on the wall. the chair.

Prepositions of Time

Prepositions can also be used to show when something happened.

The prepositions at, on, and in

We use at for specific times. For example:I start work at 7.00 a.m. I don't work at night. We use on for specific days and dates . For example: My birthday is on Monday. We're having a party on 7th September. We also use on for some special days. For example: On Christmas day. We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year. For example: In summer it's too hot to work. I started this web site in 1999. She woke up in the night.
More prepositions of time Point in Time at 6 o'clock Midnight Saturday April 10th Christmas Day the end of July (indicates a deadline=at the latest) till / until / up to March

on

by

(indicates an end point) since April 10th March (indicates a beginning point in time)

Length of Time in July the autumn the morning the middle of . night the weekend the meeting the lesson two days twelve months August the project

at

during

for

throughout

Indefinite Pronoun
Indefinite pronouns refer to things or people without mentioning what or who they are.
Singular:

another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something
both, few, many, others, several

Plural:

Singular all, any, more, most, none, some or Plural

For example:

Somebody stole my car. Does anybody know who she is? Does anyone have something that could help me with anything?

!Note
For people we use: anybody or anyone | somebody or someone | nobody or no one For things we use: anything, something, nothing, none See if you can make sense of these:Somebody, Everybody, Anybody, and Nobody

Once there were four managers. Their names were: Somebody, Everybody, Anybody, and Nobody. They were very busy people, but whenever there was an important job to be done, Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did. When Nobody did it, Everybody got angry because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought that Somebody would do it, but Nobody realized that Nobody would do it. So consequently Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done in the first place.
The competition

Now they all worked in the same company, and their company held a competition: Who could produce the best logo? Everybody had a good idea. Nobody thought nobody would follow it through. Somebody thought anybody could work on it. Anybody thought everybody should do it. Eveybody thought someone would do it. So nobody did anything. Everybody thought anybody could win something. Anybody thought somebody should win. Somebody thought everybody would win. Nobody thought nobody would win. What did they win? Nothing!

!Note
I, me, he, she, him, her, you = a person you, we, us = people it = thing they, them = things or people

Reflexive Pronoun
I he/she/it you you (singular) (plural) we they

Reflexive Pronouns myself himself/herself/itself yourself yourselves ourselves themselves A reflexive pronoun shows that when someone or something affected by an action is the same as the person or thing doing it. This form is used less in English than some other languages. For example:

She looked at herself in the mirror. He washed himself. They tested themselves.

Closed questions Closed questions demand a yes/no, true/false or right/wrong answer. When we want to ask yes/no questions we can use do/does, am/is/are or have/has as question words. We use do or have or am with personal pronouns (I), we use does or has or is with third person singular pronouns (he, she, it) and with singular noun forms. We use do or have or are with other personal pronouns (you, we they) and with plural noun forms. Yes/no questions with the verb be are created by moving the verb be to the beginning of the sentence. In other words the subject and the verb change their positions in statements and questions.
Statement: I am from England. Question: Am I from England?

When forming questions in the present continuous tense use the verb be.
I You He She It We They am are is is is are are speaking English. speaking English. speaking English. speaking English. speaking English. speaking English. speaking English. = = = = = = = Am Are Is Is Is Are Are I speaking English? you speaking English? he speaking English? she speaking English? it speaking English? we speaking English? they speaking English?

When forming questions in the present simple tense use the verb be, do, or have. The auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

To Be

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is a form of be , simply switch the positions of the subject and verb.
I You He She It We They To Do am are is is is are are English. English. English. English. English. English. English. = = = = = = = Am Are Is Is Is Are I you he she it we they English? English? English? English? English? English? English?

Are

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is do, simply switch the positions of the subject and verb.
I You He She It We They To Have do. do. does. does. does. do. do. = = = = = = = Do Do Does Does Does Do Do I? you? he? she? it? we? they?

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is have, (with or without got to show possession), switch the positions of the subject and verb.
I have (got) an English book. = Have I (got) an English book?

You have (got) an English book He has (got) an English book She has (got) an English book It has (got) an English book We have (got) an English book They have (got) an English book

= = = = = =

Have you Has he Has she Has it

(got) an English book? (got) an English book? (got) an English book? (got) an English book? (got) an English book? (got) an English book?

Have we Have they

We can also form this style of question with Dohave? here there is no subject-verb inversion, do is placed before the subject.
I have breakfast every morning. have breakfast every morning. has breakfast every morning. has breakfast every morning. has breakfast every morning. have breakfast every morning. have breakfast every morning. = Do I have breakfast every morning? have breakfast every morning? have breakfast every morning? have breakfast every morning? have breakfast every morning? have breakfast every morning? have breakfast every morning?

You

Do you

He

Does he

She

Does she

It

Does

it

We

Do we

They

Do they

If there is one verb, and the verb is not a form of be, the process is more complex. To form a question add the correct form of the verb 'to do' to the beginning. Here there is no subject verb inversion.
I speak English. = Do I speak English?

You He She It We They

speak English. speaks English. speaks English. speaks English. speak English. speak English.

= = = = = =

Do Does Does Does Do Do

you he she it we they

speak English? speak English? speak English? speak English? speak English? speak English?

Answering a Closed Question

For example: "Are you from England?" You can answer closed questions with "Yes" or "No". You can also answer closed questions with a slightly longer answer "Yes, I am." or "No, I'm not." Finally you can answer closed questions in the long form "Yes, I am from England." or "No, I'm not from England." Open Questions Open questions leave room for a description or opinion, and are more useful in eliciting information Open questions are often called Wh.. questions:There are eight wh-questions - what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose and why and to this list we usually add how as they are all used to elicit particular kinds of information. You use what when you are asking for information about something. You use when to ask about the time that something happened or will happen. You use where to ask questions about place or position. You use which when you are asking for information about one of a limited number of things. You use who or whom when you are asking about someone's identity. You use whose to ask about possession. You use why to ask for a reason. You use how to ask about the way in which something is done.
Question word Verb + Answer

What When Where Which Who Whose Why How

is is are is are is is are

your name? the party? you from? your car? you? this web site? this web site here? you?

My name is Lynne. The party is on Tuesday. I'm from England. The red car is mine. I'm Lynne. It's mine. Because it is! I'm fine thanks.

What, which and whose can be used with or without a noun as a question word. For example:What time is it? = What is the time? Which car is yours? = Which is your car? Whose web site is this? = Whose is this web site? Whom can only be used to elicit information about the object of the sentence. Although using whom would be grammatically correct, we normally use who instead because it doesnt sound so formal. For example:"Whom did you see?" would normally be expressed as "Who did you see?" Who, what, which and whose can all be used to elicit information about the subject or object of the sentence. For example:If the answer is "I ate the banana." the object question would be "What did you eat?" and the subject question would be "Who ate the banana?" Object Questions Object questions ask about the object of a sentence. The word order of the question must be changed and the question requires the use of the auxiliary verb 'to do'. For example:-

If the answer is "I caught the train to London." the question would be "Which train did you catch?" If the answer is "I saw a film yesterday." the question would be "What did you do yesterday?" Subject Questions There are also subject questions. These are questions that we ask to find out about the subject. When what, which, who or whose refers to the subject, the question word comes before the verb without the use of the auxiliary verb. For example:If the answer is "The train to London was late." the question would be "Which train was late?" If the answer is "I won the race." the question would be "Who won the race?" More examples:Object questions:What did you do today? Which film did you like best? Who did I phone? Subject questions:What happened today? Which film is best? Who phoned me?

Tag Questions
What is a tag question?

A tag question is a short question added to the end of a positive or negative statement. For example:He is, He does, He will, He can, isn't he? doesn't he? won't he? can't he?

How are they formed?

Normally a positive statement is followed by a negative tag, and a negative statement is followed by a positive tag. For example:-

+
You're English, aren't you?

You're not German, are you?

The statement and the tag are always separated by a comma.

The verb in the statement should be the same tense as the verb in the tag. For example:Present tense You are a good singer, Past tense You didn't go to work yesterday, Present perfect tense You have been to London, did you? present perfect tense haven't you? aren't you? past tense present tense

If the verb used in the statement is an auxiliary verb, then the verb used in the tag must match it. If a modal (can, could, will, should, etc.) is used in the statement, then the same modal is used in

the tag part. If the statement doesn't use an auxilliary verb, then the auxiliary do is used in the tag part. For example:Auxiliary verb She is from England, They aren't very nice, She doesn't like it here, Modal verb You can sing, They shouldn't do that, No auxiliary He eats meat, doesn't he? can't you? should they? isn't she? are they? does she?

Why do we use them?

Tag questions are used to verify or check information that we think is true or to check information that we aren't sure is true. Sometimes we just use them for effect. We show the meaning of the tag question through intonation. If the tag is a real question it has a rising intonation. For example:The chairman's coming at 3.00, isn

't he?

If the tag is not a real question it has a flat or falling intonation. For example:It's a nice day today,

isn't it?

It is possible for a positive statement to be followed by a positive tag for even more effect

(sarcasm, anger, disbelief, shock, concern etc.). For example:Oh you will, will you? You think you're funny, do you? Direct Speech Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. For example: She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." or "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word. When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example: Direct speech "I'm going to the cinema", he said. Indirect speech He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech Indirect speech Present simple Past simple She said, "It's cold." She said it was cold. Present continuous Past continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." She said she was teaching English online. Present perfect simple Past perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since She said she had been on the web since 1999." 1999. Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English She said she had been teaching English for for seven years." seven years. Past simple Past perfect She said, "I taught online yesterday." She said she had taught online yesterday. Past continuous Past perfect continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." She said she had been teaching earlier. Past perfect Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had started when he arrived." already started when he arrived. Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been five minutes." teaching for five minutes. Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." can She said, "I can teach English online." must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." shall She said, "What shall we learn today?" may She said, "May I open a new browser?" Indirect speech would She said she would teach English online tomorrow. could She said she could teach English online. had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. should She asked what we should learn today. might She asked if she might open a new browser.

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to. Direct speech "I might go to the cinema", he said. Indirect speech He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:Direct speech Indirect speech She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne. You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event. Direct speech (exact quote) "Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said. Indirect speech (not exact) She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.

"My name is Lynne", she said.

Time change If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting. + 24 hours - Indirect speech She said yesterday's lesson was on "Today's lesson is on presentations." presentations. Expressions of time if reported on a different day this (evening) that (evening) today these (days) now (a week) ago last weekend Today

yesterday ... those (days) then (a week) before the weekend before last / the previous weekend

here next (week) tomorrow

there the following (week) the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there). For example:At work "How long have you worked here?" At home She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example: Me "I teach English online." You She said she teaches English online.

Reporting Verbs Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech. We use asked to report questions:For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started. We use told with an object. For example: Lynne told me she felt tired. !Note - Here me is the object. We usually use said without an object. For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.

If said is used with an object we must include to ; For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China. !Note - We usually use told. For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China. There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked. These include:accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought. Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative. For example: He asked me to come to the party:He invited me to the party. He begged me to come to the party. He ordered me to come to the party. He advised me to come to the party. He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech In reported speech, the word that is often used. For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich. However, that is optional. For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich. !Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if. For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

Capitalisation
Capital letters are used for two main purposes in English:

to show the beginning of a sentence to show that a noun is a proper noun.

1. The first letter of every new sentence is capitalised. For example:The postman delivered the parcel. It was very heavy. 2. The pronoun I is always capitalized. For example:My name is Lynne, I am a teacher. 3. Proper nouns ( also called proper names) are the words which name specific people, organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter.

For example:Each part of a person's name is a proper noun:-

Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones ...

The names of companies, organisations, newspapers or trade marks:-

Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - the Times - WWW

Given or pet names of animals:-

Lassie - Champion - Trigger - Skippy - Sam

The names of cities and countries and words derived from those proper nouns such as languages:-

Paris - London - New York - England - English - French

Geographical and Celestial Names:-

the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars - the River Thames

Particular places such as streets, monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:-

Manvers Road (the road), the Taj Mahal - the Eiffel Tower (the tower) - Room 222 (the room)
Historical events, documents, acts, and specific periods of time:-

the Civil War - the Declaration of Independence - the Freedom of Information Act - World War I -

Months, days of the week, holidays and special days:-

December - Monday - Christmas - Valentine's Day (note seasons are not capitalised spring summer - autumn - winter)
Religions, deities, scriptures:-

Christ - God - Jehovah - Mohammed - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah
Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:-

the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex - Hoover

Plural Noun Forms

Regular Plurals The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter 's' to the end of the word . For example:

minute - minutes

Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding 'es' to the end of the word. For example:

church - churches | box - boxes | gas - gases | bush - bushes | ass - asses

Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding 'zes' to the end of the word. For example:

quiz - quizzes

Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding 'es' . For example:

potato - potatoes | tomato - tomatoes | volcano - volcanoes

However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just add an 's'.

For example:

photo - photos | piano - pianos | portico - porticos

Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and add 'ies'. For example:

party - parties | lady - ladies

Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add 'ves'. For example:

calf - calves | half - halves | wolf - wolves

Irregular Plurals There are many common nouns that have irregular plurals. For example:

child - children | person - people | foot - feet | mouse - mice | tooth - teeth

Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form. For example:

aircraft - aircraft | fish - fish | headquarters - headquarters | sheep - sheep | species species

Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...). For example:

advice | information | luggage | news

Some nouns (especially those associated with two things) exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb (are / were...). For example:

cattle | scissors | trousers | tweezers | congratulations | pyjamas

Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals.

For example:

analysis - analyses | crisis - crises | ox - oxen | index - indices or indexes

In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun. For example:

court martial - courts martial | son-in-law - sons-in-law | passer-by - passers-by

!Note - Some nouns just create controversy. Did you know that the proper plural spelling for roof is rooves and not the more common roofs? What is a prefix? A prefix (affix) is a word, or letter(s) placed at the beginning of another word (a base word) to adjust or qualify its usage or meaning. The opposite of prefix is suffix.

List of English Prefixes

Prefix a(n)abacacr(o)aden(o)aer(o)agr(o)anan(a)an(o)andranemAngloanteanthrop(o)ant(i)aut(o)bar(o)bathybeEnglish or British before relating to human beings against self atmosphere deep completely, thoroughly; excessively; on; around; about; used to form Bathyscape , Bathysphere Anglo-Irish relations, anglophile antebellum anthropology , anthropocentrism , anthropomorphic antidote , antibody , anticlockwise autonomy , autobiography , automobile , autopilot man androgyny , androcentrism , android , androgen out of anachronism air relating to farming aeronautics , aerodrome , aeroplane , aerodynamics agriculture high, up Acropolis General Meaning not , without away Example atonality , asexuality , amoral , anarchy abduction , absolutism , ablution

transitive verbs bitwo bicycle , bijection , bilingual , bicameralism , bisexuality biology , biography , biosphere , biotechnology bibliophilia , bibliography

bi(o)bibli(o)blast(o)bradybrom(o)bronch(o)cac(o)cardi(o)cent-, centi cephal(o)chrom(o)-, chromat(o)chron(o)circumcion(o)cocolpo-

life relating to books

slow

bradycardia

relating to breathing

bronchitis

heart hundred or hundredth

cardiovascular centenary, centimeter, centipede

time around

chronology, chronograph circumcision, circumnavigation, circumlocution, circumference

together

cooperative, cohabit

com-, con-, col-, with, together corcontr(a)-, contr(o) against, opposite cosm(o)counteragainst, opposite

conference , connotation , context , Congress , congregation contradiction , contraception , controversy cosmology , cosmopolitan , cosmotheism counterpoint , counterweight , Counter-

Reformation crin(o)cry(o)crypt(o)cyt(o)dactyl(o)dedec(a)-, dek(a)deci dem(o)taking something away, the opposite ten one tenth people, nation decentralisation , deforestation , dehydration decamerous deciliter demographics , democracy dermatology , dermatitis frost , icy cold hidden hollow, receptacle, cell cryogenics , cryoelectronics , cryostorage cryptography , cryptozoology cytoplasm , cytology

derm(o)-, skin derm(a)-, dermatdididact(o)dynam(o)disdox(o)dysecoecto(s)edaph(o)electr(o)embry(o)encephal(o)electricity full brain two , double apt at teaching power , force reverse , opposite Doxology bad, deformed, abnormal house outside

dynamic , dynamite , dynamo dissent , discovery , disambiguation

dyspepsia , dystrophy , dysarthria economy , ecology , ecosystem , ecotourism , ecotage ectoskeleton

electrocution

encephalitis

end(o)-, ent(o)enne(a)enter(o)eoep(i)-, epherg(o)erythr(o)erot(o)stom(o)-, stomat(o)ethn(o)euexex(o)extraflor(i)foregynhemihex(a)hypergood former outside very, more than usual, outside, beyond relating to flowers before, in advance female half six excessive, (least to greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper) ethnology , ethnolinguistics , ethnocentrism eulogy , euthanasia , eugenics , euphemism ex-wife, ex-president exoskeleton extra-thin, extra-special dawn, early above eobacterium epitaxy ergonomics nine enneastyle

extraordinary, extraterrestrial
florist foreskin , foreshadowing gynaecology , gynoid hemimetabolous hexapod hyperactive , hyperthyroidism

hyp(o)in-

below, (least to greatest in order: hypo, hypodermic sub, super, hyper) extremely inflammable , invaluable

in-, il-, im-, irinterintrakilo malmaximega -, megalmetamicro midmilli minimismon(o)multinonnonoct(o)-, oct(a)oo- (" oo -oh") outoverpent(a)post-

not between, from one to another within, interior thousand bad, badly most, very, large million , very large after, beyond one millionth, very small in the middle of thousandth small bad , wrong one , single many not nine eight egg, ovum more, to a greater degree more than normal, too much five after

infallibility , illiteracy , immoral , irrelevant intervention , international intramural, intravenous kilogram , kilowatt malpractice , malnutrition maxi-dress megabyte , megaphone metacarpal , metaphysics microgram , microorganism , micronation mid-term elections , Mid-Autumn Festival , Mid-Atlantic Ridge milligram , milliliter miniskirt , miniscule miscarriage , misanthropy , misogyny monolith , monorail , monotony , monocle multiculturalism , multilingual nonsense, non-denial denial none, nonagon octane , octopod , octagon oocyte to outdo, to outrun overpopulation , over-consumption pentagon Post-Fordism , postpartum depression , postmodernity , postmodernism

preproquadr-, quartquin(que)quint(i)rerect(i)scler(o)semisept(a)sex(i)Sinospasm(o)sperm(o)-, spermat(o)spher(o)sphygm(o)splen(o)splanchn(o)schiz(o)-, schist(o)staphyl(o)styl(o)-

before for, in favour of four five , into five parts fifth , five again, repeatedly proper, straight hard half seven six Chinese

prediction , preview , precedent , prenatal care pro-choice, pro-life, promotion quadrangle , quadruplet , quartic , quartile quinquesection quintiped reduction , reflection , revolution rectify, rectangle scleroderma atherosclerosis semi-automatic , semi-detached heptachord sexivalent Sino-American relations

pulso

sphygmomanometer

split

schizophrenia , schistocyte

pillar below, less than, under,(least to greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper)

sub-

subset , subsonic , subway , subtitles

super-

extremely, more than, (least to greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper)

superhuman , Superego , supersonic

syn-

along with, together, at the same time synergy , synchronicity tachycardia , tachometer telecommunications , television , telephoto lens , telodynamic teloblast transfer , transubstantiation , transatlantic , Trans-Siberian railway triangle , tricolor , triptych Ultramontanism , ultraviolet unconstitutional , undelete uniform , unification urtext zoomorphic , zoology

tach(y)-, tach(o)- fast, speed tel(e)-, tel(o)tel(o)-, tel(e)transtriultraununiurfar, over a long distance end, complete, mature across, beyond three extremely, beyond a certain limit not, opposite, take something away one , single first, original

zoo- (" zoo -oh") relating to animals