Politics and Education4 PDF

POLITICS AND EDUCATION

EDUCATIONAL PLANNING Making plans for promoting learning and provision of physical and human resources for learning FACTORS INFLUENCING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING Political decisions Economic system Administrative decisions Financial resources-usually scarce Human resources Conflicts between traditional and western systems Discrimination in allocation of resources to various levels and types of education

Multiplicity of systems Number of prospective student group for a particular level Location of authority Priority assigned to educational activities Policy Direct part of economic development Planners to accept political facts Social change

Authority: Right inherent in managerial positions to give orders and expect them to be obeyed Pillars of state: Legislature, Judiciary, Executive. Media also called a pillar Power: The capacity to influence decisions Force at the disposal of a person/institution to compel obedience Power to allocate resources Rules and regulations required for proper functioning Punishments for rule breakers-Administrative and Judicial procedures National government sovereign authority to take decisions

International constraints possible Political system breaks down if legal authority not accepted Politics not removed from administrative institutions Political government has the authority Setting of objectives Closely related to politics Attempts to change for retaining authority Political factors affect planning of education
ROLE OF EDUCATION
To develop universal morality and attitudes, still subordinate to national interest International understanding Develop respect for law and order Affected by politic Politicizing of education Developing universalistic morality and attitudes Tertiary education may question political set up Modernize political system
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS
Instrument of political decisions Reflect dominance of pressure and interest groups about Content Beneficiaries Facilities Conflict between modernising educational system and traditional religious education system
PLANNERS ROLE
Planner plan for development of free intellect, acquisition of knowledge and skills for controlling environment Planning and implementation of educational activity to affect relationships between government and people, people to people Take into account policies and philosophy of government To realize ethical paradoxes and reconcile morality with ethics of his responsibility
PLANNERS ROLE
To face responsibility of consequences---face pressures May achieve goals through negotiations as done by politicians
HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

1. School and village More education, increase in rate of social change Selection of courses for world of work Reduction in parents control when child moves out of village Cash cropping School promotes urban-oriented jobs Factor in political change Village oriented training less successful Reaction of villagers

2. Education and emergent classes Change in status with higher education Vanishing social, cultural and linguistic lines and horizontal movement School leads to wage employment Class politics promotes national mobilization Conflicts with employers/govt. on wages, housing, social services Emergence of middle class Middle class strengthens role of intellectuals

Political parties indicate clash of philosophies Govt. may use education system to promote its unifying ideology and subsequent changes in teacher education and academic freedom 3. Competition for power through education system Competition between urban and rural areas for educational facilities takes political form Political wings in students Political parties influence school allocation, curriculum etc.

Western education, hold on bureaucracy Pressures for better educational facilities Pressures by foreign governments Planning of education system takes foreign relations into account 4. Religious education system Differences in modern and religious education Suppression of organised religious education Integration required Medium of instruction
HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING 5. Political significance of language

Political reasons outweigh educational considerations 6. Political ideologies Concession to popular sentiments Ideology priority limits planning freedom Content of ideology cannot be ignored Social studies and social science content close to religious beliefs
HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING 7. Hinderances arising from limited political

mobilization Effective local govt. politicians move to national politics Education usually centralised 8. Effects of poverty Emphasis on economic development and political mobilization limits educational planning Economic planning empahsizes production of skilled manpower

9. Bureaucracy Western bureaucracy different functions and purpose In developing countries cultures and values More authoritarian Planner should have informal contacts and basic requirements
POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Education and social status Level and type of schooling associated with social status, lifetime earnings, quality of life and quality of housing Results in political conflict in education policy Education as source of beliefs and norms Maintains and reproduces dominant ideologies existing pattern Controversies over major school reforms

Education and social change Politicians aware of possible social changes Bring social change Education as public resource Academic and vocational Teachers benefits These create conflict Policies of planning Planning a part of political decision-making State legitimizes its authority through planning

Planning and participation Participation through election enhances states legitimacy Planning and implementation Difficulties in implementation Some plans just to satisfy donors Resource allocation, institutional aspect of educational development and bureaucracy affected by political forces Availability of kind, quantity and in time resources

International policies Assistance agreements Politics of bureaucracies Processing and implementation through organisational structure State interacts with society through bureaucracy (Deptt., Ministry) Horizontal and cross-agency linkages required in planning and implementation Horizontal and vertical patterns of communication

Planning and reform Planning not truly integrated Planning and reform may not be compatible Planning for status quo while reform seeks change Curriculum change dependant on corresponding changes in business and industry
EDUCATION FOR TOMORROW

Trends
Democratization of education, equal opportunities, lifelong education, teaching effectiveness, etc. links between school and world of work, adult education Political, economic, social and cultural contexts to determine education of tomorrow Education affected by international economic, social and cultural order School may disappear in future due to non-formal education and mass communication Education to become more flexible and more relevant
EDUCATION FOR TOMORROW

Pre-school education to become universal Democratization of education Pressure on higher education Standardization of institution up to secondary level Resistance to adoption of educational technology and educational innovations International and regional organizations to play part in educational development Exchange of information Regionalization in cooperation
STUDENT DISCIPLINE
Democratic behavior not developed Exploitation of students CHANGING VALUES STUDENTS ATTITUDE Parents- - middle and well-to-do parents too busy to inculcate sense of responsibility Need to discipline students Have sense of self-righteousness Rights no responsibility
STUDENT DISCIPLINE
FEELING OF INSECURITY CATEGORIES OF STUDNTS 1. Activists- - Politically linked, small group; 2. Rich- - To enjoy life, defy authorities; 3. Reformers- - Determined to destroy institution Activists come from social sciences, weak in studies, getting importance STUDENT UNION EASY COURSES
STUDENT DISCIPLINE
INFLUENCE OF POLITICL PARTIES CULT OF VOILENCE ACCEPTANCE OF DEMAND

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POLITICS AND EDUCATION