Lyuben Radoslavov Petrov, English Philology, 2 nd year, 1103041006

Chapter 16 The Nation Industializes, 1865-1900; Key Terms

Homestead Act First of several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. It was signed on May 20, 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government (including freed slaves and women); was 21 or older, or the head of a family; could file an application to claim a federal land grant. Land-Grant College Act Signed 1862 and often called Morrill Act for its sponsor, Senator Justin Morrill of Vermont, the Land-Grant College Act gave land to each state to fund a public university, which was required to provide education in engineering and agriculture and to train military officers. Pacific Railway Act The Pacific Railroad Act was one (original one) of a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. It was signed in 1862. In it, the Congress provided the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies not only with sizable loans but also with 10 square miles of the public domain for every mile of track laid. Mail-order sales Business centered in Chicago because of the citys rail connections (Chicago was probably the most important single center for the nations tail traffic in the late nineteenth century). John Pierpont Morgan Born on April 17, 1837, he was an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. Morgan's process of taking over troubled businesses to reorganize them was known as "Morganization". Morgan reorganized business structures and management in order to return them to profitability. His reputation as a banker and financier also helped bring interest from investors to the businesses he took over. Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the highest profile philanthropists of his era; his 1889 article "Wealth" (known more commonlyparticularly in colloquial parlanceas "The Gospel of Wealth") remains a formative advisory text for those who aspire to lead philanthropic lives. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J.P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million, creating the U.S. Steel Corporation. Social Darwinism Social Darwinism is an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones. Herbert Spencer proved to be a popular figure in the 1880s primarily because his application of evolution to areas of human endeavor promoted an optimistic view of the future as inevitably becoming better. In the United States, writers and thinkers of the gilded age such as Edward L. Youmans, William Graham Sumner, John Fiske, John W. Burgess, and others developed theories of social evolution as a result of their exposure to the works of Darwin and Spencer. Gospel of Wealth "Wealth", more commonly known as "The Gospel of Wealth", is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The central thesis of Carnegie's essay was the peril of allowing large sums of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations illequipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them. In The Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie stressed the importance of recirculation of money in the society and that giving away money to charitable organization is not enough because its correct use cannot be guaranteed. He suggested that the rich should be trusted to make sure that their money reaches

the community in a way that could really improve the living conditions of the needy and that the money could be regenerated in the society. Thomas A. Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. His laboratories Invented or improved electrical lighting, electrical Motors, the storage battery, electric locomotive, the phonograph, the microphone and many others. Department stores In urban areas following the Civil War, the first American department stores appeared and flourished, offering a wide range of choices in ready-made products. Department stores products could be returned or exchanged if the customer were dissatisfied. New South New South usually refers to the efforts by some southerners to modernize their region during the years after Reconstruction. Henry Grady Henry Woodfin Grady (May 24, 1850 December 23, 1889) was a journalist and orator who helped reintegrate the states of the former Confederacy into the Union after the American Civil War. He was also foremost among proponents of the New South. He built the Atlanta Constitution into a powerful regional newspaper in the 1880s. Thanks to Gradys skillful journalism, Atlanta, the capital of Georgia, emerged as a symbol of the New South a transportation, industrial and financial center. Horse culture The term "Horse culture" is used to define a tribal group or community whose day to day life revolves around the herding and breeding of horses, Beginning with the Domestication of the horse on the steppes of Eurasia, the horse transformed each society that adopted its use. Notable example are the the Native Americans of the Great Plains. Lakota The Lakota people are an indigenous people of the Great Plains of North America. They are part of a confederation of seven related Sioux tribes and speak Lakota, one of the three major dialects of the Sioux language. Their name for themselves can be translated as allies, reflecting their organization as a confederacy. Crazy Horse Crazy Horse was a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the U.S. Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and way of life of the Lakota people, including leading a war party to victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876. Sitting Bull Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw the defeat of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull's leadership motivated his people to a major victory. Great Sioux War The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations which occurred between 1876 and 1877 involving the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne, against the United States. Traditionally, the United States military and historians place the Lakota at the center of the story, especially given their numbers, but some American Indians believe the Cheyenne were the primary target of the US campaign. Among the

many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn, often known as Custer's Last Stand, the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted Plains Indians. That Indian victory notwithstanding, the U.S. with its superior resources was soon able to force the Indians to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property. Little Big Horn River The Little Bighorn River is a 138-mile-long (222 km) tributary of the Bighorn River in the United States in the states of Wyoming and Montana. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought on its banks in 1876, as well as the Battle of Crow Agency in 1887. The battle site, now included in the grounds of Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, is approximately five miles south of Crow Agency, on the eastern side of the river. Chief Joseph Chief Joseph succeeded his father Tuekakas (Chief Joseph the Elder) as the leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe indigenous to the Wallowa Valley in northeastern Oregon, in the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States. He led his band during the most tumultuous period in their contemporary history when they were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley by the United States federal government and forced to move northeast, onto the significantly reduced reservation in Lapwai, Idaho Territory. Coverage of the war in United States newspapers led to widespread recognition of Joseph and the Nez Perce. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker. Ghost Dance The Ghost Dance (Caddo: Nanissanah,[1] also called the Ghost Dance of 1890) was a new religious movement which was incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. The basis for the Ghost Dance, the circle dance, is a traditional ritual which has been used by many Native Americans since prehistoric times, but this new form was first practiced among the Nevada Paiute in 1889. As the Ghost Dance spread from its original source, Native American tribes synthesized selective aspects of the ritual with their own beliefs. This process often created change in both the society that integrated it, and in the ritual itself. Practice of the Ghost Dance movement was believed to have contributed to Lakota resistance. The Caddo Nation still practices the Ghost Dance today. Wounded Knee Creek Wounded Knee Creek is a tributary of the White River, approximately 100 miles (160 km) long,[1] in southwestern South Dakota in the United States. Its Lakota name is Chankwe Opi Wakpala. It rises in the southeastern corner of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation along the state line with Nebraska and flows northwest. It is the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre, in which the 7th US Cavalry under Colonel James W. Forsyth massacred approximately 150 Sioux, mostly women and children, many unarmed. Towns in this region include Wounded Knee and Manderson.

Reclamation Act The Reclamation Act of 1902 is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West. The newly irrigated land would be sold and money would be put into a revolving fund that supported more such projects. This led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river. Under the act, the Secretary of the Interior created the United States Reclamation Service within the United States Geological Survey to administer the program. In 1907 the Service became a separate organization within the Department of the Interior and was renamed the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Sierra Club The Sierra Club is one of the oldest, largest, and most influential grassroots environmental organizations in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892, in San Francisco, California, by the Scottish conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club's mission is: To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources; To educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and to use all lawful means to carry out these objectives.