đề cương văn học

Câu 1: Phân tích các yếu tố chính cấu thành một tác phẩm văn học.
 Character: are individuals or entitles that the story revolves around. They
can be people, animals, or even inanimate objects. Types: protagonists (main
characters), antagonists (opposing characters), round (well-developed) and
flat(less-developed) characters. Function: characters drive the narrative, and
their development contributes to the overall themes and conflicts.
 Setting: the setting encompasses the time and place in which the story
occurs. Components: time ( historial period, time of day..); place ( physical
location, geographical features, atmosphere). Importance: the setting
provides context for the events, influences character behavior, and
establishes the mood or tone.
 Plot&plot element: the plot is the sequence of events that make up the story.
Plot elements are the building blocks of the narrative structure. Elements:
exposition(introduction), rising action (built-up of events), climax (turning
point), falling action( resolution of conflict), and denouement (conclusion).
Function: the plot structure creates tension, develops characters,and resolces
conflicts, providing a satisfying narrative.
 Theme: the theme is the central idea or message of a story, often expressing
universal truths about human nature, society or life. Identification; theme are
recurring concepts or motis that can be inferred from the characters , plot,
and setting. Importance : themes give depth and significance to the
narrative , offering reader insights into the autho’s perspective on life.
Câu 2: Văn học Anh
 William Wordswoth: Daffodils
i) Personification: Ten thousand I saw at a glance / Tossing their head in
sprightly dance. -> tạo nên hình ảnh về sự sống động và niềm vui của
chúng
ii) Metaphor: A host of golden daffodils / Beside the lake , beneath the trees
-> host không chỉ là một từ chỉ số lượng mà còn mang ý nghĩa của một
đám đông, tạo nên ẩn dụ về sự sống động và đông đảo của hoa daffodils
iii) Simile : I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high over vales and
hills -> so sánh giữa người đi bộ và một đám mây, tạo nên hình ảnh về sự
nhẹ nhàng và tự do của tâm hồn, nhần mạnh sự lonely
iv) Imagery: Continuous as the stars that shine/ And twinkle on the milky
way -> hình ảnh về vũ trụ, ngôi sao và dải ngân hà giúp người độc hình
dung về vẻ đẹp bất tận và thời gian vô tận của hoa daffodils
v) Repetition : for oft, when on couch I lie/ In vacant or in pensive mood ->
oft được lặp đi lặp lại để tăng cường ý nghĩa và nhấn mạnh đến sự lặp lại
của hình ảnh hoa daffodils trong tâm trạng của tác giả.
The deaths of Mr Behram in O. Henry’s ‘The last leaf’and the Swallow in

Oscar Widle’s ‘The Happy Prince’ share common themes of seflessness
sacrifice, and the transformative power of compassion, yet they differ in
their contexts and motivations.
In ‘The last leaf’, Mr.Behram’s death is a poignant sacrifice driven by a
sense of duty and compassion. He risks his own health to paint a leaf on a
ivy outside Johnsy’s window , aiming to give her hope and reason to live.
Mr Behram’s act is one of selfessness, showcasing the power of art and
human connection. His dath is not only a physical sacrifice but also a
symbolic one, emphasizing the profound impact impact that even a small
gesture of kindness can have on others.
In contrast, the Swallow in ‘The Happy Prince’sacrifice its life as part of a
larger act of charity. The prince, formerly a self-indulgent statue, requests
the Swallow to distribute his precious jewels and gold to help the poow and
needy. The Swallow, devoted to the Prince’s cause, stays by his side through
the harsh winter, eventually succumbing to the cold. The Swallow’s death is
symbolic of the price of generosity anf the transient nature of life. It
highlights themes of compassion and the willingness to give up personal
comfort for the betterment of others.
While both Mr.Behram and Swallow die has a result of their selflessness
actions, the motivation behind their sacrifices differ. Mr behrman’s death is
more immediate, focused on saving a single life, whereas the swallow’s
sacrifice is part of a broader mission to alleviate the suffering of many. Both
stories, however, share a common thread of exploring the profound impact
of altruism and the enduring leagcy of those who give of themselves for the
well-being of others.
"The Last Leaf" by O. Henry is a short story that stands out for its emotional
depth, symbolism, and exploration of themes such as sacrifice and the power
of art. Let's delve into the artistic value and content of the work with a
specific focus on Mr. Behrman's death:
Artistic Value:
Narrative Technique: O. Henry employs a simple yet effective narrative
technique that captures the reader's attention from the beginning. The
suspense surrounding Johnsy's belief that she will die when the last leaf falls
sets the stage for the story's emotional impact.
Use of Symbolism: Symbolism is a key artistic element in "The Last Leaf."
The last ivy leaf becomes a powerful symbol of hope, determination, and the
impact of art on the human spirit. Mr. Behrman's painting of the leaf not
only symbolizes life but also serves as a testament to the transformative
power of artistic expression.
Characterization: The characters in the story are well-drawn and exhibit
depth. Mr. Behrman, initially presented as a seemingly unsuccessful artist,
undergoes significant characterization through his selfless act. This adds
complexity to the story and underscores the theme of sacrifice.
Content:
Theme of Sacrifice: The central theme of sacrifice is manifested through Mr.
Behrman's death. His willingness to risk his life to paint the last leaf for
Johnsy portrays a selfless act of sacrifice, emphasizing the profound impact
of genuine kindness on others.
Power of Art and Belief: The story explores the idea that art and belief have
the power to influence reality. Mr. Behrman's painting not only brings hope
to Johnsy but also becomes a source of strength that defies the odds. This
theme resonates with the transformative nature of art in the face of adversity.
Human Connection and Compassion: "The Last Leaf" underscores the
importance of human connection and compassion. Johnsy's bond with Sue
and Mr. Behrman's sacrifice for Johnsy demonstrate the strength of
interpersonal relationships and the impact of genuine care and concern.
Twist and Irony: O. Henry is known for his use of twist endings and irony,
and this story is no exception. The revelation at the end that the last leaf was
real and that Mr. Behrman sacrificed himself adds a layer of irony and
complexity to the narrative, inviting readers to reconsider their assumptions.
In conclusion, "The Last Leaf" is a timeless piece of literature that combines
effective narrative techniques, symbolism, and rich themes to deliver a
moving exploration of sacrifice, hope, and the transformative power of art.
Mr. Behrman's death serves as a poignant and thought-provoking element,
contributing to the enduring impact of the story
Romeo:
Passionate and impulsive: Romeo is known for his impulsive decisions and
passionate nature, especially in matters of love.
Youthful idealism: Romeo's character is marked by youthful idealism,
particularly in his romantic pursuits, which sometimes leads to tragic
consequences.
Family loyalty: At the beginning of the play, Romeo is portrayed as loyal to his
family and friends, although his love for Juliet ultimately challenges these
loyalties.
Tragic hero: Romeo's character fits the archetype of a tragic hero, facing a
downfall due to a combination of personal flaws and external circumstances.
Robinson Crusoe:
Practical and resourceful: Robinson Crusoe is known for his practicality and
resourcefulness, especially in surviving alone on a deserted island.
Individualism: Crusoe's character reflects individualistic tendencies as he learns
to live independently and relies on his own skills for survival.
Adaptability: Robinson Crusoe demonstrates adaptability in adverse conditions,
constantly learning and evolving to meet the challenges of his environment.
Isolation and self-reflection: Unlike Romeo, Crusoe experiences prolonged
isolation, leading to self-reflection and spiritual growth over time.
While both characters undergo personal development and face challenges, they
exist in different literary genres and serve different narrative purposes. Romeo
is a tragic figure entangled in a tale of love and family conflict, while Robinson
Crusoe is an adventurous character exploring themes of survival and isolation.
The comparison highlights the diversity of character traits and narrative
contexts across different literary works.

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Câu 1: Phân tích các yếu tố chính cấu thành một tác phẩm văn học.

The deaths of Mr Behram in O. Henry’s ‘The last leaf’and the Swallow in

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