‘Fascination with the sea is common among writers, composers and artists.

’ With reference to any forms of

artistic expression, suggest why the sea might provide inspiration. Literature
“I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world,” Herman Melville’s narrator, Ishmael,
explains in ‘Moby Dick’. “It is a way I have of driving off the spleen, and regulating circulation.” This quote
ponders upon the idea that humans have an innate connection to the sea. For millennia, artists have been drawn
towards the sea as its transformative nature is likened to creative processes, with its moments of calm and storm
paralleling the highs and lows of artistic inspiration. Therefore, it can be implicated that the sea’s aesthetic beauty,
its symbolism of human emotion, the narrative potential and musical inspiration are among some reasons why the
sea might provide a creative spark.
● The sea’s ever-changing beauty provides artists with an abundance of visually stunning scenes to capture
and offers endless possibilities for interpretation[…]
o The iconic Japanese woodblock print, “The Great Wave off Kanagawa”, captures the aesthetic
beauty and power of a towering wave about to crash. The image has become synonymous with
the beauty and grandeur of the sea.
o The fashion industry often draws inspiration from the sea, incorporating nautical elements such as
stripes, sailor collars, and maritime colour palettes. These designs evoke a sense of aesthetic
beauty associated with coastal life.
● The sea is often used symbolically in art to represent various themes and concepts. It can symbolise
freedom, exploration, adventure, isolation, mystery, and the passage of time, allowing the sea to serve as a
powerful metaphor for human emotions[…]
o In Shakespeare's play “The Tempest”, the sea symbolises both chaos and transformation. The
shipwreck that opens the play is a symbol of upheaval and change, while the island itself is a
symbol of magic and mystery.
o In the film “Cast Away”, the deserted island and the vast ocean symbolises isolation, survival, and
the human spirit's resilience. The sea serves as a powerful symbol of both danger and hope as the
protagonist struggles to survive.
● The sea has been the backdrop for countless stories and narratives. It offers a dynamic setting that can be
used to explore themes of survival, discovery, conquest, and the clash of civilizations[…]
o The dramatic painting “The Raft of the Medusa” by Théodore Géricault depicts the aftermath of a
shipwreck, highlighting the narrative potential of survival, tragedy, and hope in the face of the
sea's challenges.
o "The Old Man and the Sea" by Ernest Hemingway is a classic novel that revolves around the
narrative potential of an ageing Cuban fisherman's struggle with a giant marlin in the open sea.
The story delves into themes of perseverance, determination, and the timeless battle between
humans and nature.
● Composers and musicians have often drawn inspiration from the sea's rhythms and sounds. The crashing
of waves and the gentle lapping of water at sea can all be incorporated into musical compositions to evoke
specific moods and atmospheres[…]
o "Sailing" by Christopher Cross is a classic example of how the sea can inspire music. The lyrics
evoke a sense of freedom and adventure associated with sailing, and the melody captures the
tranquillity of being on the water.
o Bob Dylan's song "Beyond the Horizon" uses ocean imagery to explore themes of longing and the
search for something beyond the ordinary. The sea serves as a metaphor for the unknown.
‘Monsters in films, fairy tales and books force us to imagine the worst about ourselves.’ Evaluate this
statement with reference to at least two examples. Literature
Are monsters merely figments of our imagination, or do they hold a mirror to our deepest fears and
vulnerabilities? This enigmatic question arises from the long held prominent place of monsters in the realm of
literature, films and folklore. These fantastical creatures, whether lurking in the shadows of our imagination or
boldly portrayed on the pages of books and the screens of cinemas, hold a unique power. They compel us to
confront our deepest fears, anxieties, and the often uncharted territories of our own humanity. Hence, these
monsters do coerce us into conjuring up the worst about ourselves as they serve as the reflection of human fears,
they present moral and ethical dilemmas and they often tap into our subconscious and unexplored desires.
● Monsters often embody our deepest fears and the darkest aspects of human nature. They serve as
symbolic representations of the threats we perceive in the world and within ourselves[…]
o Frankenstein's Monster, from the classic ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley, embodies the fear of
scientific overreach and the consequences of playing with the natural order.
o The Xenomorph, from the ‘Alien’ film series, is a parasitic creature that embodies the fear of
uncontrollable forces. It reflects our anxieties about bodily violation and reproduction.
● Monsters in literature and media frequently present moral and ethical dilemmas. The actions and
consequences associated with these creatures can force us to examine our own ethical boundaries[…]
o Dr. Frankenstein's creation raises profound ethical questions about the responsibilities of creators
toward their creations. Shelley's novel prompts readers to ponder the moral implications of
scientific experimentation and the treatment of sentient beings.
o King Kong presents an ethical dilemma related to exploitation and the consequences of human
greed. The capture and display of Kong in New York City forces viewers to question the morality
of exploiting creatures for entertainment and profit.
● Monsters often tap into our subconscious fears and desires. They can symbolise repressed emotions,
trauma, or psychological disorders[…]
o The portrait in the attic, in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ by Oscar Wilde, serves as a physical
manifestation of Dorian Gray's psychological deterioration. It explores themes of vanity and the
unconscious consequences of one's actions.
o The Pale Man, from the movie ‘Pan’s Labyrinth’, symbolises the brutality and sadistic tendencies
within the captain's character. The film explores the psychological impact of living under
oppression and the power of imagination as a coping mechanism.
● While it is true that monsters in literature, film, and folklore often serve as vehicles for exploring complex
psychological themes, it is essential to consider that some monsters primarily function as elements of pure
entertainment, devoid of profound psychological symbolism[…]
o In various popular genres like science fiction, fantasy, and horror, monsters are often created for
the sole purpose of providing thrills and chills to the audience.
o In many traditional fairy tales, the villains, often depicted as witches or monsters, embody pure
wickedness without complex psychological motivations.
‘When power leads man towards arrogance, poetry reminds him of his limitations.’ (John F Kennedy). To
what extent do you agree? Literature
Imagine a grand assembly of leaders from diverse backgrounds and nations, each entrusted with the responsibility
of making crucial decisions that will shape the world's future. Amidst the political negotiations, a renowned poet
steps forward, and recites a verse that resonates deeply with the assembled dignitaries. This anecdotal moment
serves as a powerful reminder that poetry possesses a unique ability to transcend the trappings of power and touch
the hearts and minds of those who hold authority. John F. Kennedy's assertion that poetry can temper arrogance in
the powerful is vividly illustrated in this scene. Therefore, this claim holds true in large part as poetry has a deep
humanising effect, it encourages critical self-reflection and it challenges established norms and authority.
● Poetry often delves into the depths of human emotion and experience. It can remind those in power of
their shared humanity with others, regardless of their position or authority[…]
o Wilfred Owen's anti-war poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" vividly describes the horrors of trench
warfare during World War I. The poem's raw emotion serves to humanise the soldiers who
endured the brutality of war. Through his verses, Owen compels readers to empathise with the
soldiers' pain and challenges the glorification of war.
o Pablo Neruda's "The Book of Questions" is a series of enigmatic and thoughtful poems that
explore fundamental human inquiries. The poems humanise understanding and self-discovery.
● Poetry encourages critical self-reflection. It invites readers and writers to contemplate their actions,
decisions, and the consequences of their exercise of power[…]
o Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem “Ozymandias” narrates the discovery of a ruined statue in the
desert, bearing an inscription of a once-mighty ruler's arrogance and power. Through this poem,
Shelley critically reflects on the shortness of human power and the inevitable decay of empires.
o T.S. Eliot's poem “The Waste Land” is a complex reflection on the disillusionment and
fragmentation of post-World War I society. It serves as a means of critiquing the consequences of
unchecked power and societal decay.
● Poetry has a long history of challenging established norms and questioning authority. Poets often use their
craft to critique societal injustices and abuses of power[…]
o Langston Hughes's poem “Theme for English B” challenges assumptions about race and identity.
He challenges the assumption that one's racial background determines the essence of their
identity. He emphasises the shared human experience that transcends racial boundaries.
o Amiri Baraka's poem “Somebody Blew Up America” is a provocative exploration of political and
social issues in America. It challenges assumptions about government actions and societal
injustices, encouraging readers to question the official narrative.
● While it is true that poetry serves as a reminder of human limitations, the impact of poetry on individuals
in positions of authority can vary widely, and it may not be a significant deterrent to arrogance[…]
o Those in power may choose to engage with poetry selectively or superficially. They may read or
appreciate poetry for its aesthetic and emotional qualities but may not necessarily apply its
lessons to their exercise of power.
o The behaviour of individuals in positions of power is influenced by a complex interplay of
factors, including political, social, and institutional pressures. While poetry can offer a
counterbalance, it may be overshadowed by more immediate and powerful influences, such as
political expediency or public opinion.
Assess the significance of superheroes in our lives. Literature
"With great power comes great responsibility." These iconic words, famously attributed to Uncle Ben in ‘Spider-
Man’, capture the profound impact superheroes have had on our lives. Whether leaping tall buildings in a single
bound, wielding mystical hammers, or donning high-tech suits, superheroes have soared beyond the pages of
comic books and the screens of cinemas to become lasting symbols of inspiration and aspiration. They hold
significant cultural and psychological significance in our lives. Therefore, superheroes have a great implication in
our lives as they hold the power to inspire, they offer moral guidance and they serve as a form of escapism and
entertainment.
● Superheroes inspire individuals to overcome challenges and aspire to be better versions of themselves.
They often embody qualities such as courage, selflessness, and resilience. inspire individuals to overcome
challenges and aspire to be better versions of themselves[…]
o Batman, also known as Bruce Wayne, witnessed the murder of his parents as a child. Despite this
tragic event, he dedicated his life to fighting crime and seeking justice. This inspires individuals
to persevere in the face of adversity.
o Wonder Woman, Diana Prince, challenges traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Her character
inspires women and girls to embrace their strength, both in fiction and in real life.
● Superheroes frequently grapple with complex moral dilemmas, which can serve as teaching tools for
ethical decision-making. They offer examples of characters who choose to do the right thing, even when
it's difficult or unpopular[…]
o The X-Men, led by Professor Charles Xavier, teach the moral complexity of using one's powers
responsibly. They often find themselves in situations where they must balance their extraordinary
abilities with the greater good, illustrating the moral dilemmas inherent in power.
o Aquaman, Arthur Curry, is often portrayed as a guardian of the oceans and aquatic life. His
character emphasises the moral obligation to protect the planet and its ecosystems.
● Superhero stories provide a form of escapism, allowing people to temporarily escape the stresses of
everyday life. They offer a sense of adventure, excitement, and fantasy, providing a break from reality[…]
o The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and DC Extended Universe (DCEU) transport audiences
to imaginative and visually stunning worlds filled with otherworldly beings, advanced
technology, and magical realms. These settings provide a welcome escape from reality.
o Characters like Doctor Strange and the Flash delve into dimensions and concepts that challenge
the boundaries of science and reality. These stories engage the imagination and invite viewers to
contemplate the infinite possibilities of the universe.
● However, the significance of superheroes in our lives should be scrutinised for its potential to be
overstated. While superheroes have achieved cultural prominence and entertained generations, it's crucial
to acknowledge their limitations[…]
o The feats of superheroes often have little real-world impact. Spending excessive time and
emotional energy on fictional narratives may divert attention away from addressing tangible
issues in our lives and communities.
o Superhero stories often present moral dilemmas in a simplified manner, with clear distinctions
between good and evil. In reality, ethical choices are often complex and context-dependent.
Relying on superheroes for moral guidance can oversimplify real-world ethical issues.
Assess the view that literature from the past has no relevance to modern life. Literature
Can literature from the past truly be considered irrelevant to modern life, or does it possess an enduring
significance that surpasses the boundaries of time and generation? This question has long sparked debates among
scholars, educators, and avid readers alike. Some believe that literature from bygone eras has no bearing on our
existence; however, others think that to dismiss the timeless wisdom, cultural insights, and deep narratives woven
into the fabric of classic literature would be to overlook the riches of knowledge and perspective that has been
passed down through the ages. Despite this ongoing argument, it is important to consider that literature from the
past does have a significance in modern life as many works of classic literature explore timeless human
experiences, they provide historical and cultural insight, and they enhance critical thinking and perspective.
● Many works of literature from the past explore universal themes and human experiences that are timeless.
Themes like love, conflict, morality, and the human condition continue to be relevant to modern life[…]
o In Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," the theme of young love and the tragic consequences of
feuding families transcends time. The intensity of their love and the barriers they face continue to
resonate with modern audiences.
o Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" delves into the theme of personal identity
and self-discovery. Huck's journey down the Mississippi River reflects the universal struggle of
individuals to find their place in the world and to define their own values and beliefs.
● Literature from the past can provide valuable insights into the historical and cultural contexts of the time.
Understanding the past through literature helps us make sense of the present and appreciate the cultural
and societal changes that have occurred[…]
o Greek mythology, as depicted in works like Homer's "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey," offers
valuable historical and cultural insights into ancient Greece. These epics provide a window into
the beliefs and values of that era, helping modern readers understand the foundations of Western
civilization.
o Charles Dickens' novels, like "Great Expectations" and "Oliver Twist," offer historical insights
into the social inequalities and injustices of Victorian England. Dickens' portrayal of the harsh
realities faced by the lower classes continues to resonate with discussions on class and poverty
today.
● Engaging with past literature encourages critical thinking and a deeper understanding of the human
experience. Readers are exposed to different viewpoints, cultures, and time periods, fostering empathy
and a broader perspective on life[…]
o Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" provides a stark perspective on the harsh conditions of the working
class in early 20th-century America. This work encourages critical thinking about labour rights,
consumer safety, and social inequalities, which continue to be pressing issues today.
o George Orwell's "Animal Farm" serves as a political allegory that encourages readers to think
critically about power, corruption, and the potential for abuse in political systems
● While literature from the past undoubtedly contains valuable insights and timeless themes, it is essential
to recognize that the cultural and societal contexts of long-gone times are often significantly different
from those of the modern world[…]
o Literature from the past frequently reflects the social norms and values of its time, which can
include deeply ingrained prejudices, discriminatory practices, and gender roles that are no longer
acceptable in today's more inclusive and progressive society.
o The world has seen significant geopolitical shifts, globalisation, and cultural exchanges since the
times of classic literature. As a result, the worldviews and cultural contexts depicted in these
works may not align with the diverse and interconnected world of today, limiting their relevance.
Assess the importance of learning a second language. Language
Nelson Mandela once remarked, "If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you
talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart." This moving insight from the South African icon highlights the
deep impact of language on human connection and understanding. Language, whether spoken or written, is a
gateway to cultures, a bridge between individuals, and a key to personal and societal growth. Therefore, learning
a second language enriches lives in various ways, as it enhances cognitive abilities, broadens professional
horizons, and fosters personal growth, collectively highlighting its importance in our interconnected world.
● Learning a second language stimulates the brain, enhancing cognitive functions such as problem-solving,
multitasking, and critical thinking[…]
o A study published in the journal "Psychological Science" found that bilingual individuals tend to
make more rational decisions when faced with complex problems. Switching between languages
requires mental flexibility, which can transfer to problem-solving in various aspects of life.
o Learning a second language demands attention to detail and concentration. Research published in
the journal "Cognition" suggests that bilingual individuals are better at filtering out irrelevant
information and maintaining focus on the task at hand.
● Learning a second language can open doors to a wider range of career opportunities, as many industries
require multilingual skills, such as translation, diplomacy, tourism, and international relations[…]
o Proficiency in a second language opens doors to careers in translation and interpretation.
Translators work with written texts, while interpreters facilitate verbal communication in various
settings, such as conferences, business meetings, and legal proceedings.
o The tourism industry benefits from employees who can communicate with tourists in their native
languages. Knowing a second language can lead to positions as tour guides, hotel managers, and
hospitality professionals
● Mastering a second language is a challenging but rewarding endeavour that can boost self-confidence and
self-esteem; fostering personal development[…]
o Learning a second language allows individuals to communicate effectively in diverse settings. As
language skills improve, individuals become more confident in their ability to express
themselves.
o Learning a second language often involves immersing oneself in the culture associated with that
language. This cultural exposure can lead to a deeper understanding of different customs,
traditions, and perspectives. As individuals become more culturally aware, they gain confidence
in navigating and appreciating diverse cultural contexts.
● While the universal importance of learning a second language is evident, some believe that the benefits of
language acquisition may not always justify the investment of time and resources[…]
o Some argue that the time and effort required to become proficient in a second language may not
always yield benefits. In some cases, the gains in cognitive function, job opportunities, and
personal growth might not be substantial enough to justify the investment of time and resources.
o In an increasingly globalised world, English has emerged as a lingua franca for international
business, diplomacy, and academia. Many people argue that the priority should be to attain
proficiency in only English rather than dedicating significant time to learning another language.
English is the world’s most common language. To what extent is this desirable? Language
Does the omnipresence of English, as the world's most widespread language, signify a global boon or an
impending cultural weakening? The global dominance of English fuels a debate full of complexities, touching
upon realms of communication, culture, and power dynamics. The undeniable status of English as a lingua franca,
transcending borders and cultures, continues to spark debate regarding its desirability and broader implications.
Hence, the global prevalence of English as the most common language fosters international communication and
facilitates access to a wealth of global knowledge, yet it also raises pressing concerns about cultural monotony
and worsens power imbalances on a global scale.
● English serves as a global lingua franca, making it easier for people from different linguistic backgrounds
to communicate and understand each other. This facilitates international business, diplomacy, tourism,
and academic exchange[…]
o English serves as a global lingua franca, making it easier for people from different linguistic
backgrounds to communicate and understand each other. This facilitates international business,
diplomacy, tourism, and academic exchange.
o English serves as a global lingua franca, making it easier for people from different linguistic
backgrounds to communicate and understand each other. This facilitates international business,
diplomacy, tourism, and academic exchange.
● A significant amount of information, including scientific research, educational materials, and
entertainment content, is available in English. This widespread availability of resources can promote
global learning and cultural exchange[…]
o Many online educational platforms, courses, and tutorials are available in English. Students and
learners from non-English-speaking countries can access high-quality educational materials to
enhance their knowledge and skills.
o English is a gateway to literary works, music, films, and art from various cultures. Translations of
literary classics into English allow readers to explore the rich literary traditions of other
languages.
● The dominance of English can lead to cultural homogenization, where the rich diversity of languages and
cultures is overshadowed. Smaller languages and indigenous cultures may face the risk of being
marginalised or even lost[…]
o English-language movies, television shows, and music often dominate global entertainment
markets. As a result, local cultures may adopt Western cultural norms and values, leading to the
homogenization of entertainment preferences.
o The prevalence of English can lead to the borrowing of cultural elements from English-speaking
countries. This can include adopting American or British fashion trends, dietary habits, and
lifestyle choices, which may dilute traditional cultural practices.
● English's prominence is often associated with historical colonialism and power imbalances. Critics argue
that its dominance can prolong inequalities and reinforce the influence of English-speaking countries[…]
o English was often imposed on colonised nations during the era of European imperialism. In many
cases, it became the language of administration, education, and governance. For example, during
British colonial rule in India, English was promoted as the medium of instruction, leading to its
continued influence in post-colonial India.
o English is one of the official languages of international organisations like the United Nations.
This linguistic preference can affect the representation and influence of non-English-speaking
countries in global politics.
In attempting to translate from one language into another, something will always be lost. How far do you
agree? Language
"Language is the source of misunderstandings." These thoughtful words by the beloved French writer and aviator
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry emphasise the intricate nature of communication across linguistic boundaries. In a
world where global interaction and cross-cultural exchanges are more prevalent than ever before, the question of
whether something is always lost in translation remains a prominent one. With a staggering array of languages
spoken worldwide, and countless distinctions that make each unique, the act of translation becomes a daunting
attempt, often leading to the loss of some inherent essence within the original message. Therefore, the extent to
which cultural distinctions, contextual differences, and the intricacies of idioms and wordplay are lost during the
translation process highlights the challenges of conveying the complete essence of a message when transitioning
from one language to another.
● Languages are deeply intertwined with the cultures they originate from. Certain words, phrases, or
concepts may not have direct equivalents in another language, leading to a loss of cultural nuances and
context[…]
o Translating the English expression "seeing red" into Chinese presents a delicate challenge, as it
involves navigating the stark contrast in cultural interpretations of the colour red: symbolising
anger in the West, and luck and celebration in Chinese culture.
o Translating the honorific systems of Korean and Japanese, which employ various words and
speech forms to convey respect, into languages with simpler honorifics poses a significant
challenge.
● The context in which a word or phrase is used can significantly affect its meaning. Translators may not
always have access to the full context, leading to potential misinterpretations[…]
o In French, the pronoun "tu" is used for informal situations, while "vous" is employed in formal
contexts. Translating these distinctions into languages with fewer pronoun variations can be
challenging.
o In Spanish, "mañana" can mean both "tomorrow" and "morning," while in English, these are
distinct terms. Translating a sentence like "I'll see you mañana" requires careful consideration of
the context to determine the intended meaning.
● Many languages contain idiomatic expressions and wordplay that are challenging to translate accurately.
Attempting to translate them often results in a loss of the original humour or meaning[…]
o Idioms often have figurative meanings that don't directly translate into other languages. For
instance, the English idiom "kick the bucket" means "to die," but a literal translation would lead
to confusion in many languages.
o Idioms are often deeply rooted in culture and history. Translating the French idiom "C'est la fin
des haricots" (literally "It's the end of the beans") into English requires replacing it with a similar
idiomatic expression like "It's the last straw," which conveys frustration but has a different origin.
● However, In recent years, advancements in translation technology and the collaborative efforts of skilled
translators have mitigated the extent to which something is lost in translation[…]
o Machine translation, exemplified by Google Translate, leverages extensive linguistic data and
advanced algorithms to deliver reasonably accurate, if not flawless, translations suitable for
everyday communication and basic understanding across a diverse spectrum of languages.
o The collaborative efforts of human translators, who can rely on machine translation as a starting
point, have improved the quality of translations. These professionals possess the linguistic
expertise and cultural insights needed to refine machine-generated translations.
To what extent are languages a barrier to world cooperation in your country? Language
Has it ever been considered how something as fundamental as language, the very tool that enables communication
and connection, could also be a barrier to the grand endeavour of world cooperation? Nestled in the heart of South
Asia, Nepal stands as a vibrant testament to linguistic diversity, boasting over 120 languages within its borders.
While this rich tapestry of tongues and dialects embodies the cultural wealth of the nation, it simultaneously poses
intricate challenges when it comes to international collaboration. Therefore, the linguistic diversity in Nepal serves
as a significant communication barrier, influencing international negotiations and diplomacy, while also affecting
access to information; impacting the nurturing of global cooperation.
● When people from different linguistic backgrounds come together for international cooperation, language
differences can hinder effective communication. Misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and
communication breakdowns can occur, which can impede the progress of collaborative efforts[…]
o English is often the dominant language for international communication and cooperation. While
English is taught in Nepali schools, proficiency levels can vary. Urban and educated populations
tend to have better English skills, but in rural areas, English proficiency may be limited, posing a
challenge in engaging with international partners and organisations.
● In international diplomacy and negotiations, language barriers can be significant. Accurate translation and
interpretation are essential to ensure that all parties fully understand the terms and conditions of
agreements, treaties, and international conventions[…]
o In international diplomacy, clear and effective communication is crucial. Nepalese diplomats may
face challenges in expressing their country's interests and understanding the positions of other
nations due to language differences. This can impact negotiations, treaty agreements, and
diplomatic relations.
● In a globalised world, access to information is crucial for cooperation. Language barriers can limit access
to valuable information, research, and data that may be available only in certain languages, hindering the
ability to make informed decisions[…]
o Many international agreements, research publications, and diplomatic documents are published in
English. Limited English proficiency in Nepal can hinder access to important information,
research findings, and international policy documents, potentially impacting the country's ability
to make informed decisions in the global arena.
● While it is true that language diversity and cultural differences can pose challenges to world cooperation,
it is important to recognize that these barriers may be somewhat overstated, and with the right strategies
and attitudes, they can be effectively managed[…]
o Nepal's diplomats and officials often engage in international forums where English is the primary
language of communication. However, Nepal has a cadre of skilled interpreters and translators
who facilitate effective communication. This demonstrates Nepal's commitment to overcoming
language barriers in diplomacy.
o Nepal's diplomats and officials often receive cross-cultural training to navigate international
interactions effectively. These programs focus on enhancing cultural sensitivity and
communication skills to bridge cultural gaps.
To what extent do you agree that the continued use of minority languages should be encouraged? Language
Is human culture complete without the vibrant threads of minority languages, or are we willing to accept a world
diminished by the loss of linguistic diversity? This question strikes at the heart of a passionately debated issue: the
encouragement of continued use of minority languages. Advocates argue that preserving minority languages is
essential for safeguarding cultural heritage, nurturing inclusivity, and fostering cognitive richness. Critics, on the
other hand, contend that practicality, resource allocation, and the imperative of integration into a globalised
society pose formidable challenges. Therefore, the extent to which the use of minority languages should be
uplifted is considerable, as it simultaneously addresses the preservation of cultural heritage, the nurturing of
inclusivity, and the fostering of cognitive richness, while contending with the practical challenges of resource
allocation and the imperative of integration into a globalised society.
● Encouraging the continued use of minority languages is often seen as a way to preserve and celebrate the
rich cultural heritage of diverse communities. Languages are an integral part of a culture, and losing a
language can mean losing a significant part of a community's identity and history[…]
o Many minority languages are sources of unique oral traditions, including folklore, myths, and
storytelling. Encouraging the use of these languages ensures that these cultural narratives are
passed down through generations.
o Some minority languages are closely tied to religious rituals and ceremonies. Maintaining these
languages is essential for preserving the authenticity and spiritual significance of these practices.
● Promoting minority languages fosters inclusivity, allowing all community members to communicate in
their native tongue, bridging divides in regions where speakers may experience discrimination[…]
o Government agencies and service providers offering information and services in multiple
languages, including minority languages, ensure that linguistic diversity doesn't create barriers to
accessing essential services like healthcare, legal assistance, and social services.
o Providing education in minority languages ensures that all children, regardless of their linguistic
background, have equal access to quality education. This helps level the playing field and
promotes educational equity.
● Bilingualism has cognitive and educational benefits. Encouraging the use of minority languages can offer
individuals the chance to develop language skills that can be advantageous in various aspects of life,
including improved cognitive abilities and better job prospects[…]
o Minority languages often carry indigenous knowledge about ecosystems, traditional medicine,
and cultural heritage. By preserving these languages, educational systems can also preserve
valuable traditional knowledge.
o In regions where educational programs support minority languages, students who receive
instruction in their native language are more likely to stay in school and graduate, reducing
dropout rates.
● However, allocating resources to support minority languages can be a significant financial commitment
for governments and institutions, and there may be competing priorities. Governments and institutions
may argue that these resources could be more effectively used to address other pressing societal issues,
such as healthcare, infrastructure, or poverty alleviation.
● In an increasingly interconnected and globalised world, proficiency in major international languages often
provides individuals with better access to global opportunities, including employment, education, and
cultural exchange. Encouraging the use of minority languages might be seen as limiting individuals'
competitiveness in a globalised job market.
‘Film adaptations of books are rarely as successful as the original writing.’ To what extent do you agree?
Performing Arts
The renowned author John Green once remarked, "Making a film adaptation of a book can be like trying to draw a
map of a dream: the translation always falls short of the original." Green's words expressively capture the
enduring debate surrounding film adaptations of books. The clash between literature and cinema has raged on for
decades, with passionate supporters and obsessive detractors on both sides. The success of film adaptations of
books compared to the original writing is a subjective and complex matter, and opinions on this topic can vary
widely. Therefore, film adaptations of books may be considered less successful due to a loss of depth in plot points
and characters and prioritisation of commercial success; however, they may also be successful due to the
possibilities of visual storytelling and their appeal to a broader audience.
● Books often provide more depth and detail in character development, inner thoughts, and intricate plot
points that can be challenging to fully capture in a 2-3 hour film[…]
o In J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, the books provide extensive insight into the inner
thoughts and emotions of characters like Severus Snape and Draco Malfoy. However, in the film
adaptations, due to time constraints, much of this depth is glossed over.
o In F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby," the novel delves into numerous subplots and
background stories that contribute to the depth of the characters and themes. In the film
adaptations, some of these subplots are either simplified or omitted entirely.
● The film industry often prioritises commercial success, which can lead to changes in the source material,
potentially diluting the original essence of the story[…]
o Commercial pressure can lead to the casting of well-known actors in key roles, sometimes
regardless of their suitability for the characters. This can weaken the authenticity of the adaptation
and prioritise star power over staying true to the source material.
o In George Orwell's "1984," the novel ends on a dystopian note, which reinforces its central
themes. However, film adaptations, influenced by commercial considerations, opt for more
hopeful endings to cater to a broader audience and achieve better box office results.
● However, films have the advantage of visual storytelling, which can enhance the experience by bringing
settings, characters, and action sequences to life in a way that books cannot[…]
o Visual storytelling in film adaptations can bring to life the settings and landscapes described in
books. For example, Peter Jackson's adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" series
beautifully captured the magnificence of Middle-earth through breathtaking visuals.
o Visual storytelling excels in portraying action sequences, making them dynamic and engaging.
The film adaptation of "Jurassic Park" vividly showcased the tension and danger of the dinosaur
encounters, providing a visceral experience beyond what words on a page can convey.
● Film adaptations can introduce a story to a wider audience who might not have read the book. This can
lead to increased appreciation for the source material[…]
o In some cases, adaptations may incorporate elements from multiple genres to broaden their
appeal. For instance, the film adaptation of "The Martian" by Andy Weir maintained the scientific
accuracy of the book while infusing elements of humour and suspense to engage a broader
audience.
o To make characters more relatable to a wider range of viewers, film adaptations may alter their
personalities or motivations. The film version of "Forrest Gump" portrays the titular character as
more innocent and endearing compared to the book, making him a more universally beloved
figure.
‘Melody is essential to music.’ Discuss this view with reference to music you know well. Performing Arts
In a dimly lit concert hall, silence hung in the air, expectant with anticipation. The audience, seated in absorbed
attention, held their collective breath. And then, like a gentle breeze that caresses the soul, a single violin began to
sing. It was a melody that had taken centre stage, weaving its magic into the hearts of all who bore witness. This
captivating scene serves as a testament to the undeniable truth that melody is indeed indispensable to music. Just
as that solitary violinist held the audience entranced, melodies are the lifeblood of music, bestowing upon it the
power to convey emotions, structure, and cultural significance. Hence, music carries a vital significance in music
as it shapes the emotional landscape of music, provides structure and contrast and resonates culturally as a
bearer of historical significance.
● Melodies can evoke a spectrum of emotions, from joy and peacefulness to sadness and nostalgia. The
outline, rhythm, and dynamics of a melody contribute to its emotional impact[…]
o The first movement of Ludwig van Beethoven’s “Moonlight Sonata” is famous for its mournful
and introspective melody. The slow and delicate harmonies in the right hand of the piano convey
a sense of longing and melancholy.
o B.B. King's iconic guitar solos in "The Thrill Is Gone" are a masterclass in expressive melody.
The slow bends and soulful phrasing in his playing communicate the pain and resignation of lost
love, creating a deeply emotional listening experience.
● Melodies play a pivotal role in shaping the structure and organisation of a piece of music. They provide
the backbone upon which the entire composition is built[…]
o "Giant Steps" is a classic jazz composition known for its intricate harmonic structure. John
Coltrane's saxophone melodies navigate through a series of rapid chord changes, creating a
complex yet organised structure.
o This Beatles’ “A Day in the Life” alternates between John Lennon's more sombre and reflective
melody and Paul McCartney's brighter and more upbeat section. These alternating melodies
contribute to the song's narrative structure.
● Melodies often carry profound cultural significance, serving as vessels of tradition, history, and identity.
They can capture the essence of a particular culture or era and evoke a sense of shared heritage[…]
o The melody of "Sakura Sakura" is a well-known and beloved traditional Japanese folk song. It
captures the beauty and transience of cherry blossoms, which hold immense cultural significance
in Japan.
o Bob Marley's "One Love" is an anthem with a melody that embodies the spirit of unity and love.
It has become a symbol of Jamaican culture and the Rastafarian movement.
● While it is undeniable that melody plays a significant role in many forms of music, it is important to
recognize that not all music relies on melody as an essential component[…]
o In experimental and electronic music, composers and artists often prioritise other elements such
as rhythm, texture, and timbre over melody. These genres embrace abstract and unconventional
sounds, sometimes minimising or even eschewing melodic elements.
o Free jazz and improvised music often prioritise spontaneous creativity and exploration over
traditional melodic structures. Musicians in these genres may create music that is abstract,
dissonant, and devoid of recognizable melodies.
‘This music captures the times we live in.’ Evaluate whether the music you listen to does this.
Performing Arts
Could it ever have been thought of how music, an art form that transcends time and space, can capture the essence
of the era in which it is created? In an ever-evolving world filled with shifting cultural, social, and political
landscapes, music serves as a sonic time capsule, capturing the spirit of the times we live in. It has the unique
ability to mirror society's joys, struggles, and complexities, providing both a reflection and commentary on the
world around us. Therefore, it can be said that music does portray the times we live in as it intertwines with
contemporary life, gives voice to the unspoken and resonates with the hearts and minds of a generation.
● Music often serves as a reflection of societal norms, values, and cultural trends. It captures the way people
think, feel, and interact with one another at a given moment in time[…]
o In the song “One More Night”, Maroon Five explores the theme of modern romance and hookup
culture. The lyrics capture the idea of fleeting connections and the desire for "one more night"
with someone, which is a reflection of the contemporary dating scene.
o Arctic Monkeys’ song “505” reflects the complexities of modern relationships and the challenges
of communication in the digital age. The song touches on themes of distance, longing, and the
difficulty of connecting in a world where technology often mediates our interactions.
● Music provides a safe and often anonymous platform for artists to share their experiences and
perspectives, allowing listeners who relate to these topics to feel understood and less alone[…]
o Mary Lambert's song “Secrets” discusses her experiences with childhood sexual abuse. The song
is both empowering and a testament to the importance of speaking openly about such traumatic
experiences.
o Nirvana's song “Rape Me” tackles the taboo subject of sexual assault and violence against
women. The lyrics are a direct commentary on these issues and challenge societal attitudes
towards them.
● Music has a unique ability to evoke powerful emotions. Songs that resonate deeply with a generation tap
into universal feelings and sentiments[…]
o Eminem's powerful rap anthem “Lose Yourself” captures the struggle, determination, and
intensity of pursuing one's dreams and overcoming adversity. It resonates with listeners who
relate to the idea of seizing opportunities and facing challenges head-on.
o Adele's emotional ballad “Someone Like You” about heartbreak and loss strikes a chord with
anyone who has experienced the pain of a broken relationship. Her raw and emotive vocals
convey the depth of her feelings, creating a strong emotional connection with her audience.
● While music undeniably has the power to evoke deep emotional connections, it's important to
acknowledge that not all music resonates equally with every individual or generation[…]
o Musical preferences vary widely among individuals and generations. What resonates emotionally
with one person or generation may not necessarily have the same impact on others.
o The music industry is also driven by commercial interests and trends. Some songs that become
popular may be designed to appeal to the widest possible audience rather than to create deep
emotional connections.
Evaluate the importance of the live music and/or theatre experience for both performer and audience.
Performing Arts
Actress and singer Julie Andrews once said, "Music and theatre are not mere entertainments but are, instead, the
means by which we understand the world around us, and more importantly, the world within us.". In the words of
Andrews, live music and theatre transcend the boundaries of mere entertainment. The live music and theatre
experience is a realm where performers pour their passion and creativity into every note, every word, and every
gesture, and where spectators embark on journeys of emotional exploration, cultural enrichment, and communal
connection. Therefore, live music and theatre hold a great significance for performers as they are offered a
platform for artistic expression and immediate feedback; and also for the audience, as they are exposed to
enriching cultural diversity and social interaction.
● Live performances offer artists a platform to express themselves creatively, pushing the boundaries of
their art. Musicians and actors can experiment with their craft, showcasing their skills and honing their
talents in front of a live audience[…]
o Jazz musicians, for instance, often engage in improvisation during live performances. They
spontaneously create melodies, harmonies, and rhythms, expressing their emotions and creativity
in the moment.
o In theatre, actors use their bodies, voices, and facial expressions to convey complex emotions and
characters. The way they interpret a role and deliver lines can vary dramatically from one
performance to another, showcasing their artistic choices.
● Live performances provide immediate feedback. Performers can gauge audience reactions and adjust their
act accordingly. This helps them refine their skills and become better at what they do[…]
o Musicians often adjust the dynamics of their performance based on audience response. If they
sense the audience is becoming more engaged, they might play more energetically or create
moments of quiet intensity to draw the audience in further.
o In improv theatre, performers rely heavily on audience suggestions and reactions to shape the
scenes. They adapt their dialogue and actions on the spot, making each performance unique and
responsive to audience input.
● Live music and theatre expose audiences to different cultures, perspectives, and artistic styles. This
enriches their cultural awareness and appreciation for diversity[…]
o Live music concerts and theatre productions often feature a wide range of genres, from classical
and jazz to rock, opera, and contemporary theatre. Attending performances from different genres
exposes audiences to diverse artistic expressions and musical traditions.
o Theatre often serves as a platform for cultural storytelling. Productions that explore folklore,
myths, or historical events from various cultures provide audiences with insights into the rich
narratives and traditions of different societies.
● Attending live events often involves socialising with others who share similar interests. This fosters a
sense of community and can lead to the formation of lasting friendships and connections[…]
o Attending live performances brings people together to share a common experience. The audience
collectively witnesses the same moments, emotions, and reactions, creating a sense of unity and
connection among attendees.
o Live events offer chances for like-minded people to connect, sparking conversations and
facilitating new friendships and professional networks.
Explain why artists, such as painters, filmmakers or musicians, are often inspired by terrible events in
human history. Performing Arts
In the dimly lit corner of a small Parisian café, a solitary figure hunches over a canvas, paintbrush in hand, his
furrowed brows betraying the intensity of his emotions. The artist, Pablo Picasso, is consumed by an
overwhelming sense of anguish and rage. His masterpiece, "Guernica," is born from the depths of his soul, an
instinctive response to the terrible events that unfolded during the Spanish Civil War. Picasso's experience in that
Parisian café serves as a moving anecdote, offering a glimpse into the world of artists who are often drawn to the
darkest chapters of our shared history. The multifaceted relationship between art and human history is a dynamic
where the terrible and the beautiful converge to give birth to some of the most compelling works of creativity.
Hence, artists are most often drawn towards the terrible events in human history as art provides a platform for
emotional expression, social commentary and historical documentation.
● Art provides a platform for artists to process and express their emotions and reactions to tragic events.
Creating art can serve as a form of release, allowing artists to cope with their own feelings of sadness,
anger, or despair[…]
o Picasso's "Guernica" is a powerful example of catharsis and emotional expression. Created in
response to the bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, the painting conveys the
artist's deep sense of anguish and outrage.
o In her rendition of "Strange Fruit," Nina Simone's emotional expression through song addresses
the horrors of lynching in the United States with deep sorrow and anger.
● Many artists use their work to comment on the world around them, including the dark and tragic aspects
of history. They may aim to raise awareness, provoke thought, or challenge societal norms through their
art[…]
o Steven Spielberg's "Schindler's List" serves as a powerful social commentary on the Holocaust. It
vividly depicts the atrocities committed during World War II and, through the character of Oskar
Schindler, highlights the heroism of an individual who saved the lives of many Jewish people.
o Billie Holiday's iconic song Strange Fruit’s haunting lyrics and somber melody is a searing social
commentary on racial violence and lynching in the United States.
● Art can serve as a historical record. It captures perspectives that may not be fully conveyed through
traditional historical accounts. Artists often depict terrible events to ensure they are not forgotten and to
offer future generations a glimpse into the past[…]
o Taken during the Great Depression in the United States, this iconic photograph “Migrant Mother”
documents the suffering of a migrant mother and her children. It has become a symbol of the
hardships faced by countless Americans during that era.
o While Diego Rivera's mural "Man at the Crossroads" was ultimately destroyed due to political
controversy, it documented the social and political issues of the time, including the Great
Depression and the rise of fascism.
● While it is true that many artists have drawn inspiration from terrible events in human history, it is
important to recognize that art is not limited to these dark subjects. Art has the capacity to find inspiration
in a wide range of other human experiences and emotions[…]
o Not all art needs to be a form of release or a response to tragic events. Artists may find inspiration
in the beauty of nature, the joy of human connection, or the wonders of the everyday world.
o Art can serve as a form of escapism and provide relief from the harsh realities of the world.
People often turn to music, literature, and films that provide comfort, laughter, and inspiration
rather than dwelling on tragedy.
Digital media does more harm than good. Discuss. Print and Digital Media
"The price we pay for connectivity is the erosion of our privacy, the spread of misinformation, and a growing
sense of disconnection from the real world." These words by Sherry Turkle, a renowned sociologist and
psychologist, encapsulate the complex relationship shared with digital media in today's age. As the digital
landscape is navigated more and more every day, it is increasingly evident that the conveniences and opportunities
brought forth by digital media come hand in hand with a range of detrimental consequences. Digital media have
unleashed a range of harms that are affecting individuals and society on an unprecedented scale. Therefore, digital
media does indeed cause more damage than good due to the spread of false or misleading information, privacy
concerns and heightened mental health issues.
● The spread of false or misleading information on digital media platforms is a significant concern. Fake
news, rumours, and conspiracy theories can gain traction quickly, leading to confusion and
polarisation[…]
o Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, various false claims and misleading information spread
rapidly through digital media platforms. This misinformation not only confused the public but
also had real-world consequences, such as people taking unproven remedies or disregarding
public health guidelines.
o Countries, like Russia, have allegedly used digital media to spread disinformation for political
purposes, such as influencing foreign elections and public opinion through social media.
● Digital media often involves the collection and sharing of personal data, which can lead to privacy
breaches and identity theft. The constant tracking of online behaviour by tech companies can be invasive
and raise ethical concerns[…]
o High-profile data breaches, such as the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal in 2018, exposed
the personal information of millions of users. This incident raised concerns about how tech
companies handle and protect user data.
o Many mobile apps and websites collect and track users' location data, often without their explicit
consent. This can lead to the tracking of individuals' movements and potentially compromise their
privacy.
● Excessive use of social media and digital devices can contribute to addiction and have negative impacts
on mental health. The constant comparison with others, cyberbullying, and online harassment can lead to
anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem[…]
o Many individuals find themselves compulsively checking and engaging with social media
platforms, leading to a condition known as "social media addiction." The constant need for
validation through likes and comments can harm one's mental well-being.
o Digital media platforms provide a platform for cyberbullying, which can have severe negative
effects on the mental health of victims. Online harassment, threats, and humiliation can lead to
anxiety, depression, and even suicidal ideation.
● While it is crucial to acknowledge the concerns and challenges associated with digital media, it is equally
important to recognize the substantial positive impact it has had on society[…]
o Digital media has created vast economic opportunities. The rise of e-commerce and online
entrepreneurship has facilitated job creation and economic growth. Platforms like Amazon and
Shopify have empowered small businesses and individuals to thrive in the digital economy.
o Online education platforms and resources have democratised learning, making knowledge
accessible to people worldwide. This has opened doors for lifelong learning, skill development,
and career advancement.
News media must always tell the truth. To what extent do you agree? Print and Digital Media
Can a society where the news media is not bound by the commitment to truth be truly imagined? A society where
the information circulated by journalists lacks the foundation of accuracy and honesty? Such a notion raises a
critical question: Should news media be held to a standard that demands unwavering truthfulness in their
reporting? In an age where the media plays an indispensable role in shaping public opinion, guiding the
democratic process, and influencing global discourse, the imperative of truth in journalism becomes increasingly
apparent. Therefore, news media must be obligated to tell the truth to a great extent due to the ethical
responsibility of such media, the dependence of democracy on truth and their role in accountability.
● News media have an ethical responsibility to provide accurate and truthful information to the public.
Journalists are often considered the fourth estate, acting as watchdogs of society, and they must uphold
the trust of the public[…]
o When a news outlet reports false information, it must ethically correct the record. For instance, if
a newspaper mistakenly publishes an unverified political scandal story, it should promptly issue a
retraction.
o Ethical responsibility entails rigorous fact-checking processes to ensure that the information
presented to the public is accurate. News organisations, like The Washington Post's Fact Checker
or Snopes, engage in fact-checking to verify claims made by public figures.
● In democratic societies, the functioning of government relies on an informed electorate. False information
by the news media can distort public opinion and compromise the democratic process[…]
o In a democratic society, citizens rely on truthful information to make informed choices during
elections. For example, accurate reporting on candidates' policies and records allows voters to
choose representatives who align with their values and interests.
o Truthful reporting fosters trust in democratic institutions. When the media accurately reports on
government activities, it enhances public confidence in the democratic system.
● Holding those in power accountable is a primary function of journalism. Truthful reporting ensures that
individuals, organisations, and governments can be held accountable for their actions and decisions[…]
o Truthful reporting holds politicians and government officials accountable for their actions. For
instance, when the media exposes corruption, misconduct, or dishonesty by public figures, it can
lead to resignations, investigations, or legal consequences.
o News media play a crucial role in holding corporations accountable for unethical practices. When
investigative journalism uncovers corporate wrongdoing, such as environmental violations or
financial fraud, it can lead to regulatory action.
● While truth in journalism is undoubtedly important, there are instances where it may not be the paramount
concern for news media[…]
o In some cases, governments may classify information to protect national security. While
journalists have a duty to uncover the truth, revealing classified information can have serious
consequences, including jeopardising lives and national security interests.
o Journalists often rely on confidential sources who may provide valuable information in the public
interest but require anonymity for their safety. In some cases, maintaining the confidentiality of
sources may involve withholding certain truths.
Printed newspapers, magazines, books and comics are no longer needed in our digital age. Discuss.
Print and Digital Media
Stephen King, the creative author known for his tales of horror and wonder, once profoundly remarked, "Books
are a uniquely portable magic." In an era marked by the ascendancy of digital technology, the claim that printed
newspapers, magazines, books, and comics have lasted longer than their utility has gained traction. However,
Stephen King's reminiscent words, instilled with a sense of nostalgia and admiration for the printed word, remind
us of the enduring enchantment contained within the tangible experience of flipping through pages, the fragrance
of ink and paper, and the timeless connection between reader and physical text. Therefore, printed texts are still
needed in our digital age due to the lasting preference of a tactile experience, their role in reducing screen time
and their accessibility.
● Many people still enjoy the tactile experience of holding a physical book, newspaper, or magazine. The
feel of the pages, the smell of ink and paper, and the act of flipping through pages can be satisfying and
nostalgic for many[…]
o Many individuals still relish the sensation of physically turning the pages of a book or magazine.
The rustle of paper and the smooth texture of the pages create a sensory experience that digital
media cannot replicate.
o Readers can personalise their printed materials with handwritten notes, highlights, and
annotations, fostering a deeper connection with the content and allowing for a more active
reading experience.
● In an era where people are increasingly glued to screens for work, entertainment, and communication,
printed materials offer a break from digital devices and can reduce eye strain and digital fatigue[…]
o Reading printed materials offers a respite from prolonged screen time, reducing the risk of digital
eye strain and related discomfort. Readers can escape the glare and blue light emissions
associated with digital screens.
o Some find it easier to maintain concentration when reading physical books, magazines, or
newspapers. The absence of digital distractions such as notifications and hyperlinks allows for a
more immersive reading experience.
● Not everyone has easy access to digital devices or a reliable internet connection. Printed materials remain
a critical source of information and entertainment for those in underserved or remote areas[…]
o Printed materials remain essential in bridging the digital divide, as not everyone has equal access
to digital devices or reliable internet connections. In underserved or remote areas, printed
materials are a lifeline to information and knowledge.
o Printed media is accessible to individuals of all age groups, including young children and the
elderly, who may find digital interfaces challenging or unfamiliar. For young readers, physical
books are crucial for literacy development.
● While there are valid reasons for the continued existence of printed media, it's essential to recognize the
significant advantages that digital alternatives offer in our modern, tech-savvy world[…]
o The production of paper-based materials can have a significant environmental impact, from
deforestation to energy consumption. Digital media is often considered more environmentally
friendly due to its lower carbon footprint.
o Digital publications are often cheaper than their print counterparts. Subscriptions to digital
newspapers and magazines, as well as e-books and comics, are usually more affordable, making
them an attractive option for cost-conscious consumers.
Television will always be the most popular form of entertainment. To what extent do you agree?
Print and Digital Media
In the cosy living room of a suburban home, a family of four gathers around the television set on a chilly winter
evening. With bowls of popcorn in hand and anticipation in their eyes, they prepare to watch their favourite
television show together. As the screen illuminates with vibrant colours and captivating narratives, it becomes
evident that television has held a special place in the hearts of countless households for generations. Yet, in this
age of rapid technological advancement and evolving entertainment preferences, it becomes increasingly doubtful
whether television will retain its popularity as it did in the past. Hence, television may not always be the most
popular form of entertainment in the digital era due to the advancements of other technologies, the changing
preferences of the generation and the mobility and convenience of modern entertainment.
● The entertainment landscape has been significantly influenced by technological advancements. The rise
of the internet and streaming services has led to the availability of a wide range of content on various
devices, which may challenge television’s dominance[…]
o The emergence and widespread adoption of streaming platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon
Prime Video have revolutionised how people access and consume content.
o Platforms like YouTube and TikTok have empowered individuals to create and share their own
content, giving rise to a new generation of content creators and influencers. User-generated
content often competes with professionally produced television programming for viewers'
attention.
● People's entertainment preferences evolve over time. Younger generations, in particular, may have
different preferences compared to older generations. The rise of platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and
social media has already shifted the way people consume content away from televisions[…]
o The popularity of short-form content on platforms like TikTok and Instagram reflects changing
preferences, especially among younger audiences who favour quick, bite-sized videos over
traditional long-format television shows.
o The shift toward on-demand viewing through streaming services reflects a preference for
flexibility and convenience. People prefer to watch content at their own pace rather than adhering
to fixed television schedules.
● Mobile devices have made it easier for people to access entertainment on the go. Streaming services allow
viewers to watch content whenever and wherever they want, which can be more convenient than
scheduled television programming[…]
o The widespread adoption of smartphones and tablets has allowed people to access entertainment
content wherever they are. Mobile apps for streaming services, gaming, and social media provide
on-the-go entertainment options.
o Streaming platforms use algorithms to recommend content tailored to individual preferences,
enhancing the convenience of content discovery and reducing the time spent searching for
something to watch as compared to the television.
● While technological advancements and changing preferences have undeniably transformed the
entertainment landscape, television's enduring popularity should not be underestimated[…]
o Television is accessible to a broad demographic, including individuals who may not have access
to high-speed internet or the latest mobile devices. Its reach extends to rural areas and regions
with limited connectivity, making it a reliable source of entertainment for many.
o Television remains the primary medium for broadcasting live events, such as sports, news, and
major cultural moments like awards shows and political debates. The communal experience of
watching these events in real-time on a large screen continues to draw audiences.
To what extent is the media in your country biassed? Print and Digital Media
"Journalism can never be silent: that is its greatest virtue and its greatest fault." These words by the renowned
journalist and political activist Henry Anatole Grunwald underscore the pivotal role that media plays in shaping
societies and democracies. In the context of Nepal, a nation marked by its rich cultural diversity and evolving
political landscape, the question of media bias becomes particularly relevant. The media, with its power to inform,
educate, and influence public opinion, wields tremendous potential to either fortify democratic values or
undermine them through bias. Therefore, the media in Nepal is biassed to some extent due to political alignment
of media channels, sensationalism and economic pressures.
● In Nepal, media outlets often align themselves with specific political parties or ideologies. This can result
in biassed reporting, with some outlets favouring certain political groups and perspectives while
criticising or neglecting others[...]

○ Media bias can manifest through the selective coverage of political events. For instance, a media
outlet with a political bias may prominently feature rallies, speeches, or activities of the political
party it supports while ignoring similar activities by opposing parties.
○ The choice of headlines and the framing of news stories can exhibit political bias. Media
organisations may use sensational or misleading headlines to influence public perception, often in
favour of their political leanings.

● Nepali media, most often than not, prioritise sensationalism over balanced reporting to attract more
viewers, readers, or clicks. This can lead to biassed coverage that emphasises dramatic or controversial
aspects of a story[...]

○ Nepali media outlets prioritise coverage of tragic events, accidents, or disasters, often giving them
more airtime or headlines than other news stories. This can create a perception of a constant state
of crisis.

○ The media may prioritise coverage of celebrity scandals and gossip, sometimes at the expense of
more substantive news stories. This can include invasive reporting on the personal lives of public
figures.

● Economic pressures and the need for advertising revenue can also impact media bias. Some media outlets
may avoid publishing critical stories about advertisers or other influential entities to protect their financial
interests[...]
○ Many media outlets in Nepal rely heavily on advertising revenue to sustain their operations. As a
result, they may be inclined to avoid publishing critical stories about advertisers or other
influential businesses, fearing a loss of advertising contracts.

○ Some media organisations in Nepal are owned by individuals or conglomerates with significant
business interests outside of the media industry. These owners may use their media platforms to
further their business interests.

● While concerns about media bias in Nepal are valid, it is essential to acknowledge that the extent of bias
may be overstated, and the impact on society and democracy is not as detrimental as some critics
contend[...]

○ Nepal's media landscape is diverse, with a multitude of outlets representing various political,
social, and cultural perspectives. This diversity allows consumers to access a wide range of
viewpoints and make informed decisions about which sources to trust.

○ The Press Council of Nepal and other regulatory bodies provide a platform for addressing
grievances related to media content, promoting accountability among media organisations.
‘Television rarely tells the truth.’ To what extent do you agree? Advertising

Can we trust television to unfailingly reveal the bare truth, or does it often conceal reality behind a curtain of
sensationalism and manipulation? In the age of information overload, the role of television as a vendor of facts
and narratives has come under increasing scrutiny. This resonates with a growing sentiment that what we see on
our screens may not always align with objective reality. Whether television tells the truth is a provocative and
evolving discussion. It encompasses a wide spectrum of content, from news to entertainment, each with its own
set of challenges and considerations regarding truthfulness. Hence, television does tell the truth to some extent
through investigative reporting and fact-checking; however, the problems of editorial biases and reality television
contradict this opinion.

● Some television documentaries and investigative reports aim to uncover hidden truths and provide in-
depth analysis of complex issues. These programs can offer valuable insights and accurate information[...]

○ Directed by Charles Ferguson, the documentary “Inside Job” investigates the causes and
consequences of the global financial crisis of 2008. Through in-depth research and interviews, it
uncovers the complexities and corruption that led to the economic collapse.

○ "60 Minutes" is a long-running investigative news magazine program that has covered a wide
range of important stories over the years. The show has a history of in-depth investigative
reporting that aims to bring important truths to light.

● In recent years, fact-checking organisations and increased transparency have put pressure on television
networks to be more accountable for the accuracy of their content[...]

○ “Last Week Tonight with John Oliver” frequently incorporates in-depth fact-checking and
accountability segments. Host John Oliver and his team conduct extensive research to highlight
instances where public figures, companies, or government agencies have misled the public.

○ The “Inside Edition” includes segments dedicated to investigating consumer scams, unethical
business practices, and public safety issues. Through investigative journalism and fact-checking,
the show exposes fraudulent activities and holds wrongdoers accountable.

● However, television networks and programs may have editorial biases or agendas that shape the way they
present information. This can lead to selective reporting or the omission of certain perspectives,
potentially distorting the truth or providing a one-sided view[...]

○ Fox News and MSNBC are two news networks in the United States known for their differing
editorial and political agendas. Fox News is often associated with a conservative perspective,
while MSNBC leans more liberal, leading to varying narratives on the same news events.

○ During election seasons, television networks often set their agendas by choosing which
candidates and issues to focus on. They may prioritise certain candidates' campaigns or particular
policy debates, influencing public perception and potentially swaying voter opinions.

● Reality TV shows are a popular genre that often blurs the line between reality and fiction. These programs
are scripted or edited to create drama and conflict, which can distort the truth and misrepresent real-life
situations[...]

○ While "Survivor" is an early example of reality TV, it showcases how the genre can manipulate
reality. The show is heavily edited to create story arcs, rivalries, and conflicts in a series of
challenging tasks that may not have occurred as portrayed.

○ “The Real Housewives” shows depict affluent women in different cities, but participants are often
prompted to create conflicts and drama for higher ratings.
Advertising is ineffective without visual images. To what extent do you agree? Advertising

According to a recent study by the Advertising Association of America, visuals in advertisements were found to
capture consumers' attention and leave a lasting impression, contributing to a 30% increase in ad recall compared
to text-only advertisements. The power of visual images in advertising has been widely acknowledged, with these
statistics revealing their significant impact on consumer engagement and brand recognition. In a world
increasingly dominated by sensory stimuli and rapid information consumption, the enduring power of visual
elements in advertising beckons us to affirm their indomitable significance. Therefore, advertising is completely
ineffective without visual images due to the potential of such visuals in capturing attention, fostering
memorability and solidifying brand recognition.

● At the core of advertising's effectiveness lies the ability to capture the attention of a target audience
overwhelmed with a continuous barrage of information. Visual imagery, with its power to capture the eye
and stir curiosity, excels in this critical task[...]

○ Nike's iconic "Just Do It" campaign relies heavily on visually striking imagery to capture
attention. Their advertisements often feature powerful images of athletes pushing their limits,
conveying a sense of determination and achievement.
○ Apple's product launch events are renowned for their use of visual imagery to captivate
audiences. The unveiling of new products is accompanied by high-resolution visuals and videos
that showcase the sleek design and innovative features of their devices.

● The ultimate goal of advertising is to etch the brand or message into the viewer's memory. Visual imagery
plays a pivotal role in this process by creating lasting impressions and associations that linger long after
the initial exposure[...]

○ Apple's iconic "1984" Super Bowl commercial is a prime example of visual imagery fostering
memorability. The ad featured a dystopian setting with a young woman smashing a screen
displaying conformity. The imagery in this ad left a lasting impression.

○ IKEA's "Lamp" advertisement tells a poignant story of a discarded lamp, set to melancholic
music. The visual narrative fosters a sense of empathy and attachment to the product, making it
memorable.

● Beyond capturing attention and fostering memorability, one of the fundamental objectives of advertising
is to establish and solidify brand recognition. Visual imagery plays a pivotal role in achieving this goal by
creating a visual identity that consumers can readily associate with a particular brand[...]
○ Apple's iconic apple logo with a bite taken out of it is a classic example of solidified brand
recognition through visual imagery. This simple yet distinctive logo has become synonymous
with Apple's innovative products.

○ McDonald's golden arches are perhaps one of the most recognizable visual symbols in the world.
The large, golden "M" is prominently displayed on restaurant signs, packaging, and advertising
materials.

● While visual imagery undoubtedly plays a significant role in advertising, the effectiveness of advertising
depends on a multitude of other factors to some extent as well[...]

○ Auditory advertising, such as radio commercials and jingles, relies on sound rather than visuals to
engage and persuade consumers. Similarly, text-based advertising, including well-crafted copy
and slogans, can be compelling and memorable without relying on visuals.

○ Some target audiences may respond more favourably to visual elements, while others may be
more receptive to informative or emotional appeals conveyed through words or audio.
Advertising is losing its influence on people in the world today. To what extent do you agree? Advertising

Is advertising losing its influence on people in the world today, or is it evolving to adapt to the changing landscape
of consumer behaviour? In a world where digital technologies have reshaped the way we receive and interact with
information, where ad-blockers thrive, and where consumers are constantly overwhelmed with marketing
messages, it's natural to wonder whether the traditional power of advertising still holds clout. However, beneath
the surface of this question lies a more intricate narrative—one of transformation and innovation. Hence,
advertising is indeed losing its influence on the global target audience of the present to some extent due to its
saturation, the usage of ad-blocks and banner blindness.

● With the rise of digital advertising, social media, and other online platforms, people are exposed to a
significant amount of advertising content on a daily basis. This saturation can lead to a degree of
desensitisation, where people may become less responsive to ads[...]

○ Inboxes are flooded with promotional emails from various companies and brands. People receive
newsletters, special offers, and product announcements daily, which can lead to email fatigue and
a tendency to ignore these messages.

○ Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter incorporate sponsored posts and
ads into users' feeds. The continuous appearance of these ads can make them blend in with
regular content, reducing their impact.

● Many people use ad-blocking software or settings to avoid seeing online advertisements. This can reduce
the effectiveness of digital advertising, particularly on websites and apps[...]

○ Popular web browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari allow users to install ad-
blocking browser extensions or plugins. These extensions automatically block various types of
online ads, including banner ads, pop-ups, and video ads.

○ Social media platforms are not immune to ad-blocking. Some users install ad-blockers to prevent
sponsored posts and advertisements from appearing in their social media feeds.

● Users often ignore or overlook banner ads on websites because they have become accustomed to their
placement and appearance[...]

○ Many websites feature banner ads at the top, bottom, or sides of their pages. Users often develop
banner blindness, where they subconsciously ignore these areas of the webpage because they
have become accustomed to the placement and appearance of these ads.

○ News websites often include banner ads within their content. Users who frequently visit these
sites may become adept at ignoring or mentally filtering out these advertisements as they focus on
reading the news.

● While it's true that advertising faces challenges in the modern world, one could argue that advertising
remains as influential as ever, and in some cases, its influence has even grown[...]

○ Social media platforms, search engines, and e-commerce websites have access to vast amounts of
user data, enabling advertisers to target their audiences with unprecedented precision.

○ The integration of advertising into content, known as native advertising, has blurred the lines
between advertising and regular content. This strategy allows advertisers to engage consumers in
a less intrusive and more subtle manner without triggering ad-blockers or banner blindness.
Stricter regulation is the only way to guarantee the truthfulness of advertisements. To what extent do you
agree? Advertising

Renowned media theorist Marshall McLuhan once said, "Advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century."
In today's world, advertising is an omnipresent force that shapes our choices, influences our desires, and moulds
our perceptions. As McLuhan suggests in the opening quote, advertising is indeed a powerful art form. However,
with great power comes great responsibility. Ensuring the truthfulness of advertisements is not merely an ethical
obligation; it is the uppermost necessity for safeguarding consumers' interests, fostering trust in the marketplace,
and upholding the integrity of this influential art form. While transparency initiatives and consumer education are
among some alternatives to stricter regulation, they are not as effective to guarantee advertisement honesty due to
the uncertainty that persists with their implementation. Therefore, stricter regulation is indeed the only way to
guarantee the truthfulness of advertisements due to the necessity of regulation, its disincentive effect and its role
in consumer protection.

● Stricter regulations are essential to prevent false advertising, protect consumers, and maintain fair
competition. Regulations can set clear standards and consequences for advertisers who engage in
deceptive practices[...]

○ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires pharmaceutical companies to provide
scientific evidence to support their health claims in drug advertisements. Without such
regulations, there could be a risk of unverified and potentially harmful health claims in
advertisements.

○ In the absence of regulations, food companies might make false or exaggerated claims about the
health benefits of their products, potentially misleading consumers.

● The threat of regulatory penalties can deter advertisers from making false claims or using deceptive
tactics. When there are clear consequences for dishonest advertising, companies are more likely to adhere
to truthfulness in their campaigns[...]

○ If a dietary supplement company makes false weight loss claims in its advertising, it can face
significant financial penalties. The prospect of these fines serves as a powerful deterrent for
advertisers to avoid making false claims.

○ In industries where safety is of utmost importance, such as the automotive sector, regulations
require accurate and truthful advertising about vehicle safety features. If an automaker makes
false safety claims and a product recall becomes necessary due to safety issues, the financial costs
can be severe.
● Regulations can serve as a safety net for consumers, ensuring they have access to accurate information
when making purchasing decisions. This can help prevent consumers from making choices based on
misleading or false advertising[...]

○ Regulations in various countries, such as the Consumer Product Safety Act in the United States,
mandate that products meet certain safety standards and that these standards are accurately
represented in advertisements.

○ Regulations require accurate labelling of food products, including nutritional content and
ingredient lists. Consumers rely on this information to make informed dietary choices, and
regulations ensure that these labels are truthful.

● While there are strong arguments in favour of stricter regulations to ensure the truthfulness of
advertisements, there are also valid contradictions that emphasise the importance of preserving freedom
of expression, avoiding regulatory burdens, and exploring alternative approaches such as consumer
education, industry self-regulation, and technological solutions.
Targeted online advertising is nothing more than an invasion of privacy. Discuss. Advertising

88% of marketers surveyed by Forbes use data obtained by third parties to enhance their understanding of each
customer. This shows that personal data of an individual on the Internet has not gone unnoticed by businesses and
advertisers, who have harnessed advanced technologies to engage in a practice known as targeted online
advertising. While proponents argue that this approach offers users more personalised experiences and helps
businesses thrive, a growing body of evidence suggests that targeted online advertising is nothing less than a
widespread invasion of privacy. The extent of this intrusion raises fundamental questions about the ethics and
consequences of this modern advertising paradigm. Hence, targeted online advertising is definitely an invasion of
privacy due to lack of informed consent, collection of user data and profiling and manipulation.

● Targeted advertising relies on the collection of user data, such as browsing history, search queries,
location data, and demographic information. The extensive data gathering involved infringes upon an
individual's privacy[...]

○ Data collection practices can extend to sensitive health-related information. For instance, if you
search for health conditions or symptoms online, advertisers might use this information to serve
you ads related to those health issues, potentially revealing private health concerns.
○ Advertisers employ cross-device tracking techniques to follow users as they switch between
smartphones, tablets, and computers. This allows them to potentially invade a user's privacy
across multiple platforms.

● Many users are unaware of the extent to which their data is being collected and used for advertising
purposes. Even when they do consent to data collection, the consent process is often buried in lengthy
terms and conditions that few people read[...]

○ When users sign up for online services or use apps, they are often presented with lengthy terms
and conditions agreements. Users may unwittingly consent to data collection without a clear
understanding of what they're agreeing to.

○ Many users are not fully aware of how their data is being collected and used for targeted
advertising. They may not realise that their online behaviour is being tracked and analysed to
create personalised profiles, which can lead to a lack of informed consent.

● Targeted advertising often involves creating user profiles to deliver personalised content and
advertisements. This level of personalization can lead to the manipulation of individuals by reinforcing
their existing beliefs and biases, potentially polarising society further[...]
○ Targeted advertising algorithms can create filter bubbles, where users are exposed primarily to
content and ads that reinforce their existing beliefs and preferences. This can limit exposure to
diverse viewpoints, potentially polarising individuals and contributing to echo chambers.

○ In the context of political advertising, data-driven profiling can be used to segment and target
individuals based on their political affiliations and beliefs. This enables political campaigns to
tailor messages to specific groups, potentially influencing public opinion and elections.

● While concerns about privacy invasion persist, it is essential to recognize that targeted advertising, when
done responsibly and transparently, offers several benefits that make it a justifiable practice[...]

○ Targeted online advertising significantly enhances the online user experience. By analysing user
data, advertisers can deliver content that is more relevant and tailored to individual preferences.

○ Targeted advertising sustains the free internet by funding essential services like social media,
news, and search engines, allowing them to offer valuable content at no cost to users.
Censorship of any form of artistic expression is unjustifiable. Discuss.

Censorship and Freedom of the Media and the Arts

Artist Pablo Picasso once said, "Art is the lie that enables us to realise the truth." In the realm of human creativity,
art has forever stood as a powerful mirror reflecting the multifaceted nature of our existence. It serves as a canvas
upon which we project our thoughts, emotions, and ideas, often transcending the boundaries of language and
culture. Pablo Picasso's profound statement underscores the essence of art: its ability to capture the truths that
define our world. Within this context, the question of whether censorship of any form of artistic expression is
justifiable emerges as a topic of immense significance. Censorship, when applied to artistic expression, is an
unjustifiable infringement on the fundamental human right of free speech and creative autonomy. Therefore, the
prohibition of any form of artistic expression is unacceptable as it goes against the guaranteed right of freedom of
expression, it restricts artistic autonomy and it erodes cultural diversity and expression.

● Artistic expression is a fundamental aspect of human creativity and freedom of speech. Censoring art
infringes upon these basic rights, limiting the diversity of ideas and perspectives in society[...]

○ Throughout history, artists have used their work as a means of political protest. For instance,
political cartoons have played crucial roles in critiquing and challenging oppressive regimes.
Censoring such art would stifle the ability of artists to engage in meaningful political discourse.

○ Numerous classic novels, such as George Orwell's "1984" and Aldous Huxley's "Brave New
World," have explored dystopian themes and authoritarian governments. Censoring such literary
works would hinder the distribution of important ideas about freedom and centralization.

● Artists often use their work as a means of self-expression and self-discovery. Censorship can stifle their
creativity and force them to conform to societal or political norms, inhibiting innovation and
experimentation[...]

○ Abstract art focused on pure form and colour, allowing viewers to interpret and connect with the
pieces in their own unique ways. Censoring such art would limit the artists' freedom to explore
new avenues of expression.

○ Avant-garde art movements, such as Surrealism and Dadaism, celebrated artistic autonomy by
rejecting conventional artistic norms and embracing experimentation. Censorship of avant-garde
art would hinder the evolution of artistic expression.

● Art reflects the culture and values of a society, and censoring certain forms of artistic expression may
erode cultural diversity and limit the exploration of important social issues[...]
○ Indigenous cultures around the world have a rich tradition of artistic expression that reflects their
unique histories, beliefs, and identities. Censoring or suppressing these forms of artistic
expression would erode the cultural heritage of these communities.

○ Folk music and dance, like flamenco in Spain, hula in Hawaii, and Eastern European folk dances,
are vital for celebrating traditions and passing down stories across generations. Censorship would
deplete this global cultural diversity and richness.

● While the notion of unrestricted artistic expression is appealing, it is essential to consider the potential
harms that can arise when art knows no boundaries[...]

○ Graphic violence and explicit sexual content in art can traumatise those who consume it.
Censorship serves to protect these vulnerable audiences from potentially harmful content.

○ Artistic expression that promotes violence, hatred, or incites criminal behaviour poses a threat to
social order and public safety. Censorship in such cases is absolutely necessary.
The removal of works of art from public view is necessary when what they represent is now seen as
unacceptable. Discuss. Censorship and Freedom of the Media and the Arts

Is it ever justifiable to erase the past, silence artistic expression, and dismantle the intricate tapestry of human
history simply because some works of art now challenge contemporary sensibilities? The question of whether the
removal of works of art from public view is necessary when they represent ideas deemed unacceptable in the
present sparks a contentious debate at the intersection of culture, history, and freedom of expression. In a world
where societal values are in constant flux, safeguarding our heritage must not be conducted in tandem to stifling
artistic expression. Hence, even if what the art represents is seen as unacceptable in the present, removal of such
works from public view is not necessary as such art forms may represent certain ideas in specific contexts, they
are forms of expression of the artists and they play a significant role in cultural documentation.

● It is essential to consider the context in which the art was created and displayed. Art from the past may
reflect the beliefs and norms of its time, and removing it without acknowledging this context can
oversimplify the issue[...]

○ Consider a historical painting from a bygone era that portrays a battle or a political event. While
the painting may depict violence or controversial figures, removing it without acknowledging the
context of the event it represents would be a loss to our understanding of history.
○ Satirical cartoons, for instance, often ridicule political figures or social issues. While some may
find these cartoons offensive today, they were often intended to provoke thought and critique the
status quo at the time of their creation.

● Art is often a form of expression, and artists have the right to express their views and ideas, even if those
ideas are considered unacceptable by contemporary standards. Censoring or removing art can be seen as a
violation of freedom of expression[...]

○ Art movements like Dadaism and Surrealism challenged conventional artistic norms and explored
controversial themes. Preserving these pieces, even if they provoke discomfort, is essential to
honour artistic experimentation and freedom of expression.

○ Performance art often pushes the boundaries of social acceptance and explores sensitive topics.
Defending the right of artists to create such works is fundamental to protecting freedom of
expression in the art world.

● Many works of art have historical and artistic value that extends beyond the ideas or values they may
represent. Removing them from public view can lead to the loss of important cultural artefacts[...]
○ Many ancient sculptures and artefacts, such as the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon or the
Rosetta Stone, hold immense historical and cultural significance. These pieces are vital for
understanding the cultural achievements of past civilizations.

○ Manuscripts, scrolls, and texts from various historical periods provide insights into the
development of cultures. Despite containing elements that may be seen as unacceptable today,
these documents are essential for tracing the evolution of human knowledge and thought.

● While the preservation of cultural heritage and freedom of expression are important principles, there are
instances where the removal of works of art that represent unacceptable ideas is necessary[...]

○ Some works of art can actively promote harmful ideologies, such as racism, sexism, or hate
speech. Allowing these ideas to persist in the public domain through art can perpetuate
discrimination, hatred, and violence against marginalised groups.

○ Art that perpetuates stereotypes or targets vulnerable populations, like children or those with
mental health issues, can be harmful. Removing it is an ethical choice to protect these groups.
Museums have no right to hold and exhibit items that belong to other countries. Discuss.

Arts Institutions and Venues

In the dimly lit halls of the British Museum, a young girl with wide-eyed wonder stood before the magnificent
Rosetta Stone. Her imagination soared across centuries, continents, and civilizations. It was a moment of
profound connection, as this child from a faraway land connected with an artefact from ancient Egypt. This
enchanting anecdote underscores the awe-inspiring power of museums in granting access to the rich tapestry of
human history and culture. However, beneath the enchantment lies a controversial debate: Do museums have the
right to possess and display artefacts that belong to other countries? This question encapsulates the complex
interplay of ethics, heritage, and the global exchange of cultural treasures, sparking passionate discussions on both
sides of the argument. Hence, museums do indeed have some right to showcase items that belong to other
countries as they play a role in preservation and global understanding; however, this can amount to cultural
appropriation and highlight the lack of informed consent during acquisition.

● Museums often play a crucial role in preserving and educating the public about the world's cultural
heritage. They can provide a safe and controlled environment for artefacts that might otherwise
deteriorate or be destroyed if left in their countries of origin[...]
○ Museums invest in advanced climate control systems to create ideal conditions for preserving
delicate artefacts, such as ancient manuscripts, textiles, and paintings, ensuring their longevity.

○ Museums often have dedicated restoration labs where experts meticulously repair and restore
artefacts. For example, the Louvre Museum in Paris has a state-of-the-art conservation lab for
restoring artworks.

● Museums can promote cross-cultural understanding and appreciation by showcasing items from different
parts of the world. This can foster respect for diverse cultures, fostering a sense of global unity[...]

○ The Tate Modern in London showcases contemporary art from around the world, fostering a
global perspective on creativity.

○ Museums engage in cultural exchange programs which promote mutual respect and
understanding. The Louvre Abu Dhabi, through its collaboration with the French Louvre,
illustrates the power of cross-cultural partnerships.

● However, holding and displaying items from other countries can amount to cultural appropriation. This
can prolong power imbalances and historical injustices.

○ Many museums possess artefacts acquired during colonial periods when European powers often
looted cultural treasures from other nations. The British Museum, for example, holds the Elgin
Marbles, which were taken from the Parthenon in Greece during the early 19th century.

○ Museums occasionally present narratives about other cultures that are inaccurate or simplified,
contributing to a shallow understanding of complex societies. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
faced criticism for its handling of Egyptian mummies, which some argued simplified their history.

● In some cases, artefacts were obtained without the informed consent of the communities or individuals
from whom they originated. This raises ethical concerns about their presence in foreign museums.

○ Museums may hold artworks whose ownership is disputed due to questionable consent during
their acquisition. The dispute over the ownership of Egon Schiele's "Portrait of Wally," which was
taken by the Nazis during World War II, exemplifies such concerns.

○ The possession of items like masks and artefacts without the consent of their respective
communities is a contentious issue, exemplified by the Hopi Tribe's masks in various museums.
‘Cookery is the only art form available to everyone.’ To what extent do you agree? Applied Arts
Is cooking truly the only art form available to everyone, a universal canvas upon which anyone can paint their
culinary creativity? In a world filled with diverse artistic expressions, from painting and poetry to music and
dance, the notion that cooking stands alone as the one art form within everyone's grasp sparks a thought-
provoking debate. While it is undeniable that cooking possesses unique qualities of accessibility and universality,
it is crucial to explore the broader landscape of artistic endeavours and consider the nature of art itself. Therefore,
cooking can indeed be considered an art form available to all to some extent due to its accessibility and its
universal need and experience; however, it is not the only one due to the presence of other such accessible art
forms and also the skill and mastery required for cookery.
● Cooking is indeed an art form that is accessible to nearly everyone, regardless of age, gender,
background, or location. All that is needed is access to basic ingredients and cooking utensils[…]
o Cooking can be as simple as making a sandwich or a bowl of oatmeal with inexpensive
ingredients like bread, peanut butter, or oats. Even those with limited financial resources can
create delicious meals.
o Fancy equipment is not needed to cook. A pot, a pan, a knife, and a cutting board are often
sufficient for many recipes. These tools are readily available in most households.
● Everyone, at some point in their life, has to eat. This universal need for nourishment means that everyone
has the opportunity to engage in the art of cooking, even if it's just at a basic level[…]
o Eating is a basic human need, and therefore, cooking is an activity that virtually everyone
engages in at some point in their lives. From preparing simple breakfasts to elaborate feasts,
cooking is woven into the fabric of our daily existence.
o Cooking is a fundamental part of cultural identity around the world. People from different
cultures and backgrounds share the experience of cooking traditional dishes that have been passed
down through generations.
● While cooking is accessible to many, there are other art forms like drawing, writing, singing, and dancing
that are also accessible to a wide range of people. These art forms require minimal equipment and can be
practised by anyone with an interest[…]
o The art of drawing requires nothing more than a piece of paper and a pencil or pen. Anyone can
engage in this creative outlet, whether it's doodling, sketching, or creating intricate illustrations.
o Writing is a form of artistic expression that requires only a pen and paper or a computer. People
of all ages can engage in writing poetry, fiction, non-fiction, or even journaling to express their
thoughts and emotions.
● While anyone can cook, mastering the art of cooking to a high level can be challenging and requires a
significant amount of practice and knowledge.[…]
o While basic cooking is accessible, achieving gourmet culinary skills involves specialised training,
learning advanced techniques, and gaining experience in a professional kitchen[…]
o Similarly, other art forms like painting or playing a musical instrument, or visual arts also demand
skill and dedication, which questions accessibility of these art forms.
‘Autobiographies are more reliable than biographies.’ To what extent do you agree? Non-Fiction Writing
Albert Schweitzer, the renowned theologian and philosopher, once remarked, "The autobiography of a person,
even one of genius, seldom tells us anything of importance. We can only truly understand them through the eyes
of others." Schweitzer's perspective raises crucial questions about the authenticity and reliability of
autobiographical accounts when compared to the more distant, yet potentially more objective, gaze of
biographers. While autobiographies offer personal insights and emotions, the reliability of biographies surpasses
that of autobiographies by a significant extent due to their capacity for impartiality, rigorous research, and the
inclusion of diverse perspectives, enabling a more comprehensive and objective understanding of an individual's
life and contributions.
● Impartiality in biographies highlights the objectivity and fairness inherent in these works. Unlike
autobiographies, biographies are typically authored by individuals not directly linked to the subject,
allowing for a third-party perspective[…]
o In a biography of Winston Churchill, the author may not shy away from discussing Churchill's
controversial decisions and policies during his political career. This critical analysis of both his
successes and missteps demonstrates the author's impartiality in presenting a well-rounded view
of Churchill's life and legacy.
o In a biography of Nelson Mandela, the author might address his involvement in the armed
struggle against apartheid, acknowledging that while Mandela is celebrated as a symbol of peace
and reconciliation, he was also part of a movement that resorted to violence.
● Rigorous research in biographies signifies the careful and comprehensive investigation conducted by
authors to gather accurate and well-substantiated information about their subjects[…]
o When writing a biography of Charles Darwin, the biographer would extensively research
Darwin's personal correspondence, notebooks, and scientific publications. They might consult the
archives of the Royal Society and other scientific institutions to access primary source materials.
o In the case of a biography of Martin Luther King Jr., biographers would explore a wide range of
sources, including King's speeches, writings, and personal letters. Rigorous research would help
the biographer accurately portray King's leadership, activism, and the historical context of the
civil rights struggle.
● Incorporating a range of perspectives from various relationships enriches biographies, offering a
comprehensive, well-rounded portrait of the subject's life[…]
o Biographers of Steve Jobs would seek insights from his family, friends, colleagues at Apple,
competitors, and critics. This diverse range of perspectives allows readers to gain a deeper
understanding of Jobs as both a visionary entrepreneur and a demanding leader.
o When writing a biography of Marie Curie, biographers may include the viewpoints of her
scientific collaborators, peers in the field of physics and chemistry, and family members who
witnessed her painstaking dedication to scientific discovery.
● While biographies may offer a more objective and well-researched perspective, it is essential to recognize
the unique value of autobiographies as authentic personal narratives[…]
o Autobiographies provide readers with a direct window into the subject's thoughts, emotions, and
personal experiences. The very subjectivity that biographers aim to avoid in their works can, in
some cases, enhance the authenticity and emotional resonance of autobiographies.
o In Maya Angelou's autobiography her personal reflections with racism and trauma offer a depth
of understanding that may be challenging for an external biographer to convey accurately.