Power Theft

Presented By:Upendra Sachan MBA:Power Management

Introduction
Electricity theft is at the center of focus all over the world but electricity theft in India has a significant effect on the Indian economy, as this figure is considerably high. The losses, experts say, are currently 29 % of the total generation, which equals a shocking Rs 45,000 crore in the fiscal year 2009-10 According to experts, if not for these losses over a decade now, India could have built two mega power plants of around 4,000 MW capacity every year

Introduction
the financial losses of the electricity distribution sector are around 1% of GDP.

increasing by 21% annually on a cumulative basis, and are expected to reach Rs 1.16L Crores in FY15.

State governments have increased subsidies from Rs 12,500 crores in 2005 to Rs 29,665 crores in 2009. However, they paid up only 62%, thus causing serious cash shortages in distribution enterprises.

In 2009, the average cost per unit was Rs 4.76 and the annual revenue realized was Rs 4.06 per unit. Tariff revisions every year when they take place are inadequate to cover costs. Nationally, tariffs are increasing at 7% whereas power costs are increasing at 12%. This has led to increasing accumulated losses.

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The normal practice for power theft is to short the input and output terminals or to place a magnet on the wheel in case of old meters.

Few other ways for Power theft are

Use of single phase supply from three phase supply. Disconnected neutral from both the ends. Used earth/separate neutral for return circuit. Connecting phase voltage to neutral of used single phase supply. Potential difference w.r.t. neutral of used single phase supply is zero. Hence power, product of voltage and current, will be zero.

How it is different to normal theft?

The maindifference in electricity theft and other commodity theft that you cannot find it physically after it is stolen makes its detention more difficult. There are certain loop holes still in the establishment of theft that the power thieves are not being booked the way they should have booked.

As Per Electricity Act 2003

Definition:
Section 135. (Theft of Electricity): --1[(1) Whoever, dishonestly, --

(a) taps, makes or causes to be made any connection with overhead, underground or under water lines or cables, or service wires, or service facilities of a licensee or supplier as the case may be; or

(b) tampers a meter, installs or uses a tampered meter, current reversing transformer, loop connection or any other device or method which interferes with accurate or proper registration, calibration or metering of electric current or otherwise results in a manner whereby electricity is stolen or wasted; or

As Per Electricity Act 2003

Unauthorized use of electricity means the usage of electricity

(i ) by any artificial means; or (ii) by a means not authorized by the concerned person or authority or licensee; or (iii) through a tampered meter; or (iv) for the purpose other than for which the usage of electricity was authorized; or (v) for the premises or areas other than those for which the supply of electricity was authorized

Important Section of EA03 with Respect to Power- Theft

Section 126(For the assessment) Section 135. (Theft of Electricity) Section 136. (Theft of electric lines and materials) Section 137. (Punishment for receiving stolen property) Section 138. (Interference with meters or works of licensee) Section 139. (Negligently breaking or damaging works)

As Per NEP:2005
Emphasized with respect to Power theft and Power losses: Speedy implementation of stringent measures against theft of electricity Putting in place independent third party meter testing arrangement Adoption of IT system for ensuring correct billing Emphasis on augmentation of R&D base Energy conservation measures Necessary regulations and early appointment of Ombudsman for redressed of consumers grievances

Penalties (As Per EA03)

If load is less than 10 kw, fine should not be less than 3 times the financial gain on account of such theft of electricity and if it happen next time or subsequent conviction the fine imposed shall not be less than six times.

If load exceeds 10 kw, fine should not be less than 3 times the financial gain on account of such theft of electricity and if it happen next time then imprisonment for a term not less than six months, but

Case1:
Vigilance team of Government along with checking squad goes to detect a theft on the instructions of the government they find that a dalmill with contracted load of 21 HP is runningwith a 63kVAtransformer in side its premises, (Strictly the transformer has to be out side the premises). There exists another industrial premises with simple commercial connection of single phase, both meters are installed at a place (despite strict guide lines that two connections for different premises cannot be granted at a single premises) . Further things are more interesting when it was seen

Case 2:
Many consumers found using electricity with meter body broken but consumers say they do notknow about this as the meter is installed by the licensee. From the meter sealing certificate you cannot detect the installed seal as no number is provided on the lead seals of meter body and terminal plates. In lack of proper

Case 3:
In this case again with the 21 HP sanctioned load, the burnt meter found replaced just four days back. To great astonishment the consumer was given full access to electricity by making a line of 2 spans by extending

Case 4:
The distribution licensee has not replaced overhead LT line with AerialBunchedConductor (ABC ) to stop theft . Thus giving access of LT line to consumer at arms length. Who can stop Katiya() if such a facility exists for the consumer..? Further we incorporate more advanced technologies but crooks always have the ability to keep one step ahead of the theft detection system. Now power theft using the remote sensing devices, tampering of crystal frequency of integrated circuits; theft using harmonics, high power electromagnet withcapabilityof effecting the recording of meter etc have been developed. Meters with shunt is a common method of slowing down the meter. In some of the cases it was found that meter readers also record less consumption and accumulate the reading on the meter and when they found large units accumulated destroy the display, or burn the meter

Some Fact of Power Theft:

In India as well as in western countries it is treated like criminal offense. Huge gap between ACR&ARR Due to of it customer should have to pay higher Energy Charge. Cannot Segregate Technical losses and Power theft losses.

ANOMALIES IN T&D LOSS COMPUTATION

In absence of feeder metering in the past, substantial portion of T&D loss, including theft of electricity gets attributed to agricultural consumption. While, agricultural consumption is around 20-25%, utilities were showing it as 35-40% and correspondingly T&D losses shown as 20-25%. Also, T&D loss was being computed taking into account electricity bills issued to consumers as accrued income & not on actual collection. Therefore, T&D loss figures did not capture the major gap between the billing and the collection, apart from large amount of theft.
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Aggregate Technical Commercial Losses

AT&C Losses
Commer cial
Power Theft Low metering/ billing/ collection efficiency Tampering of metering system Low accountability of employees and corruption Absence of Energy Audit and Accounting

Technical
Overloading of existing lines and substation equipments Absence of up gradation of old lines and equipments Low HT: LT ratio Poor repair and maintenance of equipments Non-installation of capacitors for power factor correction

AT&C Loss Calculation

It is the difference between energy input units into the system and the units for which the payment is collected. T&D Loss do not capture losses on account of non-realization of payments. ATC Loss is the actual measure of overall efficiency of the distribution business as it measures both technical as well as commercial losses. ATC Loss(%) = (Energy Input Energy Realized) X 100 (Energy Input ) Energy Realized = Energy Billed X Collection Efficiency

Basic Principle Of Metering

Generally Energy meter(Watt-hour) uses by utilities and its principle based on The watt-hour meter is essentially a low-torque electric motor designed to be very sensitive to the amount of electric current passing through it. The more current, the faster the motor turns The motor is then geared to a series of dial indicators so that the amount of electricity used to date is shown on the dials. The electric utility takes the current reading and subtracts the previous reading to determine how much electricity you used between readings.

Unit Of Measurement
Common unit of Electricity meter is the Kilowatt-Hour . onekilowatt over a period of 1 Hr=360000 joules Some companies use the SI Mega jouleinstead. Reactive poweris measured in

Calculation Of Power Consumption (for the household)

P=3600.Kh/t
The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the symbolKh. Which is given in units of watthours per revolution.

Generally we take it Kh= 7.2

t=time take by one revolution of disc.

Note: By this method we can also check that meter is working

Types Of Meter
Electricity Meter DC Type Initially these kind of meter was used AC Type

Electromechanical meters Electronic meters Multiple tariff (variable rate) meters Smart meters Prepayment meters

Note: >200 ampere of load Current transformer are used.

Format For Data REG. AT&C Loss Of Discom

Power Theft Detection

These are some of the more common methods of identifying electricity theft today: Financial Rewards - Utility companies encourage consumers to report electricity theft, sometimes offering big rewards for information leading to conviction of anyone stealing electricity. Unfortunately, most cases are never identified. Periodic Checks - Electricity theft frequently takes place after service has been

Power Theft Detection via PLC

Power line communication (PLC) presents an interesting and economical solution for Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). If an AMR system via PLC is set in a power delivery system, a detection system for illegal electricity usage may be easily added in the existing PLC network. Needed two PLC modem at the both end via Chip storage system . If we find any difference between both end recorded system then a error signal will be generated via Communication system and we will detect Power theft.

Schematic illustration of detection system of illegal electricity usage

Illegal detector system for one subscriber

System simulation and modeling of the detection system of illegal electricity usage for electromechanical kilowatt-hour meters
Need Optical Reflector system. But it is cheaper than AMR system. It is very economical and is a reliable solution when it is compared with the economic loss caused by illegal usage.

Which things are the Required for PLC system?

1) Every user has two PLC modems; one is for AMR and the other is used to send the data from second energy meter chip to host PLC modem. 2) An energy meter must be installed in the connection box between a home line and main power lines. 3) The host PLC unit must be placed in the distribution transformer and the configuration of the addressing format of PLC signaling must be designed carefully. 4) The host PLC modems and its controller must

What Is AMR?
-Automating the process of measurement through digital communication techniques. -Bring intelligence into the revenue cycle and manage it:

Metering Billing Service

Operations

Customer

Automatic Metering
Automatic Meter Reading Outage Manageme nt Pre-payment

Automatic Metering
Sub-

Active Load Control

Revenue Protection

Metering

Connectivity in AMR Architecture

1. GSM Based Communication

Single stage communication between Meter and central station through GSM Modem

2. Hybrid Communication
Two stages of communication in AMR System

GSM Based Communication

Hybrid Communication
Two stages of communication in AMR System Meters and Data Concentrator Unit (DCU): Communication channel used between meters and DCU is Power Line. DCU and Host Central Station (HCS): Communication channel used between DCU and HCS is the standard GSM, CDMA, RF or PSTN Network

Critical Benefit Of AMR:

n n n n

Ability to detect tamper events and outage occurrences. Remotely Connect/ Dis-connect power supply through meter. Calculate transformer loading and sizing from interval data 15 minute interval data gives accurate load information for supply scheduling, switching operations, planning etc Monitor voltage at each premise to know conditions when to operate capacitor switches or

AMR Architecture:

Network Architecture/Hybrid Communication Click to edit Master text styles

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PLC Communication
Most economically viable technology for transferring Meter data to DCU. Uses the technique of communicating the data over existing Electrical Lines which carry LT power to the site. Employs an ASIC, which accepts digital data & converts it into FSK modulation and transmits it over the power line by sensing a zero crossing of 220V sine wave. Typical frequency used for frequency modulation is 132KHz.

Why Power Line / Hybrid Communication?

PLCC Best Suited for LT 440 V network for detecting outages, tamper events and performing remote disconnect Uses same power lines as communication media, so ideally suited for rural/ agricultural connections Communication on HT side can be implemented via a choice of GSM, CDMA, RF or PSTN

Advantages of PLCC based AMR System:

ELECTRIC COMPANY BENEFITS Smart automated processes instead of manual work Accurate information from the network load to optimise maintenance and investments Customized rates and billing dates. Streamlined high bill investigations. Detection of tampering of Meters. Accurate measurement of transmission losses.

Advantages of PLCC based AMR System

CUSTOMER BENEFITS

Precise consumption information Clear and accurate billing Automatic outage information and faster recovery Better and faster customer service Flag potential high consumption before customer gets a high bill

POWER LINE COMMUNICATION(PLC)

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PLC is a kind of communication technology, which uses Medium Voltage(MV) & Low Voltage(LV) distribution network as the communication media to implement transmission of data, voice and real time image. The components involved in PLC are the Power Line Carrier Unit provide signal transmission and reception Coupler for clamping around a live wire thus

PLC TRANSMISSION
v

PLC transmissions are synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line. It should be transmitted as close to the zero crossing point i.e. within 200 s. square wave with a max Delay of 100 s from the zero crossing point The maximum delay between signal envelope input and 120KHz output bursts is 50 s.

PLC TRANSMISSION
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Power Generated How does it flow? Where does it go?

Generating Station

100 units Transmission System 4% losses 96 units Unavoidable Distribution Losses - 15% 82 units Pilferage -35% losses 29 units

Billed to consumer 53 units 20% loss Energy usefully consumed 42 units (max.)

What is the effect of Inverters?

The average efficiency of the domestic inverters is 50% and unlike fuel-based generators, inverters dont generate power.

There is an estimated 50 million inverters being used for domestic purposes each consuming say 250W/day or 0.25 units. The power drain by inverters is thus to the tune of 12.5 million units.

Further, inverters use lead-acid batteries which severely pollute the environment.

What is the effect of Stabilizers?

Voltage Stabilizers dont have efficiencies better than 80%. While a 1.5 Tr AC consumes 2 units; its stabilizer consumes 0.4 units; it even consumes power if left ON when AC is OFF. Assuming we have 10 Million ACs in India; on account of stabilizers for ACs alone we lose around 4 million units, even during peak hours, which is double the power generated by many large generating stations. Assuming an AC runs for 5 hours in a day, this means a loss of 20 million units per day.

Other equipments-how they affect

UPS systems being like inverters cause power wastage and pollution by use of lead-acid batteries. Diesel/Kerosene gensets not only cause pollution but also deplete scarce natural resources.

Developments until now :

Power theft detection circuit Patent number : 4532471 ( 30.07.1985) This invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting the theft of power when a short circuit jumper is coupled across a line conductor passing through watthour meter. However the method is costlier to be implemented and it has no way of alerting the authorities unless a regular survey is done. Power theft detection system Patent number : US20080109387A1(May 8th 2008) The system finds out the power theft by monitoring the total power consumption, receiving the delivered power data that includes data delivered to a number of users. Determining the amount of difference between them, thus finding out if power theft has occurred. But there lies no specific way to find out where the power theft has occurred Recently in India from the last to last year the fundamental of Smart Metering has been come in very few area.

Main Problem
Ineffective and inefficient present methods of detecting and preventing Power theft cause a revenue loss along with damage to personal and Public property Large amount of power shortage is caused due to power theft One of the challenges in stopping power theft is the difficulty in detecting power theft. In particular it is difficult to find the exact location where power theft is

As Per Last Two Year Performance

Peak Demand And Supply:
Detail 2009-10(MW) 2010-11(MW)

Region

Peak Demand

Peak Met

Surplus/ Deficit

Peak Demand

Peak Met

Surplus /Deficit

All INDIA Rajasth an

119,166

104,009

-12.7

122,287

110,256

-10

6859

6859

7729

7442

-3.7

As Per Last Two Year Performance

Actual Power Supply Position
Detail 2009-10(MU,s) 2010-11(Mu,s)

Region

Requireme availabili nt ty

Surplus /Deficit

Requireme availabili nt ty

Surplus /Deficit

All INDIA Rajasth an

830,594

746,644

-10.1

861,591

788,355

-9

44,109

43,062

-2.4

45,261

44,836

-1

As Per Last Two Year Performance

Distribution Losses
AT&C Losses(%) State Utilities AVVNL Rajasthan JVVNL JVVNL* 2008-09 24.41 29.32 26.59 2009-10 30.68 28.34 26.11 2010-11 22.93 19.7 21.36

AVVNL:Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited JVVNL:Jodhpur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited JVVNL*:Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited

As Per Last Two Year Performance

Transmission Losses
Losses(%) Utilities RVPNL 2008-09 6.2 2009-10 6.06 2010-11 4.4

Generation Efficiency
PLF(%) Utilities RRVUNL 2008-09 88.86 2009-10 83.55 2010-11 79.24

General Performance of 57 unbundled utilities: IIPA 57 Rajasthan report in the system but Lot of funds have been pumped
outcome does not seem to be commensurate with the investment Specialization which was developed in the past is not evident now After restructuring, junior level officers are posted as MDs of DISCOMs resulting in increased Government influence in day to day working

How to Prevent Electricity theft & high AT&C losses in Rural Area
Distribution franchise can be the solution of it. Model A : Revenue Franchisee- collection based Model B : Revenue Franchisee Input based Model C : Input based Franchisee Model D :Opration & maintenance franchise Model E : Rural Electric Co-operative Societies Model F : Electric cooperative society operations management through contracting

INITIATIVES TAKEN BY MINISTRY FOR REDUCTION OF AT&C LOSS

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1. CHIEF MINISTERS CONFERENCE:

Held in March 2001. Main resolutions: (A) Energy audit at all 11kV feeders: metering achieved. (B) Full metering of all consumers: 87% consumer metering achieved. Majority of un-metered connections belong to flat rate category
Contd..

97% feeder

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
60 60

C) SERC: 23 states constituted and 4 states notified. 18 SERCs have issued tariff orders D) Commercial Viability to be achieved through

Profit Centre: 13 SEBs/EDs unbundled & corporatized. 9 are expected shortly. Franchisees: Adopted With different models in Assam, Karnataka, Orissa & Nagaland and under active consideration of Andhra, Gujarat, Bihar, W. Bengal. Privatisation :

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
2. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
States were to sign MOU for assistance from Govt of India and mandate taking up reforms in the power sector. Key parameters are :

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Obligation of the State Government Setting up of SERC & Rationalisation of Tariffs Reorganisation of State Electricity Boards Metering of 11 kV feeders & of all consumers Energy Audit at all level 100% Electrification of villages and hamlets Support from Government of India Supply of additional power wherever feasible: 4000 MW allocated to various states

Contd..

INITIATIVES TAKEN..
3. Accelerated Power Development & Reforms Program The program aims at :

62 62

Reduction of AT&C losses Bring about Commercial viability Reduce outages & interruptions Increase consumer satisfaction

The program has two components: INVESTMENT COMPONENT covers strengthening and upgradation of sub-transmission & distribution

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
4. MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT (MOA) APDRP

63 63

UNDER

The Main features are: Constitution of Distribution Reform Committee for monitoring of reforms, APDRP implementation etc. 100% feeder & consumer metering Energy accounting and auditing Setting up of performance benchmark parameters
Contd..

INITIATIVES TAKEN .. Theft Control 64 5.

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ANTI-THEFT PROVISIONS IN ELECTRICITY ACT- 2003 (Sec:135-137, 153)

Provides legal frame work for making theft of electricity a Cognizable offence. States to set up special courts & special police stations To provide special powers to utility personnel for checking the installations.
Contd..

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
6.

Consumer Indexing for Energy audit 11 kv Feeder Management required for

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7.

Energy Audit
8.

IT

Initiatives

to

improve

efficiency

in

metering, billing & collection

9.

Installation of Capacitors to improve power factor

10.

High Voltage Distribution

System (HVDS) for

preventing theft and pilferage, better power

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
12.

66 66 WORKSHOP ON BEST PRACTICES

3 days National level workshop in Dec. 2004 on Best Practices adopted by State utilities in distribution sector was organised covering consumer indexing, metering, billing, revenue management, maintenance, project execution, quality management, IT enabling, outsourcing, loss reduction, MIS, customer satisfaction, HR initiatives etc. CAPACITY BUILDING:

13.

Training of utility personnel undertaken to upgrade knowledge in the areas of project formulation, project management, operation & maintenance etc. PMI (NTPC) & NPTI have trained more than 1800 personnel Contd.. from various utilities.

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
14. Distribution Reform Upgrades & Management (DRUM) Project: In collaboration with USAID

To adopt best commercial and technological practices to improve quality and reliability of last mile power distribution in 4 pilots projects in urban and rural areas. Aurangabad (Maharashtra), Delhi, Anand (Gujarat) & Doddballapura (Karnataka) Financial assistance of US $ 20 million.
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INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
15. RANKING OF UTILITIES:
To evaluate performance of utilities and to assess their improvements. CRISIL & ICRA engaged

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Parameters External: o State Govt. related : 19 points o SERC related : 13 points Internal: o Business Risk Analysis : 27 points o Financial Risk Analysis : 20 points Attaining commercial viability : 16 points IT adoption etc : 05 points

Contd..

INITIATIVES TAKEN ..
16. RELIABILITY INDEX (RI):
The Reliability Index of the power supply is being monitored for select towns at 11kV feeder level. RI at Distribution transformer level and consumer level to be established subsequently.
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17. MONITORING BY MINISTRY OF POWER: APDRP Steering committee: 8 meetings held Frequent Reviews of Utilities at Regional/State level by Minister, Secretary (Power) & JS (D);

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