WASH CLIMATE RESILIENCE:

A Compendium of Case Studies

A. COMMUNITY-LEVEL

1. Creating safe underground water

stores in Bangladesh

Goal: To establish safe, resilient water supply options for

communities affected by flooding and sea level rise.

Summary/Activities: Bangladesh’s low-lying topography and its

location on the Bay of Bengal, means that many of the country’s
coastal communities are exposed to frequent flooding.
Climate change is leading to more frequent and intense storms and
rising sea levels. In addition to destroying WASH facilities, these
climate hazards can also cause the salinization of groundwater
sources (aquifers) which many communities rely on for their
drinking water.
UNICEF and partners have worked with the University of Bangladesh
and the Government of Bangladesh to pilot a Managed Aquifer
Recharge (MAR) system. The concept is simple: water is collected
from ponds and roofs. It is then passed through a sand filter and is
injected into the shallow saline aquifer to create a freshwater
“bubble” of drinkable water. Each MAR system can serve several
hundred people and can be easily maintained by communities.
The MAR system provides safe water when other traditional sources
have been damaged by floods and storm surges. The approach has
been scaled up and currently more than 100 MAR systems are
operational. Their success so far indicates that the MAR system has
the potential to be used throughout Bangladesh and other low-lying
areas globally.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/MAR_WASH.pdf
http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Managed_Aquifer_Recharge_(MAR)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipAd4oyDoL4

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2. Safeguarding vulnerable island water
supplies from the impacts of climate
change

Goal: To ensure safe and resilient water supply for vulnerable

Pacific Island communities

Summary/Activities: Given their small size, unique geography

and fragile water resources, Pacific Island communities face
significant challenges in terms of water and sanitation. Climate
change poses further risks by increasing the frequency and severity
of natural hazards such as cyclones and raising sea levels.

In Fiji and Vanuatu, UNICEF is working with the Government to roll

out the Drinking-Water Safety Planning (DWSP) approach. UNICEF
and their NGO partners have trained Village Water Committees to
prepare Water Safety Plans, which allows them to identify, prioritize
and mitigate existing risks to water supply.

Once the village committees have made improvements and are

engaged in management activities agreed on by the community,
additional support is provided to develop an investment plan to
ensure that enough safe water can be provided for everyone
throughout the year. When required, training is also provided to
enhance operation and water system maintenance skills.
In Vanuatu, the Department of Water Resources and its NGO
partners used the same approach to ‘build back better’ following
Cyclone Pam, a Category 5 tropical cyclone that hit in March 2015. The Water Safety Plan process ultimately resulted
in rehabilitated or replacement water supply systems that were more resilient than those previously in use, thus
ensuring resilience in some of the islands’ most vulnerable communities.

More info:
https://rsr.akvo.org/media/db/project/3668/document/WASH%20resilience%20PICs%2029%20Oct%202014.pdf
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24686577?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
http://www.who.int/wsportal/wsp/en/
https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/1852_26267.html

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3. Building climate-resilient toilets
for school children in Mongolia

Goal: To ensure access to climate resilient toilets in schools,

dormitories and kindergartens.

Summary/Activities: According to the Mongolia Second

Assessment Report on Climate Change – 2014, temperatures in
Mongolia have increased by an average of 2° C from 1940 to 2013 as
a result of climate change. But these increasing temperatures are
not necessarily making the winters warmer. Climate change is
increasing the variability of temperatures and the frequency of the
uniquely Mongolian weather phenomenon known as the dzud, which, every few years, creates an extremely dry
summer followed by an extremely cold winter, with heavy snowfall.
In the winter, extremely cold temperatures, which can drop to -40° C, prevent children from walking the full distance
to use outdoor latrines. This contributes to open defecation in school and dormitory yards, which undermines both
children’s health and dignity.

To improve access to WASH in schools, dormitories and kindergartens, UNICEF Mongolia has developed a low-cost and
high-quality innovative WASH facility in a container. The containers are equipped with flushing toilets, urinals, wash
basins and a shower room and each can serve 30 to 60 students. They can easily be connected to buildings and
existing water supply and sewage systems, without the need for major renovation work. The container has an
integrated ventilation system, electric connections and insulated walls and ceilings to protect the facilities from
freezing temperatures and heat loss.

The containers, introduced in 2014 and installed in the Khuvsgul province and the Nalaikh district, have served around
1,400 children so far, with private sector companies and international already eager to replicate them. In schools, the
containers have had a positive effect on children’s hygiene and behavioural outcomes, making it easier for children to
use the toilets and wash their hands.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/wash/waterandclimate/
https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index_89759.html

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4. Constructing flood-resilient
toilets and protecting water sources in
Peru

Goal: To encourage climate resilience through the construction of

flood-resilient ECOSAN latrines, collect rainwater and protect
freshwater sources in the Peruvian Amazon.

Summary/Activities: The regions of the Peruvian Amazon have

some of the worst sanitation coverage rates in South America.
Almost 100% of families practice open defecation, and the region
and the highest prevalence rates of diarrhoea in Peru, reaching
almost twice the national average. In addition, communities
experience seasonal flooding from December to May each year,
which leads to the faecal contamination of soils and water sources.
The majority of people living in the region collect water from
unprotected sources, such as streams and rivers.

In response to the WASH crisis, UNICEF is rolling out a project which

aims to inspire communities to construct, flood resilient latrines.
The latrines are raised, above the height of regular floodwaters, with
faecal matter being securely contained in a lined and sealed pit.
Sawdust or dried leaves are also added to prevent bad odours,
encourage composting and discourage insect infestation. The latrines have two chambers, when filling the first it is
closed and the other is started. After 8 to 12 months the contents of the cameras can be used as compost. The rooves
of the latrines are also used to collect rainwater, which is stored for use during the dryer seasons.
Circles of banana trees are also planted around the community, in order to improve drainage and filter dirty water
(greywater) from people’s homes. The trees also prevent the formation of puddles, which provide breeding sites for
mosquitos.

More info:
http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/improved_latrine_options.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nlvFF2nd3Q
http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/pricing-options-ecosan-toilet-toolkit-unicef-sei

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5. Solar Powered Water Systems
in Somaliland

Goal: To ensure safe, consistent and resilient water supply in

drought-prone regions

Summary/Activities: Water has long been a scarce resource in

Somaliland, where a two- to five-hour daily walk to fetch household
water is not uncommon. Collecting water has traditionally been the
task of women and girls, which has a major impact on school and
other activities.

In response to increasing water scarcity in the region, UNICEF has teamed up with the Ministry of Water and Mineral
Resources (MoWR), the Danish Government and NGO, Red Sea, to install new solar water powered systems in the
region. The project also aims to upgrade many of the traditional hand pumps. The new systems break down less
frequently than hand pumps, and cost very little to maintain. Such systems are able to support multiple communities
and are helping to sustain life, in a region that is highly prone to drought and famine. As such, the solar powered
water systems are helping to improve resilience.

Volunteers from the village clean the tank once a week and check the taps for any damage. They also monitor usage,
to be sure the precious resource is not wasted.
Due to a general scarcity of water in the region, there is a growing need for finding long-term, low-cost solutions to
ensure the safe water supply. This pilot project is an example of how, with a small investment and the strong
commitment of community leaders and members, a safe source of water can be made available for multiple
communities.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/wash/somalia_44827.html
https://www.unicef.org/somalia/wes_12327.html

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6. Solar Water Pumping for Schools in the
Philippines

Goal: To ensure children have better access to safe drinking water,

child friendly toilets, and are able to do daily hygiene activities like
hand-washing to prevent the spread of diseases.

Summary/Activities: One of the most powerful storms in

recorded history, “Super Typhoon” Haiyan cut through the
Philippines in November 2013. A total of 16 million people were
affected, with more than 6,300 people killed and 4.1 million
displaced.
Many water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities at household
and school level were damaged or destroyed, and electricity supplies were disrupted, impacting the capacity of many
water service providers to operate.
Significant resources were invested in the emergency response and recovery efforts. Under the response plan, the use
of solar pump water systems was introduced to schools without water supply and electricity.
The programme aims to build resilient water systems by ensuring that school water supply would not be impacted by
electricity cuts during/following storms and floods. Site specific designs were implemented, based on identified risks,
such as building stronger foundations for water towers to ensure they could withstand the impact of a typhoon,
installing water tower and pump head above the flood line, etc. Additional protective measures have been taken to
raise the borehole head and pump above the seasonal flooding level. The pump is driven by solar panels installed on
the roof of school building and water is pumped to the water tower, with gravity-fed distribution to classrooms and
toilets.
In the case of each school, the Parent Teachers Association (PTA) and community comes together to help install the
system, whilst the local Government’s Water Department is assigned to take on any maintenance and repair work.
The resilient ‘off-grid’ water system, ensures a safe and sustainable water supply that is safe from the impact of any
power outages, particularly during periods of extreme weather.

More info:
https://blogs.unicef.org/east-asia-pacific/haiyan-2-years-on-building-back-stronger/

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7. Solar powered water supply
for drought-prone communities
in Uganda

Goal: To ensure safe and resilient water supply in rural, drought

and flood-prone communities

Summary/Activities: Uganda is one of the countries that are

greatly vulnerable to climate change impacts, including increasing
temperatures, increased frequency and intensity of rainfall, heat
waves, droughts, floods and storms. All of these have a direct
impact on the reliability and safety of water supply in the country.

In order to address the current and future impacts of climate

change, since 2011, UNICEF has been supporting the roll out of
solar-powered water systems in rural communities, health centers
and schools across the country. The programme focusses primarily
on the adaptation of existing water sources (e.g. a borehole with
high yielding or surface water such as lake, spring, or river) which is
then powered by solar panels, which draw water from deep in the
ground. The systems cost very little to maintain and do not rely on
expensive fuel supply. They operate automatically (without the
need for human intervention) and are also highly durable. As a
result, the systems are also being used to power large water supply
projects in communities and refugee settlements. One example of
this is in Kiriyandongo refugee settlement, where the solar powered water system is supporting more than 162,000
people.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/environment/files/Uganda_solar_powered_water_2014.pdf
https://www.unicef.org/esaro/5440_uga2015_no-more-pumping.html
https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/rwsn-presentation-unicef-solar-system.pdf

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8. Planning Safe Water
Supply in Kiribati

Goal: To end open defecation, promote good hygiene practices and

carry out Water and Sanitation Safety Planning (WSP) in
communities and schools.

Summary/Activities: Kiribati is small island state, located in the

Pacific Ocean. The country is extremely vulnerable to climate
change due to the small size of its islands and low-lying topography.
The impacts of severe weather (such as Typhoons), combined with
rising sea levels and flooding, means that water and sanitation
facilities are regularly destroyed and contaminated.

The KIRIWATSAN 1 Project aims to end open defecation and provide guidance to island communities on sustainable
latrine construction in 70 communities on 16 outlying islands. The project provides guidance on where to build toilets
to protect ground water tables, ensure safe distances between latrines and wells and construct resilient toilets.

More info:
http://washpacific.weebly.com/kiriwatsan-phase-i.html
https://rsr.akvo.org/en/project/3814/
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ppe/Events/uniconf_2012/documents/Waradi.vika_Final.Paper.pdf

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9. Fighting Water Scarcity in the West
Bank and Gaza

Goal: To improve water security and flood management in West

Bank and Gaza

Summary/Activities: Both the West Bank and Gaza suffer from

severe water scarcity issues, both because of the conflict with Israel
(including discriminatory water sharing agreements) and climate
change. In response to the crisis, UNICEF has introduced multiple
water supply projects in the region including:

• In the West Bank, UNICEF supported the rehabilitation of

traditional cisterns contributing to collecting rain water and
increasing water availability to households not connected to
water networks. This has led to a reduction in water extraction,
protecting aquifers and reducing environmental impact.

• In Gaza, UNICEF has supported the rehabilitation of water

networks, reducing water leakage and improving the efficiency
of Palestine’s water supply systems and therefore it’s climate Rehabilitation of cisterns in the West Bank
resilience. As efficiency increases, emissions have also been
reduced, as less energy is needed to pump and distribute the
water. This has also helped to reduce Gaza’s carbon footprint.

• UNICEF has supported the construction of a Short Term Low

Volume (STLV) seawater desalination plant in Gaza, with solar
power covering 10% of the plant’s energy requirement. UNICEF
is also partnering with Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) to install a first-of-its-kind photovoltaic-powered
desalination prototype system, which uses only 60% of the
energy required for conventional desalination systems.

• In Gaza, a large infiltration pond is currently being constructed

to improve flood management. This intervention will also
directly contribute to the recharge of the highly depleted costal
aquifers and prevent sea water.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/wash/oPt_95521.html
https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/oPt_100684.html Construction of large infiltration pond in
Gaza to support flood prevention
https://www.unicef.org/media/media_94423.html

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10. Improving Community WASH and
Nutrition Resilience
in Rural Bolivia

Goal: To protect vulnerable populations from the impacts of

climate change through joint WASH and nutation interventions

Summary/Activities: Bolivia is highly vulnerable to the impacts

of climate change, particularly in terms of drought, flooding and Children in Bolivia take part in a
community-based handwashing and
melting of mountain ice. A recent analysis carried out by Banco de nutrition sensitisation campaign
Desarrollo de América Latina (CAF), Bolivia was ranked as having a
“very poor adaptive capacity” to climate change, leaving populations
even more vulnerable.
Bolivia has already begun to experience the effects of climate
change in the form of increased food insecurity; droughts and water scarcity; frequency and severity of natural
disasters; number of forest fires and spread in vector borne diseases (MOPSV, 2016). In 2015 it was estimated that 48
out of Bolivia’s 339 municipalities suffered from flooding, while 45 municipalities suffered from drought. Among the
worst affected populations are indigenous women and children.
UNICEF is working with the Bolivian Government to strengthen the coordination and operationalization of the national
emergency WASH cluster and the development of two National Emergency Plans; one for WASH and one for nutrition.
Staff from the Ministry of Health have also been supporting with training on the prevention, response and recovery
from disasters.
At the community level, UNICEF is also supporting:

• Participatory risk mapping related to WASH and nutrition

• Strengthen community post-disaster resilience, particularly in terms of re-building WASH systems
• Promoting key hygiene practices (including handwashing) and including more highly nutritious food types within
children’s’ diets
• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) training (including aspects of climate change) for community health promoters who
then pass on this information to the communities in which they work. Training and community sensitisation
materials have also been developed.
• Mass communication campaigns including; banners and signboards, radio slots and videos

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Bolivia_2016_COAR.pdf
http://www.unicef.org.bo/wash.html

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B. SUB-NATIONAL LEVEL

1. Hourly drought
predictions in India

Goal: To improve the monitoring of ground water levels and

response to drought, to improve the resilience of communities in
Maharashtra, India.

Summary/Activities: Maharashtra is a state with a semi-arid

climate, located in western India. Around two-thirds of its area is
drought-prone, with droughts being declared in 2011–2012, and
most recently in 2014–15.

In Maharashtra, groundwater is the main source of drinking water in

nearly 85 per cent of rural areas, with populations depending
heavily on boreholes or wells to meet their domestic water needs.
The state’s Groundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA)
monitors groundwater levels in 1,531 watersheds on a quarterly
basis. These evaluations have shown that very few watersheds
experience over-exploitation, but drought has caused hundreds of
thousands of wells have run dry in the past 10 to 15 years.

UNICEF has worked with the Government of Maharashtra to

improve the processes for predicting droughts and water availability, developing a model that can predict the
probability of meteorological droughts occurring in a particular year based on the start date of a monsoon. The model
can also estimate the amount of groundwater that will be available and predict crop and irrigation demands, based on
rainfall data and well fluctuation during monsoon months.

To feed the model, GSDA developed a real-time monitoring network for observation of wells and rain gauges. A water
quality monitor appointed by the government collects data from this network in each village using mobile technology.
To make the data readily available to decision makers and the public, a web-page dashboard was developed. The tool
helps communities better manage their groundwater resources and better allocate water for drinking, irrigation and
other purposes. Based on the success of this intervention, the government of Maharashtra is working to scale up the
project throughout the state.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/wash/waterandclimate/
https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Climate_change_WASH_Brief.pdf
https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/India_2015_COAR.pdf
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2. Using satellites to find groundwater in
Ethiopia

Goal: To use satellite technology to locate hard-to-find sources of

groundwater in drought prone regions in Ethiopia.

Summary/Activities: In 2016, Ethiopia experienced one of its

worst droughts in decades. The rainy season, which normally falls
between June and September, failed in 2015.
In anticipation of the drought in 2015, UNICEF, in collaboration with
the European Union and the Government of Ethiopia, piloted the
use of remote sensing, which combines scanning of the Earth by
satellite with hydrogeological investigation techniques that look for freshwater sources located deep in the ground.

The first test was carried out in northern Ethiopia, in the Elidar district of the Afar region. Average temperatures in
Elidar often exceed 40° C; the district receives only about 6 inches of rainfall per year. The majority of the population
is highly dependent on pastoralism for its survival and many live in extreme poverty. Because of its arid climate,
complex geology and a highly variable topography, it is often extremely difficult to successfully locate groundwater
sources in Elidar.
The remote sensing project aims to improve drilling success rates and ensure that more people, particularly children,
have access to safe water closer to home. The first phase of the project combined satellite data with additional
sources of hydrogeological, meteorological and geophysical data in order to develop maps for nine drought-prone
districts that showed the best locations for groundwater drilling. In the project’s second phase, 12 boreholes were
drilled. The results showed a 92 per cent accuracy rate compared with less than 50 per cent previously. This success
has meant that approximately 42,000 people have gained access to safe water. In 2017, UNICEF will be working with
partners to scale up the remote sensing project to 39 further lowland districts with the aim of ensuring safe water
access for thousands more children living in the most
drought-prone areas.

More info:
https://blogs.unicef.org/blog/satellites-help-fight-drought-in-ethiopia/
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC103616/unicef-
jrc_hydrogeologicalstudyethiopia_part1_2016-11-04_final.pdf
https://www.unicef.org/wash/waterandclimate/

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3. Ensuring safe water for communities
affected by arsenic contamination in
Cambodia

Goal: To provide safe, climate resilient water supply in arsenic-

prone regions

Summary/Activities: In Cambodia, along the Mekong River,

climate change and the overexploitation of the aquifers for irrigation
has led to water scarcity. This has forced communities to drill
deeper wells in order to access water. In Cambodia, a significant
percentage of the population also lives in arsenic prone areas which
has impacts water safety and poses a direct threat to human health.

In order to counteract this problem, UNICEF in collaboration with the Government of Cambodia, is supporting an
innovative partnership between local entrepreneurs, the government and local NGO, GRET. The programme is
working to substitute household-owned groundwater wells with commune-wide piped water supply systems which
collect and treat surface water from the Mekong River or its tributaries.

The water intakes are usually set up on a floating platform, ensuring that river fluctuations do not affect the systems.
Water treatment plants consist of a series of chambers that facilitate the sedimentation of solids in suspension and
reduce turbidity. Water is then treated with Aluminium Sulphate and chlorine, for extra safety, before being
distributed via pipes to all households. Households pay a small amount for their piped water to local entrepreneurs,
who then invest some of the profits in the construction of new infrastructure and maintenance of the systems, which
helps ensure their long-term sustainability.

The treatment plants are elevated from the ground and pipes are also buried in order to prevent any potential
damaged caused by flooding. The systems also provide a vital source of safe water during the dry seasons, thus
making them resilient to extreme climatic conditions caused by droughts or flooding.

More info:
http://unicefcambodia.blogspot.com/2016/02/entrepreneurship-supports-clean-water.html

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C. NATIONAL-LEVEL

1. Rwanda’s new water supply policy and

strategy addresses climate risks

Goal: To ensure safe, climate resilient water supply for families

across the country

Summary/Activities: Rwanda, a tiny landlocked country in the

heart of Africa, is already feeling the impacts of climate change. The
country regularly experiences flooding, which causes major
infrastructure damage, landslides and major loss of life. At the same
time, many regions also experience regular water scarcity and
drought.

In December 2016, the Government of Rwanda took an important step towards protecting children from climate risks
by approving a new National Water Supply Policy and Implementation Strategy. The policy provides clear guidance on
improving the country’s climate resilience at the national, regional and community levels. It specifically calls for
programmes that address the risks posed by climate change and aims to climate-proof new large water supply
programmes. UNICEF was instrumental in providing input into the policy, particularly in regards to ensuring the needs
of the poorest children were being met.

The Government of Rwanda is also pledging to improve the operation and maintenance of existing water supply
infrastructure and provide new resilient water facilities to communities.
The new policy aims to protect existing WASH systems against current climate variability and future change. In
addition, the policy also includes provisions for risk-informed planning, prioritizes conservation and protection and
mandatory water safety planning.

More info:
http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/new_upload/NATIONAL_WATER_SUPPLY_POLICY_IMPEMEN
TATION_STRATEGY_DECEMBER_2016.pdf
https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org/files/legacy-new/knowledge-
base/files/4e2571828dac3Final_Report.pdf

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2. Financing Climate Resilient Water and
Sanitation and using Multiple User
Systems in Madagascar

Goal: To ensure safe and resilient water and sanitation in the

poorest communities, whilst also protecting livelihoods

Summary/Activities: Madagascar has one of the worst levels of

access to safe water in the world, with just 51 per cent of the
population having access to safe water, a figure that has actually
declined in the past three years. Malagasy children face multiple
climate risks, as the country is prone to cyclones, droughts and
floods.

In 2015, UNICEF Madagascar teamed up with the United Nations

Development Programme and the Malagasy Climate Change
Coordination Office (Ministry of Environment, Ecology and Forests)
to apply for US$5.8 million in climate financing from the Least
Developed Countries Fund, managed by the Global Environment
Facility. The programme, four years in duration, consists of three
main components: strengthening rural institutions; producing agro-
meteorological and hydraulic information to help facilitate climate-
smart programming decisions (e.g. remoting sensing); and support
for community-based climate resilience programming.

Specific WASH climate resilience programming approaches being utilized, as part of the programme include:

• Remote sensing techniques to support to develop reliable groundwater suitability maps in drought-prone
areas, improving the success rate of borehole siting and increasing programme efficiency.
• The implementation of Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) approach in drought prone communities. The
MUS approach ensures that enough water is made available to support livelihood needs in addition to
household needs, whilst at the same time, ensuring the most efficient use of water resources.
• The scale-up of solar powered water systems, particularly in drought-prone regions.

More info:
https://www.thegef.org/country/madagascar
http://adaptation-undp.org/strengthening-adaptation-and-resilience-rural-communities-facing-climate-change-
madagascar
https://www.unicef.org/wash/waterandclimate/

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3. Prioritising the Most At-Risk Children
in Myanmar

Goal: To ensure safe and resilient water supply and sanitation for
children living in the poorest communities

Summary/Activities: Myanmar’s climate is changing rapidly.

Observable trends over the past 50 years have included an increase
in overall rainfall in most areas with a declining trend in others and
the late onset and early termination of the south-west monsoon.
The country has also observed an increase in extreme weather
events and a rise in sea level.

Myanmar is engaged in an active process of reform and change on

many fronts, the situation is dynamic and presents great
opportunities as well as challenges. The potential impacts of climate
change and the relatively low level of preparedness requires an
immediate and urgent response.

In 2015, UNICEF began working with the Government of Myanmar

to carry out the Child-Centred Risk Assessment. The analysis aimed
to provide a visual representation of child-centred risk in different
development programmes across the different states. The
Assessment provides a child-centred risk index ranking the 14 states
and regions of Myanmar, which has allowed UNICEF to prioritise
their interventions, particularly in terms of climate resilience, in order to ensure that the poorest children are reached
through interventions. For example, in 2016, UNICEF Myanmar supported the installation of 15 new solar powered
water systems, providing safe water to 20,000 people.

More info:
https://www.unicef.org/myanmar/Myanmar_Child-Centered_Risk_Assessment_(ENG).pdf
https://www.unicef.org/wash/myanmar_91419.html

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