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A Tactical Guide to Science Journalism
 A Tactical Guide
to Science Journalism
Lessons From the Front Lines
Edited by
Deborah Blum, Ashley Smart,
and Tom Zeller Jr.
Production Editor
Scott Veale
 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2022

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Blum, Deborah, 1954– editor. | Smart, Ashley, editor. |
Zeller Jr.,Tom, editor.
Title: A Tactical guide to science journalism : lessons from the front
lines / edited by Deborah Blum, Ashley Smart, and Tom Zeller Jr.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2022] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021057624 (print) | LCCN 2021057625 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780197551509 (paperback) | ISBN 9780197551523 (epub) |
ISBN 9780197551530 (online)
Subjects: LCSH: Sports journalism.
Classification: LCC PN4784. S6 T33 2022 (print) | LCC PN4784. S6 (ebook) |
DDC 070.4/49796—dc23/eng/20220222
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021057624
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021057625

DOI: 10.1093/​oso/​9780197551509.001.0001

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Marquis, Canada
With gratitude to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Program Director
Doron Weber for their support of this book and for their long-​standing
dedication to promoting the best in science journalism.
Contents

Contributors  xi

Introduction  1
Deborah Blum, Ashley Smart, and Tom Zeller Jr.

PART I FO UNDATIONS 

1. How Science Works  7

Nsikan Akpan

2. Finding and Vetting Sources  14

Azeen Ghorayshi

3. Journals, Peer Review, and Preprints  21

Ivan Oransky

4. Working With Statistics  28

Maggie Koerth

5. Fact Checking  35
Brooke Borel

PART I I T HE CRAF T OF STORYTE LLING

6. A Foundation in News  45
Alicia Chang

7. Story Structure  52
Deborah Blum

8. Audio Storytelling  60
Elana Gordon

9. Film and Video Storytelling  67

Ian Cheney

10. Multimedia Storytelling  73

Jeffery DelViscio
viii Contents

11. Data Storytelling  80

Charles Seife

12. Opinion Writing  87

Bina Venkataraman

13. Magazine Writing  94

Paige Williams

14. Book Writing  101

Dan Fagin

PART I I I I NVESTIGATIVE JOURNALIS M

15. Investigative Science Journalism  111

Katherine Eban

16. Accessing Public Records  118

Michael Morisy

17. The Art of the Interview  125

Pallab Ghosh

18. Cybersecurity and Protecting Your Sources  132

Andrada Fiscutean

19. The Public Information Machine  139

James Glanz

PART I V COVE RING S CIE NCE BE ATS

20. Medicine  147

Sabriya Rice

21. Infectious Diseases  154

Helen Branswell

22. Public Health  161

Julia Belluz

23. Social Sciences  168

Sujata Gupta

24. Science and Justice  175

Rod McCullom
 Contents ix

25. Physics  182

Ashley Smart

26. Genetics  189

Antonio Regalado

27. Technology  195

Megan Molteni

28. Space  202

Nadia Drake

29. Climate  209

Sarah Kaplan

30. Conservation and Wildlife  216

Rachel Nuwer

31. Earth Sciences  223

Betsy Mason

32. Mathematics  230

Jennifer Ouellette

33. Science Policy  237

Dan Vergano

34. Artificial Intelligence  244

Matthew Hutson

35. Cybersecurity and National Security  251

Kim Zetter

PART V MET RICS , MODE LS , AND MARKETING 

36. New Models for Science Media  261

Thomas Lin

37. Measuring Success in Science Journalism  268

Kate Travis

38. Social Media in Science Journalism  274

Liz Neporent

39. Building Trust and Navigating Mistrust  281

Apoorva Mandavilli
x Contents

40. Marketing Your Stories  288

Jason Penchoff

PART VI T HE GLOBAL PICTURE

41. Narrative Reporting Abroad  297

Martin Enserink

42. Reporting in Authoritarian Regimes  304

Richard Stone

43. Collaborative Journalism Across Borders  311

Iván Carrillo

44. Reporting in the Global South  318

Esther Nakkazi

EPILOGUE Stay Curious, Question Everything  325

Tom Zeller Jr.

Resources  333
Index  337
Contributors

Nsikan Akpan Jeffery DelViscio

Health & Science Editor Chief Multimedia Editor
New York Public Radio Scientific American
USA USA
Julia Belluz Nadia Drake
Senior Health Correspondent Contributing Writer
Vox National Geographic
USA USA
Deborah Blum Katherine Eban
Director Contributing Editor
Knight Science Journalism Program Vanity Fair
Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA
USA
Martin Enserink
Brooke Borel International News Editor
Senior Editor Science Magazine
Undark Magazine Netherlands
USA
Dan Fagin
Helen Branswell Professor
Senior Writer, Infectious Diseases and Carter Institute of Journalism
Global Health New York University
STAT News USA
USA
Andrada Fiscutean
Iván Carrillo Freelance Journalist
Freelance Journalist Romania
Mexico
Azeen Ghorayshi
Alicia Chang Health and Science Reporter
Deputy Editor, Health and Science The New York Times
Associated Press USA
USA
Pallab Ghosh
Ian Cheney Science Correspondent
Director and Producer BBC
Wicked Delicate Films Great Britain
USA
xii Contributors

James Glanz Megan Molteni

Reporter Staff Science Writer
The New York Times STAT News
USA USA
Elana Gordon Michael Morisy
Reporter Founder, MuckRock
Public Radio International USA
USA
Esther Nakkazi
Sujata Gupta Founder, Health Journalists Network
Reporter, Social Sciences Uganda
Science News Uganda
USA
Liz Neporent
Matthew Hutson Director, Social Media and Community
Contributing Writer WebMD/​Medscape
The New Yorker USA
USA
Rachel Nuwer
Sarah Kaplan Freelance Journalist
Science Reporter USA
The Washington Post
Ivan Oransky
USA
Distinguished Writer in Residence
Maggie Koerth Arthur Carter Journalism Institute
Senior Science Reporter New York University
FiveThirtyEight USA
USA
Jennifer Ouellette
Thomas Lin Senior Reporter
Editor in Chief Ars Technica
Quanta Magazine USA
USA
Jason Penchoff
Apoorva Mandavilli Senior Director, Physician Communications
Health and Science Reporter Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
The New York Times USA
USA
Antonio Regalado
Betsy Mason Senior Editor, Biomedicine
Freelance Journalist MIT Technology Review
USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology
USA
Rod McCullom
Freelance Journalist
USA
 Contributors xiii

Sabriya Rice Bina Venkataraman

Knight Chair in Health and Medical Editor at Large
Journalism The Boston Globe
University of Georgia USA
USA
Dan Vergano
Charles Seife Science Reporter
Professor BuzzFeed News
Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute USA
New York University
Paige Williams
USA
Staff Writer
Ashley Smart The New Yorker
Associate Director USA
Knight Science Journalism Program
Tom Zeller Jr.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Editor in Chief
USA
Undark Magazine
Richard Stone USA
Senior Science Editor
Kim Zetter
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Freelance Journalist
USA
USA
Kate Travis
Freelance Journalist
USA
Introduction

The veteran journalist Tim Radford, who headed up the science desk at the
United Kingdom’s Guardian newspaper for more than two decades, was once
interviewed by a government committee charged with investigating the fragile
relationship between “science and society.” In a lengthy report submitted to
the House of Lords in February 2000, the committee noted that the public’s
faith in both science and government had been shaken over the preceding
years—​in part by an outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, collo-
quially known as “mad cow disease.” This and the swift rise of biotechnology,
the burgeoning internet age, and other fast-​moving manifestations of human
ingenuity, it was determined, were creating an air of anxiety and mistrust.
Public perception of science was a key issue, the authors stated, as was the
disregard many scientists had for the social implications of their research.
Trust in the government’s ability to distill science into sound policy was also
waning, the report found. And uncertainty and risk—​two concepts that are
fundamental to the scientific enterprise—​were deemed to be poorly under-
stood by the general public.
Blame for this state of affairs was well distributed, but the final chapter of the
report zeroed in on the sometimes-​fractious relationship between scientists
and the media. Radford attempted to illuminate those tensions through the
tale of an ill-​fated press conference he’d attended—​one designed to reveal new
data on Earth’s core. The researcher heading up the briefing, it seemed, had
offhandedly mentioned to the scrum of reporters that one of his experiments
involved a 6-​inch naval gun mounted in his laboratory. The journalists were
subsequently full of questions and curiosity about the weapon—​How was it
used? Why?—​and the scientist would never be able to steer things back to his
findings. Radford called it an exquisite clash of cultures.
“He actually wanted to tell us about the science of the center of the Earth,”
he told the committee, but “we were after a story, which is something entirely
different.”
If you are holding this book in your hands (or reading it electronically),
you are no doubt in search of stories, too—​ones with a special emphasis on
science. You are also likely to have noted, maybe with a bit of disquiet, how

Deborah Blum, Ashley Smart, and Tom Zeller Jr., Introduction In: A Tactical Guide to Science Journalism. Edited by:
Deborah Blum, Ashley Smart, and Tom Zeller Jr., Oxford University Press. © Oxford University Press 2022.
DOI: 10.1093/​oso/​9780197551509.003.0001
2 Introduction

little has changed in the ongoing dance between science and the press over the
last two decades. In some respects, that relationship has become even more
strained as the science embedded in our lives—​and buffeted by our politics,
our economics, and our culture—​becomes ever more complex.
Today, the public is deeply divided over issues that hinge on questions of
science, from genetic engineering to the rise of artificial intelligence, and eve-
rywhere in between: the efficacy of vaccines, the rise of bioterror, the value of
space exploration, the looming challenges of pandemics, the presence of ex-
traterrestrial life, the search for new energy sources, the fluidity of gender, and
the increasingly dire impacts of climate change.
These are just a few of the areas that now divide communities, ani-
mate elections, and sometimes leave even the most well-​meaning reporters
scratching their heads.
Despite such challenges, the profession of science journalism continues to
thrive. Public health crises like the Covid-​19 pandemic and environmental
threats such as global climate change have reminded everyone—​from editors
to audiences—​that informed and insightful reporting on these issues is vital to
our understanding of the world around us. And the internet age, no longer in
its infancy, has delivered a true blossoming of outlets devoted to the coverage
of science—​places where young writers can break into the business, learn the
craft, and build a portfolio, as either staff members or freelance contributors.
As the profession has flourished, so have university programs, books,
and websites, providing smart and useful training and advice on the craft
of science writing and the different career paths possible within it. (See our
Resources section on page 333.)
What hasn’t been available, until now, is a single volume devoted to what
we at the Knight Science Journalism Program sometimes refer to as “Capital-​
J Journalism.” If your aim is to better understand scientific questions and to
communicate that understanding to readers in lucid prose, compelling docu-
mentaries, rich podcasts, or illuminating infographics—​that’s great. We feel
that compulsion, too.
But journalism, whether covering politics or business, crime or health, is
more than simple communication. It is, as Radford himself put it in the very
first of his 25 commandments for journalists, an acknowledgment that your
most important obligation, your most enduring fealty, is not to “the scien-
tist you have just interviewed, nor the professor who got you through your
degree, . . . [or] even your mother.” Rather, Radford insisted, your sole alle-
giance as a Capital-​J Journalist is to your reader, your viewer, or your listener.
They turn to you for fair analysis, thoughtful and accurate explanation, and
dispassionate—​though not brainless—​distillation of competing worldviews.
Readers expect, and deserve, that you deliver this without fear or favor.
 Introduction 3

For journalists covering science—​and particularly for those who are new to
the beat—​that can seem like a tall order, and this volume is designed to help
you along the way. How do you find good science stories? How does the scien-
tific publishing process work? How can you access public documents related
to science? What is it like to cover physics, or chemistry, or computer engi-
neering, or space science—​and how will you know what’s important on these
beats and what’s not? Was that 6-​inch naval gun as important to readers as the
scientist’s novel findings about Earth’s mantle? Maybe. Maybe not.
These are just some of the questions and quandaries that the Tactical Guide
to Science Journalism is designed to help answer. We recognize, after all, that
science is full of potential land mines that can lead journalists into errors of
exaggeration, hyperbole, sensationalism, or downright inaccurate portrayals.
And while many science journalists are former scientists themselves, or have
extensive training in science, we think it’s fair to say that many, perhaps even
most, have no special research expertise. And even those journalists well
versed in one aspect of science—​medicine, say, or public health—​can sud-
denly find themselves flummoxed when asked to cover machine learning or
landscape ecology.
At the same time, scientists and the institutional personnel who speak for
them—​just like ambitious politicians and swashbuckling business tycoons—​
often have parochial, inward-​facing interests of their own. That doesn’t mean
they ought to be your adversaries, of course. But if you’re serious about sci-
ence journalism, it does mean that you need to understand and consider not
only what a researcher is telling you, but also why. An ability to sift through
scientific direction—​and misdirection, after all—​is essential for journalists
who specialize in science.
Here, we have tapped some of the world’s best science journalists to provide
tips on how to avoid mistakes, find experts, and otherwise navigate this vari-
egated world. But we’d argue that the lessons offered here are equally valuable
to journalists across the board who want to gain the ability to add smart sci-
ence coverage to their beats, as well as for scientists curious about the ways of
journalism, readers wondering about how stories are told, and more. And all
of this alongside a suite of eminently practical chapters on the craft of science
storytelling, the business of science book writing, the challenges of interna-
tional science reporting, and the virtues of science journalism across borders.
The Knight Science Journalism Program along with its award-​winning
digital science publication Undark Magazine, place special emphasis on the
importance of journalism in the public interest. Undark’s mission statement
makes that commitment clear: “As journalists, we recognize that science can
often be politically, economically and ethically fraught, even as it captures the
imagination and showcases the astonishing scope of human endeavor. [We]
4 Introduction

will therefore aim to explore science in both light and shadow, and to bring
that exploration to a broad, international audience.”
That you are reading this book suggests that you may be animated by the
same mission, and it is our sincerest hope that the Tactical Guide to Science
Journalism will serve as both a reference and a beacon as you embark on your
journey. The world needs committed, courageous science journalists, and if
this book convinces you to join those ranks, then our efforts will have been
worthwhile.

The Editors
Deborah Blum, Director
The Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT

Ashley Smart, Associate Director

The Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT

Tom Zeller Jr., Editor in Chief

Undark Magazine
 PART I
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