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 Principles of
Animal Cell Culture

Basant Kumar Sinha

Rinesh Kumar

International Book Distributing Co.

 Principles
of
Anitnal Cell Culture
Students Compendium

Basant Kumar Sinha

MSc., (AIIMS), Ph.D. (HAD)
University Professor & Head (Retd.)
Department of Microbiology
Bihar Veterinary College
Rajendra Agricultural University
Patna - 800 014 (Bihar), India

Rinesh Kumar
M.V.Sc. (Parasitology)
Jr. Research Officer
Institute of Animal Health & Production
Patna - 800 014 (Bihar), India

International Book Distributing Co.

(publishing Division)
Published by
INTERNATIONAL BOOK DISTRIBUTING CO.
(Publishing Division)
Khushnuma Complex Basement
7, Meerabai Marg (Behind Jawahar Bhawan),
Lucknow 226 001 V.P. (INDIA)
Tel. : 91-522-2209542, 2209543, 2209544, 2209545
Fax: 0522-4045308
E-Mail: ibdco@airtelmail.in

First Edition 2008

ISBN: 978-81-8189-248-5

© Publisher
All Rights Reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.

Composed & Designed at :

Panacea Computers
3rd Floor, Agarwal Sabha Bhawan, Subhash Mohal
Sadar Cantt. Lucknow-226 002
Phone: 0522-2483312,9335927082,9452295008
E-mail: prasgupt@rediffmail.com

Printed at:
Salasar Imaging Systems
C-7/5, Lawrence Road Industrial Area
Delhi - 110 035
Tel. : 011-27185653, 9810064311
Prof. Allauddin Ahmed 30-A, Indirapuri Colony
Ph.D., DSc (H.C) p.a. : B.V. College,
Pahla - 800 014
Ph. :0612-258010

FOREWORD
Bioteclmology has emerged as one of the most important branch of
biological sciences. There is an upsurge of biotechnological research
and its applications all over the world during the last two decades.
Animal cell culture is one of the important tool of biotechnology as it
has not only been used for the isolation and propagation of different
viruses but recently it is being used for several advance studies in
biotechnology, such as, the expression of different cloned genes,
regulation of gene function, gene amplification, detailed analysis of
toxic mechanism of action at cellular level, production of a variety of
biomolecules at an industrial scale and screening of various useful
materials like vaccines, antiviral agents and anticancer agents etc.
A course on animal cell culture has been included in various science
and vocational courses of University Grant Commissions such as B.sc.
(Hons) Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Industrial Microbiology and
M.sc. (Biochemistry). As there are a few books available on animal
cell culture which can provide information to the students about all
the possible topics of animal cell culture in a concise and systematic
manner and thus students of the above disciplines are facing difficulty.
Keeping in view the recent advances in animal cell culture and in
order to meet the requirements of the courses Dr. B.K. Sinha and
Dr. R. Kumar, have tried to present all possible aspects of animal cell
culture in a concise and understandable manner. Each chapter has
been provided with sufficient questions along with the key, which
will help students to solve different problems of animal cell culture.

$I~
(Prof. Allaudin Ahmed)
Ex-DDG (Education) ICAR
Ex-Vice Chancellor (Hamdard Univ.),
& J.K. Agricultural University.

• Former Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Hamdard (N. De1hi) and S.K. University of Agric.
Sciences & Technology.
• Past President of Association of Indian Universities and Indian Agric. Univ. Association.
• Ex-Vice President, International Islamic Forum for Science and Technology and Human
Resource Development (Jakarta)
• Ex-member of the Executive and General Council of the Association of Commonwealth
Universities.
• Ex-Dy Director General - Education and National Project Director (UNDP), ICAR,
Govt. of India, New Delhi
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
 PREFACE
Animal cell culture is playing a pivotal role in the various modern
researches. Though the foundation stone of animal cell culture was
laid for the isolation and characterization of different viruses but the
recent developments in the field of Biotechnology and Molecular
biology have given various new dimensions to this technology. Cell
culture has provided a new tool for the better understanding of
diagnosis and molecular biology in many areas of biological systems
including bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. The different cell
cultures are being used in virology for the last five decades and one
of its application has been utilized successfully in various types of
vaccine production. To quote virologist Pay ton Rous of late we have
11

begun to study viruses not only for what they themselves mean, but
for what they can reveal about the intrinsic cell structure, and functions
through located injuries that they do". More recent discoveries such
as production of various proteins and enzymes through recombinant
DNA technology require the use of cell culture to study the exact
gene expression, have fully utilized where the available evidences
justify it and where their use is consistent with the effort involved
and their routine application is recommended. With the advancement
in tissue culture technology, scientists are now on the threshold of
bringing sea changes in improving the life of human as well as livestock
and thus it has become a source of unending fascination for different
scientists.
The present work is directed primarily to the students of
biotechnology, keeping in view the University Grants Commission
syllabus on animal cell culture prescribed for vocational course both
for undergraduate and postgraduate students and also for the
scientists in the Medical, Veterinary and Biological sciences, whose
curiosity and efforts are responding to the stimulus of current interest
in biotechnology.
This book contains 20 chapters and each chapter has been written
keeping in view of recent information on the subjects. Portion of the
book have evolved through use of several lecture materials in courses
which I have delivered in various colleges of Bihar and Jharkhand
state having vocational courses in biotechnology. In different college,
where I used to deliver lecture, I found that students are facing
difficulty for want of a concise book on animal cell culture, which
covers their full courses and thus I decided to write this book. This

v
notes give information to students they need to know in a handy and
succinct format without overwhelming them wi.th unnecessary jargon.
It is hoped that it may have some value as a source of providing more
readily obtained information on different topics. It is expected that
some deficiencies might have persisted in this book, it is anticipated
that these deficiencies may be eliminated by diligent supplementing
readings and by classroom lecture materials. Though this is the first
endeavour ,constructive criticism will be welcomed by the author to
be included in the next edition.
Basant K. Sinha

vi
 ABBREVIATIONS
ACDP Active Cell Death Process
ATP Adinosine Tri Phosphate
BDNF Brain Derived Neutrotropic Factor
CAD Carbamoyl-Phosphate-Synthase
Aspartatetranscarbamoylase Dihydroorotase
CaMv Cauliflower Mosaic virus
CARD Caspase Recruitment Domain
CFA Complete Freund's Adjuvant
CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary
CNTF Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
CSF Colony Stimulating Factor
DHFR Dihydrofolate Reductase
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide
DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
ECF Extracellular Fluid
EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
EPO Erthropoietin
ETT Embryo Transfer Technology
FACS Fluorescene Activator Cell Sorter
FAK Focal Adhesion Kinase
FGF Fibroblast Growth Factor
FITC Fluro Isothiocynate
FSH Follicular Stimulating Hormone
GAGs Glycosamino Glycans
GFAP Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
GnRH Gonatrophin Releasing Hormone
HAT Hypoxanthine Aminopterin Thymidine
HB-EGF Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factor
HbsAG Hepatitis B Surface antigen
HBSS Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
HEPES [A-2(hydroxyethyl)-1 Piperaine Ethano Sulphonic acid]
HGF Hepatotoxic Growth Factor
HMWK High Molecular Weight Kininogen
hpt H ydromycine phosphotransferase
ICSH Interstitial Cell Stimulation Hormone
VII
IGF Insulin Growth Factor
IgSF Immunoglobulin Superfamily
IL Interleukin
IPTG Isopropy1-/3-D-thiogalacto Pyranoside
Is Insertion Sequence
LH Leutenizing Hormone
LMWK Low Molecular Weight Kininogen
ME Malic Enzyme
MEM Minimum Essential Medium
MSC Mesenchymal Stem Cell
MTX Methotrexate
NF Neurofilament
npt Neomycin phosphotransferase
NT3 N eurotrophin3
PALA N-Phosphonacetyl-L-Aspartate
PARD [Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase]
PDGF Platelet Derived Growth Factor
PEC Peritoneal Exudate Cell
PEG Polythylene Glycol
PGD 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
PGM Phospho Glucomutase
PMSG Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin
PPLO Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
PT FE Polttetrafluro Ethylene
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RPMI Rosewell Park Memorial Institute
RTF Resistance Transfer Factor
SCID Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
SCNT Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
SCP Single Cell Protein
STAT Signal Transducer and Activation of Transcriptase
TDC Thymic Dendritic Cell
TCA Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
TGF Transforming Growth Factor
Tdt Terminal Deoxynucleotide Transferase
TK Thymidine Kinase.
Tn Transposon
TPA Tissue Plasminogen Activator
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

viii
 Contents
Chapter 1 History of Development of Cell Culture 1
Chapter 2 Natural Surroundings of Animal Cell 9
Chapter 3 Metabolic Capabilities of Animal Cell 33
Chapter 4 Simulating Natural Conditions for Growing
Animal Cells 41
Chapter 5 Serum and Serum Free Media 51
Chapter 6 Cell Culture System 61
Chapter 7 Secondary Culture: Transformed Animal cell 97
Chapter 8 Commonly used Cell Lines and their Uses 107
Chapter 9 Growth Kinetics of Cells in Culture 117
Chapter 10 Gene Expression and Application of Animal
Cell Culture for Its Studies 125
Chapter 11 Organ Culture 135
Chapter 12 Transfection 147
Chapter 13 Cell Fusion 161
Chapter 14 Selectable Marker andAntibiotic Resistance 169
Chapter 15 Hybridoma and Monoclonal Antibodies 183
Chapter 16 Transplantation of Cultured Cell 197
Chapter 17 Differentiation of Cells 209
Chapter 18 Transgenesis and Transgenic Animals 225
Chapter 19 Apoptosis, Necrosis, Senescence and Quiescence 241
Chapter 20 Embryo Transfer Technology 251
References 261
Index 279

ix
 Detailed Contents
1. History of Development of Cell Culture 1

2. Natural Surroundings of Animal Cell 9

Extracellular medium and cellular exchange 10
Nutrients 10
Carbohydrate 11
Lipids and its derivatives 11
Aminoacids 11
Vitamins 11
Minerals 11
Hormones 11
Plasma 12
Plasma enzyme mediators 12
Kinine system 12
Clotting system 13
Fibrinolytic system 13
Complement system 14
Creatinine 14
Cytokines 15
Waste materials 16
Buffers 16
Growth factors 16
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 17
Fibroblast growth factor 18
Platelet derived growth factor 18
Insulin growth factor 19
Hepatotoxic growth factor 20
Serum 21
Extracellular Matrix 21
Structural fibers 22
Functional fibers 22
Cell adhesion molecules 23
Integrin 23
Selectin 24
Cadherins 24

x
 Cell junctions 25
Tight junction 25
Anchoring junction 26
Actin filament junction 26
Intermediate filament junction 26
Desmin 27
Vimentin 27
Keratin 28
Glial filament 28
Communicating junction 28
Gap junction 28
Cell- Cell interaction. 29
3. Metabolic capabilities of animal cell 33
Chemical exchange 34
Membrane permeability 34
Exact defined mechanism 34
Transport mechanism 35
Passive transport 35
Active transport 36
Anabolism 36
Catabolism 37
Bioenergetics 37
4. Simulating Natural conditions for growing animal cells 41
Substratum 41
Glass 42
Plastic 42
Metals 43
Nutrients 43
Macronutrients 43
Micronutrients 44
pH 44
Temperature 46
Humidity 47
Antibiotics 47
Sterility 48

xi
 Osmolality 48
Osmotic pressure 48
Viscocity 49
Surface tension. 49
5. Serum and Serum Free Media 51
Role of serum in culture 51
Disadvantage of using serum in cell culture 52
Serum free media 53
Attachment and spreading factor 54
Growth factors 55
Hormones 55
Binding factors 56
Trace elements 57
Antiprotease 57
Advantage of serum free media 57
Disadvantage of serum free media 58
6. Cell Culture System 61
Disadvantage of cell culture system 62
Primary cell culture 62
Epithelium type 63
Epitheloid type 63
Fibroblast type 63
Connective tissue 63
Disadvantage of Primary cell culture 63
Secondary cell culture 64
Continuous cell culture 64
Disadvantage of continuous cell culture 64
Tissue culture 65
Requirement of tissue culture laboratory 65
Equipment for tissue culture laboratory 65
Cleaning of glassware and other materials 65
Sterilization of materials used in tissue culture 66
Requirement of media and its preparation 69
Natural media 69
Complete media 70

xii
Synthetic media (chemically defined media) 70
Amino acid 71
Vitamins 71
Ions 72
Organic nutrients 72
Antibiotics and antifungal drugs 72
Other factors 72
Maintenance media 75
Primary Monolayer tissue culture technique 75
Source of cell 76
Cell dispersion 76
Enzymatic digestion 76
Digestion with the Proteolytic digestion 76
Digestion with Collagenase 77
Dispersion by Chelating Agents 77
Trypsin-Versene Mixture 78
Mechanical disintegration 78
Assessment of viable cells 78
Counting of cells and adjustment of cell concentration 79
Suspension of cell in tissue culture medium 80
Attachment of cells 80
Growth of cell in monolayer 81
Preservation of animal cell culture 82
Application of tissue culture 82
Disadvantage 83
Types of cell culture 83
Anchorage dependent cell culture 83
Contact inhibition 84
Non-anchorage dependent cell culture 85
Adult or embryonic tissue 85
Primary Monolayer chiken embryo fibroblast cell culture 85
Plating or cloning efficiency 86
Growth curve of cloned population 87
Feeder layer 87
Preparation of feeder cells 88
Scaling up of animal cell culture 89
Scaling up of anchorage dependent cell culture 90

xiii
 Roller bottle system 90
Hollow fibre system 90
Glass bead reactors 90
Microcarrier system 91
Scaling up of suspension cell culture 91
Stirred tank reactor 92
Airlift fermentor system 92

7. Secondary culture: Transformed Animal Cell 97

Secondary cell culture 97
Established cell line 99
Transformed or immortalized cell lines (continuous cell line) 98
Disadvantage of continuous cell line 99
8. Commonly used Cell Lines and Their Uses 107
Neoplastic cells of human origin 109
Normal animal cell lines 109
Neoplastic animal cell lines 109
Genetically homogenous cell strain 110
9. Growth Kinetics of Cells in Culture 117
Lag phase 118
Log phase or Exponential phase 118
Stationary phase or the plateau phase 119
Decline phase 121
Metabolism, Metabolites during growth kinetics of cell 121
Trophophase 121
Idiophase 122
10. Gene Expression and Application of Animal Cell
Culture for its Studies 125
Gene and its expression 125
Repressor gene 126
Regulator gene 126
Operon or operator gene 127
Operon model 127
Trptophane model 127
Lac operon 127
Gene regulation and expression 128

xiv
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of An address to
British females on the moral management of
pregnancy and labour, and some cursory
observations on medical deportment
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: An address to British females on the moral management of

pregnancy and labour, and some cursory observations on
medical deportment
Suggested by the death of Her Royal Highness Princess
Charlotte Augusta of Wales: with a vindication of Her Royal
Highness's physicians, Sir Richard Croft, Dr. Baillie, and Dr.
Sims

Author: William Cooke

Release date: March 19, 2024 [eBook #73208]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: E. Cox and Son, 1817

Credits: Jamie Brydone-Jack, Carol Brown and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ADDRESS TO

BRITISH FEMALES ON THE MORAL MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY
AND LABOUR, AND SOME CURSORY OBSERVATIONS ON MEDICAL
DEPORTMENT ***
 AN ADDRESS
TO

BRITISH FEMALES

ON

THE MORAL MANAGEMENT

OF

PREGNANCY AND LABOUR,

AND SOME CURSORY

OBSERVATIONS ON MEDICAL DEPORTMENT.

SUGGESTED BY

The Death
OF HER ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCESS

CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA OF WALES.

 WITH
A VINDICATION
OF

HER ROYAL HIGHNESS’S PHYSICIANS,

SIR RICHARD CROFT,

DR. BAILLIE, AND DR. SIMS.

By WILLIAM COOKE,
SURGEON-ACCOUCHEUR.

“To enjoy Happiness is a great blessing:—to confer it, a greater.”

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR E. COX AND SON,
ST. THOMAS’S STREET, BOROUGH.

1817.
 J. M‘Creery, Printer,
Black-Horse-Court, London.
 ADVERTISEMENT.

From the first intimation of the death of Her Royal Highness

Princess Charlotte, the general sensation heightened daily, till the
climax was completed on the melancholy day of interment. Within
this interim it was scarcely possible, without a surreptitious effort,
either to speak or think on any other topic.

The prevalence of this acute sensibility—the daily intelligence of

consecutive evils—and the relief obtained by fixing the attention on
some specific object, gave origin to this pamphlet.

Whatever belongs to moral agency, as well as to the preceptive

and practical portions, is the result of previous observation; and for
them the Author solicits no other concession than is due to the
circumscription of his plan. The style and arrangement he is aware
are exceptionable. He pleads in extenuation that the address is
extemporaneous:—suggested by a high degree of social feeling with
his interesting countrywomen, and under circumstances that forbade
the delay which much emendation would have occasioned.

Should it be imagined that the specification of certain

incongruities is too severe, the Author solicits credence for an
assurance that he has exclusively referred to the excrescence and
not the character. There is not an individual in the world whom he
has intended to deride.
 The vindication he has offered in the sequel is totally
disinterested; the persons referred to are entirely unknown to him.

The term Moral prefixed to this Address, may appear

disingenuous.—Much difficulty arose in fixing on a single appellation
which should embrace a distinguished feature in the address, and
yet contra-distinguish it from one purely medical.

Should any hint he has dropt prove useful in quieting

unwarrantable fear, or in establishing more safe and happy
arrangements in child-birth, or in conducing to a more generous and
comprehensive treatment of female diseases or diseases in general,
the Author will be most amply recompensed.

Great Prescot-Street,
Nov. 24, 1817.
 AN ADDRESS.

There is not an event within the recollection of the British nation,

which has called forth more universal and unfeigned sorrow than the
death of Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte Augusta of
Wales.

The earliest indications of her character,[1] as well as its

progressive developement, concurred to mark a strong and
independent mind; yet did she also afford a striking example of the
compatibility of a cultivated mind and uncontrolled judgment, with
that purely feminine delicacy of manner, which designates the sex,
and constitutes one of its peculiar excellences. Although she
occupied a station which denied the accustomed facilities of
appreciating human excellence, yet the agreement of testimony,
passing through diverse channels, fully authenticates the inference,
that she was not merely elevated by royal ancestry, but was
distinguished by superiority of natural faculties and intellectual
attainments, and by a decided attachment to the Protestant religion.
Nevertheless she did not degenerate into masculine habits—a
degeneracy, which not unfrequently renders unamiable, a female
enriched with uncommon mental endowments.

Having chosen retirement, with her excellent consort, His Serene

Highness Prince Leopold, we had probably long been ignorant of the
prospective blessings which awaited our favoured land, had it not
pleased Him who regulates the world by his providence, to
transplant her hence, at a time the most unexpected, and in a
manner the most interesting. At this moment her virtues shine with
an almost overwhelming lustre; and whilst every eye fixes itself on
her pre-eminent station, and the imagination brings to the present
hour future years of sorrow, we hear an almost consentaneous
exclamation—the Hope of England is departed!

Deeply participating, however, as we do in the general grief for

the death of an amiable Princess, and sympathizing with the
sorrowful illustrious family, it is not within our province to eulogize
the deceased, nor can we hope to console the surviving relatives;
yet there is one class of mourners that demands commiseration, and
whose claims will be more particularly directed to the practitioners of
medicine.

If it be within the department of a medical practitioner to soothe

the afflictions of mankind, unquestionably a large portion of his
attention and kindness is demanded at the present time. Whilst
almost every occupation is more or less suspended, as a tribute to
departed excellence, and as a token of loyal sympathy, it would be
disreputable to a profession, so important to the welfare of mankind,
to withhold its share in the general emotion.

The public feeling of sorrow is honorable to the British nation, and

illustrates the superior sensibility and the moral pre-eminence
derived from the diffusion of Christian principles. Where these
principles are adopted and diffused, men cannot circumscribe within
their own bosoms, or within the bosom of their families, those
sources of pleasure or grief which the Creator has bestowed
indiscriminately. We ought to participate in each other’s pleasures,
and to sympathize is mutual sorrow.

Duties often devolve on a practitioner of surgery, which demand

the control of his feelings; and this has elicited the popular charge,
that sensations, common to the rest of mankind, are to him
unknown. Surely we are traduced—and on an occasion like this it will
neither be thought unphilosophical, nor unworthy the attention of a
scientific mind, to incline itself to an event which has agitated the
country, and which especially fills the bosom of every female in the
land.

Collectively, it is impracticable to exhibit their interest on the

occasion, but as individuals there is an important niche which they,
and none else can occupy. It would neither be wise nor honorable to
extinguish sensibility, nor to suppress the salutary eloquence of
social grief; but to counteract the indulgence of excessive passion,
and to guard against the fruitful evils to which there is a consequent
and perpetual tendency, is perfectly consistent both with wisdom
and honor; and a prompt and generous effort to accomplish
purposes so desirable, must be a pleasing tribute to the illustrious
House, by whose afflictions these passions have been created.

It redounds to the credit of the clergy, not only in the established

church, but equally of all denominations, that the mournful event
has been observed in the most obvious and impressive manner, and
their office been made subservient to the condolence and moral
improvement of society. Yet is there one class of persons, most
interesting from their sex, from their condition in life, and from their
extraordinary participation in the event, owing to peculiar
circumstantials of coincidence, which, though accessible to the
ordinary means of consolation, demands the most solicitous and
encouraging attention. It is unnecessary here to observe, that the
persons alluded to are females in the state of pregnancy, and more
particularly those, who, like Her Royal Highness, are anticipating the
first parturition.

They cannot but discern that the persons most competent to

administer encouragement, are those to whose management their
health is entrusted; and upon their accoucheur it unequivocally
devolves not only to assist in the moments of child-birth, but to use
every precaution to conduct to that period in safety. Timidity and
apprehension often modify the nature of child-birth, without any
extraordinary occurrence. Instances of predicted death, and
predicted suffering, have been fully authenticated; and those, who
have attributed the prescience to supernatural agency, have been
misled. Persons who die at a predicted time, die not in consequence
of the thing portended:—if the prediction rest upon some imaginary
omen, or unwarrantable timidity, death is the punishment of their
superstition, or their fears.

Sympathetic sorrow and fear must be distinguished. Who would

interdict at the present a moderate indulgence in the former? but,
for inordinate fear, this fatal instance of child-birth does not supply
the least well-grounded occasion. It cannot, however, be averted,
that females thus delicately situated, will be the subject of needless
apprehension, and may become enslaved by unwarrantable anxiety
and terror; and which it is the duty, and will I am persuaded, be
within the power, of a conscientious man, nearly, if not wholly, to
suppress.

It would be a dereliction from my present feelings, nor do I think

it incompatible with the design, to ask, if practitioners in Midwifery,
and of Medical Science in general, in their attachment to the custom
of administering drugs, and in their repugnance to a species of
fanatical empiricism, do not too much disregard the moral treatment
of disease?

Let it not be supposed that I would question the efficacy of

Medicine, or that I would tolerate the chicanery or chimeras of
Tractorism or Magnetism; for though it would be well if the articles
of our Materia Medica were reduced to at least one twentieth of their
present number, I cannot hesitate to aver, that some drugs are
capable of acting specifically on the animal frame. Must it not also
be admitted, that although, upon every genuine principle of
philanthropy, we would sweep imposture “with the besom of
destruction,” the audacious empiric has produced effects well
adapted to astonish the vulgar, and to claim for himself a large
portion of ephemeral reputation?

The scientific mind ought to appreciate the influence which one

human being is capable of exerting over another; and by reflecting
on it, the most available line of conduct in the removal of disease
will be discovered. It is true, artifice has often taken precedence of
merit. Attractive as popularity undeniably is, the practitioner who
solicits the aid of artifice to rise into notice, not only forfeits his
character, but hazards the sacrifice of future professional honor and
success, on the altar of a most precarious goddess:—

“To seek honor, is to lose liberty.”

Recently the most strenuous efforts have been made to render

the medical profession more worthy of public confidence, but the
appropriation of means has surely been surprisingly perverted. It
cannot be questioned, that a youth intended for this department of
human labor, ought to be liberally educated, and that he present his
testimonials to an accredited and competent tribunal is perfectly
laudable; but that after five years apprenticeship, and after an
extended durance at a recognised medical school, he should be
submitted to the investigation of a trading company, is totally
repugnant to every principle of science, and is calculated to divert
the attention from those generous and enlightened principles, which
should actuate the members of a profession often denominated
learned and liberal.

It is not the knowledge of ancient and modern languages, of

mathematics or moral philosophy, of chemistry, or pharmacy, or
botany, or even of anatomy, physiology, and nosology, however
important or essential, which can fully qualify a man for the
honorable discharge of the arduous and responsible duties of his
station. He must be a philanthropist. However extensive and useful
his knowledge, if he has not a zest for the alleviation of human
suffering, he incalculably circumscribes the usefulness of his
acquisitions. There are men, indeed, who have pursued science with
abstracted ardor; and there is indubitably something fascinating in
those sciences, which are accessible to a medical student. But if
there is an universality in Bacon’s maxim, that “knowledge is Power,”
in what does the power of knowledge consist, but its direction to
some useful purpose?

Some men have directed all their time and talents to insulated
departments of medical or surgical practice. Does not this make
them pedantic? Although they have risen high in these departments,
yet having but partially appreciated other objects, they are
contemned, notwithstanding they are effecting equal good by
different agency. Division of human labor has its advantages; but, if
frittered into needless division, it injures the whole.

Some distinguished men too have become so notorious in their

tenets, that it is difficult to ascertain whether their reputation be that
of paradox or merit.

There are others also, who seem to think it honorable to be

eccentric; and, to increase the anomaly, have chosen an eccentricity,
which ordinarily is esteemed disgusting. Abruptness, rudeness,
insensibility, coarseness of manner, vulgarity, or obsequiousness,
may be found in men, whose minds are far superior to mediocrity;
and although nature or education might have been somewhat
defective, it is not difficult to recognise the features of some
pernicious habit. We have seen striking indications of disregard to
human suffering in our hospitals; and often has it called forth a
disgusting expression of risibility amongst the students. Painful,
indeed, is it to observe the mistaken excellence attached to an
apparent disregard of human suffering: it seems to be thought, that
there is something philosophical in conquering the common
sympathies of human life, although it is by them society is
cemented.

Although no personal graces—no urbanity—no kindness, can be

substituted for unremitting study, and discriminating observation, yet
it is practicable to adopt a deportment equally remote from pliancy
and barbarity.

For what beneficial end, many will exclaim, are these observations
made? and had I not drawn for myself the line of demarcation, I
would gladly meet the inquiry in an attempt to prove that some men
of superior knowledge, and of eminent rank, would have greatly
extended their benefits to human nature had not their manners been
repulsive:—that the extraneous habits of these men are borrowed,
by an aspiring race of students, who appear in plumes of fancied
beauty; whose affected air justifies the suspicion that the art of
medicine is not merely conjectural:—and that by ingenuousness,
candour, kindness, and an attentive regard to mental phenomena,
united certainly with a competency of knowledge, not only the honor
of the profession is enhanced, but its utility promoted. If there are
no diseases of mind independently of body, which we are willing to
admit, the influence of mind on body must be allowed. The popular
belief in the salutary influence of faith, is well founded—the opposite
feeling of distrust, will act perniciously. The man whose mind is
properly furnished will dexterously seize occasions of alleviating
distress, which another, who may be almost exclusively watching for
diseased structure, would not easily comprehend.[2]
 An attempt to make chronic cases of disease subservient to any
mercenary purpose, is an entire perversion of the liberal dictates of
science; and often renders the most assiduous exertions unavailing.
Where there is scarcely sufficient disease to impose bodily
restriction, it cannot be expected that protracted courses of medicine
can be endured, unless it be administered in the most simple and
unobjectionable form. Nevertheless, it is a duty to subdue chronic
diseases; and often it can only be done by a persevering
management of diet, aided by medicine.

We return from this digression to the condition of our interesting

countrywomen; and, as a tribute of respect to the memory of her
Royal Highness, would endeavour to direct to their advantage the
preceding observations.

It is almost peculiar to the females of this happy land, that they

occupy that station in society for which they were designed. Regard
is paid to their education—their intellects are cultivated—whilst they
retain that modesty and refinement which should ever designate
them.

How much of our personal happiness do we owe to them!—are

we not indebted to them for the sweetness and chastity of social
intercourse—for the cheerfulness of domestic life—for the solace of
times of sickness and sorrow—for the building up of our families,
and the perpetuation of our names in human existence? Their claims
are innumerable, and as cogent as the happiness and welfare of
men can suggest.
 Every expression of regard to their comfort and happiness is
demanded; and when they are subjected to inordinate care, the
token should be peculiar and spontaneous. It is unpardonable, that
in the treatment of female diseases there should be either rudeness
or indecency.

The express object of this paper is to check a disposition to draw

illegitimate and unfavourable conclusions from recent circumstances
—to divert their thoughts from fear. Yet, as they are capable of
reasoning, and, indeed, will not be satisfied, without a rational
demonstration, that there is no ground for evil forebodings; we shall
endeavour to meet them on this fundamental principle. And, first,
we shall attempt to evince that the death of the Princess Charlotte,
neither indicates a condition more precarious than heretofore, nor
does it detract from the efficient aid which art is adequate to afford
at this interesting moment. In the second place we shall point out
some circumstances in natural and premature labour, on which
recovery greatly depends.

In the case before us there is nothing peculiar. Royalty has no

exemptions from disease; nor is there any royal exoneration from
the contingencies of human life. If a female, in ordinary rank, die of
fever, it is not brooded over to excess; and if one in these
subordinate walks fall in the hour of child-birth, soon its influence
subsides. But illustrious station gives unparalleled horror to death;
not because it differs abstractedly from the death of others, but,
because in the fall of persons eminent in rank or office, the
relationships of life are more deranged, and even the interests of a
country may be affected. Yet is the article death the same. Truly a
life so valuable to the country, as that of her Royal Highness, did not
exist in Britain. Yet this does not modify the event itself, for death
recognizes no distinctions; and so rarely does it happen in these
circumstances, that there are persons who have practised midwifery
for a series of years without meeting with such an occurrence. The
very circumstance that encircles that event with peculiar mystery
and solemnity, is calculated to impart to those we are now
addressing, the greatest encouragement—it was unexpected. Were it
not uncommon, it would not have been unlooked for; and the public
are incompetent judges of the unfrequency: for the unfavourable
instances, which are rare, are, on this account, topics of popularity;
whilst the thousands of happy results, which happen every week,
pass unobserved.[3]

In the management of pregnancy, the treatment should

commence with the earliest period. To regulate the condition of mind
is important; to avoid the sight of disgusting objects,[4] and other
circumstances likely to evolve any strong emotion. To live
temperately; to avoid stimulating diet; to regulate the bowels by
some unirritating aperient, and to use but moderate exercise.

In the arrangements preparatory to parturition, the objects which

present themselves are two-fold. First, to secure efficient aid; and,
secondly, such attendance as may be most likely to keep the mind
comfortable, and which shall carry into full effect every means
devised at the time of child-birth as well as subsequently. On the
former topic it is neither proper nor necessary to speak. The
selection of persons to attend, in parturition, is unquestionably
momentous. The nearest relatives are often the most unsuitable.
Kindness and sympathy exhibited with confidence inspire courage
and patience; but if they are associated with anxiety and impatience,
their usefulness is completely frustrated. If relatives are chosen, they
should be such as know how to regulate their feelings—when to
withhold, as well as when to impart. On the other hand, those who
have no feeling, no commiseration, (and there are such among
women), should be fully excluded from such an occasion, and there
should not be one person present as a mere spectator. But of
ordinary attendants, the selection of a good nurse is of chief
importance. It should be essential that she have discharged
maternal duties; that she be experienced—good tempered—
moderately active—of good understanding—modest, not forward;
and not loquacious. She should know how to discharge the duties of
her office without stepping beyond it. She should have judgment
enough to buoy up the spirits when they needlessly flag, and caution
enough not to permit unusual symptoms to arise without the
cognizance of those on whom that responsibility more particularly
rests.

Persons whose minds have been little cultivated, are apt to seek
undue commendation, and to gain by improper means the
confidence of their employer. However well disposed and well
informed the lady, perhaps her knowledge of parturition may be
circumscribed by her personal experience. But the nurse is supposed
to have gained much knowledge, beyond the immediate obligations
of her own station, by her intercourse with medical practitioners.
She thinks herself competent to the comparison of the different
methods of management which may consist in mere circumstantial
differences, but which by her are made important. She thinks herself
competent to change diet, to administer medicine, to regulate the
time of rising and sitting up, in the absence of the practitioner, and
often even contrary to his orders. Because they have seen spirituous
liquor given in some cases without actual injury, they think it may be
given in all; and it is often only by a positive injunction this can be
counteracted. They propagate unnecessary follies respecting the
peculiar dangers of certain days. And if the patient be dejected, they
rally them, and often urge the necessity of premature rising to
dinner or tea, to promote cheerfulness. Within the last few weeks,
though spirits had been decidedly prohibited in a case of first
parturition, as soon as the practitioner had left, the nurse so boldly
urged some brandy, that the lady could not refuse compliance. The
obtrusiveness and loquacity of this person very materially affected
the recovery of an interesting woman. We express ourselves strongly
and decidedly on this point, because we pity a delicate
inexperienced female, who happens at so critical a moment to be
managed by an ignorant or obtrusive nurse; and because we have
no question that most of the evils which spring up subsequently to
parturition, arise from the contravention of proper orders, either
respecting quietude or diet. During the first few days or week in all
cases the entire regulation of even minute particulars should be
under the direction of the medical attendant; and in some cases this
attention must be carried farther. It must not be tolerated that a
woman who shall have had the longest experience, and who may
even be able to detect striking differences, should prescribe either
counter to established regulations, or when medical advice is
accessible. There certainly are instances of sudden transition, in
which the nurse must act according to her best judgment, and in
which, if wrong, she is not blame-worthy. When on this topic, I
cannot totally exonerate the accoucheur from some connivance in
the assumed importance of the nurse; and through a want of
explicitness and decision, she has often been left either to the
selection of her own plans, or plans have been so carelessly or
loosely suggested, that it may justly be questioned whether it was
intended they should be enforced.

It would indeed be a great advantage to society, if persons of this

description were not permitted to assume the office of nurse without
testimonials: but as the field is now open, not only should ladies be
circumspect in the selection, but it behoves the guardians of the
public health, even if it be unsolicited, to counsel their friends in the
choice. In their intercourse with nurses, they are best qualified to
assert their respective merits, and they ought to distinguish between
the meritorious and the ignorant or froward.

At the time of child-birth, there are some practices which are

extremely hurtful, and which cannot always be guided by
professional advice. And it would be well for ladies themselves to
predetermine in what manner these things should be regulated. The
exhaustion consequent to child-birth, has occasioned the pretty
general custom of allowing the patient to lay an hour undisturbed;
but at the end of this hour, it is often inevitable, whatever the
degree of indisposition, that the patient must be raised into an erect
posture, before she can be placed in bed, owing to the improper
arrangement of dress and bed-clothes.
 Hemorrhage, fainting, and many inconveniences under these
circumstances, are not unusual. Amongst the higher and more
intelligent nurses this practice certainly is nearly unknown. Where
there is time before-hand, dress and bed-clothes should be so
managed, that there shall be no occasion to raise the patient from
the horizontal posture. However trivial this may seem, it is, without
the smallest doubt, a frequent cause of very serious alarm; and no
practitioner can safely leave a house till this removal has been
undergone. It would be commendable if ladies themselves exercised
their thoughts on this subject, and on which they may take counsel,
with great propriety, previous to the commencement of indisposition.

We are not now presuming to address the members of the

profession. Yet, for the sake of female practitioners of midwifery, the
unnatural and improper custom of giving opiates immediately after
every case of parturition must be decried. The apology for this
practice is to ease the after-pains; that is, to counteract those
contractions of the womb, by which it regains its natural state.

Truly cases happen in which the constitution sympathizes so

greatly with these pains—the patient becomes so irritable, that an
opiate, seasonably interposed, acts almost as a charm; but when
administered through habit, it checks secretion—constipates the
bowels—prolongs the after-pains—and very seriously affects the
head.

To practitioners of this description, I would also say, that

especially in lingering cases, the management of mind is truly
important. The mind is in the condition of the quickest sensibility.
Every thing transacted about the patient should be done openly. All
whisperings or attempts at secrecy, excite the utmost curiosity, and
essays at evasion only heighten the distress. All allusion to
unfavourable cases should be most sacredly avoided. Nothing should
tempt the individual on whom reliance is placed in these instances,
to concede the truth—a falsehood once detected, contravenes all
future trust; and however there may be exhibited the external signs
of belief the mind will be harassed with the most painful suspicion. A
most guarded prognostic too, not only in reference to the issue, but
the duration, is essentially requisite. The endurance of pain, ever
raises more or less anxiety for ease; and as in child-birth it is known
there is a limit—a period when the trouble shall instantly cease—
there is peculiar desire to ascertain the probable duration of
suffering. The hopes and wishes of practitioners often seduce them
into a definition. The period arrives, and is succeeded by
disappointment—another is fixed, which equally disappoints the
expectation, and ceaselessly enervates the patient. A disposition in
the attendants to excite unwarrantable expectation too, should be
early checked. The solicitous inquiries of the patient, must be met by
a candid avowal of her situation—a decided assurance, that although
it is not possible to define the duration, the procedure is perfectly
safe. A distinct assurance should be given, that although there are
numerous little circumstances which retard or expedite delivery, they
do not affect the termination. That with the prospect of a safe
deliverance, a somewhat prolonged suffering is comparatively trivial.
And, in most cases, however serious, it is easy to suggest some
exemption, for the absence of which thankfulness should be
cultivated.
 Varied as the cases of parturition are, if the principle is kept in
view, an intelligent mind will supply the deficiency. And a female will
be conducted through a lingering labor with much less suffering, and
much less exhaustion than under more unguarded treatment. The
choice of food under these circumstances, certainly is not indifferent.
In the time of labor, all the functions are disturbed—not only by
sympathy, but by the positive influence of pain. Such diet should be
adopted as is least irritating, and with most facility is converted into
nutriment. Gruel, preparations of arrow-root, sago, &c., without wine
(except under peculiar circumstances) are best, and the patient
should be encouraged to take them at proper intervals.

After labor, quietude is the chief subsidiary; but some regard must
be had to the state of the patient. The sudden transition from long-
suffering to almost entire case, produces a striking moral effect, and
effusions of grateful expression generally succeed. The stimulus of
distension and pain, being withdrawn, a great degree of faintness
often supervenes. The administration of a small quantity of brandy
or wine in some gruel, is highly proper where this happens in any
threatening degree—but should only be continued till that sensation
is removed. Some ether in camphorated mixture, we have often
seen very speedily remove the faintness and agitation which succeed
delivery.

Soon there is an adaptation to the change—the functions regain

their accustomed office—the palpitation of the heart subsides—the
pulse, which might have been fluttering and intermitting, becomes
regular, though still quick and full. Stimulant substances must be
entirely withdrawn, and gruel, or other simple articles of nutrition
must be substituted.

Often, early after labor, pain and throbbing in the head, aversion
to light and sound arise; attended sometimes with a quick, at others,
a very slow pulse; the latter, indicating a great degree of congestion,
or accumulation of blood in the head. In this case, medical advice
ought to be promptly solicited, especially if it has not subsided by a
gentle aperient—as castor oil. Powerful doses of purging medicine
will become necessary; and, perhaps, bleeding from the arm, or
leeches to the temples, may be required.

Whenever the body becomes sore and painful, especially if it be

attended with suppression of the discharge, constipated bowels, and
fever, no time should be lost in demanding medical assistance.

In child-bed fever, early and free employment of bleeding and

purging, with strict attention to low diet, will almost universally
succeed.

In reference to the child, where there is no disease, the chief

object of attention should be, to secure it against unnecessary
exposure. Too much washing at first may be pernicious; and the
practice of using spirits in these ablutions, merits reprobation. By the
celerity of their evaporation, they produce a degree of cold much
more intense than would be produced by the application of cold
water, which would be universally condemned.

It would be totally incompatible with a small pamphlet, and with

this extemporaneous address, to trace and delineate all the varieties
of child-birth. Yet, we think enough has been suggested to secure as
much safety in the time of parturition, as is attainable amidst the
uncertainties of human life.

Perhaps, however, it is not proper to overlook some peculiarities

in premature birth.

Abortion or miscarriage, which usually is accidental, sometimes

becomes habitual; and at about the same period of conception, on
many successive occasions, this disappointment will happen.

If there is a strong claim in the ordinary occurrences of

pregnancy, for an attentive regard to the condition of mind as well
as body, it acquires its utmost urgency in those conditions in which
habitual miscarriage happens. The claim is urgent in behalf of the
unfortunate individual, whose life is a perpetual series of suffering
and anxiety, who is not only subjected, perhaps, every six or eight
months to the debilitating effect of excessive hemorrhage, but
whose mind is oppressed by disappointment, arising out of domestic
and conjugal relationships, even more heavily than by the influence
of personal suffering.

Until our present knowledge is enlarged respecting the

association of mind and body, and the ultimate connexion of
different systems of structure, we cannot appreciate the extent of
moral influence.

Blushing shews the influence of mind on the circulating system;

loss of appetite and sensation of stricture across the stomach, its
influence on that organ; and perhaps the diaphragm, palpitation on
the heart. Various phenomena indicate the influence of the mind and
nervous system on secretion and absorption. And although we may
believe the mind to act on the nervous system, that system on the
vascular and absorbent, we never shall fully understand the nature
of most diseases till the nature of this intercourse be more clearly
developed. But if we allow the ascendancy of mind, its agency
becomes most powerful when most sensitive; and when, with this
morbid sensibility, it is most subjected to molestation.

How interesting and impressive are the claims of a female under

these circumstances; and attempts to administer relief, by the
unassisted aid of medicine, will, not unfrequently, issue in
disappointment.

The causes of miscarriage vary; and as various as are the causes,

must be the medical treatment. These causes primarily belong, in
general, to the parent; but they may exist independently in the
conception. With the former only we are interested at present. They
may arise in the parent from either general or local causes. Every
thing affecting the general circulation, deranges that of the womb in
particular. But there are cases, in which there appears congestion or
accumulation in the womb, without any manifest general
disturbance. We must recur to a former observation; for till we
understand the manner by which mind and the nervous system
affect the general circulation of blood, we cannot understand the
phenomena of abortion. Yet, is it a fact, that sudden mental
affection, whether arising from excessive joy or sorrow, disgust or
fear,—will often speedily and inevitably produce it.