Clematis Grata Wall
Clematis Grata Wall
Clematis Grata Wall
Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan
Asma Jabeen1, Mir Ajab Khan2, Mushtaq Ahmad2, Muhammad Zafar2* and Farooq Ahmad2
2
Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Accepted 6 February, 2009
Informal interviews provided data about 245 useful plants of 77 families of 55 trees, 54 shrubs, 105 herbs, 15 climber, 10 grasses and 6 crops recorded from the Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad. Two hundred and fifteen local/ vernacular names were noted of total plants. The inhabitants of the park have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, health care, fodder, fuel wood and other cultural purposes. A list of plant species along with their local name, plant part/s used, popular uses (or troubles treated) are given. The pastoral nomads of the area make use of 159 (64.89%) as native medicine, 79 (32.24%) as fodder for their livestock, 47(19.18%) as fuelwood, 33 (13.46%) as food (fruits), 18 (7.34%) as vegetables, 14 (5.71%) as timber, 6 (2.44%) as industrial, 4 (1.63%) as tannin, 3 (1.22%) as gum and 2 (0.81%) as fiber. Medicinal uses of the 126 plant species have also been described. This information will serve as reference for the benefit of pharmacists, researchers, Hakims (herbalist), veterinarians and public at large. Key words: Indigenous uses, flora, Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION Margallah Hills National Park, occuping an area of 15,883 hectares in North East of the National Capital Islamabad in the province of Punjab is lying 33 43 N latitude and 7255 E longitude (Ibrar and Khan, 1998). The topography of the area is rugged, varying in elevation from 465 to 1600 m comprising mainly of steep slopes and gullies where the rock structure is basically limestone (Nasir and Robina, 1987). The area falls in the far end of monsoon zone and the bulk of monsoon precipitation occurs in July and August, with monthly average of 267 and 309 mm respectively (Maqsood, 1991). The soil of the area is derived from wind, water laid deposits and sedimentary rocks (Hijazi, 1984). The average maximum and minimum temperature are 33.3 and 19.5C, respectively. The hottest months are May and June when the temperature may raise up to 42C and the coldest months are December and January when temperature falls below zero (Hussain, 1986). Pakistan is rich in medicinal plant resources due to its varied climatic and edaphic factors. Of the almost 6000 species of vascular plants reported to occur in Pakistan, about 1000 species have been recognized to possess phyto-chemical properties. Between 350 - 400 species are traded in different drug markets of the country and are used by leading manufacturing units of Unani and Homeopathic medicines. Besides, a number of medicinal plants and their derivatives required by pharmaceutical industries are also imported under a liberal import policy of the Government for those drug plants whose cultivation is not feasible in the country. Furthermore, about 40,000 - 50,000 tabibs (practitioner of Greco-Arabic medicine), vaids (practitioner of Ayurvedic and folkmedicine) and a number of un-registered practitioners scattered in rural and remote hilly areas use more than 200 drug plants in traditional and folk-medicines as household remedies for several diseases. In recent years, there has been a consistent growth in the demand for plant-based drugs and several plant products from a variety of species. This has given rise to large-scale collection and habitat degradation. It has resulted in the scarcity of a number of valuable medicinal plant species and their wide range of chemical diversity is diminishing with the present scale of selective extraction from natural habitats.
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Hijazi (1984) reported that Dodonaea viscosa was the most common shrub of Margalla Hills National Park. Khattak and Ahmed (1990) compared the vegetation on the north and south facing slopes of Margalla Hills and reported the presence of Pinus roxburgii, Apluda mutica and Quercus incana community on the north facing slopes and Acacia modesta, Woodfordia fruticosa, D. viscosa community on the south facing slopes. According to them, the north facing slopes showed greater species diversity as compare to the south facing slopes having the similarity index as 46%. Population is randomly distributed, mostly located near water streams and springs. In a census of Capital Development Authority CDA acquired land in August 1991, there were 5744 people in 23 settelments (villages). These people are living in 975 houses and own 3910 heads of livestock. People allow their livestock to graze freely, they cut trees for fuel, gather fodder for animals and divert water for cultivated plots. Livestock also compete with the native animals for food and space. Maqsood (1991) estimates that of the 7,000 domestic ungulates in the park, 42% are goats, 31% are cattle, and 25% are water buffaloes. It is not possible to protect the viable population of Grey Goral and Barking Deer if livestock are also permitted to graze in the same area. They unwittingly deplete the natural system of biomass and diversity. The principal direct cause of degradation of Pakistan's rangelands and forests is the rapidly increasing domestic livestock population. Between 1945 and 1986, numbers of cattle almost doubled, while the numbers of buffaloes, sheep and goats more than tripled. Overall livestock numbers continue to increase at a rate of 2% per year. While much of this increase has been fed by the production of fodder within irrigated areas, persistent over-grazing has reduced forage production in Pakistan's rangelands to one-third the potential (a loss of almost 50 million tonnes per year), and in some areas to as low as 15% of potential forage production (GOP/JRC, 1992). Villagers are only partially supported by the cash economy, consequently they dependent for their survival on livestock, gardens, fuel wood, fodder, medicinal uses, food, shelters etc. Different parts of the Napoleona imperialis are used for different purposes in the West Africa including mulching and fodder (leaves and twigs),and firewood, chewing stick and ethno-medicine (stem and root) (Osei-Owusu, 1981; Okafor and Fernandez, 1987). Humans consume the juice from the fruits and pods and the seeds are discarded. The seeds have very low human food preference or any industrial use as of now and could therefore form an alternative feeding redient for livestock production. Quarries, abandoned roads and villages, springs and eroded trails are the significant areas of impact. People invariably ignite wild land fires in Margallah Hills. Some fires are probablycaused by carelessness. An over-riding aspect of the indigenous knowledge system is that it tends to be held by the older, as opposed
to the younger generations. The major loss of indigenous knowledge in the population of villages is the disruption of the traditional channel of oral communication due to shift to written exchange ofcommunications. This made it difficult for the older generation to pass their knowledge on to the younger generation. Depletion of flora at an increasing rate is another crucially important problem of Margallah Hills meaning that important economic species are being lost. The exploitation of ethnobotanical values (Table 1) of Margallah Hills will be helpful in a variety of ways particularly focusing on exploitable potential, status and value for disease control, status and value for disease control, commercialization, marketing aspects and createawareness about the related issues.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Knowledgeable and reliable elderly people, plant lovers and Hakim from Margallah Hills National Park were contacted to record the first hand knowledge about the economical/medicinal uses of native species of the area. The ethno-botanical information were collected by using a specifically designed questionaire incorporated in Table 2. Data on parts (leaves, twigs, fruits, pods) of plant species used and ethno-botanical values viz. fodder, medicinal, fiber, food (vegetable, fruit), fuel wood, timber, industrial, tanning and gum were collected. For medicinal uses, in addition to information on the plant parts used, their collection, processing, preparation of drugs, properties of medicine and diseases cured by them were also collected.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 245 plant species belonging to 77 families of which 55 trees species, 54 shrubs, 105 herbs, 15 climbers, 10 grasses and 6 fodder crops have been identified. It has been observed that all of these plant species are being used by the people of Margallah Hills National Park for their varied ethno-botanical importance (Table 2). The ethno-botanical uses of plants can be categorized into ten broad categories (Table 3). Major proportion of these plant species are used as native medicine (64.89%) and second major use of these plant species is as fodder (32.24%) for their livestock. Forty seven plants (19.18%) are used as fuel wood, thirty three (13.46%) are used as food (fruit), eighteen (7.34%) as food (vegetable), fourteen (5.71%) as timber, six (2.44%) as industrial, four (1.63%) as tannin, three (1.22%) as gum and two (0.81%) are used as fiber. The Margallah Hills National Park has sustained these ethnobotanical uses for long time. The uses of these plant species are restricted to local people who collect these plant species as and when required (Table 4). Indigenous uses of medicinal plants of Margallah Hills Timbar (Zanthoxylum armatum) fresh and dried both of one cup is used in the morning and one in the evening
Jabeen et al.
765
S# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Botanical name Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. A. farnesiana A. modesta Wall. A.. nilotica (L.) Delile Aesculus indica (Wall.ex Camb.) Hook. f. Albizzia lebbek (L.) Benth. Bauhinia variegata L. Bombax ceiba L.
Vernacular name Khair,Katha Vilaiti kikar Phulai Kikar Bankhor Shareen Kachnar Simbal, Simal
English name
Part used Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Buds, leaves, fruit Bark, stem, roots, seed Bark, leaves, stem Bark, leaves, stem Entire plant Stem, leaves, seeds, root, bark Entire plant Leaves, stem, fruit Fruit, stem Leaves, stem, roots and bark Stem, fruit, Stem, bark
Use freq R R C C C C C R
Ethnobotanical values Medicinal, fuelwood Fodder, fuel wood, Industrial Medicinal, fuelwood Medicinal, fuelwood Fodder, fuel wood, medicinal Fodder, fuel wood, medicinal Fodder, food (Vegetable), medicinal Fuelwood, medicinal, Industrial Fodder, Industrial Fodder, fuel wood, fiber, medicinal, gum Food (Honey production) Medicinal, fuel wood, tannin, timber
9 10 11 12
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L Herit ex Vent Butea monosperma (Lam.) O. Kuntz. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Cassia fistula L.
Silk cotton tree, Cotton tree, Kapok tree Paper Mulbery Flame of the forest BottleBrush Tree Golden Shower, Pudding pip-tree, Indian Laburnum Himalayan Cedar Nettle tree Shisham
C R R C
Kingo, Amaltas
13 14 15 16
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don Celtis eriocarpa Decne. Cordia oblique Willd.Phytogr Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst ex DC. Erythrina suberosa Roxb.
R C C C
Timber, medicinal Fodder, food (Fruit) Medicinal, fruit, fuelwood, Fodder, fuel wood, medicinal, timber Fuel wood, fruit, timber Fuel wood, medicinal
17 18
Boraginaceae Papilionaceae
Puna Dhauldak
Coral tree
R R
766
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Table 1. Cont.
19 20
Moraceae Moraceae
Banyan
Leaves, fruit Leaves, root, bark, seeds Seed, bark, fruit, wood Fruit, leaves Fruits, gum Stem Leaves, fruit, stem Stem
R R
21
Ficus religiosa L.
Moraceae
Pipal
Medicinal, fodder, fruit, timber Fodder, medicinal Fruit, gum, medicinal Fuelwood, timber Fodder, fruit, fuel wood Fuel wood
22 23 24 25
Ficus virgata Wall. ex Roxb Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merill Grevillea robusta Cunn. Ex R. Br. Grewia optiva Drummond .ex Burret Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (J. ovalifolia R. Br.)
Silky oak -
C C R C
26
Bignoniaceae
27
Juglans regia L.
Juglandaceae
Akhraot
Fruit, bark, leaves Bark, leaves Fruits, leaves, bark Seeds, stem, leaves Stem, leaves, flowers, leaves Leaves, flowers, fruits, bark Leaves, stem, bark, fruit Fruit, leaves, bark, wood Stem, leaves,
28 29
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt)Merrill Mallotus phillipensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg Maytenus royleanus (Wall.ex Lawson) Cufodont. Melia azedarach Linn.
Anacardiaceae Euphorbiaceae
R C
30
Celastraceae
31
Meliaceae
32
Moringaceae
Sohanjna
Fodder, food (Vegetable), gum Medicinal, fruit, fuel wood, fodder Medicinal, fodder, fuel wood Fuel wood, fodder
33
Morus alba L.
Moraceae
34
Oleaceae
35
Leguminosae
Jerusalem Thorn
Jabeen et al.
767
Table 1. Contd.
36
Rosaceae
Fruit
Fruit
37
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson ( P. excela Wallich ex D. Don) Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb
Rosaceae
Batangi, Medlar
38 39
Rosaceae Pinaceae
Aru Biar
R R
40
Palmae
Jangli khajur
41
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Euphorbiaceae
42 43
Pinus roxburghii Sargent Pistacia chinensis subsp. Integerrima (J.L. Stewart) Rech. Platanus orientalis L. Prunus armeniaca L. Pyrus communis L.
Pinaceae Anacardiaceae
Chil
Fruit, juice of tree, root, kernel Fruits, food, flowers, seed, root bark Wood, resin Entire plant Stem Fruit Fruit
Fruit
C C
44 45 46
R R R
Timber, fuelwood Fodder, timber, medicinal Fuel wood, timber Fruit Fruit
47
48
Quercus floribundla Lindley ex A Camus (Q. dilatata Lindley) Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.
Fagaceae
Barungi
Entire plant Oak Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Stem
Fodder, fuel wood, tannin Fodder, fuelwood, timber Fodder, fuel wood Fuel wood, fodder, tannin Fuel wood
Fagaceae
49
Leguminosae
50 51
Salicaceae Euphorbiaceae
C C
52 53 54
Sorbus lanata (D.Don) Schauer Taxus baccata L. subsp. Wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seeman Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew.
C R R
55
Rhamnaceae
Phitni, Amlai
768
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
S# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Botanical name Acacia hydaspica J.R. Drummond ex Parker Barleria cristata L. Berberis lycium Royle Buddleja asiatica Lour Buxus papillosa C.K.Schneid Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines Colebrookia oppositifolia Smith Cotinus coggyria Daphne mucronata Royle Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & Wood Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq.
Family Mimosaceae Acanthaceae Berberidaceae Buddlejaceae Buxaceae Asclepiadaceae Capparidaceae Apocynaceae Labiatae Anacardiaceae Thymeleaceae Urticaceae Sapindaceae
Vernacular name
English name
Use freq C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Ethnobotanical values Fodder, fuel wood Medicinal Medicinal, fuel wood Walking sticks Fuel wood Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal, fuel wood Medicinal Fodder Fruit Fruit Medicinal, fuel wood
Tadrelu, Bansa siyah Sumbal Batti, Banna Shamshad aak Karir, Karildelha Granda Shakardana Bhan, Wig Kuttilal Chajul Sanatha Smoke tree Sodoms Apple Kashmal, Zarch
Whole plant Whole plant Wood Entire plant Entire plant Fruit, flowers Entire plant Entire plant Leaves Fruit Fruit Leaves, bark, seed, wood Crown-ofThorns Poinsettia Entire plant Entire plant Seeds Entire plant Fruit Leaves Leaves Flower, root, juice Entire plant Leaves, flowers, roots, stem Hedge-flower Entire plant
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Euphorbia milii Des Moul. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch Embelia ribes Burm. Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Grewia asiatica L. Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis Jasminum humile var humile f. pubigerum (D.Don) Grohmann Jasminum officinale L. Justicia adhatoda L.
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Myrsinaceae Euphorbiaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Papilionaceae Oleaceae Babrung, Baobirung Danda thor falsa Kango, Gwangi Kainthi Peeli chambeli Chambeli Bhaikar
R C R C R R R C
Protect the tops of wall Hedge plant Medicinal Medicinal, hedge plant Fruit Fodder Fodder Medicinal
22 23
Oleaceae Acanthaceae
R C
24
Lantana camara L.
Verbenaceae
Panch phali
Jabeen et al.
769
25 26
Lantana indica Roxb. Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. subsp. Himalayana (Gamble) Ohashi Myrsine africana L.
Verbenaceae Mimosaceae
Ghaneri Arlu, ral, Shiah-kanta Gukoon, Khokal, Baybring Chatai palm, Mazri Kanair, Ganira Nagphana Chiti Buti, Bui, Phut kanda Oleander, Rose Bay Prickly Pear Marjoram
Leaves, stem Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Leaves
C C
27
Myrsinaceae
Medicinal, fodder, fuel wood Medicinal, industry Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal, fuel wood Medicinal Fodder
28 29 30 31
Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitchison Nerium oleanderL. Syn: N. indicum Mill. Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Ham. Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Smith Rabdosia rugosa (Wallich ex Benth.) Hara (Plectranthus rugosus Wallich ex Benth.). Plectranthus coetsa (Buch. Ham.ex D. Don) Hara Prinsepia utilis Royle Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C. Schneider Pteracanthus urticifolius (Kuntze) Bremek Syn. Strobilanthes alatus Nees Punica granatum L. Rubus ellipticus Smith. Rubus fruticosus L. Rubus sanctus Schreber R. ulmifolius L. Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (R. trigyna (Roxb.) Planchon) Ricinus communis L.
R C F C
32 33
Rubiaceae Labiatae
R R
34 35 36 37
R R R R
38 39 40 41 42 43
Wild pomgranate
C C R R C C
Medicinal, fuel wood Fruit, fodder Medicinal, fruit Fruit Fodder Medicinal
Blackberry
Leaves Seed, leaf, bark, root Fruit, leaves Entire plant Stems Fruit Fruit, wood
44 45 46 47 48
Rosa macrophylla Lindley Solanum incanum L. Staphylea emodi Wallich ex Brandis Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don V. grandiflorum Wall. ex DC.
C C R R C
770
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
49
Vitex negundo L.
Verbenaceae
Nirgud
Marwani, banua -
50
Lythraceae
Dhawi
51
Rutaceae
Timbar, Timer
Kababe
52 53
54
Zizyphus mauritiana var spontanea (Edgew.) Zizyphus nummularia Burm. Syn: Rhammus hummularia Burn. Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew.
Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae
Leaves, roots, wood Flowers, leaves, wood Bark, fruit, stem, seeds Fruits, leaves Entire plant Fruit
C C
Rhamnaceae
Fruit
C. Herbs
S# 1 2
Vernacular name Akarkara Latjira, Charchita, Poth kant Atis Sumbul, Hansraj Chanlai, Dhindo Dhabbar, Jonkmari Sial Kanta, Pila Dhatura Makhan Booti -
Part used Whole plant Entire plant Tubers Entire plant Leaves Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Leaves, roots Seed Seeds and corm
Use freq R R
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich ex Royle Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Amaranthus viridis L. Anagallis arvensis L. Androsace rotundifolia Hardwicke Argemone mexicana L. Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub. & Spach Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC. Syn.: A. maritima L. sensu Hook.f. Bellis perennis L. Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (C.indicus Sprengel) Colchicum luteum Baker
C C C C R C C R
11 12
Daisy -
R C
13 14
Leguminosae Colchicaceae
C C
Jabeen et al.
771
15 16 17 18 19 20
Colchicum aitchisonii (Hook.f.) E. Nasir Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelina paludosa Blume Convolvulus arvensis L.
Surinjan Shirin Bathueya, Batho Chandan bathwa Kanchara Kanjuna Hiranpadi, Lehli, Hirran khurry Shirin Dodak Gul-eAshrafi Bhang Pohli Kasni, Chicory Pilligar, Pilajar Arbi Bindweed
Seeds and corm Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Roots Entire plant
C C C C C C
Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Fodder, medicinal, food (vegetable) Fodder, food (vegetable) Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Food (vegetable), medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Convolvulus prostratus Forssk. Calendula arvensis L. Cannabis sativa L. Carthamus oxycantha M. Bieb. Cichorium intybus L. Cissampelos pareira Linn. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. (C. untiquorum Schott) Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist. Coriandrum sativum L. Datura innoxia Miller
Entire plant Field Marigold Hemp Carthamus Flowers, leaves Leaves and flowering tops Seeds Entire plant Leaves, roots Elephants Ear, Taro, Dasheen Canadian Fleabana Coriander Tubers, leafstalks Entire plant Entire plant Leaves, seed
C C C C C C R
28 29 30
Paleet Dhania Dhatura, Sada Dhatura Dhatura, Sada Dhatura Kunj Gajar
C C R
31
Datura stramonium L.
Solanaceae
Thorn Apple
Medicinal
32 33 34
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb. Daucus carota L. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Euphorbia helioscopia L. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Fragaria nubicola Lindl. Ex Lacaita Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Geranium ocellatum Camb. Geranium rotundifolium L.
R C C
35 36 37 38 39 40
Chhatri dodak Sunkha pushpi Mewa Pit papra Bhand Choti Rattanjot
Roots milky juice Entire plant Fruit Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant
C C R C C R
772
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauv. Habenaria digitata Lindl. Impatiens bicolor Royle Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. f. Lathyrus aphaca L. Lathyrus sativus L. Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. Lactuca serriola L. Syn: L. scariola L. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Leucas capitata Desf. Syn: L. cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Linum usitatissimum L. FLAX Lotus corniculatus L. Melilotus indicus Linn. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvestrum coromandelionum (L.) Garcke Martynia annua L. Mentha royleana L. Micromeria biflora (Buch.Ham. ex D. Don) Benth Mimulus strictus Benth. Mirabilis jalapa L. Misopates orontium (L.) Rafin. Syn :. Antirrhinum orontium L. Nepeta laevigata ( D.Don) Hand.-Mazz. Nepeta erecta (Benth.) Benth. Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum (L.) Hayek (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Oenothera rosea L Herit ex Ait. Syn.: Hartmannia rosea (LHerit. Ex Ait.) G. Don
Geraniaceae Compositae Orchidaceae Balsaminaceae Balsaminaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Compositae Compositae Labiatae
Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant
R C R R R C C C C R R
Medicinal, fodder Fodder Fodder Fodder Fodder Medicinal Fodder Fodder Medicinal Fodder Medicinal
Jungli-matar, Rawan, Dokani Khasri dal, Kasari Kahu, Khas salad Marguerite Chatra, Gulloda, Goma Alsi
Yellow Vetchling
Ox-eye Daisy
52 53 54 55 56
Entire plant Birds-foot Trefoil Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant
C C C C C
57 58 59 60 61 62
Tigers Claw
Fruit Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant
R R C C C R
Gul-e-Abbasi
63 64 65
R R C
66 67
Nymphaeaceae Onagraceae
Kanwal Mirchi
C C
Jabeen et al.
773
68
Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalidaceae
Entire plants
Medicinal, Food (Vegetables) Food (vegetable) Fodder, medicinal Medicinal Fodder Fodder Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal
69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Origanum vulgare L. Polygonum. amplexicaulis D.Don Polygonum plebeium R. Br. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. f. Potentilla supina L. Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Peganum harmala L. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Syn:. Lippia nodiflora (L.) L. C. Rich. Plantago lenceolata L. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Primula denticulata Smith Prunella vulgaris L. Rumex chelepensis Mill. Solanum surratense Burm. f. Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanum villosum Miller) Salvia moocroftiana Wallich ex Benth. Saussarea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Kunth (S.guttatum Schott) Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. Sesamum orientale L. Syn. S. Indicum L. Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Boiss Silene conoidea L. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner Sisymbrium irio L.
Wild Marjoram
C R C R C C C C
Bistort
Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Seeds, leaves Leaves
Himalayan Peony
77 78 79 80 81 82 83
R R C R C C C
Medicinal Medicinal, fruit Fodder Fodder, Food (Vegetable) Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal
Ambavati Kundiari, Momoli Mokri Muko Night-shade Black Fruit, Yellow/Oran ge Fruit Sage
84 85 86
Kallijarri, Gahi kand, Lupra Batula, Kali ziri Sanp the boti
R C F
Cobra Plant
Rhizome
87 88 89 90 91 92
Compositae Pedaliaceae Malvaceae Caryophyllaceae Compositae Cruciferae Til, Sesame Simak, Bariar, Kungya bala Chhota takla Kandiali Jangli sarson, Khaksi, Khub kalan Common Mallow Catchfly, Campion Milk thistle
Entire plant Seeds Entire plant Entire plant Leaves, seeds Leaves, seeds
R C C C C C
774
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
93 94 95 96
Sonchus arvensis L. Stachys parviflora Benth. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Taraxacum officinale Weber Trichodesma indica (L.) R. Br. Urtica dioica L. Veronica anagallisaquatica L. Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Verbascum thapsus L. Vetiviria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Syn: Andropogon muricatus Rotz. Vicia sativa L. Vinca major L. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Dodal Bui, Kirimar, Baggibuti Gandel Hand, Dudal, Kanphul Kallri Booti, Chota kulfa, Nila karaji Bichchu buti
F F C C
Dandelion
97
Boraginaceae
Entire plant
Medicinal
R C F C C
C F R
d. Climbers
S# 1 2
English name
Part used Root Stem and leaves Bark, root Stem, fruits and seeds Tubers
Use freq C F
3 4
Caesalpinaceae Cuscutaceae
Kanderi, Urian Nila tar, akash bel, Zarbuti Kariari, Kalihari, Mulim Kurie, Banbatkari Endra Bindweed Climbing lily, Crisped Glory Lily Himalayan Ivy
F C
Gloriosa superba L.
Liliaceae
Medicinal
6 7 8
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth
Leaves Leaves
C F C
Morning Glory
Entire plant
Jabeen et al.
775
Lathysrus aphaca L.
Papilionaceae
10 11 12 13
Porana paniculata Roxb. Psium sativum L. Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex. Willd.) Dc. Rosa brunonii Lindley
Safed Bel Desi mattar Bidhari qand Jungli gulab, Kuji, Karir, Palwari, Tarni Jangli Chachinda
Medicinal
C F C F
Entire plant
14 15
Smilacaceae Cucurbitaceae
Roots Fruit
S# 1 2 3 4
Botanical name Apluda mutica Aristida cyanatha Cynodon dactylon Linn. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Dicanthium foveolatum (Del.) Roberty Heteropogon contortus (L.) Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Ex Steud. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer and Schultes Sorghum halepense L. Pers. Themeda anathera
English name
Part used Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Leaves and stem Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant
Use freq C C F C
5 6 7 8 9 10
C C C C C C
to cure jaundice. It is also grinded, mix with egg and then women wash their hairs, it used as a conditioner. Its fruit is grinded with Jangli podina (Mentha royleana) and mixes with salt for curing pain in stomach. It is sold 7 - 8 rupees per kg.Amla (P. emblica), Timbar (Z. armatum), Jangli podina, (M. royleana), ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) and black salt are mix to make medicine for indigestion. The fruit of Gukoon (Myrsine africana) is used for killing the worms in abdomen, for improving
digestion and for relief of cough. Green Gukoon is sold 20 rupees per kg while dried is sold 100 rupees per kg. It is collected in December and January, dried and sold. Sumbal (Berberis lycium) root is boiled in water then mixed with milk when this become thick then Desi ghee, sooji flour of maize, sugar and almond is added and used for the pains and arthritis. Sumbal (B. lyceum) bark is taken off, dried and then sold for the treatment of pimples. Bhaikar (Justicia adhatoda) is used for curing
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S# 1 2 3 4 5 6
Botanical name Avena sativa Brassica compestris Cicer arietinum L. Penisetum americanum (L.) Schuman Triticum vulgare Zea mays
English name
Gram, Chickpea
Poaceae
Makai
Maize
Part used Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant Entire plant
Use freq R F R R C C
Ethnobotanical values Fodder, food Fodder, food (Vegetable) Fodder, food (Vegetable) Fodder, food Fodder, food Fodder, food
Parts used Buds Leaves Fruit Bark Stem Roots Seed Flowers Root bark Shoots Rhizome Corms Tubers
Purpose of use Medicinal Fodder Fuelwood Food (Fruit) Food (vegetable etc.) Timber Industrial Tannin Gum Fiber
Table 3. Ethnobotanical properties of plant species collected from Margallah Hills National Park.
S/N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ethno-botanical uses Medicinal Fodder Fuelwood Food (Fruit) Food (Vegetable etc.) Timber Industrial Tannin Gum Fiber
Plant species (%) used ethno-botanically (n = 245 ) 64.89 32.24 19.18 13.46 7.34 5.71 2.44 1.63 1.22 0.81
Jabeen et al.
777
Botanical name Trees Acacia catechu Acacia modesta Acacia nilotica Aesculus indica Albizzia lebbek Bauhinia variegata Bombax ceiba Butea monosperma Cassia fistula Cedrus deodara Cordia oblique Dalbergia sissoo Erythrina suberosa Ficus benghalensis Ficus religiosa Ficus virgata Flacourtia indica Juglans regia Mallotus phillipensis Maytenus royleanus Melia azedarach Morus alba Olea ferruginea Phyllanthus emblica Pistacia chinensis Tecomella undulata Shrubs Barleria cristata Berberis lycium Calotropis procera Capparis decidua Carissa opaca
Local name Khair, Katha Phulai Kikar Bankhor Shareen Kachnar Simbal, Simal Palas, dhak, Chichra Kingo, Amaltas Deodar Lasura Tali, Sissoo Dhauldak Bohr Pipal Phagwara Kokoh Akhraot Kamila, Kambal Pataki, Pataki Dhrek, Bakain Tut, Chitta tut, Spin tut Kao, Kahu, Khuwan Amla, Ambli, Aonla Kakar singhi Kangar Lahura Tadrelu, Bansa siyah Sumbal Aak Karir, Karildelha Granda
Medicinal uses Astringent, applied in spongy gums Tonic, stimulant, ash is used in snuff preparation Diarrhea, dysentery, somachic, astringent, expectorant, aphrodisiac Tonic, febrifuge, rheumatic pain Restorative, astringent, piles, diarrhea, gonorrhea, carbuncle, boils, swelling, snake bite, treatment of lymphatic gland, tuberculosis Alterative, anthelmintic, tonic, astringent, skin diseases, ulcer, scrofula, dysentery, piles, diarrhea, worms, dyspepsia, antidote to snake bite Astringent, alterative, restorative, tonic, stimulants Anthelmintic, astringent, diarrhea, dysentery, tonic, diuretic, depurative, aphrodisiac, snake bite, diabetes Laxative, emollient, tonic, febrifuge, constipation, cathartic, emetic, astringent, purgative, pustules Carminative, diuretic Cough, disease of chest Stimulant, gonorrhea, astringent, alterative, leprosy, boils, eruptions, vomiting Febrifuge Pains and bruises, rheumatism and lumbago, poultice, abscesses, gonorrhea, astringent, tonic, diabetes, leucorrhoea, cooling, aphrodisiac Cooling, alterative, laxative, astringent, gonorrhea, purgative, scabies Laxative, demulcent, constipation, lungs and bladder diseases Jaundice, enlarged spleen, cholera Anthelmintic, astringent, rheumatism Vermifuge, purgative, cure parasitic skin diseases, used for poulticing in cutaneous diseases Toothache Cathartic, emetic, emmenagogue, resolvent, poultice to relieve nervous headaches, hysteria, rheumatism, splenic enlargement, diabetes Diaphoretic, emollient, inflammation of throat, cooling, laxative, sore throat, dyspepsia, melancholia, anthelmintic, astringent Toothache, astringent, antiseptic, antiperiodic, diuretic, hoarseness of voice, rubefacient, diabetes, asthma Cooling, refrigerant, diuretic, laxative, astringent, hemorrhage, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, dyspepsia, anemia, inflammation of the eye, asthma, bronchitis, biliousness, refrigerant, aperiant Expectorant Vermifuge Swelling, cough, rheumatism, pneumonia, snake bite, ear and eye ailments Opthalmia, cooling, laxative, internal wounds, intestinal colic (antispasmodic), pharyngitis, throat pains, diabetes, bone fractures Dysentery, tonic, sudorific, alterative, antispasmodic, expectorant, emetic, digestive, stomachic, purgative, guinea worms Sporadic Treatment in worm infested sores of animals, fly repellent, stimulants, asthma
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Table 4. Contd.
Dodonaea viscose Embelia ribes Euphorbia royleana Jasminum humile Jasminum officinale Justicia adhatoda Lantana camara Lantana indica Mimosa rubicaulis Myrsine africana Nannorrhops ritchieana Nerium oleander Opuntia monacantha Otostegia limbata Punica granatum Rubus fruticosus Ricinus communis Staphylea emodi Vitex negundo Woodfordia fruticosa Zanthoxylum armatum Zizyphus mauritiana Zizyphus nummularia Herbs Achyranthus aspera Aconitum heterophyllum Adiantum capillus-veneris Amaranthus viridis Argemone mexicana Argyrolobium roseum Artemisia brevifolia Boerhavia procumbens Colchicum luteum Colchicum aitchisonii Chenopodium album Chenopodium ambrosioides Commelina benghalensis
Sanatha Babrung, Baobirung Danda thor Peeli chambeli Chambeli Bhaikar Panch phali Ghaneri Arlu, ral, Shiahkanta Gukoon, Khokal, Baybring Chatai palm, Mazri Kanair, Ganira Nagphana Chiti Buti, Bui, Phut kanda Anar, Daruna Karwara Arand, Arind Chitra Nirgud Dhawi Timbar, Timer Ber, Beri, Bera Jher beri, Mala, Ber
Astringent, gout, rheumatism, swelling, burns, fomentation Anthelmintic, alterative, tonic, carminative, stomachic Cathartic, anthelmintic Astringent, tonic, ring worm, used for destroying the unhealthy lining walls of chronic sinuses and fistulas Diuretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, skin diseases, headache, weak eyes, scorpion sting, ulceration, eruptions, cons, otorrhoea Cough, bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism, stomachache, joints, eruption, dysentery, diabetes Diaphoretic, carminative, antiseptic, rheumatism, tetanus, malaria, tonic, atoxy of abdominal viscera Snake bite Piles, burns, vomiting Killing worms in abdomen, digestion purpose, cough Diarrhoea, dysentery, purgative Skin diseases, leprosy, abortion, scorpion sting, snake bite, swellings Laxative, poultice, expectorant, asthma, cough, hepatic congestion, gonorrhea Ophthalmia, gums, wounds Stomachache, cardiac, cooling, refrigerant, astringent, anthelmintic Urticaria, diarrhea, cough, fever, diuretic Boils, swelling, pain, healing wounds and sores, toothache, febrifuge, laxative, constipation Snake bite Pain, tooth brush, gum and skin diseases, headache, skin allergy Astringent, stimulant, liver complaints, hemorrhoids, dysentery, menorrhagia, mucus membrane disorder Stomachache, carminative, toothache, tooth brush, tonic, aromatic, fever cholera, dyspepsia, fritters, piles Herbal tea, blood purifier, fever, intestinal worms, dysentery Boils, scabies, astringent, cooling, bilious affections, herbal tea, blood purifier, fever, intestinal worms, dysentery, diabetes Toothache, pain, dysentery, rheumatism, skin diseases, insect bites, bowel complaints, night blindness, cough , asthma Tonic Aromatic, emollient, cough, febrifuge Emollient, scorpion sting, snake bite Jaundice, dropsy Aphrodisiac, tonic, used for increasing milk and butter production for goat Anthelmintic, worms Diuretic, purgative, febrifuge, Anthelmintic Pain Pain Laxative, Anthelmintic, hepatic disorder, enlarged spleen, jaundice, urinary diseases, rheumatism, antidote to snake bite Anthelmintic, piles Skin inflammation, laxative
Latjira, Charchita, Poth kant Atis Sumbul, Hansraj Chanlai, Dhindo Sial Kanta, Pila Dhatura Makhan Booti
Itsit Surinjan Talakh Surinjan Shirin Bathueya, Batho Chandan bathwa Kanchara
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Table 4. Contd.
Commelina paludosa Convolvulus arvensis Calendula arvensis Cannabis sativa Carthamus oxycantha Cissampelos pareira Conyza canadensis Coriandrum sativum Datura innoxia Datura stramonium Euphorbia helioscopia Evolvulus alsinoides Fumaria indica Geranium ocellatum Geranium rotundifolium Geranium wallichianum Lathyrus aphaca Lactuca serriola Leucas capitata Melilotus indicus Malva neglecta Malvestrum coromandelionum Mentha royleana Micromeria biflora Oxalis corniculata Polygonum. amplexicaulis Polygonum plebeium Paeonia emodi Plantago lenceolata Podophyllum hexandrum Rumex chelepensis Solanum surratense Solanum americanum Salvia moocroftiana Saussarea heteromalla Sauromatum venosum Sida cordata Silene conoidea
Kanjuna Hiranpadi, Lehli, Hirran khurry Gul-e-Ashrafi Bhang Pohli Pilligar, Pilajar Paleet Dhania Dhatura, Sada Dhatura Dhatura, Sada Dhatura Chhatri dodak Sunkha pushpi Pit papra Bhand Choti Rattanjot Rattanjot Jungli-matar, Rawan, Dokani Kahu, Khas salad Chatra, Gulloda, Goma Sinji Saunchal, Khubsi Yard sonchal Jangli podina Chai boti Khatti Buti, amlika, Khatamitha chukha Anjbar, Masloon Dremak Mamekh Baltanga Ban Kakri Ambavati Kundiari, Momoli Mokri Muko Kallijarri, Gahi kand, Lupra Batula, Kali ziri Sanp the boti Simak, Bariar, Kungya bala Chhota takla
Snake bite, vertigo, fever Purgative, skin diseases, worms Stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, wounds Refrigerant, tonic, narcotic, sedative, anodyne Ulcer, itch Stomachache, wounds, snake bite, malaria Homeostatic, stimulant, astringent, diuretic, dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhage Digestion Boils, narcotic, anodyne, gonorrhea, hydrophobia, earache Boils, narcotic, anodyne, gonorrhea, hydrophobia, earache Cathartic, cholera, eruption, anthelmintic Tonic, asthma, vermifuge Fever, diarrhea, worms, goiter, antipyretic, blood purifier, cooling , anti periodic, eruption, diabetes, bladder infection Astringent Diuretic, astringent Astringent, toothache Narcotic, resolvent Cooling, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, antiseptic, hypnotic, expectorant, coughs, phthisis, bronchitis, asthma, pretties Antidote, snake bite, cough, cold Emollient, swelling, fomentation, diarrhea, bowl complaints Cooling, emollient, demulcent, piles, bronchitis, cough, ulcer, hemorrhoids, skin diseases Resolvent, emollient, cooling, sores and wounds, pectoral, diaphoretic Stomachache, carminative, diarrhea, dysentery Herbal tea Stomach trouble, intoxication, refrigerant, worms, clean rusted vessels, scorpion sting Herbal tea Pneumonia, bowel complaints, diarrhea Nervous disorders, diarrhea, purgative, emetic Toothache, dysentery Cancer Astringent, coetaneous disorder Toothache, pain, demulcent, expectorant, cough, asthma, catarrh, animal diseases Antiseptic, skin diseases, germicidal, carminative, tonic, alterative, diuretic, heart diseases, intestinal worms and swelling Poultice, dysentery, cough, cold Carminative, cure for horse bite Stimulating poultice in snake bite Rheumatism, gonorrhea, spermatorrhea, elephantiasis, demulcent, opthalmia, astringent, stomachache, diuretic, febrifuge, aphrodisiac, laxative, gonorrhea, colic tenseness, piles Emollient, fumigant
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Table 4. Contd.
Silybum marianum Sisymbrium irio Sonchus arvensis Stellaria media Taraxacum officinale Trichodesma indica Viola canescens Verbascum thapsus Vetiviria zizanioides Vicia sativa Withania somnifera Climbers Asparagus adscendens Clematis grata Caesalpinia decapetala Cuscuta reflexa Hedera nepalensis Hiptage benghalensis Lathysrus aphaca Rosa brunonii Grasses Cynodon dactylon Dendrocalamus strictus
Kandiali Jangli sarson, Khaksi, Khub kalan Dodal Gandel Hand, Dudal, Kanphul Kallri Booti, Chota kulfa, Nila karaji Banafsha Gidar Tambaku Khas Rewari, Ankra Aksan, Asgand, Nagsor Safed musli Bilri Kanderi, Urian Nila tar, akash bel, Zarbuti Kurie, Banbatkari Endra Jungli gulab, Kuji, Karir, Palwari, Tarni Talla, Dhab khabal Bans
Aperient, sudorific, demulcent, hemorrhage Expectorant, stimulant, restorative, poultice Diuretic, sedative, cooling, hypnotic, diaphoretic, antiseptic, expectorant, cough, bronchitis, asthma, phthisis Cooling, astringent, vulnerary, kindling, broken bones, swellings Fomentation, Aperient, diuretic, tonic, chronic disorder of kidney and liver Snake bite, diuretic, depurative, swelling , joints, dysentery Purgative Diarrhea, dysentery, analgesic, antiseptic, wounds, aphrodisiac, narcotic, fish poison Diaphoretic, stimulant, refrigerant, febrifuge, emmenagogue, tonic Anti poisonous Pain, diuretic, tonic, rheumatism, alterative, astringent, aphrodisiac, sedative, coagulate milk Glactagogue, demulcent, tonic, diarrhea, dysentery, general debility Skin diseases Purgative Anthelmintic, carminative, alterative, purgative, diuretic, jaundice, pains, paralysis, vomiting, bilious disorders Diabetes Rheumatism, skin diseases Narcotic, resolvent Skin and eye diseases, biliousness, tonic
Piles, irritation of urinary organs, dropsy, vomiting, dysentery Tonic, astringent, acholics
Table 5. Medicinal plant values of plant species from Margallah Hills National Park.
Medicinal properties Astringent Tonic Stimulant Diarrhea Dysentery Somachic Expectorant Aphrodisiac Febrifuge Restorative Carbuncle Gonorrhea Boils Swelling Treatment of lymphatic gland Tuberculosis Piles
Number of plants 28 23 10 15 19 1 8 7 8 4 1 8 6 8 1 1 8
Jabeen et al.
Table 5. Contd.
781
Alterative Anthelmintic Skin diseases Ulcer Scrofula Worms Dyspepsia Snake bite Snuff preparation Diuretic Depurative Diabetes Laxative Emollient Constipation Cathartic Emetic Purgative Pustules Carminative Cough Eruptions Disease of chest Leprosy Vomiting Pains and bruises Rheumatism Poultice Abscesses Leucorrhoea Cooling Scabies Lungs and bladder diseases Jaundice Demulcent Enlarged spleen Cholera Vermifuge Toothache Emmenagogue Resolvent Hysteria Diaphoretic Antiseptic Refrigerant Melancholia Inflammation of throat Antiperiodic Asthma Rubefacient Hoarseness of voice Hemorrhage Anemia
9 14 13 4 1 12 4 14 1 17 2 9 11 8 3 4 4 11 1 8 14 5 1 2 4 1 13 6 1 1 13 2 2 5 6 3 3 3 9 4 4 1 6 6 5 1 2 2 10 1 1 3 1
782
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Table 5. Contd.
Inflammation of the eye Bronchitis Biliousness Aperiant Pneumonia Improvement of internal wounds Digestive Ear and eye ailments, Opthalmia Sudorific Pharyngitis Stomachache Intestinal colic (antispasmodic) Bone fractures Sporadic Fly repellent Gout Fomentation Burns Destroying the unhealthy lining walls of chronic sinuses and fistulas Headache Scorpion sting Cons Otorrhoea Joints Tetanus Malaria Atoxy of abdominal viscera Abortion Gums Wounds Cardiac Urticaria Hemorrhoids Fever Menorrhagia Skin allergy Liver complaints Fritters Herbal tea Mucus membrane disorder Aromatic Blood purifiers Bowel complaints Insect bites Night blindness Dropsy Increasing milk and butter production for goat Vertigo Narcotic Itch Sedative
1 5 4 3 2 1 3 5 2 1 9 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 7 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 6 1 4
Jabeen et al.
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Table 5. Contd.
Urinary diseases Anodyne Homeostatic Hydrophobia Goiter Hypnotic Cold Antipyretic Phthisis Pretties Pectoral Intoxication Clean rusted vessels Cancer Catarrh Animal diseases Germicidal Horse bite Spermatorrhea Elephantiasis Colic tenseness Fumigant Vulnerary Chronic disorder of kidney and liver Kindling Analgesic Fish poison Anti poisonous Coagulate milk Glactagogue General debility Paralysis Acholics Eaeche
1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
diabetes, jaundice and pimples. Young leaves are crushed and juice is taken. It is used during summer.Kao (Olea ferruginea) has cold effect and is used in summer. Its leaves are grinded and juice is taken for pimples. Kao is used as favorite fodder and fuel wood. Kingo (Cassia fistula) fruit used as medicine and local people sell it. Their pods are used for curing constipation and pneumonia. These are boiled and decoction taken. The number of plant species used to cure different diseases incurporated in Table 5 showed that maximum plant species of Margallah Hills National Park are being used against the cure of astringent. Twenty three are used as tonic, nineteen against dysentery, seventeen against diuretic, fifteen for the cure of diarrhea, fourteen are used against anthelmintic, snake bite, cough, thirteen against skin diseases, rheumatism, cooling, twelve against worms,
eleven for the treatment of laxative, purgative and ten for the cure of stimulant, asthma. Ethnobotnical knowledge of the local people of Margallah Hills National Park provides an insight into the new or less known medicinal herbs of traditional medicine and also gives new material for the pharmacological research. This infor-mation will serve as a reference for the benefit of phar-macists,researchers,-Hakims-(herbalist), terinarians and pubic at large.
REFERENCES GOP, JRC, IUCN (1992). The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Government of Pakistan Urban Affairs Division, and The World Conservation Union, Pakistan. Xxviii+378 pp. Hijazi S (1984). A phytosociological study of Margallah Hills National Park. M. Phil Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-
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Okafor JC, Fernandez ECM (1987). Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: a predominant agro-forestry home garden system with crops and small livestock. Agroforestry Syst. 5(2): 153 -168. Osei- Owusu A (1981). Survey of wild food plants in Ghanaian villages. Project paper, institute of renewable natural resources, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Azam Univ. Islamabad. Hussain M (1986). Re-introduction of cheer pheasant in the Margalla Hills National Park: a report by WorldWide Fund for Nature, Pakistan and Capital Development Authority Islamabad. Khattak ZD, Ahmed S (1990) Phytosociological Studies Of The Vegetation On The North and South Facing Slopes of the Margalla Hills. J. Sc. Tech Univ Peshawar, 14: 129-132. Maqsood A (1991). Mammals of Margallah Hills National Parks: An Annotated List of Mammals, 8.