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chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 1 11/15/19 10:23 AM
vi Contents
2.7 Naming Inorganic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 64

Binary Molecular Compounds 65 • Binary Ionic Compounds 66 • Compounds of
Metals That Form More than One Cation 67 • Polyatomic Ions 68 • Acids 69
2.8 Organic Compounds: A First Look 70
Hydrocarbons 71 • Heteroatoms and Functional Groups 72
2.9 Nucleosynthesis: The Origin of the Elements 74
Primordial Nucleosynthesis 74 • Stellar Nucleosynthesis 75
Summary 77 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 78 • Problem-Solving
Summary 78 • Visual Problems 79 • Questions and Problems 80
3 Stoichiometry:
Mass, Formulas, and Reactions 86
3.1 Air, Life, and Molecules 88
Chemical Reactions and Earth’s Early Atmosphere 89
3.2 The Mole 91
Molar Mass 93 • Molecular Masses and Formula Masses 95 • Moles and Chemical
Equations 98
3.3 Writing Balanced Chemical Equations 100
3.4 Combustion Reactions 105
3.5 Stoichiometric Calculations and the Carbon Cycle 107
3.6 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield 112
Calculations Involving Limiting Reactants 113 • Actual Yields versus Theoretical
Yields 116
3.7 Determining Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition 119
3.8 Comparing Empirical and Molecular Formulas 124
Molecular Mass and Mass Spectrometry 127
3.9 Combustion Analysis 128
4 Reactions in Solution:
Aqueous Chemistry in Nature 148
4.1 Ions and Molecules in Oceans and Cells 150
4.2 Expressing Concentrations 153
Concentration Units 153 • Molarity 154
4.3 Dilutions 159
Determining Concentration 162
4.4 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 163
Ions in Solution 163
4.5 Acid–Base Reactions: Proton Transfer 165
4.6 Titrations 171
4.7 Precipitation Reactions 175
Precipitation Formation 176 • Using Precipitation in Analysis 180 • Saturated Solutions
and Supersaturation 182
4.8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Electron Transfer 184
Oxidation Numbers 184 • Changes in Oxidation Numbers in Redox Reactions 186
• Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions 187 • Balancing Redox Reactions by Using
Half-Reactions 188 • The Activity Series of Metals 191 • Redox in Nature 193

Contents vii
5 Properties of Gases:
The Air We Breathe 212
5.1 Air: An Invisible Necessity 214
5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and Collisions 215
5.3 The Gas Laws 220
Boyle’s Law: Relating Pressure and Volume 220 • Charles’s Law: Relating Volume
and Temperature 223 • Avogadro’s Law: Relating Volume and Quantity of
Gas 225 • Amontons’s Law: Relating Pressure and Temperature 226
5.4 The Ideal Gas Law 228
5.5 Gases in Chemical Reactions 232
5.6 Gas Density 235
5.7 Dalton’s Law and Mixtures of Gases 238
5.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 243
Explaining Boyle’s, Dalton’s, and Avogadro’s Laws 244 • Explaining Amontons’s and
Charles’s Laws 245 • Molecular Speeds and Kinetic Energy 246 • Graham’s Law:
Effusion and Diffusion 249
5.9 Real Gases 250
Deviations from Ideality 251 • The van der Waals Equation for Real Gases 252
6 Thermochemistry:
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 270
6.1 Sunlight Unwinding 272
6.2 Forms of Energy 273
Work, Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy 273 • Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy at
the Molecular Level 276
6.3 Systems, Surroundings, and Energy Transfer 279
Isolated, Closed, and Open Systems 279 • Exothermic and Endothermic
Processes 281 • P–V Work and Energy Units 283
6.4 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Changes 286
6.5 Heating Curves, Molar Heat Capacity, and Specific Heat 289
Hot Soup on a Cold Day 289 • Cold Drinks on a Hot Day 294
6.6 Calorimetry: Measuring Heat Capacity and Enthalpies of Reaction 297
Determining Molar Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 297 • Enthalpies of Reaction 299
6.7 Hess’s Law 304
6.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction 308
6.9 Fuels, Fuel Values, and Food Values 313
Alkanes 313 • Fuel Value 316 • Food Value 317
7 A Quantum Model of Atoms:

Waves, Particles, and Periodic Properties 334
7.1 Rainbows of Light 336
7.2 Waves of Energy 339
7.3 Particles of Energy and Quantum Theory 341
Quantum Theory 341 • The Photoelectric Effect 343 • Wave–Particle Duality 344

viii Contents
7.4 The Hydrogen Spectrum and the Bohr Model 345

The Hydrogen Emission Spectrum 345 • The Bohr Model of Hydrogen 347
7.5 Electron Waves 350
de Broglie Wavelengths 350 • The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 352
7.6 Quantum Numbers and Electron Spin 354
7.7 The Sizes and Shapes of Atomic Orbitals 359
s Orbitals 359 • p and d Orbitals 361
7.8 The Periodic Table and Filling the Orbitals of Multielectron Atoms 362
7.9 Electron Configurations of Ions 370
Ions of the Main Group Elements 370 • Transition Metal Cations 372
7.10 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions 373
Trends in Atom and Ion Sizes 374
7.11 Ionization Energies 376
7.12 Electron Affinities 379
8 Chemical Bonds:
What Makes a Gas a Greenhouse Gas? 392
8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect 394
Forming Bonds from Atoms 395
8.2 Lewis Structures 398
Lewis Symbols 398 • Drawing Lewis Structures 399 • Lewis Structures of Molecules
with Double and Triple Bonds 401 • Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds 404
8.3 Polar Covalent Bonds 405
Polarity and Type of Bond 407 • Vibrating Bonds and Greenhouse Gases 408
8.4 Resonance 409
8.5 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures 414
Calculating Formal Charge of an Atom in a Resonance Structure 415
8.6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 418
Odd-Electron Molecules 418 • Molecules in Which Atoms Form More than Four Bonds
420 • Lewis Structures: Atoms with More than an Octet 421 • Lewis Structures: Atoms
with Less than an Octet 423 • The Limits of Bonding Models 425
8.7 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds 426
Bond Length 426 • Bond Energies 427
9 Molecular Geometry:
Shape Determines Function 444
9.1 Biological Activity and Molecular Shape 446
9.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 447
Central Atoms with No Lone Pairs 448 • Central Atoms with Lone Pairs 452
9.3 Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 457
9.4 Valence Bond Theory 461
Bonds from Orbital Overlap 462 • Hybridization 463 • Tetrahedral Geometry: sp3
Hybrid Orbitals 463 • Trigonal Planar Geometry: sp2 Hybrid Orbitals 465 • Linear
Geometry: sp Hybrid Orbitals 467
9.5 Shape, Large Molecules, and Molecular Recognition 470

Contents ix
Drawing Larger Molecules 470 • Molecules with More than One Functional
Group 472 • Chirality and Molecular Recognition 473
9.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 477
Molecular Orbitals of Hydrogen and Helium 478 • Molecular Orbitals of Homonuclear
Diatomic Molecules 480 • Molecular Orbitals of Heteronuclear Diatomic
Molecules 484 • Molecular Orbitals of N21 and Spectra of Auroras 486 • Using MO
Theory to Explain Fractional Bond Orders and Resonance 486 • A Bonding Theory for
SN > 4 487 • Metallic Bonds and Conduction Bands 490 • Semiconductors 491
10 Intermolecular Forces:
The Uniqueness of Water 506
10.1 Intramolecular Forces versus Intermolecular Forces 508
10.2 Dispersion Forces 509
The Importance of Shape 510
10.3 Interactions Involving Polar Molecules 511
Ion–Dipole Interactions 511 • Dipole–Dipole Interactions 512 • Hydrogen Bonds 513
10.4 Vapor Pressure of Pure Liquids 519
Vapor Pressure and Temperature 520 • Volatility and the Clausius–Clapeyron
Equation 521
10.5 Phase Diagrams: Intermolecular Forces at Work 523
Phases and Phase Transitions 523
10.6 Some More Remarkable Properties of Water 526
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity 526 • The Densities of Cold Water and
Ice: Their Impact on Aquatic Life 528
10.7 Polarity and Solubility 529
Combinations of Intermolecular Forces 532
10.8 Solubility of Gases in Water 534
11 Solutions:
Properties and Behavior 548
11.1 Interactions between Ions 550
11.2 Energy Changes during Formation and Dissolution of Ionic Compounds 553
Calculating Lattice Energies by Using the Born–Haber Cycle 556 • Enthalpies of
Hydration 559
11.3 Vapor Pressure of Solutions 561
Raoult’s Law 562
11.4 Mixtures of Volatile Solutes 564
Vapor Pressures of Mixtures of Volatile Solutes 564
11.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 569
Molality 570 • Boiling Point Elevation 572 • Freezing Point Depression 573 •
The van ’t Hoff Factor 575 • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 579 • Reverse
Osmosis 583 • Using Osmotic Pressure to Determine Molar Mass • 585
11.6 Ion Exchange • 587

x Contents
12 Solids:
Crystals, Alloys, and Polymers 600
12.1 The Solid State 602
12.2 Structures of Metals 604
Stacking Patterns and Unit Cells 605 • Unit Cell Dimensions 607
12.3 Alloys and Medicine 612
Substitutional Alloys 613 • Interstitial Alloys 614
12.4 Ionic Solids and Salt Crystals 616
12.5 Allotropes of Carbon 620
12.6 Polymers 622
Polymers of Alkenes 622 • Polymers Containing Aromatic Rings 625 • Polymers of
Alcohols and Ethers 626 • Polyesters and Polyamides 628
13 Chemical Kinetics:
Reactions in the Atmosphere 648
13.1 Cars, Trucks, and Air Quality 650
13.2 Reaction Rates 652
Experimentally Determined Reaction Rates 654 • Average Reaction
Rates 656 • Instantaneous Reaction Rates 656
13.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 659
Reaction Order and Rate Constants 659 • Integrated Rate Laws: First-Order
Reactions 664 • Reaction Half-Lives 668 • Integrated Rate Laws: Second-Order
Reactions 670 • Zero-Order Reactions 672
13.4 Reaction Rates, Temperature, and the Arrhenius Equation 674
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 680
Elementary Steps 680 • Rate Laws and Reaction Mechanisms 682 • Mechanisms and
Zero-Order Reactions 686
13.6 Catalysts 687
Catalysts and the Ozone Layer 687 • Catalysts and Catalytic
Converters 690 • Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 691
14 Chemical Equilibrium: How Much Product Does a

Reaction Really Make? 708
14.1 The Dynamics of Chemical Equilibrium 710
14.2 The Equilibrium Constant 712
14.3 Relationships between Kc and Kp Values 717
14.4 Manipulating Equilibrium Constant Expressions 719
K for Reverse Reactions 719 • K for an Equation Multiplied or Divided by a
Number 721 • Combining K Values 722
14.5 Equilibrium Constants and Reaction Quotients 724

Contents xi
14.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria 726

14.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 728
Effects of Adding or Removing Reactants or Products 729 • Effects of Pressure
and Volume Changes 731 • Effect of Temperature Changes 734 • Catalysts and
Equilibrium 736
14.8 Calculations Based on K 736
15 Acid–Base Equilibria:
Proton Transfer in Biological Systems 754
15.1 Acids and Bases: A Balancing Act 756
15.2 The Molecular Structures and Strengths of Acids and Bases 757
Strong and Weak Acids 758 • Strong and Weak Bases 763
15.3 Conjugate Pairs and Their Complementary Strengths as Acids and Bases 764
Recognizing Conjugate Pairs 765 • Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acids and
Bases 766
15.4 pH and the Autoionization of Water 767
The pH Scale 768 • pOH, pKa, and pKb Values 771
15.5 Ka, Kb, and the Ionization of Weak Acids and Bases 772
Weak Acids 772 • Weak Bases 776
15.6 Calculating the pH of Acidic and Basic Solutions 778
Strong Acids and Strong Bases 778 • Weak Acids and Weak Bases 779 • pH of Very
Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids 781
15.7 Polyprotic Acids 783
Acid Rain 783 • Normal Rain 785
15.8 Acidic and Basic Salts 788
16 Additional Aqueous Equilibria:

Chemistry and the Oceans 802
16.1 Ocean Acidification: Equilibrium under Stress 804
16.2 The Common-Ion Effect 806
16.3 pH Buffers 809
Buffer Capacity 812
16.4 Indicators and Acid–Base Titrations 816
Acid–Base Titrations 818 • Titrations with Multiple Equivalence Points 824
16.5 Lewis Acids and Bases 827
16.6 Formation of Complex Ions 830
16.7 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids 832
16.8 Solubility Equilibria 834
Ksp and Q 839

xii Contents
17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and

Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes 850
17.1 Spontaneous Processes 852
17.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 855
17.3 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 859
Entropy and Structure 862
17.4 Calculating Entropy Changes 863
17.5 Free Energy 864
17.6 Temperature and Spontaneity 869
17.7 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 872
17.8 Influence of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants 877
17.9 Driving the Human Engine: Coupled Reactions 880
17.10 Microstates: A Quantized View of Entropy 884
18 Electrochemistry:
The Quest for Clean Energy 898
18.1 Running on Electrons: Redox Chemistry Revisited 900
18.2 Voltaic and Electrolytic Cells 903
Cell Diagrams 903
18.3 Standard Potentials 907
18.4 Chemical Energy and Electrical Work 911
18.5 A Reference Point: The Standard Hydrogen Electrode 914
18.6 The Effect of Concentration on Ecell 916
The Nernst Equation 916 • E° and K 919
18.7 Relating Battery Capacity to Quantities of Reactants 920
Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries 921 • Lithium-Ion Batteries 923
18.8 Corrosion: Unwanted Electrochemical Reactions 925
18.9 Electrolytic Cells and Rechargeable Batteries 928
18.10 Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries 931
19 Nuclear Chemistry:
Applications in Science and Medicine 946
19.1 Energy and Nuclear Stability 948
19.2 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay 950
19.3 Measuring and Expressing Radioactivity 956
19.4 Calculations Involving Half-Lives of Radionuclides 957
19.5 Radiometric Dating 959
19.6 Biological Effects of Radioactivity 962
Radiation Dosage 963 • Evaluating the Risks of Radiation 965

Contents xiii
19.7 Medical Applications of Radionuclides 967

Therapeutic Radiology 967 • Diagnostic Radiology 968
19.8 Nuclear Fission 968
19.9 Nuclear Fusion and the Quest for Clean Energy 971
20 Organic and Biological Molecules:

The Compounds of Life 986
20.1 Molecular Structure and Functional Groups 988
Families Based on Functional Groups 989
20.2 Organic Molecules, Isomers, and Chirality 991
Chirality and Optical Activity 995 • Chiral Mixtures 1000
20.3 The Composition of Proteins 1001
Amino Acids 1001 • Zwitterions 1003 • Peptides 1006
20.4 Protein Structure and Function 1009
Primary Structure 1010 • Secondary Structure 1011 • Tertiary and Quaternary
Structure 1012 • Enzymes: Proteins as Catalysts 1013
20.5 Carbohydrates 1016
Molecular Structures of Glucose and Fructose 1016 • Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides 1017 • Energy from Glucose 1019
20.6 Lipids 1020
Function and Metabolism of Lipids 1022 • Other Types of Lipids 1024
20.7 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 1025
From DNA to New Proteins 1027
20.8 From Biomolecules to Living Cells 1029
21 The Main Group Elements:

Life and the Periodic Table 1044
21.1 Main Group Elements and Human Health 1046
21.2 Periodic Properties of Main Group Elements 1049
21.3 Major Essential Elements 1050
Sodium and Potassium 1051 • Magnesium and Calcium 1054 • Chlorine 1055 •
Nitrogen 1057 • Phosphorus and Sulfur 1060
21.4 Trace and Ultratrace Essential Elements 1065
Selenium 1066 • Fluorine and Iodine 1066 • Silicon 1067
21.5 Nonessential Elements 1067
Rubidium and Cesium 1067 • Strontium and Barium 1067 • Germanium 1068 •
Antimony 1068 • Bromine 1068
21.6 Elements for Diagnosis and Therapy 1068
Diagnostic Applications 1069 • Therapeutic Applications 1071

xiv Contents
22 Transition Metals:
Biological and Medical Applications 1082
22.1 Transition Metals in Biology: Complex Ions 1084
22.2 Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 1088
Complex Ions with a Positive Charge 1088 • Complex Ions with a Negative
Charge 1090 • Coordination Compounds 1092
22.3 Polydentate Ligands and Chelation 1093
22.4 Crystal Field Theory 1097
22.5 Magnetism and Spin States 1102
22.6 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 1104
Enantiomers and Linkage Isomers 1106
22.7 Coordination Compounds in Biochemistry 1108
Manganese and Photosynthesis 1108 • Transition Metals in Enzymes 1109
22.8 Coordination Compounds in Medicine 1113
Transition Metals in Diagnosis 1113 • Transition Metals in Therapy 1116
Appendices APP-1
Glossary G-1
Answers to Particulate Review, Concept Tests, and Practice Exercises ANS-1
Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems ANS-15
Credits C-1
Index I-1

Applications
Blood centrifugation 9 Oxygen masks in airplanes 233 Maple syrup 572
Electrophoresis of blood proteins 10 Air bag inflation 234 Radiator fluid 574
Air filtration 10 Dieng Plateau gas poisoning Osmosis in red blood cells 579
Seawater distillation 10 disaster 235 Saline and dextrose intravenous
Cosmic microwave background 35 Nitrogen narcosis 242 solutions 583
Driving the Mars rover Curiosity 36 Gas mixtures for scuba diving 254 Desalination of seawater by reverse
The Baby Tooth Survey 48 Hydrogen-powered vehicles 279 osmosis 584
Big Bang 74 Diesel engines and hot-air balloons 284 Water softeners and zeolites 587
Star formation 75 Resurfacing an ice rink 287 Eggs 589
Medical imaging 77 Car radiators 293 Nanoparticles 602
Miller–Urey experiment 88 Chilled beverages 294 Brass and bronze 612
Earth’s interior layers 89 Comparing fuels 316 Shape-memory alloys in stents 613
Volcanic eruptions 90 Calories in food 318 Stainless steel and surgical steel 614
Dental fillings 93 Recycling aluminum 319 Diamond and graphite 620
Natural gas stoves 105 Rainbows 336 Graphene, fullerenes, and carbon
Remote control devices 344 nanotubes 621
Photosynthesis, respiration, and the
carbon cycle 108 Lasers 359 Polyethylene: LDPE, HDPE, and UHMWPE
materials 622
Fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon Signal flares 369
dioxide 109 Teflon in cookware and surgical
Fireworks 380
tubing 624
Power plant emissions 110 Greenhouse gases 394
Polypropylene products 624
Asthma inhalers 120 Oxyacetylene torches 403
Polystyrene and Styrofoam 625
Anticancer drugs (Taxol) 132 Atmospheric greenhouse effect 408
Plastic soda bottles 626
Water on Mars 150 Atmospheric ozone 409
Artificial skin and dissolving
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipes 156 Moth balls 431 sutures 629
Great Salt Lake 157 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) Synthetic fabrics: Dacron, nylon, and
Saline intravenous infusion 161 intercalation in DNA 473 Kevlar 630
Stalactites and stalagmites 168 Cilantro 473 Camping lanterns 634
Chemical weathering 168 Ripening tomatoes 473 Photochemical smog 650
Drainage from abandoned coal mines 171 Spearmint and caraway aromas 475 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the ozone
Antacids 174 Auroras 477 layer 687
Rock candy 182 Bar-code readers and DVD players 492 Catalytic converters 690
Iron oxides in rocks and soils 193 Pheromones 494 Biocatalysis 692
Shelf stability of drugs 197 Hydrogen bonds in DNA 516 Smog simulations 693
Barometers 215 Supercritical carbon dioxide and dry Fertilizers 710
Weather maps 217 ice 525 Hindenburg airship disaster 717
Manometers 218 Water striders 526 Limestone kilns 727
Tire pressure 227 Aquatic life in frozen lakes 528 Colors of hydrangea blossoms 756
Aerosol cans 227 Petroleum-based cleaning products 532 Lung disease and respiratory
Breathing 230 Surfactants 532 acidosis 757
Weather balloons 231 High-altitude endurance training 536 Food digestion 770
Compressed oxygen for Drug efficacy 537 Liquid drain cleaners 778
mountaineering 231 Antifreeze 563 Carabid beetles 779
xv

xvi Applications
Acid rain and normal rain 783 Corrosion at sea 935 Olestra 1023
Bleach 789 Scintillation counters and Geiger Cholesterol and cardiovascular
pH of human blood 792 counters 956 disease 1025
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and ocean Radiometric dating 959 DNA and RNA 1025
acidification 804 Chernobyl and Fukushima 964 Origin of life on Earth 1029
Swimming pool pH test kits 816 Radon gas exposure 965 Hydrogenated oils 1031
Sapphire Pool in Yellowstone National Therapeutic and diagnostic Dietary reference intake (DRI) 1048
Park 826 radiology 967 Ion transport across cell
Milk of magnesia 834 Nuclear weapons and nuclear membranes 1051
Impact of ocean acidification 842 power 969 Osteoporosis and kidney stones 1054
Instant cold packs 854 Solar fusion 971 Chlorophyll 1054
Engine efficiency 869 Tokamak reactors and ITER 973 Teeth, bones, and shells 1054
Energy from glucose; glycolysis 881 Radium paint and the Radium Girls 975 Acid reflux and antacid drugs 1056
Prehistoric axes and copper refining 887 Rice and beans 1003 Bad breath, skunk odor, and smelly
Alkaline, nicad, and zinc–air Aspartame 1007 shoes 1063
batteries 909 Sickle-cell anemia and malaria 1010 Toothpaste and fluoridated water 1066
Lead–acid car batteries 917 Silk 1012 Goiter and Graves’ disease 1067
Hybrid vehicles and nickel–metal hydride Alzheimer’s disease 1012 Colonoscopy 1073
batteries 921 Hemoglobin and keratin 1013 Prussian blue pigment 1088
Electric vehicles and lithium–ion Enzymes 1013 Food preservatives 1096
batteries 923 Lactose intolerance 1013 Anticancer drugs (cisplatin) 1104
Statue of Liberty 925 Thalidomide 1014 Cytochrome proteins 1110
Rechargeable batteries 928 Blood type and glycoproteins 1016 Thalassemia and chelation therapy
Electroplating 930 Ethanol production from cellulose 1019 1116
Hydrogen-fueled vehicles and fuel Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans Water quality in swimming pools 1120
cells 931 fats 1020
Redox flow batteries 934

Animations
Dimensional Analysis 21 Emission Spectra and the Bohr Model of Equilibrium 712
Significant Figures 23 the Atom 346 Equilibrium in the Gas Phase 714
Scientific Notation 23 de Broglie Wavelength 350 Le Châtelier’s Principle 729
Precision and Accuracy 27 Quantum Numbers 356 Solving Equilibrium Problems 737
Temperature Scale 32 Electron Configuration 365 Acid–Base Ionization 759
Temperature Conversion 33 Periodic Trends 375 Acid Strength and Molecular
Cathode-Ray Tube 49 Bonding 395 Structure 762
Parts of the Atom 49 Lewis Structures 400 Conjugate Acids and Bases 765
Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment 50 Bond Polarity and Polar Molecules 407 Autoionization of Water 768
Rutherford Experiment 52 Vibrational Modes 408 pH Scale 768
Simplified Mass Spectrometer 54 Greenhouse Effect 409 Acid Rain 783
Lanthanides and Actinides in the Periodic Resonance 411 Common-Ion Effect 807
Table 60 Estimating Enthalpy Changes 428 Buffers 810
NaCl Reaction 63 Hybridization 468 The Buffer System 811
The Synthesis of Elements 75 Structure of Benzene 472 Indicators 817
Avogadro Constant 91 Optical Activity 476 Acid–Base Titrations 818
Balancing Equations 101 Molecular Orbitals 478 Titrations of Weak Acids 820
Carbon Cycle 109 Intermolecular Forces 511 Hydrated Metal Ions 832
Limiting Reactant 113 Interactions Involving Polar Selective Precipitation 840
Percent Composition 120 Molecules 516 Spontaneous Processes 852
Combustion Analysis 129 Phase Diagrams 523 Entropy 855
Molarity 154 Surface Tension 526 Reversible Processes 857
Dilutions 160 Capillary Action 527 Gibbs Free Energy 865
Ions in Solution 164 Henry’s Law 536 Equilibrium and Thermodynamics 873
Strong vs. Weak Acids 170 Dissolution of Ammonium Nitrate 554 Microstates 886
Balancing Redox Reactions 189 Born–Haber Cycle 556 Zinc–Copper Cell 902
Measuring Gas Pressure 216 Vapor Pressure 561 Electricity and Water Analogy 902
Manometer 218 Fractional Distillation 564 Voltaic vs. Electrolytic Cells 904
Ideal Gas Law 230 Raoult’s Law 567 Alkaline Battery 909
Dalton’s Law 238 Boiling and Freezing Points of Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) 914
Molecular Speed 247 Solutions 572 Cell Potential 916
State Functions and Path Functions 274 Osmotic Pressure 579 Lead–Acid Battery 917
Internal Energy 283 Unit Cell 606 Cell Potential, Equilibrium, and Free
Pressure–Volume Work 284 Alloys 612 Energy 919
Heating Curves 290 Allotropes of Carbon 620 Concentration Cell 919
Calorimetry 298 Polymers 622 Fuel Cell 931
Hess’s Law 305 Reaction Rate 652 Modes of Radioactive Decay 950
Light Diffraction 337 Reaction Order 659 Belt of Stability 951
Absorption of Light 339 Collision Theory 660 Balancing Nuclear Equations 952
Electromagnetic Radiation 340 Arrhenius Equation 675 Geiger Counter 956
The Photoelectric Effect 343 Reaction Mechanisms 680 Activity Example 956
xvii

xviii Animations
Half-Life 957 Fusion of Hydrogen 972 Fiber Strength and Elasticity 1009
Radiation Penetration 963 Naming Branched Alkanes 991 Formation of Sucrose 1017
Transmutation 968 Chiral Centers 996 Naming Coordination Compounds 1088
Induced Fission and Chain Condensation of Biological Crystal Field Splitting 1098
Reactions 969 Polymers 1007

About the Authors
Thomas R. Gilbert has a BS in chemistry from Clarkson and a PhD in analytical chemistry from
MIT. After 10 years with the Research Department of the New England Aquarium in Boston, he
joined the faculty of Northeastern University, where he is currently associate professor of chemistry
and chemical biology. His research interests are in chemical and science education. He teaches
general chemistry and science education courses and conducts professional development workshops
for K–12 teachers. He has won Northeastern’s Excellence in Teaching Award and Outstanding
Teacher of First-Year Engineering Students Award. He is a Fellow of the American Chemical
Society and in 2012 was elected to the ACS Board of Directors.
Rein V. Kirss received both a BS in chemistry and a BA in history as well as an MA in chem-

istry from SUNY Buffalo. He received his PhD in inorganic chemistry from the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, where the seeds for this textbook were undoubtedly planted. After two
years of postdoctoral study at the University of Rochester, he spent a year at Advanced Tech-
nology Materials, Inc., before returning to academics at Northeastern University in 1989. He is
an associate professor of chemistry with an active research interest in organometallic chemistry.
He has been awarded Northeastern’s Excellence in Teaching Award and received the John A.
Timm Award from the New England Association of Chemistry Teachers in 2019.
Stacey Lowery Bretz is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. She earned her BA in chemistry from Cornell
University, MS from Pennsylvania State University, and a PhD in chemistry education research
from Cornell University. She spent one year at the University of California, Berkeley, as a postdoc
in the Department of Chemistry. Her research expertise includes the development of assessments
to measure chemistry students’ thinking with multiple representations (particulate, symbolic, and
macroscopic) and to promote meaningful and inquiry learning in the chemistry laboratory. She
is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society and a Fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. She has been honored with both of Miami University’s highest teaching
awards: the E. Phillips Knox Award for Undergraduate Teaching and the Distinguished Teaching
Award for Excellence in Graduate Instruction and Mentoring. Stacey won the prestigious, interna-
tional award from the American Chemical Society for Achievement in Research for the Teaching
and Learning of Chemistry in 2020.
Natalie Foster is emerita professor of chemistry at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

She received a BS in chemistry from Muhlenberg College and MS, DA, and PhD degrees from Le-
high University. Her research interests included studying poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by NMR as part
of a larger interest in porphyrins and phthalocyanines as candidate contrast enhancement agents for
MRI. She taught both semesters of the introductory chemistry class to engineering, biology, and
other nonchemistry majors and a spectral analysis course at the graduate level. She is the recipient
of the Christian R. and Mary F. Lindback Foundation Award for Distinguished Teaching and a
Fellow of the American Chemical Society.
xix

Preface
D
ear Student,
We wrote this book with three overarching goals in mind: to make chem-
istry interesting, relevant, and memorable; to enable you to see the world
from a molecular point of view; and to help you become an expert problem-solver.
You have a number of resources available to assist you to succeed in your general
chemistry course. This textbook will be a valuable resource, and we have written
it with you, and the different ways you may use the book, in mind.
If you are someone who reads a chapter from the first page to the last, you will
see that the Sixth Edition introduces the chemical principles within a chapter by
using contexts drawn from daily life as well as from other disciplines, including
biology, environmental science, materials science, astronomy, geology, and medi-
cine. We believe that these contexts make chemistry more interesting, relevant,
and memorable.
Chemists’ unique perspective of natural processes and insights into the prop-
erties of substances, from high-performance alloys to the products of biotechnol-
ogy, are based on understanding these processes and substances at the particulate
PARTICUL ATE RE VIEW
level (the atomic and molecular level).
Particles in the Gas Phase A major goal of this book is to help
In Chapter 5 we focus on the properties of gases, you develop this microscale perspec-
including those that serve as fuels in combustion
reactions, as described in Chapter 3, and in other tive and link it to macroscopic
forms of energy production. One such fuel is hydrogen properties.
gas, which can be produced by passing an electric
current through water, causing molecules of liquid H2O With that in mind, we begin each
to decompose into molecules of H2 and O2 gas.
● Write a balanced chemical equation describing this decomposition reaction.
chapter with a Particulate Review
● In the circle on the right, draw the products that would be produced by decomposition
and Particulate Preview. The goal of
of six of the water molecules on the left. these tools is to prepare you for the
● Classify the products as elements, compounds, or a mixture. Choose all that apply.
material in the chapter. The Particu-
(Review Sections 1.1, 1.2, and 3.3 if you need help.)
(Answers to Particulate Review questions are in the back of the book.) late Review assesses important prior
knowledge that you need to interpret
particulate images in the chapter. The
PARTICUL ATE PRE VIEW
Particulate Preview asks you to spec-
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature ulate about new concepts you will see
As you read Chapter 5, look for ideas that will help you answer these in the chapter and is meant to focus
questions.
● Draw particulate images of the helium in the tank and in one of the
your reading.
balloons. How do these drawings differ? If you want a quick summary of
● Suppose the tank and several helium-filled balloons are placed in
the trunk of a car on a hot summer day.

what is most important in a chapter to
● How would your particulate image for the helium in the balloon direct your studying on selected top-
change?
● How would your particulate image for the helium in the tank
ics, check the Learning Outcomes at
change? the beginning of each chapter.
Whether you are reading the chapter
from first page to last, moving from
xx

Preface xxi
topic to topic in an order you select, or reviewing material for an exam, the Learn-
ing Outcomes can help you focus on the key information you need to know and
the skills you should develop.
In every section, you will find key terms in boldface in the text and in a run-
ning glossary in the margin. We have inserted the definitions throughout the
text, so you can continue reading without interruption but quickly find key terms
when doing homework or reviewing for a test. All key terms are also defined in
the Glossary in the back of the book. CONCEPT TEST
Approximately once per section, you will Which graph in Figure 5.18 correctly describes the relationship between the value of
V/n as n is increased at constant P and T?
find a Concept Test. These short, concep-
tual questions provide a self-check opportu-
nity by asking you to stop and answer a 5.22. Use representations [A] through [I] in
V V V V Figure P5.22
question relating to what you just read. We ––n ––
n ––
n226
to answer questions (a)–(f).
C H A P T EThe
R 5 pink ––
nballoons
Properties contain
of Gases
designed them to help you self-assess, and hydrogen, the yellow balloons contain nitrogen, and the
gray balloons contain oxygen. personal experience, adding more gas to
you will find answers to Concept Tests in (a) n n a. Identify three different n changes that
If some of this gas escapes, balloon volu
could ben responsible
(b) (c) (d) we may conclude that the volume of a
the back of the book. FIGURE 5.18
for the change in size of
(Answers to Concept Tests are in the back of the book.)
the pink balloon from [A] to [C].
quantity (number of moles) of gas in th
b. If the smaller pink balloon in [A] correspondsand to the
New concepts naturally build on previ- particulate view in [B], which of the changes identified
n is known as Avogadro’s law to h
who articulated that the volume of a ga
ous information, and you will find that many concepts are related to others in part (a)Cwould NNECTIONresult inIn Chapter
the larger
3 the pink
numberballoon in [C]
directly proportional to the quantity of
of particles in a mole was defined as the
described earlier in the book. We point out these relationships with Connection also corresponding to the particulate view in [B]?
Avogadro constant, in honor of Amedeo V
c. If the smaller yellowearlyballoon in [D] thatcorresponds to V ~ n or 5 constant
icons in the margins. These reminders will help you see the big picture and draw Avogadro’s
the particulate view
determining
work with gases
in [E],
atomic
led to
which particulate view
masses.
n
your own connections between concepts in the book. corresponds to the larger yellow balloon in [F] if no
CONCEPT TEST
At the end of each chapter are Visual Problems that ask you to interpret additional nitrogen has been added?
d. If the larger gray balloon in [I] corresponds toWhich the graph in Figure 5.18 correctly descr
atomic and molecular views of elements and compounds, along with graphs of particulate view in [E], which particulate viewV/n as n is increased at constant P and T?
represents
experimental data. The last Visual Problem in each chapter contains a visual the gas at a lower temperature?
e. If each gray balloon contains 1 mol of gas at 25°C, in
problem matrix. This grid consists of nine images followed by a series of ques-
which balloon are the collisions between the oxygen
tions that will test your ability to identify the similarities and differences among molecules and the––
V
n inside of the balloon more
V
n frequent?
––
V
––
n
the macroscopic and particulate images. f. Which balloon contains the gas with the shortest mean
free path?
n n n
(a) (b) (c)
5.22. Use representations [A] through [I] in Figure P5.22 A B C
to answer questions (a)–(f). The pink balloons contain FIGURE 5.18 (Answers to Concept Tests are in the back of the bo
hydrogen, the yellow balloons contain nitrogen, and the

gray balloons contain oxygen. The following observations illustrate
a. Identify three different changes that could be responsible and the quantity (n) of a gas. Suppose a b
for the change in size of the pink balloon from [A] to [C]. shape, but it is too soft to ride on. If
b. If the smaller pink balloon in [A] corresponds to the semirigid structure limits any increase in
particulate view in [B], which of the changes identified the pressure inside the tire. As another e
in part (a) would result in the larger pink balloon in [C] rapidly fills balloons from a helium tank
loon sales are brisk, the pressure readi
also corresponding to the particulate view in [B]?
D E F more and more balloons are filled and th
c. If the smaller yellow balloon in [D] corresponds to decreases.
the particulate view in [E], which particulate view
corresponds to the larger yellow balloon in [F] if no
additional nitrogen has been added? Amontons’s Law: Relating
d. If the larger gray balloon in [I] corresponds to the and Temperature
particulate view in [E], which particulate view represents Boyle’s law (PV 5 constant) and Charle
the gas at a lower temperature? happens to the volume of a gas when it
e. If each gray balloon contains 1 mol of gas at 25°C, in what is the relationship between pressure
which balloon are the collisions between the oxygen gas does not change? Experiments show
molecules and the inside of the balloon more frequent? temperature when n and V are constant:
G H Avogadro’s law the principleI that the
f. Which balloon contains the gas with the shortest mean volume of a gas at a given temperature
P
free path? and pressure is proportional to the P~T or
T
5 cons
quantity of the gas.
Amontons’s law the principle that the
A B C pressure of a quantity of gas at constant The relationship in Equation 5.11 mean
volume is directly proportional to its fixed amount of gas held at a constant v
absolute temperature. increases (Figure 5.19). This statement is
FIGURE P5.22
chem6_69730_ch05_0212-0269.indd 226
D E F

xxii Preface
If you’re looking for additional help visualizing a concept, we have nearly 140
animations and simulations, denoted by the ChemTour and Stepwise Anima-
tion icons. These animations, available at digital.wwnorton.com/chem6, show
chemical concepts and processes to help you visualize events at the macro, micro,
and symbolic level. Many of the ChemTours are interactive, allowing you to
manipulate variables and observe changes in a graph or a process. Questions at
the end of ChemTours offer step-by-step assistance in solving problems and pro-
vide useful feedback.
Another goal of the book is to help you improve your problem-solving skills.
Sometimes the hardest parts of solving a problem is knowing where to start and
distinguishing between information that is relevant and information that is not.
Once you are clear on where you are starting and where you are going, planning
for and arriving at a solution become much easier.
To help you hone your problem-solving skills, we have developed a framework
that is introduced in Chapter 1 and used consistently throughout the book. It is a
four-step approach we call COAST, which is our acronym for (1) Collect and
Organize, (2) Analyze, (3) Solve, and (4) Think About It. We use these four steps
in every Sample Exercise and in the solutions to odd-numbered problems in the
Student Solutions Manual. They are also used in the hints and feedback embed-
ded in the Smartwork5 online homework program. To summarize the four steps:
Collect and Organize helps you understand where to begin. In this step we often
point out what you must find and what is given, including the relevant information
that is provided in the problem statement or available elsewhere in the book.
Analyze is where we map out a strategy for solving the problem. As part of that
strategy we often estimate what a reasonable answer might be.
Solve applies our strategy from the second step to the information and relation-
ships identified in the first step as we solve the problem. We walk you through each
step in the solution, using dimensional analysis consistently, so that you can follow
the logic as well as the math.
Think About It reminds us that calculating or determining an answer is not the
last step when solving a problem. We check whether the answer is reasonable in
light of our estimate. Is it realistic? Are the units correct? Is the number of signifi-
cant figures appropriate?
Many students use the Sample Exercises more than any other part of the
book. Sample Exercises take the concepts being discussed and illustrate how to
apply them to solve problems. We hope that repeated application of COAST will
help you refine your problem-solving skills and become an expert problem-solver.
When you finish a Sample Exercise, you’ll find a Practice Exercise to try on your
own. Notice that the Sample Exercises and the Learning Objectives are connected.
We think this will help you focus efficiently on the main ideas in the chapter.
Students sometimes comment that the questions on an exam are more chal-
lenging than the Sample Exercises in a book. To address this, we have an Inte-
grating Concepts Sample Exercise near the end of each chapter. These exercises
require you to use more than one concept from the chapter and may expect you to
use concepts from earlier chapters to solve a problem. Please invest your time
working through these problems because we think they will further enhance your
problem-solving skills and give you an increased appreciation of how chemistry is
used in the world.
If you use the book mostly as a reference and problem-solving guide, we have
a learning path for you as well. It starts with a Summary and a Problem-Solving

Preface xxiii
Summary at the end of each chapter. The first is a brief synopsis of the chapter,
organized by Learning Outcomes and referencing sections from the chapter. Key
figures have been added to this Summary to provide visual cues as you review. The
Problem-Solving Summary organizes the chapter by problem type and summa-
rizes relevant concepts and equations you need to solve each type of problem. The
Problem-Solving Summary also points you back to the relevant Sample Exercises
that model how to solve each problem and cross-references the Learning Out-
comes at the beginning of the chapter.
PROBLEM-SOLVING SUMMARY
Type of Problem Concepts and Equations Sample Exercises
Calculating pressure of any gas; Divide the force by the area over which the force is applied, using 5.1, 5.2
calculating atmospheric pressure the equation
F
P5 (5.1)
A
Calculating changes in P, V, or T in Rearrange 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
response to changing conditions P1V1 PV
5 2 2 (5.18)
T1 T2
for whichever variable is sought and then substitute given values.
(T must be in kelvins, and n must be constant.)
Determining n from P, V, and T Rearrange 5.7, 5.8, 5.9
PV 5 nRT (5.15)
for n and then substitute given values of P, T, and V. (T must be in
kelvins.)
Calculating the density of a gas and Substitute values for pressure, absolute temperature, and molar 5.10, 5.11
calculating molar mass from density mass into the equation
P}
d5 (5.21)
RT
Substitute values for pressure, absolute temperature, and density
into the equation
dRT
}5 (5.22)
P
Calculating mole fraction for one Divide the number of moles of the component gas by the total 5.12
component gas in a mixture number of moles in the mixture:
n
Xx 5 x (5.24)
ntotal
Calculating partial pressure of one Substitute the mole fraction of the component gas and the total 5.13, 5.14
component gas in a mixture and total pressure in the equation
pressure in the mixture Px 5 Xx Ptotal (5.25)
Solve the equation
Ptotal 5 P1 1 P2 1 P3 1 P4 1 . . . (5.23)
for the partial pressure of the component gas and then substitute
given values for other partial pressures and total pressure.
Following the summaries are groups of questions and problems. The first
group is the Visual Problems. Concept Review Questions and Problems come
next, arranged by topic in the same order as they appear in the chapter. Concept
Reviews are qualitative and often ask you to explain why or how something hap-
pens. Problems are paired and can be quantitative, conceptual, or a combination
of both. Contextual problems have a title that describes the context in which the
problem is placed. Additional Problems can come from any section or combina-
tion of sections in the chapter. Some of them incorporate concepts from previous
chapters. Problems marked with an asterisk (*) are more challenging and often
require multiple steps to solve.
5.87. Biological Effects of Radon Exposure Radon is a naturally 5.155. Anesthesia A common anesthesia gas is halothane, with
occurring radioactive gas found in the ground and in the structure shown in Figure P5.155. Liquid halothane
building materials. It is easily inhaled and emits a particles boils at 50.2°C and 1.00 atm. If halothane behaved as an
when it decays. Cumulative radon exposure is a significant ideal gas, what volume would 10.0 mL of liquid halothane
risk factor for lung cancer. (d 5 1.87 g/mL) occupy at 60°C and 1.00 atm of pressure?
a. Calculate the density of radon at 298 K and 1.00 atm of What is the density of halothane vapor at 55°C and
pressure. 1.00 atm of pressure?
b. Are radon concentrations likely to be greater in the
basement or on the top floor of a building?
Cl F
Br C C F
*5.88. Four empty balloons, each with a mass of 10.0 g, are
inflated to a volume of 20.0 L. The first balloon contains H F
He; the second, Ne; the third, CO2; and the fourth, CO.
FIGURE P5.155
If the density of air at 25°C and 1.00 atm is 0.00117 g/mL,
which of the balloons float in this air?

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associate had behaved decently, you might have been asked to visit
us.’
“‘Yes,’ announced the big grey; ‘Miss Fairley has asked the bully
who rides me and myself to spend a few days with you next week. I
suppose they’ll settle it then.’
“But the officer and horse who commanded the battery which held
the Weldon railroad weren’t going to be beaten as easily as that, you
may be sure! When I took my rider back to the stable that afternoon,
I heard him say to the orderly: ‘Jackson, I’m going north next week,
and shall want Reveille to start before me. I’m in too much pain to
give you your orders now, but come round to-morrow morning and
get your instructions.’
“Yantic was nothing but a little village clustered about a great
woollen-mill, without any stable or hotel to live in, so we had to put
up at Norwich, a place seven miles away; and it was a case of put up,
I tell you, in both food and attendance! For a decently brought up
horse to come down to a hotel livery-stable is a trial I never want to
go through again. In the field I never minded what came, but I do
hate musty corn and damp bedding.
“You girls would have laughed to see the roan filly’s face the first
time we met on the road.
“‘Horse alive!’ she cried, without so much as a greeting, ‘you don’t
mean to say you have hopes? Why, Mr. Solitaire and that horrid Mr.
Lewis arrive to-day, and the thing’s probably as good as decided.’
“‘My Major is very resolute,’ said I.
“‘So is a mule,’ snapped Miss Gaiety, ‘but we don’t think the more
of him for that.’”
The polo pony gave a horse laugh as he said, “That was one on
you.”
“It was,” acknowledged Reveille; “and I regret to say it made me
lose my temper to such an extent that I retorted, ‘I can’t say much for
the taste of your woman!’
“‘No,’ assented the filly; ‘if what you and Mr. Solitaire say is true,
she’s taking the worse of the two. But then, a human can’t help it. If
you covered a horse all over with clothes, do you think any one would
know much about him? Moreover, two-thirds of what men do or say
is said or done only to fool a woman. How can a girl help making
mistakes, when she’s got nothing to go by but talk? Why, look at it.
Your Major seems balky most of the time, won’t talk half of it, and
when he does, says the things he shouldn’t; while Mr. Lewis is always
affable, talks well, and pays indirect compliments better than any
man I ever met.’
“‘If she could only be told!’ I groaned.
“‘She would be, if I could talk,’ sighed the mare. ‘I’d let her know
how he treats his horses!’
“‘Miss Gaiety,’ I ejaculated, ‘I’ve got an idea.’
“‘What?’ she demanded.
“‘Wait a bit till I’ve had time to think it out,’ said I. ‘Gettysburg
wasn’t fought in five minutes.’
“‘Gettysburg was a big thing,’ she answered.
“‘So’s my idea,’ I told her.
In the meantime my Major was explaining to Miss Fairley that the
government had sent him to New London to inspect the ordnance at
Forts Trumbull and Griswold, and that he found it pleasanter to stay
in Norwich, and run down by train to New London for his work.
That’s the way humans lie when it doesn’t deceive any one and it isn’t
expected that it will. Of course Miss Fairley knew what brought him
North, and why he preferred Norwich to New London! One thing he
did do, though, which was pretty good. He apologised to her for
having said what he did before their first ride, told her that his
wound had been troubling him so that at times he scarcely knew
what he was saying, and declared he’d been sorry ever since. He was
humble! The Eleventh Battery of Light Artillery would never have
known him.
‘There,’ sniffed Miss Gaiety; ‘if the idiot had only talked in that
vein ten days ago, he might have done something. Oh, you men, you
men!’
“At least he won a small favour; for when he asked leave, at
parting, to be her companion the next day in a ride, she told him he
might join her and Mr. Lewis, if he wished. But the permission
wasn’t given with the best of grace, and she didn’t ask him to
luncheon before the start.
“I thought out my idea over night, and put it in shape to tell. My
Major took me to the Fairleys’ a little early, and so went in, leaving
me alone. In a minute, however, a groom brought the filly and the
grey round to the door, and with them came Sagitta, the Russian
wolf-hound, whom, it seems, Mr. Lewis had brought from Europe,
and had just presented to Miss Fairley.
“After the barest greetings, I unfolded my scheme. ‘I don’t know,’
said I, ‘what Mr. Sagitta thinks, but we three are a spike-team in
agreeing that Mr. Lewis is a brute.’
“‘I bow-wow to that,’ assented the dog. ‘He kicked me twice,
coming up yesterday, because I was afraid to go up the steps of the
baggage-car.’
‘So far as we can see he is going to win Miss Fairley,’ I continued.
‘As Miss Gaiety says she’s a dear, I think we ought to prevent it.’
“‘Very pretty,’ says the grey; ‘but, may I ask, who is to interfere and
put the hobbles on him?’
“‘We are to tell her he’s cruel.’
“‘She won’t understand us, if we tell her till doomsday. These
humans are so stupid!’ growled Sagitta.
“‘That’s where my idea comes in,’ I bragged—a little airily, it is to
be feared. ‘We can’t, of course, tell it to her in words, but we can act
it.’
“‘Eh?’ exclaimed the filly, with a sudden look of intelligence.
“‘Not possible,’ snorted the big grey.
“‘I see,’ cried the mare, her woman’s wits grasping the whole thing
in a flash, and in her delight she kicked up her hind legs in the most
graceful manner.
“‘Heyday!’ exclaimed the grey, using our favourite expletive.
“It didn’t take me long to explain to him and Sagitta, and they
entered into the scheme eagerly. We were so hot to begin on it that
we pawed the road all into holes in our impatience.
“Presently out came the three, and then the fun began. Mr. Lewis
stepped forward to mount Felicia, and at once Miss Gaiety backed
away, snorting. Then the groom left us, and tried to hold her; but not
a bit of it; every time Mr. Lewis tried to approach she’d get wild.
“Finally my Major joined in by walking over to help, and the mare
at once put her head round and rubbed it against him, and stood as
quiet as a mouse. So he says: ‘I’ve only my left arm, Miss Fairley, but
I think we can manage it;’ and the next moment she was in the
saddle.
“Lewis was pretty angry-looking as he went toward his own horse;
and when he, too, began to back and snort and shiver, he didn’t look
any better, you may be sure of that. You ought to have seen it! The
brute caught him by the bridle, and then the grey kept backing away
or dodging from him. Out on the lawn they went, cutting it up badly,
then into Miss Fairley’s pet bed of roses, then smashing into the
shrubberies. I never saw better acting. Any one would have sworn the
horse was half dead with fright.
“It didn’t take very much of this to make Lewis lose all self control.
“‘You cursed mule!’ he raved, his face white with passion; ‘if I had
a decent whip, I’d cut the heart out of you!’ And suiting the action to
the thought he struck the grey between the eyes with his crop a
succession of violent blows, until, in his fury, he broke the stick. Then
he clenched his fist and struck Solitaire on the nose, and would have
done so a second time if Miss Fairley hadn’t spoken.
“‘Stop!’ she called hotly, and Lewis dropped his fist like a flash.
Felicia was breathing very fast and her cheeks were white, while her
hands trembled almost as much as Solitaire had. Her face wore a
queer look as she continued: ‘I—excuse me, Mr. Lewis, but I couldn’t
bear to see you strike him. He—I don’t think he—something has
frightened him. Please give him just a moment.’ Then she turned to
my dear, saying, ‘Perhaps you can calm him, Major Moran?’
“I should think he could! Talk of lambs! Well, that was Solitaire
when my Major went up to him. He let himself be led out of the
flower-bed back to the road as quiet as a kitten. The moment Lewis
tried to come near him, however, back away he would, even from my
confrère. The groom tried to help; but it takes more than three
humans to control a horse who doesn’t want to be controlled.
“After repeated attempts they got tired of trying; and then Mr.
Lewis suggested, with a laugh that didn’t sound nice: ‘Well, Major,
we mustn’t cheat Miss Fairley of her afternoon; and since you seem
able to manage my beast, perhaps you’ll ride him, and let me take
yours?’
“Usually I should have been very much pained at my comrade’s
nodding his head, but this time it was exactly what I wanted. Whoop!
Ride me? Neigh, neigh! If you ever saw a coward in an ague of a blue
funk, that is what I was. I blessed my stars none of the Eleventh
Battery were round! Lewis tried; but, do his best, I wouldn’t let him
back me. When my Major interfered, I sidled up to my dear just as if
I couldn’t keep away from him; but when he attempted to hold me
for Lewis to mount, I went round in a circle, always keeping him
between me and the brute. It was oats to me, you’d better believe, to
see the puzzled, worried look on Miss Fairley’s face as she watched
the whole thing.
“Well, they discussed what they called ‘the mystery,’ and finally
agreed that they couldn’t ride that afternoon, so we horses were sent
down to the stable, and the three went back to the verandah. Sagitta
told me afterward what happened there.
‘Come here, pup,’ calls Lewis to him, the moment they were seated.
“Sagitta backed away two steps, bristling up, and growling a bit.
“‘Come here, you brute!’ ordered Lewis hotly, rising.
“Sagitta crouched a little, drew his lips away from his fangs, and
pitched his growl ‘way down in his throat.
“‘Look out! That dog means mischief,’ cried my Major.
“‘Are the animals possessed?’ roared Lewis, his voice as angry as
Sagitta’s snarl, yet stepping backwards, for it looked as if the dog
were about to spring.
“But my Major didn’t retreat—not he! He sprang between the wolf-
hound and Miss Fairley. ‘Down, sir!’ he ordered sharply; and Sagitta
dropped his lips and his bristles, and came right up to him, wagging
his tail, and trying to lick his hand.
“‘Isn’t it extraordinary?’ cried Miss Fairley, with a crease in her
forehead. ‘Here, Sagitta!’
“‘Miss Fairley, be careful!’ pleaded my Major; but there wasn’t the
slightest necessity. Sagitta was by her side like a flash, and was
telling her how he loved her, in every way that dog could. And there
he stayed till Lewis came forward, when he backed away again,
snarling.
“Now, in all their Washington intercourse my Major had been the
surly one; but in the interval he had evidently had time to realise his
mistake, and to see that he must correct it. Probably, too, he wasn’t
depressed by what had just taken place. Anyway, that afternoon he
was as pleasant and jolly as he knew how to be. But Mr. Lewis! Well,
I acknowledge he’d had enough to make any man mad, and that was
what he was. Cross, sulky, blurting out disagreeable things in a
disagreeable voice, with a disagreeable face: he did make an
exhibition of himself, so Sagitta said.
“After as long a stay as was proper, my Major told them he must
go, and I was brought round. Miss Fairley came to the stoop with
him, and didn’t I prick up my ears when I heard her say:
“‘Since you were defrauded of your ride to-day, Major Moran,
perhaps you will lunch here to-morrow, and afterward we will see if
we can’t be more successful?’
“The next day our interference was done a little differently. When
we were brought round to the door, there was Mr. Lewis with a pair
of cruelly big rowelled spurs on his boots, a brutal Mexican quirt in
his hand, and a look on his face to match the two. Of course the grey
gave him a lot of trouble in mounting, but we had already planned a
different policy; and so, after enough snorting and trembling to make
Felicia look thoughtful, he finally was allowed to get on Mr.
Solitaire’s back.
“Much good it did him! The filly and I paired off just as if we were
having a bridle trip in double harness; but do his best, Mr. Lewis
could not keep the grey abreast of us. Twenty feet in front, or thirty
feet behind, that was where he was during the whole ride, and Lewis
fought one long battle trying to make it otherwise. He had had the
reins buckled to the lower bar of the curb, so it must have been pretty
bad for the grey, but there was no flinching about him.
“Every now and then I could hear the blows of the quirt behind
me; and when, occasionally, the grey passed us, I could see his sides
gored and bleeding where they had been torn by the spurs, and
bloody foam was all round his jaw, and flecked his chest and flanks.
But he knew what he meant to do, and he did it without any heed to
his own suffering. There was joy when the filly told us that every time
the swish of the quirt was heard she could feel her rider shiver a
little; and Felicia must have been distressed at the look of the horse,
for she cut the ride short by suggesting a return home.
“Sagitta informed us afterward that if Mr. Lewis had been bad the
day before, he was the devil that afternoon on the verandah, and
Miss Fairley treated him like one. What is more, she vetoed a ride for
the next day by saying that she thought it was getting too cold to be
pleasant. When we had ridden away, Solitaire later told me, she
excused herself to Mr. Lewis, and went to the stable and fed the grey
with sugar, patting him, and telling the groom to put something on
the spur-gashes.
“We horses didn’t hear anything more for three days, at the end of
which time my pal and I rode over one morning, and reminded Miss
Fairley that she had promised to show us where we should find some
fringed gentians; and though it was the coldest day of the autumn,
Felicia didn’t object, but ordered Miss Gaiety saddled, and away we
went.
“We really had a very good time getting those gentians! Nothing
was ever done with the flowers, however, owing to circumstances
which constitute the most painful part of my confession. For a horse
and an officer, I had been pretty tricky already, but that was nothing
to the fraud I tried to perpetrate that morning. After our riders had
mounted for the return to Yantic, I suggested to Miss Gaiety what I
thought would be a winning race for my Major, which was neither
more nor less than that she should run away, and let him save Miss
Fairley. The roan came right into the scheme, and we arranged just
how it was to be managed. She was to bolt, and I was to catch her;
but since my Major had only his left arm, as soon as she felt his hand
on the rein she was to quiet down; and I have no doubt but it would
have been a preeminently successful coup if it had been run to the
finish.
“What actually happened was that the mare bolted at a rabbit
which very opportunely came across the road, and away she went
like a shell from a mortar. I didn’t even wait for orders, but sprang
after her at a pace that would have settled it before many minutes.
Just as I had got my gait, however, my poor dear gave a groan, reeled
in his saddle, and before I could check myself he pitched from my
back to the ground. I could not stop my momentum under thirty feet,
but I was back at his side in a moment, sniffing at him, and turning
him over with my nose, for his wounded arm was twisted under him,
and his face was as white as paper. That was the worst moment of my
life, for I thought I’d killed him. I put my head up in the air, and
didn’t I whinny and neigh!
“The filly, finding that something wrong had happened, concluded
to postpone the runaway, and came back to where I was standing.
Miss Fairley was off her like a flash, and, kneeling beside my
treasure, tried to do what she could for him, though that really wasn’t
anything. Just then, by good luck, along came a farmer in an oxcart.
They lifted my poor dear into it, and a pretty gloomy procession took
up its walk for Yantic.
“When we arrived at the Fairleys’ house, there was a to-do, as you
may imagine. He was carried upstairs, while I went for the doctor,
taking a groom with me, because humans are so stupid that they only
understand each other. I taught that groom a thing or two about
what a horse can do in the way of speed that I don’t believe he has
ever forgotten.”
“Did you do better than 1.35½?” inquired the Kentuckian; but
Reveille paid no heed to the question.
“After that sprint I had about the dullest month of my life,
standing doing nothing in the Fairleys’ stable, while nearly dying of
anxiety and regret. The only thing of the slightest interest in all that
time occurred the day after our attempted runaway, when Mr. Lewis
came down to the stable, and gave orders about having the big grey
sent after him. He wasn’t a bit in a sweet temper—that I could see;
and though I overheard one of the grooms say that he was to come
back later, as soon as the nurse and doctors were out of the house,
the big grey thought otherwise, and predicted that we should never
see each other again. Our parting was truly touching, and put tears in
the filly’s eyes.
“‘Friends,’ said Solitaire, ‘I don’t think he will ever forgive me, and
I suppose I am in for a lot of brutality from him; but I am not sorry.
If you ever give me another thought please say to yourself: “He did
his best to save a woman from having her life made one long night-
mare by a cruel master.”’
“Nothing much happened in the weeks my Major was housed, with
the exception of one development that had for me an extremely
informing and delightful quality. One day, about a month after our
cropper, Felicia came down to the stable, and without so much as a
look or a word for Miss Gaiety, came straight into my stall, flung her
arms about my neck, and laid her soft cheek caressingly against it,
for some moments. Then she kissed me on the nose very tenderly,
and offered me what I thought were some little white stones. I had
never tasted sugar before, and nothing but her repeated tempting
and urging persuaded me to keep the lumps in my mouth long
enough to get the taste on my tongue. (I have to confess that since
then I have developed a strong liking for all forms of sweetmeats.)
What is more, she came down every day after that, and sometimes
twice a day, to caress and feed me. There was no doubt about it, that
for some reason she had become extraordinarily fond of me!
“It is awfully hard in this world to know what will turn out the best
thing. As a matter of fact, the tumble off my back was about the
luckiest accident that ever befell my Major; for it broke open the old
wound, and as the local doctors did not have six hundred other
injured men under them, they could give it proper attention, which
the hospital surgeons had never been able to do. One of them
extracted all the pieces of bone, set the arm, and then put it in a
plaster jacket, which ought to have healed it in good shape very
quickly. But for some reason it didn’t. In fact, I became very much
alarmed over the length of my Major’s convalescence, till one day I
overheard one of the stablemen say:
“‘Lor’! He won’t get well no too fast, with Miss Felicia to fluff his
pillers, an’ run his erran’s, an’ play to him, an’ read aloud to him, an’
him got nothin’ to do but just lay back easy an’ look at her.’
“Then I realised that it would be some time before he would feel
strong enough to go back to his ordnance inspecting.
“Finally, one afternoon, the filly and I were saddled and brought
round to the front door, and there were Miss Fairley and my Major,
both looking as well and happy as their best friend would want to see
them. It was a nice day, and away we went over the New England
hills.
“There wasn’t much surliness or coolness on that ride, and what
they didn’t talk about is hardly worth mentioning. After they had
fairly cantered, conversationally, for over three hours, however, they
slowed down, and finally only Felicia tried to talk, and she did it so
jerkily and confusedly, with such a deal of stumbling and
stammering, that presently, try her best, she had to come to a halt,
too. Then there was a most awkward silence, until suddenly my
Major burst out, more as if the sentence were shot from a gun than
as if he were speaking it:
“‘Oh, Felicia, if you could only—’
“That seemed to me too indefinite a wish to answer easily, and
apparently Miss Fairley thought the same, for another silence ensued
which was embarrassing even to me. So far as I could make out, my
Major could not speak, and Miss Fairley would not. I was as anxious
as he was to know what she would say, and in my suspense I
suddenly conceived an idea that was little short of inspiration,
though I say it who ought not. I asked the roan filly:
“‘Is your Felicia resting her weight on the side toward my Major, or
on the side away from him?’
“‘She has a very bad seat in her saddle,’ the mare told me, ‘and she
is resting all her weight on the side next you.’
“‘Then, Miss Gaiety,’ I suggested, ‘I think they will like it if we
snuggle.’
“‘Well, just for this once I will,’ replied the filly, shyly.”
Reveille turned in his stall, and, walking over to his manger, picked
up a wisp of hay. But the action was greeted by an outburst from the
ladies.
“Oh, you are not going to stop there, dear Mr. Reveille!” they
chorused.
“I always did hate a quitter on the home stretch,” chimed in the
discontented cob, pleased to have a grievance.
The narrator shook his head.
“No gentleman,” he asserted, “who overheard what followed would
ever tell of it; and a horse has an even higher standard of honour.”
“Ah, darling Mr. Reveille,” pleaded the feminine part of his
audience, “just a little more!”
“I hate to seem mulish,” responded the horse, “and so I will add
one small incident that is too good not to be repeated. When we rode
up to the house that evening, shamefully late for dinner, my Major
lifted Miss Fairley off Miss Gaiety in a way that suggested that she
might be very breakable, and, after something I don’t choose to tell
you about, he said:
“‘I wonder if we shall ever have another such ride!’
“‘It doesn’t seem possible, Stanley,’ whispered my Felicia, very
softly. ‘You know, even the horses seemed to understand!’”
Just as Reveille finished thus, a human voice was heard, saying:
“You will have the veterinary see the cob at once, and let me know
if it is a case which requires more than blistering.”
Then came a second and very treble voice. “Papa,” it begged, “will
oo lif’ me up on ol’ Weveille’s back?” And the next moment a child of
three was sitting astride the old warrior and clinging to his mane.
“Well, you old scoundrel,” said the human, “do you know you are
getting outrageously fat?”
“Weveille isn’t not any scoundwel,” denied the child, earnestly.
“Mama says Weveille is a’ ol’ darlin’.”
“Your mama, fortunately for Reveille and me, always had a soft
spot for idiots,” explained the man, stroking the horse’s nose
affectionately. “But I will say this for the old fellow: if most folly
resulted as well as his, there would be a big premium on fools.”
Reveille winked his off eye at the other steeds.
“Aren’t these humans comical?” he laughed.
A WARNING TO LOVERS
Before some blazing logs, which fill a deep fireplace with warmth
that overflows to just the right extent into the room, stands, slightly
skewed, a sofa. The sofa is a comfortable one. It is short, deep, and
low; and the arms have a suggestion of longing to be filled that is
truly seductive. In addition, two down cushions imply that the sofa is
quite prepared to fit itself to any figure, be it long, short, broad, or
narrow. Altogether, it is a most satisfactory sofa.
But the satisfactoriness does not end here. Seated at one end of
that sofa is a girl, clearly in that neither grass nor hay period, which
begins at sixteen and ends at eighteen. Not that it is intended to
suggest that because the girl is neither hay nor grass she is
unattractive. Quite the reverse. New-mown hay is the sweetest, and
the girl, if neither child nor woman, is, in her way, just as sweet.
In algebra, when a, b, and c are computed, it is possible to find the
unknown quantity x. Applying an algebraic formula to the above, we
at once deduce what is necessary to complete the factors. It may be
stated thus: a, a sofa, plus b, a charming girl; and as a, a sofa, must
be divided by two, we find the unknown quantity to be x, a man, and
the product of our a, b, and x to equal xxx, or triple bliss. Nor is this
wrong. The sofa does not do more than seat two people comfortably,
yet at the present moment there are little spaces at both ends.
Concerning the other details of this a ÷ 2 + b + x − 0 (i. e. Mrs.
Grundy), it seems needless to enlarge.
“And isn’t it wonderful, Freddy, that you should love me and I
should love you?” cooed the girl.
“Just out of sight,” replied Freddy.
Most people would agree with the above remarks, though the
circumstance of a man and woman occasionally loving each other is a
phenomenon recognised, if not approved, by science. But though
these two did not know it, there was a wonder here. Freddy has been
spoken of in the masculine gender, because, as Shakespeare wrote:
“The Lord made him, therefore let him pass for a man.” Otherwise
his manliness was open to debate. Lovable the girl unquestionably
was, or at least very fast verging upon it, but it passeth human
intelligence how Freddy could inspire any sort of feeling except an
intense longing for a gun loaded with goose-shot.
“And that we should have loved each other for so long, and never
either of us dreamed that we cared one little bit for each other,”
continued the girl.
Freddy did not assent to this sentiment as readily as to the former.
Freddy had been quite sure that Frances had been pining for his love
in secret for some months. So he only remarked: “We got there all
the same.”
“Yes,” assented Frances. “And we’ll love each other always, now.”
“But I say,” inquired Freddy, “what do you think your father and
mother will say?”
“Why, they’ll be delighted,” cried the girl. “It couldn’t be better.
Cousins,—and just the same age—and, and— Oh, lots of other
reasons, I’m sure, but I can’t think of them now.”
“Let’s tell them together,” suggested Freddy, courageously.
“Freddy! Of course not. That isn’t the right way. No, you must
request an interview with papa in his library, and plead eloquently
with him.”
“I suppose I must,” answered Freddy, with a noticeable limpness
in his voice and vertebræ.
“Wouldn’t it be fun if he should refuse his consent!” exclaimed the
girl.
Freddy did not recognise the comical quality. “I don’t see it,” he
moaned.
“Why, it would be so romantic! He would of course order you to
leave the house, and never, never darken his doors again. That’s what
the father always does.”
“You think that’s fun?”
“Such fun! Then, of course, we should have to arrange for romantic
meetings, and secret interviews, and you would write little letters
and put them in a prayer-book in our pew; and watch to get a
glimpse of me as I go in and out of places; and stand on the opposite
side of the street each night, till you saw the light in my room put
out. Oh! What fun it will be!”
“It might be raining,” complained Freddy.
“All the better. That would prove your devotion. Don’t you love me
enough to do that?”
“Yes,” said Freddy, meekly, “but I hate getting wet. Sometimes one
catches a nasty cold.”
“Any one who tells a girl he loves her with a fervour and passion
never yet equalled by man should not think of such things,” asserted
Frances, disapprovingly.
Freddy had an idea that a girl who reciprocated such a passion
should not seem so happy over the prospect of her lover undergoing
the exposure, but the youth did not know how to express it. So he
proposed: “Let’s keep it a secret for the present.”
“Let’s,” assented Frances. “We won’t tell any one for a long time,
but just have it all to ourselves. And when I am riding in the morning
you must join me; the groom will think it’s all right. And whenever
papa and mama are to be out in the evening, I’ll put a lamp in my
window, and—”
Ting!
It seemed as if some of the electric current which made that
distant muffled ring had switched and passed through the happy
pair. Both started guiltily, and then both listened with the greatest
intentness; so intensely, that after a moment’s pause they could hear
the soft gliding sound of the footman’s list slippers as they travelled
down the hallway; could hear the click of the lock as he opened the
front door; could hear the murmur of voices; could hear the door
closed. Then, after a moment’s silence, a voice, for the first time
articulate to them, said: “I’ll wait in the morning room.”
“Freddy,” gasped the girl, “it’s that horrid Mr. Potter. Quick!”
Both had arisen from the sofa, and Freddy looked about in a very
badly perplexed condition. He was quite willing, but about what was
he to be quick?
“Sit down in that chair,” whispered the girl, pointing to one at a
more than proper distance, and Freddy sprinted for it, and sat down.
The girl resumed her seat on the little sofa, and putting her hands in
a demure position, rather contradictory to her quick breathing and
flushed cheeks, began: “As you were saying, the De Reszke brothers
were the only redeeming— Oh! Good evening, Mr. Potter.”
“Good evening, Frances,” responded a tall, rather slender, strong-
featured man, attired in evening dress, who had leisurely strolled
into the room, and who did not offer to go through the form of
shaking hands. “Talking to the fire?”
“No. Freddy and I were chatting about the opera.”
Mr. Potter put on his glasses and languidly surveyed the region of
the fireplace. Then he turned and extended his investigation, till his
eyes settled on Freddy, stuck away in the dim distance.
“Oh, are you there, youngster?” he remarked, in a tone of voice
implying that the question carried no interest with it. He looked at
his watch. “Isn’t it rather late for you two?”
“It’s only quarter past ten,” answered Frances, bristling
indignantly. “And if it were twelve it wouldn’t make any difference.”
To herself she said, “How I hate that man! Just because he’s thirty-
four, he always treats us as if we were children; and the way he
tramples on poor, dear Freddy is outrageous!”
“You don’t seem to be very sociably inclined,” said Mr. Potter.
“From the distance between you I should think you two chicks had
been quarrelling. Come, make it up.”
“Not at all,” cried Frances, indignantly. “I never lose my temper;
except when you are here.”
“Is that the reason you haven’t asked me to sit down?” asked
Potter, smiling.
“Of course you are to sit down, if you want,” exclaimed Frances.
“Here.” And she moved the four inches towards her end of the sofa
that had not been occupied under the previous arrangement.
Mr. Potter seated himself leisurely in Freddy’s old place, and
arranged one of the cushions to fit the small of his back. “I came to
say good-bye to your mother,” he explained, “and as I’m too busy to
stop in to-morrow, I decided to wait. You youngsters needn’t think it
necessary to sit up to entertain me. Won’t Freddy’s mother be
sending his nurse for him if he stays much later?”
“I’m so glad you are going to Europe,” remarked Frances. “I hope
you’ll stay a long while.”
Mr. Potter put his glasses on again and looked at Frances calmly.
“Hello!” he said mentally, “the kitten’s learning how to hiss.” Aloud
he announced: “I shall only be gone for a month or two,—just the
voyage and a change.”
“What a pity!” responded Frances, bitingly.
“I thought you’d miss me,” replied Mr. Potter, genially.
Frances gave an uneasy movement on the sofa, a cross between an
angry shake of the shoulders and a bounce.
“Where are you going?” questioned Freddy at this point, feeling
that as a grown man he must bear his part of the chat.
“Look here, littleun,” said Mr. Potter, “if you expect me to talk to
you back there, you—” At this point he suddenly ceased speaking, as
if something more interesting than his unfinished remark had
occurred to him.
“Freddy found it too warm by the fire,” explained Frances hastily,
guilty at heart, if to outward appearance brazen. But Mr. Potter did
not hear what she said, and sat looking into the fire with a suddenly
serious look, which nevertheless had a laugh not very far underneath.
After quite a pause, Frances said: “How entertaining you are!”
“Yes,” assented Mr. Potter, coming back from his thoughts; “I
always enjoy myself, and I find that other people do the same.” Then
he again relapsed into meditation.
“Isn’t he just as horrid as can be?” raged Frances, inwardly. “He
believes just because some women think him clever, and because
men like him, and because he’s a good business man, and because
mama’s always praising him to his face, as she would any one who
was papa’s partner, that he is perfect. And no matter how you try to
snub him, he is so conceited that he won’t see it. Horrid old thing!”
Aloud she asked, “What are you thinking about?”
Mr. Potter laughed. “That’s a great secret,” he asserted.
⁂
An hour later, Mr. Potter was seated in a library, smoking, with a
glass of seltzer—and something else—at his elbow. Opposite to him
sat a man of perhaps twice his years, equally equipped with a cigar
and seltzer—and something else.
“Well,” remarked the senior, “I think if we can get the whole issue
at 82½ and place them at 87 and accrued interest, we had better do
it.”
“That’s settled then,” agreed Mr. Potter. “Now, is there anything
else? I don’t want to have cablegrams following me, since I’m going
for a rest.”
“No,” replied the other. “I know I shall want my partner’s advice
often enough, but I’ll get on without you. Take a rest. You can afford
it. There’s nothing else.”
“Then if you are through with business, I want to speak to you of
Frances,” said Mr. Potter.
Mr. De Witt turned and looked at Mr. Potter quickly. “What
about?”
“Do you know that that girl’s grown up, and we none of us have
realised it?”
“Well?”
“And do you know that she has seen next to no people,—that her
morning ride, her studies, and her afternoon drive with her mother
are the only events of her day?”
“Well?”
“And that her summers, off in that solitary country house of yours,
with never a bit of company but Freddy De Witt and myself, are
horribly dull and monotonous?”
“Well?”
“And that to kill time she reads a great many more novels than is
good for any one?”
“Come, come, Champney, what are you driving at?”
“One more question. Mrs. De Witt and you are dining out almost
nightly. What do you suppose Frances does evenings?”
“Does? Plays a bit, and reads a bit, and goes to bed like a good
child.”
“But I tell you she isn’t a child any longer, so you can’t expect her
to behave like one. It dawned upon me this evening, and the quicker
it dawns upon you the better.”
“Why?”
“Do you want her to make a fool of herself over Freddy?”
“Freddy!”
“Yes, Freddy.”
“Ridiculous! Impossible!”
“Because they are a long way towards it, and if you want to end it,
you’ll have to use drastic measures.”
“Her own cousin, and only eighteen! I never heard of such folly.”
“But I tell you those two think they are in love with each other, and
if you don’t do something, they’ll really become so before long.
Thinking a thing is two-thirds of the way to doing it, as is shown by
the mind cure.”
“I’ll put an end to it at once,” growled Mr. De Witt. “Never heard of
such nonsense.”
“And how will you end it?” inquired Mr. Potter, smiling a little.
“End it? Tell them to stop their foolishness. Send him about his
business.”
“I thought that would probably be your way. Don’t you think it
would be better to get an injunction from the courts?”
“What good would an injunction do?” asked Mr. De Witt, crossly.
“Just as much good as your method. You can no more stop boys’
and girls’ love by calling it foolishness than the courts can. If you do
as you propose, you’ll probably have a runaway match, or some other
awful bit of folly.”
“Well, what can I do?”
“The best thing is to pack your trunks and travel a bit. That will
give her something else to think about, and she’ll forget all about the
little chap.”
“But I can’t leave the business.”
“The business will run itself. Or, if it won’t, what’s a year’s profits
compared to your only daughter’s life happiness?”
“But the bonds?”
“Don’t bid on them.”
“I can’t go. I can’t leave my business. Why, I haven’t been away
from it for more than a week in forty years.”
“All the more reason for going now.”
“I have it. Her mother and she shall sail with you.”
“Oh, get out!” ejaculated Champney, “I’m going for a rest.” Mr.
Potter had been the slave for many years of two selfish sisters and a
whining mother,—a mother who loved to whine,—and womankind
meant to him an absolute and entire nuisance.
“That’s it,” said the senior partner, regardless of this protest. “You
arrange to stay for six months instead of two. I’ll do your work
gladly.”
“I can’t,” groaned Potter.
“Come, Champney,” wheedled the elder, “you say yourself that my
little girl’s life happiness depends on her going. For my sake! Come! I
did a good turn for you—or at least you’ve always said I did—in the
partnership. Now do one for me.”
Potter sighed. He was used to being martyrised where women were
concerned and had not learned how to resist. “Well, if you say so. But
I’ll have to leave them there. Two months is my limit.”
“All right,” assented the senior, gleefully.
“Perhaps,” thought Potter, “perhaps they won’t be able to pack in
time.” And the idea seemed to please him.
For half an hour longer they chatted, and then Potter rose.
“Tell me, Champney,” inquired the senior, “how did you find out
about it?”
“Oh,” laughed Champney, “that’s telling.”
⁂
The next day there was woe in Israel. Mr. De Witt was cross over
the “children’s folly,” as he called it. Mrs. De Witt was deeply insulted
at such sudden and peremptory marching orders. “Men are so
thoughtless,” she groaned; “as if one could be ready to go on a day’s
notice!” Champney was blue over the spoiling of his trip. Freddy,
when he heard the news, was the picture of helplessness and misery,
and only added to the friction by coming round and getting in
everybody’s way, in the rush of the packing. As for Frances, she
dropped many a secret tear into the trunks as her belongings were
bestowed therein. Never, it seemed to her, had true love been so
crossed.
“I know Mr. Potter is at the bottom of it.” (Frances was not
alluding to the trunk before which she knelt.) “He’s always doing
mean things, yet he never will acknowledge them. He won’t even pay
me the respect of denying them.” Frances slapped a shawl she was
packing, viciously. “To think of having to travel with him! He won’t
even look at me. No. He doesn’t even pay me the compliment of
looking at me. I don’t believe he’s even noticed my eyes and
eyelashes.” Frances gazed into a hand-glass she was about to place in
the trunk, and seemed less cross for a moment after the scrutiny.
“He’s just as snubby as he can be. I hate snubby people, and I’ll be
just as snubby to him as I know how. I’ll—”
“Good afternoon, Frances,” interrupted a voice, which made that
young lady nearly jump into the trunk she was bending over. “I came
up to see if I could do anything for you or your mother, and she sent
me in to ask you.”
Frances was rather flushed, but that may have been due to the
stooping position. “I don’t think of anything,” she answered.
“I’ve had some chairs sent on board, and laid in novels and
smoked glasses and puzzles; and oysters, and game, and fruit, and
butter,” said Champney, with a suggestion of weariness, “and I don’t
think of anything else. If you can suggest something more, I’ll get it.”
“I don’t know— Yes. You might change your mind and let us stay at
home,” snapped Frances.
“Don’t blame me for that,” laughed Champney. “That’s your
father’s doings.”

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2.7 Naming Inorganic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 64

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7 A Quantum Model of Atoms:

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7.4 The Hydrogen Spectrum and the Bohr Model 345

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14 Chemical Equilibrium: How Much Product Does a

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14.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria 726

16 Additional Aqueous Equilibria:

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17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and

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19.7 Medical Applications of Radionuclides 967

20 Organic and Biological Molecules:

21 The Main Group Elements:

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Rein V. Kirss received both a BS in chemistry and a BA in history as well as an MA in chem-

Natalie Foster is emerita professor of chemistry at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

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the trunk of a car on a hot summer day.

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hydrogen, the yellow balloons contain nitrogen, and the

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